Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (14)

49. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Argomuellera= Pax

Leaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Echinus_ Lour.) =Mallotus= Lour.

50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx 5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. (Including _Paradenocline_ Muell. Arg.) =Adenocline= Turcz.

Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or many-cleft. 51

51. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards. Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs. 52

Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards. 54

52. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales. Calyx 3-partite. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. North Africa; also introduced in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in medicine. “Mercury.” =Mercurialis= L.

Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate. 53

53. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow, entire. Flowers in clusters.--Species 1. South Africa. =Seidelia= Baill.

Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent. Stamens 4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. South Africa. =Leidesia= Muell. Arg.

54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced to 3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Micrococca= Benth.

Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of the female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 55

55. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed. Stamens 5 or more, usually numerous.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber or are used in medicine. =Claoxylon= Juss.

Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules spiny. 56

56. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less ciliate scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers broad. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in pendulous spikes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Poggeophyton= Pax

Disc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no staminodes. Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Erythrococca= Benth.

57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales. Styles recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft. Ovary 3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious, the male ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together. Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. =Hasskarlia= Baill.

Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 58

58. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Cleidion= Blume

Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually short and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately nerved. (See 26.). =Macaranga= Thouars

59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers. 60

Corolla absent in the male flowers. 66

60. Flowers in corymb-or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes, nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.] 61

Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free, but often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.] 62

61. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer nearly free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. East Africa. =Neojatropha= Pax

Flowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 50. Central and South Africa; two species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as garden-or hedge-plants. =Jatropha= L.

62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves undivided. 63 Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Flowers in panicles. 64

63. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. =Microdesmis= Planch.

Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Fruit a capsule.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Cluytia= L.

64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided, pinnately nerved. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo). =Mildbraedia= Pax

Petals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected, palmately nerved at the base. Trees. 65

65. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Givotia= Griff.

Leaves dissected.--Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from the seeds. =Ricinodendron= Muell. Arg.

66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc little developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.] 67

Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or lobed. Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees. 74

67. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary many-celled. Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule. Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (_H. crepitans_ L., sandbox-tree). Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the fruits are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous. =Hura= L.

Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the inflorescence by their base only. 68

68. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united. Shrubs or trees. Flowers monoecious. 69

Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled. 71

69. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective not broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Maprounea= Aubl.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth. 70

70. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united high up. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Tropics. =Omphalea= L.

Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free or united at the base. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Excoecariopsis= Pax

71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or-lobed. Inflorescence terminal. Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious. 72

Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent central column. 73

72. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds without an outgrowth.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber; one species (_S. sebiferum_ Roxb.) is cultivated for its oily seeds. (Including _Conosapium_ Muell. Arg.). =Sapium= P. Browne

Ripe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no central column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. =Stillingia= L.

73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves alternate.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Cnemidostachys_ Mart.) =Sebastiania= Spreng.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious. Inflorescences usually lateral.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Taenosapium_ Muell. Arg.) =Excoecaria= L.

74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the male flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.--Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. _M. Glaziovii_ Muell. Arg. yields rubber, _M. utilissima_ Pohl and _M. dulcis_ Pax (cassava or mandioc-plants) furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal, starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared. =Manihot= Adans.

Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided. [Tribe GELONIEAE.] 75

75. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. (_Ceratophorus_ Sond., including _Suregada_ Roxb.) =Gelonium= Roxb.

Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments united.--Species 1. West Africa. =Chaetocarpus= Thwait.

76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5-7. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees. 77

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 81

77. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each with an incomplete partition.--Species 1. West Africa. =Martretia= Beille

Petals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.] 78

78. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore. Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel. 79

Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted. 80

79. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to the top. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Bridelia_ Willd.) =Neogoetzea= Pax

Disc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering to the calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a drupe.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield dye-stuffs. (Including _Gentilia_ Beille) =Bridelia= Willd.

80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short androphore.--Species 10. Tropics. =Cleistanthus= Hook.

Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered, dioecious.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Stenonia= Baill.

81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments united. Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating after the time of flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe JUNODIEAE.] =Junodia= Pax

Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 82

82. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central stamens, without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none. Flowers dioecious, in racemes. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe DAPHNIPHYLLEAE] =Daphniphyllum= Blume

Seeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.] 83

83. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex. 84

Corolla absent. 95

84. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels 4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Heywoodia= Sim

Stamens 4-5. [Subtribe ANDRACHNINAE.] 85

85. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in the male flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland; anthers opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in glomerules.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Bricchettia= Pax

Flowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. 86

86. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in the male flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short androphore. Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious. Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. (Under _Savia_ Willd.) =Wielandia= Baill.

Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. 87

87. Styles very short, undivided. 88

Styles well developed, two-cleft. 90

88. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short. Rudimentary pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous, with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.--Species 6. Tropics. =Amanoa= Aubl.

Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees. 89

89. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of separate glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top. Seeds with a spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.--Species 2. Equatorial regions. =Megabaria= Pierre

Panicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular. Rudimentary pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Centroplacus= Pierre

90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals shorter than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with scanty albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the male ones fascicled, the female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lachnostylis= Turcz.

Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like. 91

91. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded cotyledons. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (_Pentabrachium_ Muell. Arg.) =Actephila= Blume

Stamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds with copious albumen. 92

92. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Neochevaliera= Beille

Male flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles, or monoecious. 93

93. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious, in glomerules or the female solitary. Shrubs.--Species 8. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under _Savia_ Willd.) =Petalodiscus= Baill.

Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or fascicles. 94

94. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.--Species 6. =Andrachne= L.

Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick connective. Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long. Shrubs or trees.--Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar. =Thecacoris= Juss.

95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a 5-8-partite calyx. Trees. [Subtribe BISCHOFIINAE.] 96

Leaves simple, undivided. 98

96. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Aristogeitonia= Prain

Leaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10. 97

97. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber (African teak). =Oldfieldia= Hook.

Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft calyx and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a disc consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick, undivided styles. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Paivaeusa= Welw.

98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in fascicles or panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc none. Fruit a capsule. Trees. [Subtribe TOXICODENDRINAE.] 99

Leaves alternate. 100

99. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles united high up.--Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic). Yields timber. =Androstachys= Prain

Sepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united at the base only.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit poisonous. (_Hyaenanche_ Lamb.) =Toxicodendron= Thunb.

100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely in heads or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious. [Subtribe ANTIDESMINAE.] 101

Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely in umbels without an involucre. 112

101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre, female solitary. Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Trees.--Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible fruits. =Uapaca= Baill.

Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre. 102

102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs. 103

Ovary 2-5-celled. 105

103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs. =Antidesma= L.

Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc. 104

104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female flowers ring-shaped.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cometia= Thouars

Sepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. =Plagiostyles= Pierre

105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or shrubs. 106

Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled. 108

106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens 4-6.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Hymenocardia= Wall.

Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short. 107

107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female cup-shaped, entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.--Species 4. West Africa and Upper Nile. =Maesobotrya= Benth.

Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent. Styles shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.--Species 10. West Africa. =Baccaurea= Lour.

108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See 107.) =Baccaurea= Lour.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. 109

109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial regions. =Baccaureopsis= Pax

Disc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft. 110

110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like. Flowers very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free, thick, 2-cleft.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Cyathogyne= Muell. Arg.

Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped. 111

111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from the old wood. Seeds with an aril.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Maesobotrya_ Benth.) =Staphysora= Pierre

Stipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.) =Thecacoris= Juss.

112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly united. Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs. [Subtribe DRYPETINAE.] 113

Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only. [Subtribe PHYLLANTHINAE.] 115

113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc cup-shaped in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals unequal.--Species 1. West Africa. =Sibangea= Oliv.

Stamens 4 or more. 114

114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Drypetes= Vahl

Fruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. =Cyclostemon= Blume

115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided into glands. 116

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. 120

116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore. Stamens 5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs. 117 Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers divided into glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees. 118

117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female divided into 5 glands alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence many-flowered.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Pseudolachnostylis= Pax

Disc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite the sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious, fascicled.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Cluytiandra= Muell. Arg.

118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers monoecious, large. Stipules large.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Zimmermannia= Pax

Disc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft. Flowers usually dioecious. 119

119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Under _Securinega_ Juss.) =Flueggea= Willd.

Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers undivided. Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.--Species 6. Some of them yield timber. =Securinega= Juss.

120. Disc present. 121

Disc absent. Shrubs or trees. 124

121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below to the sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3. Filaments very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches 2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Agyneia= Vent.

Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not much thickened. 122

122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve as garden-or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including _Cicca_ L. and _Pleiostemon_ Sond.) (Plate 80.) =Phyllanthus= L.

Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs or trees. 123

123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or notched, flattened.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Humblotia= Baill.

Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Lingelsheimia= Pax

124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united; anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (_Melanthesopsis_ Muell. Arg.) =Breynia= Forst.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leptonemea= Juss.

FAMILY 123. CALLITRICHACEAE

Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (Under _HALORRHAGIDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of Central Africa; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. =Callitriche= L.

ORDER SAPINDALES

SUBORDER BUXINEAE

FAMILY 124. BUXACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles 3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.--Genera 3; species 8. (Under _EUPHORBIACEAE_.)

1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.--Species 6. The box (_B. sempervirens_ L.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.] =Buxus= L.

Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments. [Tribe STYLOCEREAE.] 2

2. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves narrowed into a long point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Macropodandra= Gilg

Flowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or slightly pointed.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Notobuxus= Oliv.

SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE

FAMILY 125. EMPETRACEAE

Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided, grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent. Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle turned downwards.--Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa.

Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear branches.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as a condiment and in medicine. =Corema= Don

Flowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for preparing drinks and medicaments. =Empetrum= L.

SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE

FAMILY 126. CORIARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10. Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind, indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning and dyeing. =Coriaria= L.

SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE

FAMILY 127. ANACARDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present, rarely (_Pistacia_) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe. Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.--Genera 29, species 250. (_TEREBINTHACEAE_.) (Plate 81.)

1. Carpel 1. Style simple, lateral; stigma entire. Funicle basal. Fertile stamen 1, rarely 5. Leaves simple, entire. Trees. [Tribe MANGIFEREAE.] 2

Carpels 2-5, sometimes 1-4 of them rudimentary. Style simple with a lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided, or several free styles. Fertile stamens 3 or more. Leaves usually compound. 5

2. Stamen 1. Filament broad. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 2. West Africa. The fruits are edible. (Under _Mangifera_ L.) =Fegimanra= Pierre

Stamens 5-10, but usually 1 only fertile. Petals 5. 3

3. Fertile stamens 5. Calyx bursting irregularly.--Species 1. Madagascar. The juice is used for preparing varnishes and medicaments. =Gluta= L.

Fertile stamen 1, usually accompanied by 4 or 9 sterile ones, which bear small anthers. Calyx 5-partite. 4

4. Stamens and staminodes together 5. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit egg-shaped, with a fleshy pericarp and a slightly thickened stalk. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1 (_M. indica_ L., mango-tree). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared, starch from the seeds, and medicaments. =Mangifera= Burm.

Stamens and staminodes together 10. Disc indistinct. Fruit kidney-shaped, with a resinous pericarp and a much thickened, fleshy stalk. Leaves obovate.--Species 1 (_A. occidentale_ L., cashew-tree). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, vermin-poison, edible seeds and fruit-stalks from which vinegar and brandy are prepared, and medicaments. =Anacardium= L.

5. (1.) Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 1-2 empty and usually rudimentary ones, rarely (_Protorhus_) with 3 fertile cells; in this case stamens 5 and leaves simple. [Tribe RHOIDEAE.] 6

Ovary with 3-5 fertile cells. Stamens 6-15 and leaves compound, rarely stamens 5 and leaves simple, but then ovary-cells and styles 5. [Tribe SPONDIEAE.] 20

6. Perianth simple, consisting of 1-2 segments in the male, of 2-5 in the female flowers. Stamens 3-5. Style 3-cleft. Leaves compound.--Species 5, one of them only cultivated. North Africa and northern East Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, resins (mastic and turpentine) which are used industrially, in medicine, as fumigatories, masticatories, or condiments, and for preparing spirituous drinks, also edible oily fruits and seeds (pistachio-nuts) and various medicaments. =Pistacia= L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 7

7. Style 1, undivided, rarely (Micronychia) shortly cleft at the top, or a slightly lobed sessile stigma. 8

Styles 3, free or united at the base, sometimes recurved and adnate to the ovary, or 3 free sessile stigmas. 13

8. Leaves simple, undivided. 9

Leaves compound, pinnate. 11

9. Stamens 6-10, twice as many as the petals. Ovary with 1 fertile and 1 sterile cell. Style absent. Trees with small flowers.--Species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Campnosperma= Thwait.

Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Style present. 10

10. Corolla of the male flowers equalling the calyx. Disc broad, fleshy. Filaments thread-shaped. Ovary and fruit much compressed. Style short, undivided, with a 3-lobed stigma. Shrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers small. Female inflorescence finally with broadened branches and hardened bracts.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (_Botryceras_ Willd.) =Laurophyllus= Thunb.

Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Disc cup-shaped. Filaments broad. Ovary and fruit slightly compressed. Style long, shortly 3-cleft at the top. Trees. Leaves entire. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Micronychia= Oliv.

11. Receptacle deeply cupular; hence petals and stamens distinctly perigynous. Calyx valvate, corolla imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10. Ovary sessile. Style thin. Fruit dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. West Africa. =Thyrsodium= Benth.

Receptacle flattish or convex; hence petals and stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Style thick or wanting. 12

12. Petals imbricate in the bud; sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary and fruit with a compressed stalk. Stigma sessile. Fruit sickle-shaped, dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Faguetia= March.

Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5-20, usually more than petals. Ovary and fruit sessile, the latter drupaceous.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield timber, gum, and edible fruits. =Sorindeia= Thouars

13. (7.) Ovule basal or suspended from a basal funicle. 14

Ovule suspended from the top or the flank of the cavity. 16

14. Ovule subbasal, ascending. Styles lateral, thread-shaped. Ovary compressed. Stamens 5, alternating with 2-cleft scales. Petals of the male flowers longer, of the female shorter than the sepals. Sepals lanceolate, enlarged in the fruit. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate; stalk winged.--Species 1. South Africa. =Loxostylis= Spreng. fil.

Ovule suspended from the basal funicle. Styles terminal. Flowers polygamous. 15

15. Endocarp crusty or bony, finally separating from the mesocarp. Seedcoat thin. Leaves alternate, usually compound.--Species 100. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials (sumac), condiments, medicaments, and edible fruits; others are used as ornamental plants. =Rhus= L.

Endocarp leathery, not separating from the mesocarp. Seed-coat thick. Leaves undivided, narrow, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (_Anaphrenium_ E. Mey.) =Heeria= Meissn.

16. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 5. 17

Leaves compound, trifoliolate or pinnate. 18

17. Filaments broadened. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule attached laterally. Styles sickle-shaped, united at the base, with capitate stigmas. Fruit transversely oblong; endocarp very thin. Embryo with thick cotyledons.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Baronia= Bak.

Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovule attached at the top of the cell. Stigmas sessile. Fruit oblong; endocarp woody. Leaves opposite or nearly so, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 10. Madagascar and South-east Africa. Some species are poisonous or used medicinally. =Protorhus= Engl.

18. Leaflets 3, toothed. Stamens 5. Ovary compressed. Styles lateral, thread shaped. Fruit winged; endocarp very thin, mesocarp resinous. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Smodingium= E. Mey.

Leaflets 5 or more. Styles more or less terminal. 19

19. Stamens 4-5. Fruit with a crusty endocarp, a fibrous mesocarp, and a fleshy exocarp. Embryo with a short radicle.--Species 30. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (_Emiliomarcelia_ Hel. et Th. Dur.) =Trichoscypha= Hook. fil.

Stamens 10. Fruit with a hard endocarp, an oily mesocarp, and a parchment-like exocarp. Embryo with a long radicle. Shrubs.--Species 2. Cultivated in North Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin used industrially and medicinally, tanning and dyeing materials, vinegar, syrup, and medicaments. =Schinus= L.

20. (5.) Stamens 5, as many as the petals. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Styles 5. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 2. West Africa. =Spondianthus= Engl.

Stamens 6-15, twice as many as the petals or more. Leaves compound. 21

21. Petals valvate in bud. 22

Petals imbricate in bud. 23

22. Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Petals lanceolate, with inflexed tips. Male flowers with a sterile ovary and a simple style. Leaflets 3, serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Spondiopsis= Engl.

Flowers polygamous, usually 5-merous. Petals oblong ovate or elliptical, finally recurved. Styles in the female and hermaphrodite flowers 4-5, free. Leaflets 5 or more, usually with a marginal nerve.--Species 4, two of them growing wild in equatorial West Africa, the others cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, gum, tanning material, medicaments, and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared. (Including _Antrocaryon_ Pierre). =Spondias= L.

23. Sepals free. Stone of the fruit with 3-4 lids at the top. 24

Sepals more or less united. 25

24. Flowers dioecious, 3-4-merous. Anthers subglobose, versatile. Seeds oblong, terete.--Species 2. Central Africa. The fruits are edible. (Under _Spondias_ L.). =Pseudospondias= Engl.

Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Anthers oblong, continuous with the filament. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3. Seeds club-shaped, somewhat

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 81._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Older female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 82._

J. Fleischmann del.

Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

compressed.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber, gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds from which a spirituous drink is prepared. =Sclerocarya= Hochst.

25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets numerous.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits (blood-plums). =Haematostaphis= Hook. fil.

Flowers 4-5-merous. 26

26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded. 27

Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals united at the base only. 28

27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style simple, club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous, alternate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Nothospondias= Engl.

Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles 3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the top and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case leaflets 3.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber, bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and medicaments. (_Calesiam_ Adans., _Odina_ Roxb., including _Lanneoma_ Del.) (Plate 81.) =Lannea= Rich.

28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the fruit with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. South Africa. =Harpephyllum= Bernh.

Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of the fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.--Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits. (Under _Spondias_ L.) =Poupartia= Comm.

SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE

FAMILY 128. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted, covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with 4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen (_ILICINEAE._)

Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments. The holly (_I. Aquifolium_ L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted as a garden-or hedge-plant. =Ilex= L.

FAMILY 129. CELASTRACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc present. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to it, 2-5-celled, rarely (_Pleurostylia_) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile, with leaf-like cotyledons.--Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.)

1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily =CELASTROIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril. 7

2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting branches. Unarmed shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 3

Leaves alternate. 4

3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Ovary-cells and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves elliptical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber and medicaments and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are poisonous. “Spindle-tree.” =Evonymus= L.

Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1 (_C. edulis_ Forsk.). Central and South Africa. The wood and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for preparing a tea and medicaments. (_Methyscophyllum_ Eckl. & Zeyh.) =Catha= Forsk.

4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary or in clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed shrubs or trees.--Species 7. Madagascar. (Under _Celastrus_ L.). =Polycardia= Juss.

Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely 4-5-celled. 5

5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost hemispherical, ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Celastrus_ L.) =Putterlickia= Endl.

Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not hemispherical. 6

6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril. Ovary usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers 5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.--Species 9. South Africa. =Pterocelastrus= Meissn.

Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not ribbed.--Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments. (Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under _Celastrus_ L.) =Gymnosporia= Wight & Arn.

7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Subfamily =TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Ptelidium= Thouars

Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the disc. Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily =CASSINIOIDEAE=.] 8

8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. East and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including _Cathastrum_ Turcz.) =Pleurostylia= Wight & Arn.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely lateral in the fruit. 9

9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs. Upper leaves opposite, broad.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber. (Under _Cassine_ L.) =Maurocenia= L.

Ovules erect. 10

10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes usually present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the lower lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.--Species 1. Isle of Réunion. =Herya= Cordem.

Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards. Petal-like staminodes none. 11

11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted at the margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost dry. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Elaeodendron_ Jacq.) =Lauridia= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite. 12

12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Cassine_ L. or _Elaeodendron_ Jacq.) =Mystroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 13

13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly toothed.--Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under _Schrebera_ Thunb.) =Hartogia= Thunb.

Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers usually opening inwards. 14

14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.--Species 10. South Africa. =Cassine= L.

Pericarp dry.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Cassine_ L.) (Plate 82.) =Elaeodendron= Jacq.

FAMILY 130. HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, inserted below the disc. Stamens 3-5, inserted upon or within the disc. Filaments free, strap-shaped. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-10 inverted ovules in each cell. Style 1 or 0. Fruit drupaceous or capsular or separating into several mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 3, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _CELASTRINEAE_.) (Plate 83.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers opening inwards by a transverse slit. Disc indistinct. Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Leaves opposite, serrate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Campylostemon= Welw.

Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Disc distinct. 2

2. Fruit drupaceous. Petals imbricate in bud. Flowers usually in fascicles or in fascicled cymes.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield rubber or edible fruits. (Plate 83.) =Salacia= L.

Fruit capsular or separating into several mericarps. Anthers roundish. Leaves opposite. Flowers usually in simple cymes.--Species 50. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Helictonema_ Pierre). =Hippocratea= L.

FAMILY 131. SALVADORACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular. Calyx 2-4-cleft. Petals 4, very rarely 5, free or united at the base, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals; sometimes 4-5 staminodes also present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect, inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with the radicle turned downwards.--Genera 3, species 6.

1. Flowers dioecious. Petals 4, free, narrow. Filaments free from one another and from the corolla. Glands between the stamens absent. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs with 2-6 spines in the axils of the leaves.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. (_Monetia_ L’Hér.) =Azima= Lam.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Filaments united together or to the corolla. Glands between the stamens nearly always present. Ovary 1-celled. Unarmed shrubs or trees. 2

2. Petals free, narrow. Filaments united at the base. Anthers oblong.--Species 3. East Africa. Yielding timber. (Including _Platymitium_ Warb.) =Dobera= Juss.

Petals united at the base, broad, 4. Filaments free. Anthers ovoid or globose.--Species 1 (_S. persica_ Garcin). North-east and Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. Yields edible fruits and medicaments; the twigs are used as tooth-brushes. =Salvadora= Garcin

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 83._

J. Fleischmann del.

Salacia Dusenii Loesen.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower from above. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 84._

J. Fleischmann del.

Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

SUBORDER ICACININEAE

FAMILY 132. ICACINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens as many as the petals or perianth-segments and alternate with them. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1 or 0. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa, without an aril.--Genera 19, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _OLACINEAE_.) (Plate 84.)

1. Pericarp warty or spiny on the inner face. Embryo equalling the albumen. Climbing or twining shrubs. Leafstalk terete. [Tribe PHYTOCRENEAE.] 2

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled on the inside. Leaves entire. 7

2. Perianth simple, 3-5-parted. Stigma sessile. Leaves palminerved. 3

Perianth, at least in the female flowers, consisting of a sometimes very small calyx and a corolla of united petals. Leaves penninerved. 5

3. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, hermaphrodite. Stem tuberous, with slightly twining branches. Leaves undivided, wavy at the margin.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Trematosperma= Urban

Flowers in heads or spikes, dioecious. 4

4. Flowers in heads arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth of the male flowers 3-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Polycephalium= Engl.

Flowers in spikes. Perianth usually 4-parted.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. =Pyrenacantha= Hook.

5. Calyx minute. Corolla not enlarged in the fruit. Flowers in spikes arising from the lower part of the stem. Leaves oval.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Endacanthus= Baill.

Calyx distinctly developed, at least in the female flowers. Corolla enlarged in the fruit. 6

6. Calyx of the male flowers 5-toothed. Petals 5. Filaments rather long. Anthers linear. Flowers in spikes at the nodes of the older branches. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Stachyanthus= Engl.

Calyx of the male flowers indistinct or wanting. Petals 4. Filaments short. Anthers ovate. Flowers in spikes or heads. Species 7. West Africa. =Chlamydocarya= Baill.

7. (1.) Flowers dioecious, with a corolla of united petals, with or without a calyx. Stamens with flat filaments; anthers opening inwards. Embryo nearly equalling the albumen. Climbing shrubs, usually with tendrils. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe IODEAE.] =Iodes= Blume

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then with a calyx and a corolla of free petals, or without a corolla, and the anthers opening outwards. Embryo usually much shorter than the albumen. Trees or erect, rarely climbing shrubs; in the latter case leaves alternate or flowers in spikes. [Tribe ICACINEAE.] 8

8. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Calyx 5-partite. Petals minute and free, or wanting. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with a ring-shaped appendage at the top. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Grisollea= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 9

9. Petals free. Sepals usually united high up. 10

Petals more or less united. Sepals usually united at the base only. 14

10. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. 11

Embryo much shorter than the albumen. 12

11. Petals bearded within. Disc present. Style long; stigma small or shield-shaped. Fruit with a crusty endocarp. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Shrubs with ascending or somewhat twining branches.--Species 7. Tropics. Some have edible fruits or seeds. =Icacina= Juss.

Petals not bearded within. Disc absent. Fruit with a woody endocarp and a fleshy mesocarp. Embryo with folded cotyledons. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. The fruits and seeds are eaten and used medicinally. =Lavigeria= Pierre

12. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes. Petals hairy outside. Disc present. Ovary without swellings. Style terminal; stigma slightly lobed.--Species 6. Tropics. =Desmostachys= Planch. & Miers

Stem erect, tree-like. Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Ovary with 2 swellings. Style lateral. 13

13. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Filaments broadened below. Ovary usually with two narrow swellings at the top.--Species 12. Central Africa. (Under _Apodytes_ Mey.) =Rhaphiostyles= Planch.

Flowers in terminal panicles. Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary with two broad swellings on the ventral face.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber or edible fruits. (Plate 84.) =Apodytes= E. Mey.

14. Petals united at the base or nearly to the middle. 15

Petals united beyond the middle. 16

15. Petals imbricate in the bud. Style short. Leaves opposite. Flowers in repeatedly forked cymes.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. =Cassinopsis= Sond.

Petals valvate in the bud. Style long. Leaves alternate. Flowers in few-flowered fascicles or panicles.--Species 9. Central Africa. (Including _Alsodeiidium_ Engl.) =Alsodeiopsis= Oliv.

16. Petals imbricate in the bud. Sepals and stamens unequal. Disc indistinct. Stigma sessile. Leaves opposite, elliptical. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tridianisia= Baill.

Petals valvate in the bud. 17

17. Petals bent backwards at the tip. Disc thick. Style short. Leaves opposite, lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Acrocoelium= Baill.

Petals bent inwards at the tip. Disc absent. Leaves alternate. 18

18. Sepals united at the base only. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube throughout their whole length, without appendages. Style long, filiform. Ovary and fruit without a swelling.--Species 5. Tropics. =Leptaulus= Benth.

Sepals united high up. Filaments free from the corolla, with two tufts of hairs at the apex. Style short, conical. Ovary and fruit with a lateral swelling. Flowers in head-like cymes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Lasianthera= Beauv.

SUBORDER SAPINDINEAE

FAMILY 133. ACERACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed, without stipules. Flowers in terminal corymbs, regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, free. Stamens 8, very rarely 4 or 12, perigynous, inserted on the inner edge of the thick disc. Filaments free. Ovary superior, 2-lobed and 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2 or a single style with 2 branches or stigmas. Fruit winged, splitting into 2 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _SAPINDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark, and sugar, and serve as ornamental plants. “Maple.” =Acer= L.

FAMILY 134. SAPINDACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Cardiospermum_) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary or in clusters, polygamous, rarely unisexual. Petals 4-5, mostly with a scale on the inner face, or absent. Stamens 4-24, usually 8, inserted within the disc, rarely upon it; sometimes disc indistinct. Anthers opening inwards by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-8-, usually 3-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate or with a single fertile cell, frequently lobed. Ovules 1-2, rarely (_Cossignia_) 3 in each ovary-cell, curved. Style 1, undivided, rarely cleft. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo usually curved.--Genera 51, species 200. (Including _DIDIEREACEAE_.) (Plate 85.)

1. Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 2 sterile ones. Ovule 1. Style 3-4-cleft. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Petals 4. Sepals 2. Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided, deciduous. Spiny trees.--Species 6. Madagascar. Some species yield timber. (Including _Alluaudia_ Drake). [Tribe DIDIEREAE.] =Didierea= Baill.

Ovary with 2-8 fertile cells. Stamens inserted within the disc, rarely upon it (_Pistaciopsis_) or no distinct disc present (_Dodonaea_); in both these cases petals wanting. 2

2. Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary. 3

Ovules 2, very rarely 3, in each cell of the ovary. 45

3. Ovule pendulous. Ovary 2-celled. Style undivided, with 2 decurrent stigmatic lines at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc regular. Petals 5, small. Sepals 5, slightly imbricate in bud. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Embryo with pinnately cut cotyledons. Branches and leaves with a resinous coating. Leaves equally pinnate, with a winged rachis.--Species 2. Equatorial East Africa and Madagascar. =Filicium= Thwait.

Ovule erect or ascending. Stamens usually 8. 4

4. Flowers irregular, with a one-sided disc. Petals 4. 5

Flowers regular or nearly so, with a complete disc. Petals 5 or 0. Leaves exstipulate, equally pinnate, rarely unequally pinnate (_Pistaciopsis_) or simple (_Pappea_). 14

5. Leaves stipulate, unequally pinnate with 5 leaflets or twice ternate. Herbs or undershrubs or climbing tendril-bearing shrubs. Petals with a crested, and hooded scale. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. 6

Leaves exstipulate, simple trifoliolate or equally pinnate. Trees or shrubs without tendrils. Seeds without an aril. 8

6. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Fruit capsular, inflated, with a membranous rind. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa, one species (_C. Helicacabum_ L.) also naturalized in North Africa. They yield fodder, vegetables, oil, and medicaments, and serve also as decorative plants. “Heartseed.” =Cardiospermum= L.

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Fruit capsular, not inflated, with a leathery or woody rind, or separating into mericarps. Seeds with a more or less distinct aril. 7

7. Leaves twice ternate. Fruit 3-winged below, separating into 3 nutlets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Serjania= Schum.

Leaves pinnate. Fruit wingless, capsular.--Species 1. Tropics. Poisonous and yielding fibres and medicaments. =Paullinia= L.

8. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Sepals 4, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a crestless, notched or 2-parted scale. Stamens 8. Ovary deeply lobed. Fruit of 1-3 drupes.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Schmidelia_ L.) =Allophyllus= L.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Sepals 5. 9

9. Sepals free, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a notched scale. Stamens 8. Fruit separating into 3 mericarps. Seed-coat hard.--Species 3. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. The wood and the fruits (soap-berries) are used; the latter afford a substitute for soap, mucilage, oil, poison, and medicaments; the seeds serve as ornaments and for making buttons and rosaries. (Including _Dittelasma_ Hook.) =Sapindus= L.

Sepals more or less united, narrowly imbricate or valvate in bud. Fruit furrowed or lobed, indehiscent. 10

10. Calyx shortly bell-or top-shaped; sepals united at the base only. Petals with a 2-crested scale. Stamens 6-8. Pericarp crustaceous or leathery. 11

Calyx deeply urn-shaped or almost globular; sepals united high up. Pericarp more or less fleshy. 12

11. Disc obliquely cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals with a very broad scale. Shrubs. Leaflets 10.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Plagioscyphus= Radlk.

Disc not cupular. Ovary 3-celled. Leaflets 4-8.--Species 7. West Africa. (Under _Erioglossum_ Blume) =Pancovia= Willd.

12. Stamens 12-15. Petals sessile; scale adnate below by the margin, bearing a short crest. Ovary 6-8-celled. Trees. Leaflets 10-12.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Glossolepis= Gilg

Stamens 6-8. Petals clawed. 13

13. Scales of the petals adnate below by the margins, bearing an incurved crest; claws elongate. Calyx subglobose, shortly toothed. Ovary 7-celled. Trees. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Radlkofera= Gilg

Scales of the petals adnate by a ridge, more rarely free. Ovary 3-4-celled, rarely 7-8-celled, but then petals with a free and crestless scale. Species 10. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. =Chytranthus= Hook. fil.

14. (4.) Petals absent. 15

Petals present. 23

15. Sepals 4-6, united at the base only, valvate or almost valvate in bud. 16

Sepals 5, united high up. 19

16. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals 4. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Crossonephelis= Baill.

Stamens 5-8. Ovary 3-celled. 17

17. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, hairy outside. Stamens 7-8. Seeds without an aril. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Melanodiscus= Radlk.

Flowers in clusters. Stamens 5, rarely 6-7, but then seeds with an aril. 18

18. Stamens inserted inside the disc; filaments short, not exceeding the calyx; anthers linear. Sepals 5-6, hairy above. Seed 1, with an aril. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 4-10 leaflets.--Species 2. East Africa. =Haplocoelum= Radlk.

Stamens inserted at the edge of the disc, 5; filaments long, much exceeding the calyx; anthers oblong or oval. Sepals 5. Leaves with a narrowly winged rachis.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Pistaciopsis= Engl.

19. Sepals imbricate in bud, finally slashed. Stamens 8-10, bent twice in the bud. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds with an aril; embryo almost straight. Trees. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. Flowers fragrant, used for preparing an aromatic water. =Lecaniodiscus= Planch.

Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 8. 20

20. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 21

Ovary 3-celled. 22

21. Fruit covered with wart-like protuberances. Aril free from the seedcoat.--Species 1 (_L. chinensis_ Sonn.) Cultivated in the tropics and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Nephelium_ L. or _Euphoria_ Commers.) =Litchi= Sonn.

Fruit covered with soft spine-like processes or glabrous. Aril adnate to the seed-coat.--Species 1 (_N. lappaceum_ L., Rambutan). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruits and fat-containing seeds. (Under _Euphoria_ Comm.) =Nephelium= L.

22. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx cup-shaped. Flowers in axillary panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber (iron-wood), edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under _Nephelium_ L.) =Stadmannia= Lam.

Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Calyx top-shaped. Flowers in racemes or panicles springing from the older parts of the stem.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Placodiscus= Radlk.

23. (14.) Calyx 5-lobed; lobes open or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 6-10. 24

Calyx 5-parted. 27

24. Calyx urn-shaped. Petals with a scale adnate by a ridge. Fruit indehiscent, 3-lobed, with a leathery pericarp. Seeds without an aril. Inflorescences arising from the older branches. Leaves pinnate. (See 13.) =Chytranthus= Hook. fil.

Calyx cup-or saucer-shaped, small. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, or with a free scale, or without a scale. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 25

25. Petals hairy, without a scale or with the inflexed margins prolonged into small scales. Ovary lobed. Pericarp leathery. Leaves simple, undivided, oblong.--Species 4. East and South Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under _Sapindus_ L.) =Pappea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals with a free scale or with a scale adnate by the margins. Leaves pinnate. 26

26. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, hence funnel-shaped. Disc clothing the base of the calyx. Filaments hairy. Fruit 3-angled, almost glabrous. Inflorescences axillary.--Species 5. Central Africa. Some yield timber. (Under _Blighia_ Koen.) =Phialodiscus= Radlk.

Petals with an almost free, notched scale. Disc free. Filaments glabrous. Fruit almost globose; pericarp crustaceous or woody, hispid on the outside, woolly within.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber. =Eriocoelum= Hook. fil.

27. (23.) Sepals narrowly imbricate in bud. 28

Sepals broadly imbricate in bud. 33

28. Stamens 5. Petals hooded, without scales. Disc 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with numerous leaflets. Inflorescences arising from the older parts of the stem.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pseudopteris= Baill.

Stamens 6-10. 29