Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (2)

237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former alternate. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle. Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. _Drosophyllum_, =92. Droseraceae=.

Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds with a large or rather large embryo. 238

238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds exalbuminous. =153. Tamaricaceae.=

Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6. =59. Olacaceae.=

Ovules ascending or horizontal. 240

240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma entire or obscurely lobed. 241

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more numerous. 242

241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. _Pelletiera_, =191. Primulaceae=.

Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. =190. Myrsinaceae.=

242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. =173. Lythraceae.=

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so. Style simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles 2 or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 243

243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves alternate. =73. Portulacaceae.=

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. 245

Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 248

245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals 5 or leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves usually compound. =105. Leguminosae.=

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs. 246

246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens numerous. Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. _Delphinium_, =78. Ranunculaceae=.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6. Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or less curved. 247

247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant. Leaves dissected. _Epimedium_, =79. Berberidaceae=.

Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or wanting. =88. Cruciferae.=

248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma. 249

Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not contiguous at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas. 266

249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10. 250

Fertile stamens more than petals. 257

250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards. Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. _Warburgia_, =157. Winteranaceae=.

Fertile stamens 2-6. 251

251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous, with curved embryo. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Fertile stamens 5, rarely (_Passifloraceae_) 4 or 6, but then flowers unisexual. Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo. 252

252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees. 253

Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds albuminous. 254

253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. _Moringa_, =90. Moringaceae=.

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, undivided. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly hypogynous, and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed between the petals and the stamens. Flowers regular. =161. Passifloraceae.=

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter case neither staminodes nor a corona within them. 255

255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers regular. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate. =147. Ochnaceae.=

Staminodes wanting. 256

256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or suffruticose. Placentas 3. =158. Violaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely 3-5. _Pittosporum_, =97. Pittosporaceae=.

257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals), rarely 9 (3 sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous. Leaves more or less deeply divided. =86. Papaveraceae.=

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem woody and leaves undivided. 258

258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal. Stamens numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules scattered over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly so. Albumen ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. _Monodora_, =81. Anonaceae=.

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (_Flacourtiaceae_) 9, but then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style distinctly developed or stamens 5-15. 259

259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (_Capparidaceae_) of 2 sepals and 6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case ovary long-stalked. Albumen scanty or wanting. 260

Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 262

260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5, with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. =118. Meliaceae.=

Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the latter case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or digitate. 261

261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple, without stipules. =88. Cruciferae.=

Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular. =87. Capparidaceae.=

262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds ex-albuminous. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. =149. Guttiferae.=

Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous. 263

263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed. 264

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed. 265

264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks clothed with minute scales. _Bixa_, =155. Bixaceae=.

Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and flower-stalks glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. _Cochlospermum_, =156. Cochlospermaceae=.

265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually straight. Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves mostly opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. =154. Cistaceae.=

Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants. 267

Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (_Droseraceae_) whorled, but then water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles. 268

267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft. Seeds with abundant albumen. =152. Frankeniaceae.=

Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without albumen. _Hypericum_, =149. Guttiferae=.

268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals, and stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned outwards. =92. Droseraceae.=

Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs, then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate or all radical. 269

269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. =89. Resedaceae.=

Flowers regular. Ovary closed. 270

270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3. =160. Turneraceae.=

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation, very rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous. 271

271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards. Leaves exstipulate. =153. Tamaricaceae.=

Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves stipulate. 272

272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers turned outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona 3-or more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud. Petals as many as sepals. =161. Passifloraceae.=

273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 274

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 319

274. Ovules erect or ascending. 275

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 288

275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into several glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then stamens 8-10. 276

Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting, rarely outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6. 277

276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. _Bersama_, =135. Melianthaceae=.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo more or less curved. =134. Sapindaceae.=

277. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 278

Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 285

278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. 279

Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5. 280

279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally. Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. =125. Empetraceae.=

280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate. 281

Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves exstipulate. 282

281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3-or more-celled. Seeds albuminous. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and seeds exalbuminous. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees. =149. Guttiferae.=

Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate. 283

283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1. =118. Meliaceae.=

Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo curved. 284

284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the stamens. =88. Cruciferae.=

Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. _Limeum_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary 2-celled. Style basal. Stigma 1. _Parinarium_, =103. Rosaceae=.

Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly so. 286

286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. _Dirachma_, =107. Geraniaceae=.

Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5. 287

287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style 1, with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles. =137. Rhamnaceae.=

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma. =129. Celastraceae.=

288. (274.) Flowers unisexual. 289

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 293

289. Leaves simple. 290

Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 293

290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting; stigma lobed. Shrubs or trees. _Carpodiptera_, =141. Tiliaceae=.

Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly united. 291

291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens 5. Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs. _Trichocladus_, =101. Hamamelidaceae=.

Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 292

292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10. Calyx-limb nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. _Panda_, =106. Pandaceae=.

Ovules inverted. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular. Spiny shrubs. _Neoluederitzia_, =113. Zygophyllaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular. 295

Flowers regular or nearly so. 298

295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into a stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small. 296

296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs. =119. Malpighiaceae.=

Stamens 5-8. 297

297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals 5, perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. _Tropaeolum_, =109. Tropaeolaceae=.

Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous. =120. Polygalaceae.=

298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous, but less than twice as many, 2-6. 299

Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely (_Thymelaeaceae_) as many as the petals, but then 8-10. 305

299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together as many as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves undivided. 300

Filaments free or united in pairs. 301

300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous. =110. Linaceae.=

Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous. _Cottsia_, =119. Malpighiaceae=.

301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly perigynous. Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young, undivided, bearing glandular hairs. _Roridula_, =147. Ochnaceae=.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any. 302

302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. =88. Cruciferae.=

Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. 303

303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate. =116. Simarubaceae.=

Flowers 5-merous. 304

304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3-or 5-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3 or 5. Leaves simple. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate. _Filicium_, =134. Sapindaceae=.

305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 306

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. 312

306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 307

Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. 310

307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous. 308

308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style simple. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves without dots. 309

309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely simple and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style simple. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or 2-lobed. =116. Simarubaceae.=

310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6, valvate in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen. =59. Olacaceae.=

Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen. 311

311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. =119. Malpighiaceae.=

Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free, petaloid. Ovary 4-5-celled. _Octolepis_, =171. Thymelaeaceae=.

312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple, stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (_Malpighiaceae_) a few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 313

313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base. 314

Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous) stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15. 316

314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen. =118. Meliaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. 315

315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves exstipulate. _Saccoglottis_, =111. Humiriaceae=.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs. 316

316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate, stipulate. _Nectaropetalum_, =110. Linaceae=.

Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely solitary. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. =119. Malpighiaceae.=

317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves undivided. 318

318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the inside. Styles or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually albuminous. Leaves alternate, stipulate. _Erythroxylon_, =112. Erythroxylaceae=.

Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous. =119. Malpighiaceae.=

319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 320

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 389

320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the stigmas, or 1 sessile stigma. 321

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the stigmas, or 2 or more free sessile stigmas. 371

321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals. 322

Stamens more than the petals. 339

322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. 323

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer. 325

323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. _Augea_, =113. Zygophyllaceae=.

Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate. 324

324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a berry. =138. Vitaceae.=

Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less united. Ovary 3-or more-celled. Fruit a capsule. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

325. Stamens 2-4. 326

Stamens 5. 333

326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4. 327

Sepals 5. Petals 2-5. 332

327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules wanting. 328

Leaves without glandular dots. 329

328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc cushion-shaped. Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled mericarps. Seeds with curved embryo. _Chamaelea_, =114. Cneoraceae=.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like. =115. Rutaceae.=

329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud. Shrubs or trees. 330

Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 331

330. Disc present. =129. Celastraceae.=

Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. _Azima_, =131. Salvadoraceae=.

331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands. Shrubs or trees. =197. Oleaceae.=

Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =88. Cruciferae.=

332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. =130. Hippocrateaceae.=

Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous. =107. Geraniaceae.=

333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base. 334

Filaments free. 336

334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate aestivation. Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. _Quivisianthe_, =118. Meliaceae=.

Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 335

335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. _Phyllocosmus_, =110. Linaceae=.

Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril. =107. Geraniaceae.=

336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary spines. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate. 337

337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. _Triumfetta_, =141. Tiliaceae=.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 338

338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering branches. =129. Celastraceae.=

339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8. 340

Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more. 343

340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens 8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending, at least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees. 341

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2-or 5-celled or transversally septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 342

341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. _Acer_, =133. Aceraceae=.

Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate. =134. Sapindaceae.=

342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally septate. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.=

Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate. =107. Geraniaceae.=

343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 344

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 359

344. Filaments free. 345

Filaments evidently united, at least at the base. 354

345. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 346

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 349

346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary spines. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules. 347

347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate in bud. Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

Leaves alternate. 348

348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. =141. Tiliaceae.=

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. =117. Burseraceae.=

349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 350

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 352

350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5. Disc cup-shaped. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. _Leptochlaena_, =140. Chlaenaceae=.

Sepals 4-6. Disc ring-or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales or wanting. 351

351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an appendage. Leaves usually compound. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets. =107. Geraniaceae.=

352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate. =134. Sapindaceae.=

Flowers regular. 353

353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds exalbuminous. =117. Burseraceae.=

Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending. =115. Rutaceae.=

354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate. 355

Sepals imbricate in bud. 356

355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in bud. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate. =107. Geraniaceae.=

Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees. 357

357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. =110. Linaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. 358

358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled. Disc usually present. =118. Meliaceae.=

359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs. 360

Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 362

360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an apical pore. _Elaeocarpus_, =139. Elaeocarpaceae=.

Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. 361

361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate. =145. Scytopetalaceae.=

Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

362. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 363

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 366

363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves stipulate. Petals 5. 364

364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits. =141. Tiliaceae.=

Filaments evidently united. 365

365. Anthers opening by a single slit. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. _Dombeya_, =144. Sterculiaceae=.

366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. 367

Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided. 368

367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire. =154. Cistaceae.=

Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate. =107. Geraniaceae.=

368. Leaves stipulate. 369

Leaves exstipulate. 370

369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit dehiscent. _Sarcochlaena_, =140. Chlaenaceae=.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent. =150. Dipterocarpaceae.=

370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous. =148. Theaceae.=

Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal. =149. Guttiferae.=

371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12. 372

Stamens more than twice as many as petals. 382

372. Filaments free. 373

Filaments obviously united, at least at the base. 377

373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 374

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 376

374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10. =98. Cunoniaceae.=

Leaves alternate. 375

375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc present. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice as many. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8, inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. _Acer_, =133. Aceraceae=.

377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 378

378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Sepals imbricate in bud. 379

379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. =112. Erythroxylaceae.=

Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in racemes or panicles. 380

380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually compound. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit a drupe. Leaves simple, undivided. 381

381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers in panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing shrubs. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes. =110. Linaceae.=

382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate. 383

Leaves exstipulate. 386

383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers unisexual. Trees. _Heywoodia_, =122. Euphorbiaceae=.

Calyx valvate in bud. 384

384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally confluent). 385

385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers unisexual. =141. Tiliaceae.=

386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves alternate. 387

387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style 1, two-cleft. _Talinella_, =73. Portulacaceae=.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. 388

388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3, valvate in bud. Anthers 4-celled. _Junodia_, =122. Euphorbiaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers 2-celled. =148. Theaceae.=

389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or more stigmas contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma. 390

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the stigmas, or two or more free sessile stigmas. 439

390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals. 391

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 404

391. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 392

Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves undivided. 399

392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire. =154. Cistaceae.=

Stamens 2-6. 393

393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4. Receptacle with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with auricles at the base. =88. Cruciferae.=

Ovary 3-or more-celled. Stamens 4-5. 394

394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 395

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently united, but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes united. 396

395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. _Ceiba_, =143. Bombacaceae=.

Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting. Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. _Impatiens_, =136. Balsaminaceae=.

Anthers free, opening lengthwise. 397

397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc present. Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. _Melianthus_, =135. Melianthaceae=.

Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or wanting. 398

398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile stamens. Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided. _Thomassetia_, =148. Theaceae=.

399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. =173. Lythraceae.=

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 400

400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. _Subularia_, =88. Cruciferae=.

Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and petals 5. 401

401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8. Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. _Heteropyxis_, =180. Myrtaceae=.

Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled. 402

402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens 3. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. =130. Hippocrateaceae.=

Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc. Seeds albuminous. 403

403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril. =129. Celastraceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an aril. _Brexia_, =96. Saxifragaceae.=

404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 405

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 416

405. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 406

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided. 413

406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base. 407

Filaments free, rarely (_Rutaceae_) united in several bundles. 408

407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this case many ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many, but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. =118. Meliaceae.=

408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile or nearly so. 409

409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. =141. Tiliaceae.=

Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation. 410

410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. =154. Cistaceae.=

Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 411

411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds with a copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. =135. Melianthaceae.=

Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular. 412

412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves without dots, stipulate. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate. =181. Melastomataceae.=

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 414

414. Calyx with valvate aestivation. =173. Lythraceae.=

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 415

415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed. Filaments free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with translucent dots. _Psiloxylon_, =180. Myrtaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by the back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous. 417

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. 433

417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous. 418

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 428

418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 419

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 425

419. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 420

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 421

420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore or slit at the apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. _Elaeocarpus_, =139. Elaeocarpaceae=.

Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits. =141. Tiliaceae.=

421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. 422

422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united. Petals 5. 423

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores. 424

423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the apex or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny. =142. Malvaceae.=

Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees. =143. Bombacaceae.=

424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes absent. =141. Tiliaceae.=

425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided. 426

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 427

426. Disc present. Ovules inverted. =140. Chlaenaceae.=

Disc absent. Ovules usually straight. =154. Cistaceae.=

427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending. Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. _Sphaerosepalum_, =156. Cochlospermaceae=.

Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen. =87. Capparidaceae.=

428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous. Ovary 6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. _Nuphar_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5. 429

429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds albuminous. 430

430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals united below. Ovary sessile, 5-or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but then ovary stalked. 431

431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds exalbuminous. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular. 432

432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually straight. Seeds albuminous. =154. Cistaceae.=

Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs. =148. Theaceae.=

433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 434

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438

434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary 3-8-celled.

Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs. =145. Scytopetalaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx valvate. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then leaves digitate. 435

435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary 5-10-celled, slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees. =143. Bombacaceae.=

Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled. 436

436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite. 437

437. Ovary 2-6-celled. =173. Lythraceae.=

Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Sonneratia_, =174. Sonneratiaceae=.

438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc present. Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, not peltate. =140. Chlaenaceae.=

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6-or more-celled. Style wanting. Herbs. Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10. 440

Stamens numerous. 446

440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an hypogynous disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous. 441

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting. 442

441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and exstipulate. Placentas thick. _Saxifraga_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows. =98. Cunoniaceae.=

442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments free. Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. =151. Elatinaceae.=

Leaves alternate or all radical. 443

443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. 444

444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds albuminous. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. 445

445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent. _Clethra_, =188. Clethraceae=.

Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty or wanting. Bracteoles present. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the base, numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all radical, stipulate. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9. 447

447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves alternate. 448

448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles free. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves dissected, exstipulate. _Nigella_, =78. Ranunculaceae=.

Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base. 449

449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty or wanting. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =148. Theaceae.=

Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate. 450

450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers opening by two slits or pores. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length. 452

Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above. 457

452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate, more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves exstipulate. 453

453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs. 454

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate. 456

454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits drupaceous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate. =147. Ochnaceae.=

Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate. 455

455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending. =134. Sapindaceae.=

Stamens inserted outside the disc. =116. Simarubaceae.=

456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently dotted. =115. Rutaceae.=

457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 458

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 470

458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 459

Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical. 462

459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided. 460

Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant. 461

460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. _Crassula_, =95. Crassulaceae=.

Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. _Coriaria_, =126. Coriariaceae=.

461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an aril. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. _Hibbertia_, =146. Dilleniaceae=.

Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. _Clematis_, =78. Ranunculaceae=.

462. Leaves stipulate. 463

Leaves exstipulate. 467

463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so. Styles terminal. Flowers unisexual. 464

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal. Ovules inverted. 465

464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules pendulous, straight. Fruit dry. _Platanus_, =102. Platanaceae=.

Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Ovules laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. _Tiliacora_, =80. Menispermaceae=.

465. Petals and stamens perigynous. =103. Rosaceae=.

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided. 466

466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. _Christiania_, =141. Tiliaceae=.

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. _Astrocarpus_, =89. Resedaceae=.

467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody. =116. Simarubaceae.=

Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then sepals 6 or more. 468

468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as petals or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers usually in racemes. =80. Menispermaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals 2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant. 469

469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen ruminate. =81. Anonaceae.=

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform. =78. Ranunculaceae.=

470. (457.) Leaves stipulate. 471

Leaves exstipulate. 474

471. Petals and stamens perigynous. =103. Rosaceae.=

Petals and stamens hypogynous. 472

472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. _Caylusea_, =89. Resedaceae=.

Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees. 473

473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers regular, 5-merous. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous. Leaves undivided. =146. Dilleniaceae.=

474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 475

Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous. Seeds with abundant albumen. 479

475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. 476

476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but then, as usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting. =95. Crassulaceae.=

Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2. 477

477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted and then stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight. Seeds with an aril. =104. Connaraceae.=

Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves translucently dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without an aril. 478

478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a thick and hard coat. _Fagara_, =115. Rutaceae=.

Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with a thin coat. Leaves undivided. _Suriana_, =116. Simarubaceae=.

479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. 480

480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. =146. Dilleniaceae.=

Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound. =78. Ranunculaceae.=

481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 482

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely 2 or more distinct ovaries. 507

482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs parasitic upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little developed. Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Stigma 1. _Loranthus_, =61. Loranthaceae=.

Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees. 483

483. Ovule 1. 484

Ovules 2 or more. 490

484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. _Juglans_, =49. Juglandaceae=.

Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, rarely (_Alangiaceae_) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers hermaphrodite. 485

485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing plants. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils. 486

486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles. =85. Hernandiaceae.=

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Seed albuminous. 487

487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Fruit a drupe. _Polyscias_, =185. Araliaceae=.

Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels. 488

488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or undershrubs. Fruit a nut. =186. Umbelliferae.=

Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or trees. 489.

489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo large. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae.=

Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a nut. Embryo small. =100. Bruniaceae.=

490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta. 491

Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499.

491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5. Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 492

Flowers hermaphrodite. 493

492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. _Laurembergia_, =183. Halorrhagaceae=.

Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. _Portulaca_, =73. Portulacaceae=.

Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Bruniaceae_) undershrubs. 494

494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate, stipulate. =103. Rosaceae.=

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided. 495

495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or whorled. 496

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous. 497

496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud. Anthers without appendages. Seeds albuminous. _Carallia_, =177. Rhizophoraceae=.

Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds exalbuminous. =181. Melastomataceae.=

497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate. =59. Olacaceae.=

Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud. 498

498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate. _Pleurostylia_, =129. Celastraceae=.

Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. =100. Bruniaceae.=

499. (490.) Ovules apical. 500

Ovules parietal. 502

500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. _Vahlia_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds without albumen. 501

501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs, usually climbing or prostrate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. =179. Combretaceae.=

502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 503

Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous. 504

503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves well-developed. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves scale-like. _Pilostyles_, =64. Rafflesiaceae=.

504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals small. Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry. Leaves lobed. _Ribes_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves undivided or wanting. 505

505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior. Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually leafless plants. =167. Cactaceae.=

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy plants. 506

506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their number. Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or whorled. _Ceriops_, =177. Rhizophoraceae=.

Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style divided. Fruit a capsule. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 508

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. 527

508. Ovules erect or ascending. 509

Ovules pendulous or descending. 513

509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. =103. Rosaceae.=

Stamens 2-5. 510

510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Circaea_, =182. Oenotheraceae=.

Flowers 4-5-merous. 511

511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals, 3. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers unisexual. Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. _Cayaponia_, =223. Cucurbitaceae=.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 512

512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. =129. Celastraceae.=

Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation. =137. Rhamnaceae.=

513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled. 514

Ovary 3-15-celled. 522

514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous. 515

Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2. 517

515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Pimenta_, =180. Myrtaceae=.

Stamens 4. 516

516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Cornus_, =187. Cornaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves radical. _Trapa_, =182. Oenotheraceae=.

517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. _Kissenia_, =164. Loasaceae=.

Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous. 518

518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles. 519

Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided. Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or panicles. 520

519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit a capsule. Albumen scanty. =101. Hamamelidaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers 5-merous. Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen abundant. =100. Bruniaceae.=

520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut, and then, as usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers 5-merous. Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free. =186. Umbelliferae.=

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc usually entire. 521

521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels, spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe. =185. Araliaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe. =187. Cornaceae.=

522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry. 523

Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent. 524

523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants. _Myriophyllum_, =183. Halorrhagaceae=.

Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves stipulate. Land-plants. =103. Rosaceae.=

524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper ones undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16, rarely twice their number, 10. =185. Araliaceae.=

Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4. 525

525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple. Flowers in racemes or fascicles. =59. Olacaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. 526

526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous. =187. Cornaceae.=

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones sometimes without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles 3-4. Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. 528

Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell. 537

528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 529

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 533

529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the petals, 2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually herbaceous and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. 530

530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary inferior. Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Olinia_, =170. Oliniaceae=.

Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior. Leaves opposite, but stipulate, or alternate. 531

531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen. =100. Bruniaceae.=

Leaves stipulate. 532

532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules pendulous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the flowering branches, opposite. =129. Celastraceae.=

533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate aestivation. Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 534

534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or more. Leaves exstipulate. 535

Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate. 536

535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or united into several bundles. =180. Myrtaceae.=

Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent. =176. Lecythidaceae.=

536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected in 5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. _Kissenia_, =164. Loasaceae=.

Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending. Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe. =103. Rosaceae.=

537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more stigmas contiguous at their base. 538

Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the base. 546

538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16. 539

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals very numerous. 543

539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by coalescence), rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs with tendrils. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Fruit usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils, or woody plants. 540

540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as the petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous. =182. Oenotheraceae.=

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either stamens as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds albuminous, or anthers opening by apical pores. 541

541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with several longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers usually opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. =181. Melastomataceae.=

Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 542

542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. =224. Campanulaceae.=

Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril. =129. Celastraceae.=

543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 544

544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in the bud. Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted. _Punica_, =175. Punicaceae=.

Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation. Ovules axile. 545

545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a cup at the base. =176. Lecythidaceae.=