Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (10)

Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with the mid-rib extending to the top. 33

33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint middle-nerve. Radicle accumbent.--Species 5. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Erophila_ DC.) =Draba= L.

Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong middle-nerve. Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.--Species 3. North Africa. They yield oil and medicaments. =Camelina= Crantz

34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.). =Farsetia= Turr.

Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged. 35

35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint middle-nerve; partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) =Draba= L.

Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent. 36

36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.--Species 1. North Africa and northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the islands of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds purse.” =Capsella= DC.

Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.). =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely notched at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or twisted. [Tribe THELYPODIEAE.] 38

Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.]. 45

38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 39

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely folded or spirally twisted. 42

39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves. Seed-coat spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle accumbent. Leaves roundish.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a vegetable and in medicine. =Pringlea= Hook. fil.

Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle incumbent. 40

40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white. Fruit oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves reniform-cordate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Chamira= Thunb.

Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded transversely. 41

41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear. Petals blue or red. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Carponema= Sond.

Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often constricted between the seeds.--Species 60. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.) =Heliophila= L.

42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Palmstruckia= Sond.

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 43

43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See 41.) =Heliophila= L.

Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 44

44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating from the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Cycloptychis= E. Mey.

Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow. Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow or red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Brachycarpaea= DC.

45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 46

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 77

46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.] 47

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless beak. 59

47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints). 48

Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells. 56

48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals yellow. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). =Hemicrambe= Webb

Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded. 49

49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved. 50

Fruit-valves convex. 51

50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, connate.--Species 7. North Africa. =Moricandia= DC.

Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a condiment. =Diplotaxis= DC.

51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved. 52

Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly flattened. 53

52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect. Leaves dissected.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under _Erucaria_ Gaertn.) =Reboudia= Coss. & Durieu

Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves lyrate.--Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (_S. alba_ L.) yields salad, oil, condiments, and medicaments. (Under _Brassica_ L.) =Sinapis= L.

53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper one, 3-4-seeded. Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under _Rapistrum_ Desv.) =Cordylocarpus= Desf.

Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet. 54

54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Petals yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.--Species 25, five of them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables, salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially _B. oleracea_ L., cabbage, _B. campestris_ L., rapeseed, _B. Napus_ L., turnip, and _B. nigra_ Koch, black mustard. (Including _Melanosinapis_ Schimp. & Spenn.) =Brassica= L.

Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite. 55

55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate. Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.--Species 6. North and East Africa. (Including _Hirschfeldia_ Moench, under _Brassica_ L.) =Erucastrum= Presl Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves. Sepals connivent. Petals violet.--Species 4. North Africa. (Including _Hussonia_ Coss.) =Erucaria= Gaertn.

56. Seeds pendulous. 57

Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect. 58

57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 3. North-west Africa. (_Raffenaldia_ Godr.) =Cossonia= Durieu

Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers racemose.--Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized in South Africa, the second (_R. sativus_ L.) cultivated and naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and medicaments. “Radish.” (_Raphanus_ L.) =Rhaphanus= L.

58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Hispid herbs. Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least the lower, subtended by bracts.--Species 4. North Africa to Nubia. =Enarthrocarpus= Labill.

Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected. Flowers without bracts. (See 55). =Erucaria= Gaertn.

59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma sessile. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. North Africa. Woad (_I. tinctoria_ L.) yields a dye, other species are used medicinally. =Isatis= L.

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 60

60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib. 61

Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 67

61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet or purple. Glabrous plants. 62

Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent, glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate. 63

62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including _Oudneya_ R. Br.) =Henophyton= Coss. & Durieu

Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately divided. (See 50.). =Moricandia= DC.

63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately divided. 64

Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row. 65

64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.--Species 2. North Africa. =Ammosperma= Hook. fil.

Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved. Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.). =Diplotaxis= DC.

65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or elliptical, not winged. Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately divided.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Bittercress.” =Cardamine= L.

Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves usually undivided. 66

66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See 13.) =Arabis= L.

Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid. Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.) =Turritis= L.

67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants. 68

Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring, rarely (_Nasturtium_) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with a faint or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals white or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins. 69

68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering. Cotyledons folded. (See 50.) =Moricandia= DC.

Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable. =Conringia= Heist.

69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate. 70

Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded. 71

70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals yellow.--Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder. “Wintercress.” =Barbarea= R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds usually in two rows.--Species 15. Some of them (especially _N. officinale_ R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Roripa_ Scop.) =Nasturtium= R. Br.

71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong ribs. Glands confluent into a ring. 72

Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked. 73

72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals white. Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. (Under _Sisymbrium_ L.) =Alliaria= Adans.

Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.--Species 25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including _Kibera_ DC. and _Nasturtiopsis_ Boiss.) =Sisymbrium= L.

73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves. 74

Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak, or without a beak. 75

74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds in 2 rows. Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the stem.--Species 4. North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are used as a condiment or in medicine. (Including _Rytidocarpus_ Coss.) =Eruca= Lam.

Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals spreading. (See 52.). =Sinapis= L.

75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 6. Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Brassica_ L.) =Sinapidendron= Lowe

Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs. 76

76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.) =Rhaphanus= L.

Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.) =Brassica= L.

77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells (joints), the lowest cell sometimes seedless. 78

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless beak. 82

78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral saccate. Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary, axillary. (See 57.) =Cossonia= Durieu

Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose. 79

79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper with an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cakile= Gaertn.

Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded. Petals white or yellow. 80

80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed; lower joint 1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. (Including _Ceratocnemon_ Coss. et Balansa, _Didesmus_ Desv., _Otocarpus_ Durieu, and _Rapistrella_ Pomel). =Rapistrum= Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white. 81

81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous from the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect. Filaments not toothed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Including _Kremeria_ Coss.). =Muricaria= Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals spreading.--Species 7. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables (sea-kale). =Crambe= L.

82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow, often marked with violet veins. 83

Fruit not distinctly beaked. 87

83. Fruit indehiscent, 1-or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and usually a rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed, lobed, or cleft. 84

Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in this case shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded. 85

84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Schimpera= Hochst. & Steud.

Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Myagrum= L.

85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Vella= L.

Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided, at least some of them. 86

86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. =Carrichtera= Adans.

Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or undivided. (See 74.) =Eruca= Lam.

87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded. 88

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 91

88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed globular. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Calepina= Adans.

Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided. 89

89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an appendage. Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle accumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.) =Schlechteria= Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or undershrubs. 90

90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma. Fruit discoid, winged.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants. =Aethionema= R. Br.

Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 59.) =Isatis= L.

91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded. 92

Fruit 4-or more-seeded. 99

92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged; radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Ricotia= L.

Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or not compressed; partition well developed. 93

93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally. 94

Fruit not distinctly compressed. 97

94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical partition, opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent, rarely obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.--Species 20. Some of them (especially _L. sativum_ L., garden-cress) yield salad, oil, and medicaments. =Lepidium= L.

Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition. 95

95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle short, accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals yellow. Median and lateral glands present.--Species 6. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Biscutella= L.

Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white, red or violet. 96

96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled, indehiscent.--Species 7. Some of them are used medicinally. (_Senebiera_ Poir.) =Coronopus= Gaertn.

Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. Style distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than the inner. Median glands wanting.--Species 4. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.” =Iberis L.=

97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced partition. Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with a thread-shaped funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Succowia= Medik.

Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a very short funicle. 98

98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short lobes. Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Ochthodium= DC.

Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia. =Zilla= Forsk.

99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence partition as broad as the fruit. 100

Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit. 104

100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle accumbent. Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without a distinct median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately dissected. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.). =Ricotia= L.

Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent partition. Sepals not saccate. 101

101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the base. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like appendage at the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet. Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Savignya= DC.

Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or yellow. 102

102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top, or without a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex lobed. Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.) =Nasturtium= R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median glands wanting. 103

103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under _Cochlearia_ L.) =Kernera= Medik.

Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) =Draba= L.

104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit winged. Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Leaves undivided. 105

Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle accumbent. Cotyledons not folded. 106

105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Psychine= Desf.

Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely lobed. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia. =Schouwia= DC.

106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6. Cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. 107

Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. 108

107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above. Style short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or pinnatipartite.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables. =Teesdalia= R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.--Species 1. High mountains of East Africa. =Subularia= L.

108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short. Radicle incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.). =Aethionema= R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate. 109

109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves. Petals rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the laterally dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Ionopsidium= Reichb.

Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or thickened but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent. 110

110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 27.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

Fruit-valves winged. 111

111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves undivided.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally. “Penny-cress.” =Thlaspi= L.

Radicle incumbent. 112

112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including _Pastorea_ Tod.) =Bivonaea= DC.

Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals white. (See 36.). =Capsella= DC.

SUBORDER RESEDINEAE

FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous, one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base. Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.--Genera 6, species 45. (Plate 55.)

1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves lanceolate, entire. 2

_FLOW. PL. APR._

_Pl. 55._

J. Fleischmann del.

Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Stamens. _E_ Ovary cut lengthwise and across. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed cut lengthwise. _H_ Part of a branch with clusters of leaves.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 56._

J. Fleischmann del.

Drosera Burkeana Planch.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Flower without the corolla (the calyx cut lengthwise). _E_ Style. _F_ Older flower. _G_ Older flower cut lengthwise. _H_ Seed.]

Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary open at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the middle only, then petals 4. 3

2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the cell, stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Astrocarpus= Neck.

Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.--Species 3. North and Central Africa. =Caylusea= St. Hil.

3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 5. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Ochradenus= Del.

Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top. 4

4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and North Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.) =Oligomeris= Cambess.

Petals 4-8. Disc present. 5

5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double. Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa. =Randonia= Coss.

Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa; one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially _R. luteola_ L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially _R. odorata_ L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery. “Mignonette.” (Including _Luteola_ Tourn.). =Reseda= L.

SUBORDER MORINGINEAE

FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting. Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5 staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. (Under _CAPPARIDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East Africa, Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (_M. oleifera_ Lam., horse-radish-tree) cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts of the tropics. This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. =Moringa= Juss.

ORDER SARRACENIALES

FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4 or more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight, axile embryo and fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental plants. “Pitcher plant.” =Nepenthes= L.

FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo.--Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.)

1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal or nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up in the bud. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). =Drosophyllum= Link

Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs. 2

2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise, surrounded by bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched stigmas. Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating water-plants.--Species 1. Upper Nile. =Aldrovanda= L.

Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing long-stalked glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.--Species 13. Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation of liquors and in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.) =Drosera= L.

ORDER ROSALES

SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE

FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE

Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes, usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.)

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 57._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tristicha alternifolia Tul.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 58._

J. Fleischmann del.

Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Male flower with its bract. _C_ Female flower, and ovary cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.] =Tristicha= Thouars

Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely of 3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2. Leaves usually dissected. 2

2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4; filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the flower.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.] =Angolaea= Wedd.

Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (_Winklerella_) 3, but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.] 3

3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked. 4

Filaments obviously united. 5

4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the deciduous one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the lower with two teeth at the base.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Ledermanniella= Engl.

Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.--Species 2. West Africa. Used as salad. =Dicraeanthus= Engl.

5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves. Flowers drooping.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad. (Including _Isothylax_ Baill.) =Sphaerothylax= Bisch.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled. 6

6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with prominent ribs. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Podostemon= Mich.

Fruit with equal valves. 7

7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers drooping.--Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (_Leiocarpodicraea_ Engl., under _Dicraea_ Thouars). =Leiothylax= Warm.

Fruit with prominent ribs. 8

8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them or both falling off. Pollen-grains separate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Winklerella= Engl.

Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species 9. Tropics. (Under _Podostemon_ Mich.) =Dicraea= Thouars

FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule. Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1, with separated anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous. Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _PODOSTEMONACEAE_.) (Plate 58.)

Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Hydrostachys= Thouars

SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE

FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent. Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20, free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (_Crassula_) 1-2 in each carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or without albumen.--Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.)

1. Petals free or nearly so. 2

Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube. 5

2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free or nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.--Species 180. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Bulliarda_ DC., _Dinacria_ Harv., _Helophytum_ Eckl. & Zeyh., and _Tillaea_ L.) =Crassula= L.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (_Sedum_) equalling the sepals in number, but then leaves alternate. 3

3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly so. Leaves usually scattered.--Species 25. North Africa and high mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants. =Sedum= L.

Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united. Leaves usually rosulate. 4

4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals linear-lanceolate, inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.--Species 10. North-west Africa. (_Petrophyes_ Webb). =Monanthes= Haw.

Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals lanceolate, brightly coloured.--Species 70. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “House-leek.” (Including _Aeonium_ Webb, _Aichryson_ Webb, and _Greenovia_ Webb & Berth.) =Sempervivum= L.

5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite. 6

Flowers 5-6-merous. 8

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 59._

J. Fleischmann del.

Kalanchoë laciniata DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of carpels. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 60._

J. Fleischmann del.

Brexia madagascariensis Thouars

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn-or almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate. Undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Crassuvia_ Comm.) =Bryophyllum= Salisb.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small. 7

7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube-or bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens 8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.--Species 15. Madagascar. (Under _Kalanchoe_ Adans.) =Kitchingia= Bak.

Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely truncate.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.) =Kalanchoë= Adans.

8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely 12.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Echeveria_ DC., _Mucizonia_ DC., _Pistorinia_ DC., and _Umbilicus_ DC.) =Cotyledon= L.

Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite. 9

9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about the middle. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Grammanthes= DC.

Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite to the base. Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Rochea= DC.

FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, species 25. (Including _GROSSULARIACEAE_.) (Plate 60.)

1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily =SAXIFRAGOIDEAE=.] 2 Stem woody, rarely (_Berenice_) herbaceous above, but then style simple. Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal. 3

2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves opposite, entire.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. =Vahlia= Thunb.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled, with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.--Species 9. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Saxifraga= L.

3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or incompletely 2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.--Species 1 (_H. Hortensia_ DC.) Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily =HYDRANGEOIDEAE=.] =Hydrangea= L.

Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2. 4

4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (_R. Grossularia_ L., gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. (Including _Grossularia_ A. Rich.) [Subfamily =RIBESOIDEAE=.] =Ribes= L.

Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers unisexual. [Subfamily =ESCALLONIOIDEAE=.] 5

5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed. Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Grevea= Baill.

Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or 2-parted. 6

6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma. Fruit a berry or drupe. 7

Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. 8

7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Roussea= Smith

Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.--Species 2. East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. (_Venana_ Lam.) (Plate 60.) =Brexia= Thouars

8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Berenice= Tul.

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at the top, when young). Shrubs or trees. 9

9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in bud. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled, female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. =Montinia= L.f.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 61._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 62._

J. Fleischmann del.

Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in umbel-shaped cymes. 10

10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.--Species 2. South Africa and southern East Africa. =Choristylis= Harv.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick. Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Forgesia= Comm.

FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under _SAXIFRAGACEAE_.) (Plate 61.)

Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Pittosporum= Banks

FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3, species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under =SAXIFRAGACEAE=.) (Plate 62.)

1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the calyx. Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Platylophus= Don

Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs. Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes. 2

2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing. Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Cunonia= L.

Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.--Species 15. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, tans, dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.) =Weinmannia= L.

FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE

Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens 3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base, opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four. Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free, short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under _HAMAMELIDEAE_ or _SAXIFRAGACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used as a fumigant and in medicine. (Including _Myosurandra_ Baill.) =Myrothamnus= Welw.

FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE

Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without stipules, rarely (_Staavia_) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite, 5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (_Lonchostoma_) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.--Genera 12, species 55. South Africa. (Plate 63.)

1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells. Petals clawed, the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle (calyx-tube) glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe AUDOUINIEAE.] 2

Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells. [Tribe BRUNIEAE.] 4

2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red. Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Audouinia= Brongn.

Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2. Connective not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 3

3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy, deciduous. Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.--Species 5. South Africa. =Thamnea= Soland.

Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles 6.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Tittmannia= Brongn.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 63._

J. Fleischmann del.

Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 64._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. and Zeyh.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (the petals cut off excepting one). _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing parts. Flowers in spikes. 5

Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands. 6

5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.--Species 3. Cape Colony. =Lonchostoma= Wickstr.

Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary almost inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.--Species 3. Cape Colony. =Linconia= L.

6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent. 7

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at the base of the petals tubercle-or pouch-like. 8

7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter than the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary, spicately arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 1. Cape Colony. (Under _Berzelia_ Brongn.) =Mniothamnea= Oliv.

Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the petals; anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club-or spoon-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Berzelia= Brongn.

8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent. 9

Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in heads. 10

9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals short, with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the petals, equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick, kneed.--Species 8. South Africa. (Under _Brunia_ L.) =Pseudobaeckea= Nied.

Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals, unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers in heads.--Species 4. South Africa. =Brunia= L.

10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly thickened. Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at the base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Staavia= Thunb.

Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and thread-shaped; stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex. 11

11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a short claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above. Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.--Species 8. South Africa. (Under _Berardia_ Sond.) (Plate 63.) =Raspalia= Brongn.

Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a long claw bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or less cohering, long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the flowers. Bracteoles spatulate or sickle-shaped.--Species 5. South Africa. (_Berardia_ Brongn.) =Diberara= Baill.

FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.--Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 64.)

1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none. Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow. Flowers in many-flowered heads.--Species 3. South and East Africa. (Plate 64.) =Trichocladus= Pers.

Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior or almost so. 2

2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees. Flowers in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Franchetia= Baill.

Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong. Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like spikes.--Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species yield timber and medicaments. =Dicoryphe= Thouars

SUBORDER ROSINEAE

FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious. Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate; anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty albumen; cotyledons linear.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa as avenue-trees. They also yield timber. “Plane.” =Platanus= L.

FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united. Ovules inverted.--Genera 32, species 230. (Including _AMYGDALACEAE_ and _POMACEAE_.) (Plate 65.)

1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 2

Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes tightly enclosed by it. 10

2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens 10. Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily =NEURADOIDEAE=.] 3

Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle succulent. [Subfamily =POMOIDEAE=.] 4

3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa. =Neurada= L.

Flowers large. Epicalyx none.--Species 6. South Africa. =Grielum= L.

4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Cotoneaster= Medik.

Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1. 5

5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each. Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. =Amelanchier= Medik.

Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each. 6

6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5. Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves undivided.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Pers., quince). Cultivated in North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine. (Under _Pyrus_ L.) =Cydonia= Tourn.

Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7

7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8

Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp. Carpels 2-5. 9

8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens 10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1. Madeira. =Chamaemeles= Lindl.

Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed or divided and deciduous.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including _Crataegus_ L.) =Mespilus= L.

9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1 (_E. japonica_ Lindl., loquat). Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits. (Under _Photinia_ Lindl.) =Eriobotrya= Lindl.

Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.--Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (_P. communis_ L., pear, and _P. Malus_ L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (_Pyrus_ L., including _Malus_ Tourn. and _Sorbus_ L.). =Pirus= Tourn.

10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =ROSOIDEAE=.] 11

Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25

11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube-or urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12

Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup-or saucer-shaped), not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous. 21

12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] =Rosa= Tourn.

Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.] 13

13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4. 14

Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the calyx only. 15

14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad. Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. South Africa. =Leucosidea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (_Brayera_ Kunth) =Hagenia= Gmel.

15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal. Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. North and South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in medicine. =Agrimonia= L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16

16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5. Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or digitate.--Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including _Aphanes_ L.) =Alchimilla= L.

Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17

17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes or heads. 18

Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very small. Shrubs or trees. 20

18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Acaena= Vahl

Receptacle without bristles. 19

19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs. (Under _Poterium_ L.) =Sanguisorba= L.

Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (_Sarcopoterium_ Spach). =Poterium= L.

20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.--Species 2. Canary Islands and Madeira. =Bencomia= Webb

Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.--Species 40. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Cliffortia= L.

21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2. Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (_Ulmaria_ Tourn., under _Spiraea_ L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. =Filipendula= L.

Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22

22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal. Epicalyx none.--Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.] =Rubus= L.

Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always present. 23

23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves pinnatisect.--Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] =Geum= L.

Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24

24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle. Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.--Species 5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments. =Fragaria= L.

Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants. =Potentilla= L.

25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =PRUNOIDEAE=.] 26

Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily =CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE=.] 27

26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. =Pygeum= Gaertn.

Petals petaloid.--Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits (plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Amygdalus_ L., _Armeniaca_ Juss., _Cerasus_ Juss., and _Persica_ Tourn.) =Prunus= L.

27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or near the base of the bell-or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28

Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.] 29

28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. Stamens 10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. =Grangeria= Comm.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 65._

J. Fleischmann del.

Parinarium congoënse Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Flower from above. _D_ Unripe fruit.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 66._

J. Fleischmann del.

Connarus Smeathmannii DC.

_A_ End of branch with young fruits. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed with aril.]

Receptacle not swelling on one side; carpel central. Stamens numerous. Fruit with an irregularly 5-angled stone. Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits (cocoa-plums). =Chrysobalanus= L.

29. Filaments united in a long strap. Anthers 10-20. Ovary completely 1-celled.--Species 17. Central Africa. Some species yield timber (_Griffonia_ Hook. fil.) =Acioa= Aubl.

Filaments free or united at the base only. 30

30. Receptacle prolonged above into a scale-like appendage. Stamens 6-7. Ovary completely 1-celled. Stipules large.--Species 3. West Africa. =Magnistipula= Engl.

Receptacle without a scale-like appendage. Stipules small. 31

31. Ovary completely 1-celled. Fertile stamens 3-10. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 3. East Africa and Madagascar. =Hirtella= L.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 10-20. Fruit usually 2-seeded.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also oil, glue, and an inebriating drink are prepared. (_Parinari_ Aubl.) (Plate 65). =Parinarium= Juss.

FAMILY 104. CONNARACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, but sometimes with 3 leaflets only, exstipulate. Flowers in fascicles, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5, free, rarely slightly united, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10, free or united at the base. Carpels 1-5, free, superior. Ovules 2 to each carpel, erect or ascending, straight. Ripe carpels dry, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, rarely indehiscent, usually solitary. Seeds with an aril often adnate to the testa.--Genera 12, species 140. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 66.)

1. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe CONNAREAE.]. 2