Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (9)

36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs. 37

Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs. 38

37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including _Dianthella_ Clauson). =Tunica= Scop.

Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical, or ovate.--Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Gypsophila= L.

38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes reduced to hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts. 39

Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a winged claw. 40

39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North Africa. =Velezia= L.

Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. Stamens 10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.” =Saponaria= L.

40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo.--Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used as a substitute for soap. (Under _Saponaria_ L.) =Vaccaria= Medik.

Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.--Species 25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes. “Pink.” =Dianthus= L.

41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade. 42

Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10. 43

42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules numerous.--Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa. The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.” (_Githago_ Desfont., under _Lychnis_ L.) =Agrostemma= L.

Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules few.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons. =Uebelinia= Hochst.

43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, 10-20-ribbed. Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit opening by 6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.--Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute for soap. (Under _Lychnis_ L.) =Melandryum= Roehl.

Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base. 44

44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales at its base. Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cucubalus= L.

Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.--Species 75. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including _Eudianthe_ Rohrb.) =Silene= L.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 45._

J. Fleischmann del.

Polycarpaea linearifolia DC.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 46._

J. Fleischmann del.

Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.]

ORDER RANALES

SUBORDER NYMPHAEINEAE

FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3, species 20.

1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red, axillary. Leaves ovate, without stipules.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. (_Hydropeltis_ Michx.) [Subfamily =CABOMBOIDEAE.=] =Brasenia= Schreb.

Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5. Petals numerous. [Subfamily =NYMPHAEOIDEAE.=] 2

2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule. Leaf-and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.--Species 20. Used as ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are edible and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.” (_Castalia_ Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.] =Nymphaea= Smith

Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without an aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf-and flower-stalks with many small air-canals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (_Nymphaea_ Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.] =Nuphar= Smith

FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments 9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16, inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a large, many-leaved plumule.

Genus 1, species 3. =Ceratophyllum= L.

SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE

FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or separate, rarely (_Nigella_) united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.)

1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some rudimentary ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.] 2

Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the suture. 7

2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle. 3

Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous. 4

3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with a short spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp without a hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided, linear.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.” =Myosurus= L.

Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.--Species 50. Many of them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Ceratocephalus_ Pers. and _Ficaria_ Dill.) =Ranunculus= L.

4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule with a single coat. 5

Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical. 6

5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.--Species 40. Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Clematis= L.

Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.--Species 15. North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Knowltonia_ Salisb.) (Plate 46.) =Anemone= L.

6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat receptacle, marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or cymes.--Species 4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine. =Thalictrum= L.

Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a cylindrical receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary, terminal.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine and as ornamental plants. =Adonis= L.

7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not glandular petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous. Carpels several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than the inner.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.] =Paeonia= L.

Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8 glandular petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner. [Tribe HELLEBOREAE.] 8

8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8. 9

Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2. 10

9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves ternately dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. “Columbine.” =Aquilegia= L.

Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united. Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.--Species 6. North Africa. Some (especially _N. sativa_ L.) yield condiments and medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants. =Nigella= L.

10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect, helmet-shaped. Flowers yellow.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Poisonous and used in medicine. =Aconitum= L.

Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading, spur-shaped.--Species 18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.” =Delphinium= L.

FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE

Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more, basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 3, species 6. North and East Africa.

1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers 6-merous. Fruit a berry.--Species 4. North and East Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments, and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation of drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.] =Berberis= L.

Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.] 2

2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture. Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Epimedium= L.

Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds without an aril.--Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Leontice= L.

FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE

Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually 6. Petals usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent. Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1, pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle, sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed. Fruits drupaceous.--Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.)

1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male flowers 2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels solitary. 2

Sepals 6-24, rarely (_Stephania_) in the female flowers only 3-4. Petals free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (_Stephania_) solitary. 3

2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals, in cymes. Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Cissampelos= L.

Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves usually narrow. Low-growing plants.--Species 4. South Africa. (Under _Cissampelos_ L.) =Antizoma= Miers

3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4. 4

Sepals 9-24. 22

4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal in length. Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. (Including _Homocnemia_ Miers and _Perichasma_ Miers). =Stephania= Lour.

Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6. 5

5. Sepals nearly equal in length. 6

Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the inner. 7

6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas thick, entire.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Including _Ropalandria_ Stapf). =Dioscoreophyllum= Engl.

Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. “Calumba-root.” =Iatrorrhiza= Miers

7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. Leaves sinuated or dissected.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Syntriandrium= Engl.

Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (_Tiliacora_) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and leaves undivided, very rarely (_Penianthus_) petals wanting. 8

8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Epinetrum= Hiern

Stamens 3-9, usually 6. 9

9. Filaments free or united at the base only. 10

Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond. 17

10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits. 11

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 13

11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes arranged in racemes.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and Egypt. They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (_Cebatha_ Forsk.) (Plate 47.) =Cocculus= L.

Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the style nearly terminal. 12

12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including _Heptacyclum_ Engl.) =Penianthus= Miers

Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3. Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved. Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.--Species 4. West Africa. =Kolobopetalum= Engl.

13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved. 14

Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or penninerved. 15

14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the female flowers 6.--Species 1. Northern Central Africa. =Tinospora= Miers

Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the base.--Species 7. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Desmonema= Miers

15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds straight.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Cocculus_ DC.) =Orthogynium= Baill.

Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved. 16

16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Tinospora_ Miers). =Platytinospora= Diels

Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.--Species 12, Central Africa. (Including _Glossopholis_ Pierre, under _Limacia_ Lour.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Spirospermum= Thouars

Outer and inner stamens more or less united. 18

18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. (_Miersiophyton_ Engl., under _Chasmanthera_ Miers). =Rhigiocarya= Miers

Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond. 19

19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.) =Kolobopetalum= Engl.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, or tubercled. 20

20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers opening inwards. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes. 21

21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.) =Desmonema= Miers

Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly cordate.--Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers. =Chasmanthera= Hochst.

22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip. 23

Inner sepals free or nearly so. 24

23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Synclisia= Benth.

Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary. (See 8.) =Epinetrum= Hiern

24. Petals none. 25

Petals 3-9, usually 6. 27

25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.--Species 2. West Africa. =Syrrheonema= Miers

Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral. 26

26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening by confluent slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.) =Penianthus= Miers

Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax cymes or in panicles.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Pycnostylis_ Pierre, _Rameya_ Baill., and _Welwitschiina_ Engl.) =Triclisia= Benth.

27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.--Species 1. West Africa. =Sphenocentrum= Pierre

Petals 3-6. 28

28. Stamens 3. 29

Stamens 6-18. 31

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 47._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cocculus Leaeba DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 48._

J. Fleischmann del.

Anona senegalensis Pers.

_A_ Branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stigma. _D_ Anther. _E_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.]

29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) =Triclisia= Benth. Filaments united high up. 30

30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem climbing.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Strychnopsis= Baill.

Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.--Species 5. Madagascar. (Including _Gamopoda_ Bak. and _Tripodandra_ Baill.) =Rhaptonema= Miers

31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes or corymbs. Leaves undivided.--Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. =Anisocycla= Baill.

Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely. 32

32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes. 33

Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes. Leaves undivided. 34

33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Burasaia= Thouars

Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). _Limaciopsis_ Engl.

34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) _Triclisia_ Benth.

Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers absent. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.

FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals 3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually numerous, rarely (_Bocagea_) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.--Genera 27, species 240. (Plate 48.)

1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas. [Tribe MONODOREAE.] 2

Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a many-celled ovary. 3

2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a wavy margin.--Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some species are used as condiments and in medicine. =Monodora= Dun.

Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the margin.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under _Monodora_ Dun.) =Isolona= (Pierre) Engl.

3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe MILIUSEAE.] =Piptostigma= Oliv.

Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4. 4

4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (_Anona_) the inner imbricate at the apex. [Tribe XYLOPIEAE.] 5

Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the stamens. 10

5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate with the sepals, or 6.--Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe ANONINAE.] =Anona= L.

Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.] 6

6. Ovules solitary. 7

Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6. 8

7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow bark and yellow hairs.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Under _Xylopia_ L.) =Enantia= Oliv.

Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon linear styles.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Oxymitra_ Blume) =Stenanthera= (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels

8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Polyceratocarpus= Engl. & Diels

Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved when ripe. 9

9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or scrambling shrubs.--Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine. =Artabotrys= R. Br.

Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above. Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules 2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.--Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments. (_Xylopicrum_ P. Br.) =Xylopia= L.

10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles 2-cleft.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.] =Hexalobus= A. DC.

Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.] 11

11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.] 12

Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe UVARIINAE.] 23

12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual. 13

Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the anther-cells. 15

13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo). =Thonnera= De Wild.

Petals 4. 14

14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female much larger than the male. Trees.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Tetrastemma= Diels

Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about as large as the male. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Uvariopsis= Engl.

15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes sterile. Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.--Species 2. West Africa (Congo). =Monanthotaxis= Baill.

Petals in 2 rows. 16

16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.--Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Clathrospermum_ Planch.) =Popowia= Endl.

Outer and inner petals spreading or erect. 17

17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. Carpels 3, one-seeded.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bocagea= St. Hil.

Stamens numerous. 18

18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style short. Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1 (_C. odorata_ Hook. f. & Thoms., Ylang-Ylang). Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which yield a perfume. =Cananga= Rumph.

Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective. 19

19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs. (See 9.) =Artabotrys= R. Br.

Style short or wanting. 20

20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous. 21

Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with stellate hairs. Carpels usually few. 22

21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with 2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 9. Tropics. =Unona= L. f.

Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules 1-2.--Species 8. Tropics. Several species yield timber. =Polyalthia= Blume

22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.--Species 2. Central Africa. (Under _Unona_ L. f.) =Meiocarpidium= Engl. & Diels

Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Uvariastrum= Engl.

23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. 24

Ovules numerous in each carpel. 26

24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, numerous, one-seeded. Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Anona_ L.) =Anonidium= Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite. 25

25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. (Under _Unona_ L. f.) =Cleistochlamys= Oliv.

Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the inner. Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually sessile.--Species 9. West Africa. (Under _Oxymitra_ Benth.) =Cleistopholis= Pierre

26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate hairs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pachypodanthium= Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. 27

27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.--Species 1. East Africa. (_Asteranthopsis_ O. Ktze., under _Uvaria_ L.) =Asteranthe= Engl. & Diels

Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually free.--Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments. =Uvaria= L.

FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; albumen copious; embryo small.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 49.)

1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly developed. Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Mauloutchia= Warb.

Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent. Aril distinctly developed. 2

2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible. =Myristica= L.

Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10. 3

3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin; transverse veins faint.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. (Including _Ochocoa_ Pierre). =Scyphocephalium= Warb.

Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo with suberect cotyledons. 4

4. Flowers in simple, fascicle-or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. Anthers 3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.--Species 4. West Africa. They yield timber. =Staudtia= Warb.

Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or panicles. Aril slit. 5

5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin. 6

Flowers sessile, in heads. 7

6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth cup-shaped. Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.--Species 4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. =Coelocaryon= Warb.

Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel-or pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield a fat. =Virola= Aubl.

7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers 2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves joined by arches near the margin.--Species 5. West Africa and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under _Myristica_ L.) (Plate 49.) =Pycnanthus= Warb.

Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen uniform. 8

8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse veins faint.--Species 1. German East Africa. (Under _Brochoneura_ Warb.) =Cephalosphaera= Warb.

Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly as strong transverse veins.--Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under _Myristica_ L.) =Brochoneura= Warb.

FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy albumen.--Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.)

1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more, sunk in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 3. West Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily =ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe SIPARUNEAE.] =Glossocalyx= Benth.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =MONIMIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female flowers falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe TRIMENIEAE.] 3

Receptacle large, cup-or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent. Carpels several or many. 4

3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens. Flowers on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Chloropatane= Engl.

Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on short stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber. (Including _Paxiodendron_ Engl.) =Xymalos= Baill.

4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the carpels. Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12. Anther-halves confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 49._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb.

_A_ Part of a flowering branch. _B_ Male partial inflorescence. _C_ Male flower. _D_ Fruit, the pericarp cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 50._

J. Fleischmann del.

Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Female flower. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Carpel (the ovary cut lengthwise).]

clusters, monoecious.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Mollinedia_ Ruiz & Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.] =Ephippiandra= Decne.

Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous. Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.] 5

5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk in the receptacle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes, dioecious.--Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments. =Monimia= Thouars

Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the receptacle.--Species 20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (_Ambora Juss._) =Tambourissa= Sonn.

FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary superior, very rarely (_Hypodaphnis_) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.)

1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily =LAUROIDEAE=.] 2

Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily =PERSEOIDEAE=.] 11

2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft. Flowers in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or trees.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes, spices, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Laurel.” [Tribe LAUREAE.] =Laurus= L.

Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12, usually 9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled. 3

3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute scales. Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the inner. Fertile stamens 9.--Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.] =Cassytha= L.

Stem shrub-or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6, rarely 4, subequal segments. 4

4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit. Perianth-segments 6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe CRYPTOCARYEAE.] 5

Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe APOLLONIADEAE.] 6

5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but free from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.--Species 8. Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments. (_Agathophyllum_ Juss.) =Ravensara= Sonn.

Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the receptacle, but adnate to the seed.--Species 10. Madagascar, South and East Africa. =Cryptocarya= R. Br.

6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves linear-lanceolate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Potameia= Thouars

Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9. 7

7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Berniera= Baill.

Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands. Flowers in panicles. 8

8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong or obovate, the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate glands.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber. =Tylostemon= Engl.

Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens with 2 roundish glands at their base. 9

9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber. =Apollonias= Nees

Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield timber or edible seeds. (_Afrodaphne_ Stapf, _Hufelandia_ Nees, _Nesodaphne_ Hook., under _Tylostemon_ Engl.) =Beilschmiedia= Nees

10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers dioecious, in umbels.--Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (_Tetranthera_ Jaqu.) [Tribe LITSEEAE.] =Litsea= Lam.

Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.] 11

11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle accrescent. Flowers usually polygamous. 12

Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 13

12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Ocotea_ Aubl.) =Hypodaphnis= Stapf

Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber, fat, condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Mespilodaphne_ and _Oreodaphne_ Nees). (Plate 51.) =Ocotea= Aubl.

13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time of flowering.--Species 2 (_C. zeylanicum_ Breyn, cinnamon, and _C. camphora_ Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses. =Cinnamomum= Blume

Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole. 14

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 51._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens. _D_ Staminode. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Group of fruits. _G_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 52._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petals (_a_ the upper, _b_ one of the lateral, _c_ the lower). _D_ Bundle of stamens (the third anther not visible). _E_ Pistil (the ovary cut lengthwise).]

14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large, greenish.--Species 1 (_P. gratissima_ Gaertn., avocado-pear). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a fat and a dye are prepared, and is used in medicine. =Persea= Gaertn.

Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small, blackish.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under _Persea_ Gaertn.) =Phoebe= Nees

FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious. Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under _LAURACEAE_ or _COMBRETACEAE_.)

1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted. Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 1. East Africa, Angola, Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily =GYROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Gyrocarpus= Jaqu.

Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. [Subfamily =HERNANDIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with 2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Illigera= Blume

Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers 6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees. Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more male.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine. =Hernandia= L.

ORDER RHOEADALES

SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE

FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily albumen.--Genera 11, species 50. (Including _FUMARIACEAE_.) (Plate 52.)

1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, tripartite (or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not milky. [Subfamily =FUMARIOIDEAE=.] 2

Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers. 5

2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, dehiscent, 3-or more-seeded.--Species 9. South and North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Cysticapnos_ Adans.) =Corydalis= DC.

Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not appendaged. 3

3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on each side. Leaves fleshy.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Sarcocapnos= DC.

Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each side, or triquetrous, or globular. 4

4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.) =Trigonocapnos= Schlecht.

Fruit globular or compressed, erect.--Species 15. North, South, and East Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands. “Fumitory.” (Including _Discocapnos_ Cham. & Schlechtend. and _Platycapnos_ Bernh.) =Fumaria= L.

5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not milky.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. [Subfamily =HYPECOIDEAE=.] =Hypecoum= L.

Stamens numerous. [Subfamily =PAPAVEROIDEAE=.] 6

6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, 1-celled, 2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.] =Hunnemannia= Sweet

Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect. 7

7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds appendaged. Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Celandine.” [Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.] =Chelidonium= L.

Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and opposite to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. [Tribe PAPAVEREAE.] 8

8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 2-4. Juice yellow. 9

Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or indehiscent. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16. 10

9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in 2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the seeds yield oil. =Glaucium= Juss.

Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Roemeria= Medik.

10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.--Species 1. Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. =Argemone= L.

Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.--Species 12. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. _P. somniferum_ L. yields opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.” =Papaver= L.

SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.

FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (_Cercopetalum_) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (_Dipterygium_) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.)

1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =CAPPARIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14

2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4

3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.--Species 10. East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. =Thylachium= Lour.

Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated, stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.--Species 50. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including _Niebuhria_ DC. and _Streblocarpus_ Arn.) =Maerua= Forsk.

4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2. Leaves digitate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Bachmannia= Pax

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, but then leaves undivided. 5

5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube-or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens 4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including _Schepperia_ Neck.) =Cadaba= Forsk.

Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6

6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided. 7

Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9

7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals 3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Courbonia= Brongn.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more. Sepals 4, rarely 5. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Buchholzia= Engl.

Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.--Species 30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and roots of some are eaten or used medicinally. =Boscia= Lam.

9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens 10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile ovules. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. =Cercopetalum= Gilg

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous. 10

10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 3. East Africa. =Cladostemon= A. Br. & Vatke

Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore. 11

11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. Stamens 5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 1. West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (_Pteropetalum_ Pax). =Euadenia= Oliv.

Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more. 12

12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or open. Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon a

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 53._

J. Fleischmann del.

Heliophila amplexicaulis L. fil.

_A_ Plant with inflorescences. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 54._

J. Fleischmann del.

Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond.

_A_ Branch with flowers and fruits. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _E_ Seed.]

long gynophore, 1-or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber, edible fruit, or medicaments. =Crataeva= L.

Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and androphore little developed or wanting. 13

13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and then petals numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk, 1-celled.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Ritchiea= R. Br.

Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.--Species 50. Some of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from _C. spinosa_ L.), edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous. =Capparis= L.

14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily =DIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Dipterygium= Decne.

Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more. 15

15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long. Shrubs. Flowers fascicled.--Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily =CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE=.] =Calyptrotheca= Gilg

Fruit several-or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate from the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous. [Subfamily =CLEOMOIDEAE=.] 16

16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Cleome_ L.) =Chilocalyx= Klotzsch

Calyx-tube none. 17

17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile. Ovary stalked. Herbs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. (_Pedicellaria_ Schrank). =Gynandropsis= DC.

Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a distinct androphore. 18

18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves digitate.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including _Dianthera_ Klotzsch and _Tetratelia_ Sond., under _Cleome_ L.) (Plate 53.) =Polanisia= Raf.

Stamens 4-6, all fertile. 19

19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Cleomodendron= Pax

Disc ring-or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Cleome= L.

FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous, rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2 stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo curved.--Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.)

1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base. Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe HESPERIDEAE.] 2

Hairs simple or wanting. 37

2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 3

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 19

3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. 4

Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged. 7

4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style appendaged at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the base. Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.--Species 1. North Africa. =Lonchophora= Dur.

Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles. 5

5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear, entire. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Parolinia= Webb

Fruit-valves with an entire appendage. 6

6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals red. Leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with star-shaped hairs.--Species 5. East Africa. =Diceratella= Boiss.

Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Notoceras= R. Br.

7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral stamens. Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united. 8

Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or indistinctly developed. 14

8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal gibbosity; stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.--Species 15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Stock.” =Matthiola= R. Br.

Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited at the base.

9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear, white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves divided into narrow segments.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Leptaleum= DC.

Longer filaments free or slightly cohering. 10

10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex. Petals white or pink.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Maresia_ Pomel). =Malcolmia= R. Br.

Seeds flat; radicle accumbent. 11

11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted between the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs stellate.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Farsetia_ Desv. or _Malcolmia_ R. Br.). =Eremobium= Boiss.

Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled. 12

12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely angled. Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.--Species 3. North and East Africa. =Morettia= DC.

Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds. 13

13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.--Species 13. East and North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Farsetia= Desv.

Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.--Species 15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.” =Arabis= L.

14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply limited. Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 15

Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring. Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma usually sharply limited. 16

15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including _Dichroanthus_ Webb). =Cheiranthus= L.

Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.--Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. =Erysimum= L.

16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves with a strong midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under _Sisymbrium_ L.). =Descurainia= Webb & Berth.

Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. 17

17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row; radicle accumbent. (See 13.). =Arabis= L.

Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve. 18

18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Arabis_ L.). =Turritis= L.

Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.--Species 2. East, South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Arabis_ L. or _Sisymbrium_ L.). =Stenophragma= Celak.

19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded. 20

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 22

20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled. Style very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Schlechteria= Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs. 21

21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat, without a partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves linear. Hairs star-shaped.--Species 2. North Africa. =Clypeola= L.

Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with a rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (_Vogelia_ Medik.) =Neslia= Desv.

22. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 23

Fruit many-seeded. 30

23. Petals yellow. 24

Petals white or reddish. 26

24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed, boat-shaped valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle incumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Lachnocapsa= Balf.

Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 25

25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Bunias= L.

Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.--Species 13. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including _Meniocus_ Desv.) =Alyssum= L.

26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top, projecting inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.” =Anastatica= L.

Fruit-valves without an appendage. 27

27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow. Stigma sessile. Seeds 4.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including _Hinterhubera_ Reichb. and _Hornungia_ Reichb.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition broad. 28

28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit elliptical, tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting. Flowers short-stalked.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Euclidium= R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous. 29

29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under _Alyssum_ L.). =Ptilotrichum= C. A. Mey.

Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with scattered fibres.--Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Koniga_ Adans., under _Alyssum_ L.) =Lobularia= Desv.

30. Petals yellow. 31

Petals white or red. 34

31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds numerous, winged.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under _Farsetia_ Desv.) =Fibigia= Medik.

Sepals not saccate. 32

32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely without, but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a mid-rib at the base. (See 25.) =Alyssum= L.