Chapter V: Dicotyledoneae (20)

106. (93.) Corolla tubular, rarely funnel-or salver-shaped; tube long and narrow, usually widened at the base; lobes usually cohering at the tip, at least when young. Flowers large or of moderate size, very rarely small. Herbs or undershrubs. 107

Corolla rotate or campanulate; tube short or rather long but wide; lobes rarely cohering at the tip. 109

107. Calyx without glands at the base. Corona of 5 lobes. Anthers with a small appendage at the apex. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like cymes. Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (_Barrowia_ Decne.) =Orthanthera= Wight

Calyx with glands at the base. Corolla more or less tubular; lobes cohering at the tip, at least in bud. Corona double, rarely simple, but then anthers without an apical appendage. 108

108. Corona double, the inner with short lobes. Anthers with a small appendage at the apex. Mericarps constricted between the seeds. Twining plants with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers long-stalked, in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles.--Species 8. South and East Africa. =Riocreuxia= Decne.

Corona double, the inner with long lobes, or simple. Anthers without an apical appendage. Mericarps not constricted. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, umbels, or racemes; if in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles, then short-stalked.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some species have edible tubers or stems, or serve as ornamental plants. =Ceropegia= L.

109. Corona of 5 lobes inserted on the corolla beneath the sinuses, sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal column. Anthers sometimes with a short apical appendage. Corolla hairy. Sepals ovate, without glands. Shrubs, sometimes leafless. Flowers small.--Species 6. Tropics, Sahara, and Egypt. Some species yield fibre. =Leptadenia= R. Br.

Corona inserted on the stamens. 110

110. Corona simple. 111

Corona double or triple. 114

111. Corona of 10 lobes united below. Sepals with glands at the base. Corolla almost rotate, deeply divided. Stigmatic head depressed. Erect herbs. Leaves broad. Flowers very small.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Natal). (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Aulostephanus= Schlecht.

Corona of 5 free lobes. 112

112. Corolla rotate. Sepals with glands at the base. Pollen-masses minute, orbicular. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Twining plants. (See 89.) =Tylophora= R. Br.

Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate. Erect herbs or undershrubs. 113

113. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stigmatic head flat. Leaves oblong or elliptic.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. =Sphaerocodon= Benth.

Sepals without glands. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Leaves linear.--Species 10. South Africa. =Sisyranthus= E. Mey.

114. Corona 3-ranked, the outermost lobes reflexed, the others erect, the innermost the largest. Corolla campanulate, deeply divided. Twining plants. Flowers in racemes, on long pedicels.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Neoschumannia= Schlecht.

Corona 2-ranked. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining, but then flowers in fascicles. 115

115. Inner corona-lobes broad, shorter than the outer. 116

Inner corona-lobes narrow, longer than the outer. 118

116. Outer corona cupular, entire; inner of 5 small lobes. Corolla campanulate, blackish-red, hairy within, with valvate aestivation. Flowers solitary, small. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Amboland). =Craterostemma= K. Schum.

Outer corona divided into 10 lobes. Flowers usually fascicled. 117

117. Corolla rotate, with valvate aestivation. Stem branched. Flowers small.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Anisotome_ Fenzl or _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Decaceras= Harv.

Corolla rotate-campanulate, with contorted aestivation. Stem simple.--Species 5. South and East Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br. or _Tenaris_ E. Mey.) =Lasiostelma= Benth.

118. Outer corona-lobes 5, entire or 2-cleft. 119

Outer corona-lobes 10, free from each other or nearly so. Pollen-masses disciform. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or umbellate. 123

119. Corolla campanulate. Roots spindle-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers solitary or fascicled.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br., _Dichaelia_ Harv., or _Lasiostelma_ Benth.) =Brachystelmaria= Schlecht.

Corolla rotate. Roots fibrous, somewhat fleshy. 120

120. Stem erect, arising from a tuber. Leaves linear. Flowers usually in racemes or panicles, rather large. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers usually with a short appendage at the apex.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. =Tenaris= E. Mey.

Stem prostrate or twining. Leaves oblong or ovate. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. Anthers without an appendage. 121

121. Leaves ovate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small. Corolla yellow, with ovate segments. Stem prostrate, springing from a tuber.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Tapeinostelma= Schlecht.

Leaves cordate. Flowers in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. 122

122. Stem prostrate. Flowers small. Corolla-segments oblong-linear. Inner corona-lobes subulate.--Species 2. South Africa. (_Lophostephus_ Harv.) =Anisotome= Fenzl

Stem twining. Inner corona-lobes oblong or linear-oblong.--Species 2. South Africa. =Emplectanthus= N. E. Brown

123. Outer corona-lobes erect. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip.--Species 15. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Dichaelia= Harv.

Outer corona-lobes spreading. Corolla-segments free at the tip.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. (Including _Micraster_ Harv.) =Brachystelma= R. Br.

ORDER TUBIFLORAE

SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE

FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales, exstipulate, rarely (_Ipomoea_) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely (_Humbertia_) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.--Genera 34, species 450. (Plate 131.)

1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining. Leaves reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles. Corolla imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted, without cotyledons.--Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds, several are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.] =Cuscuta= L.

Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely (_Cressa_) imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or slightly curved, with 2 cotyledons. 2

2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit 1-seeded, ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (_Nephrophyllum_ A. Rich.) =Hygrocharis= Hochst.

Calyx distinctly developed. 3

3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the lobes of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary. Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.] 4

Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (_Rapona_) united below, but then ovules 2, style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining. 5

4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly free. Leaves kidney-shaped.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Dichondra= Forst.

Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently united below.--Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia. =Falkia= L. f.

5. Styles 2, free or united below. 6

Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single stigma. 16

6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Twining shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.] 7

Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads. Ovules 4. [Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.] 10

7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with plicate aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc large, cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rapona= Baill.

Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the base. 8

8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style 2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Dipteropeltis= Hallier

Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas capitate or peltate. 9

9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit much enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud. Ovary incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.--Species 2. West Africa. =Neuropeltis= Wall.

Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the fruit. Stigmas capitate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Porana= Burm.

10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply cleft. Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves. 11

Flowers hermaphrodite. 12

11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much larger than the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.--Species 4. Northern East Africa. =Hildebrandtia= Vatke

Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base. Seeds 2. Branches stiff.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Cladostigma= Radlk.

12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves small.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. =Evolvulus= L.

Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs. 13

13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals subequal. Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit 1-seeded. Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers in terminal spikes.--Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cressa= L.

Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded in bud. 14

14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous, broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more or less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs. Leaves small.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Seddera= Hochst.

Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves large or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. 15

15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat smaller, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit 4-seeded.--Species 10. Tropics. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Bonamia= Thouars Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the outer, enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell-or pitcher-shaped. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species 12. Tropics. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Prevostea= Choisy

16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than the inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cardiochlamys= Oliv.

Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more. 17

17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much exserted. Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber. =Humbertia= Lam.

Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 18

18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included. Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.] 19

Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves. 26

19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition. 20

Ovary 2-celled, rarely (_Merremia_) 4-celled. 22

20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Hyalocystis= Hallier

Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved. 21

21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves ovate-cordate. Bracts small.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Shutereia_ Choisy). =Hewittia= Wight & Arn.

Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.--Species 5. North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Convolvulus_ L.) =Calystegia= R. Br.

22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without well-defined midpetaline areas.--Species 70. Some of them yield an essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including _Rhodorrhiza_ Webb et Berth.) =Convolvulus= L.

Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose. 23

23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla with well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or reddish. Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs or under-shrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 131.) =Jacquemontia= Choisy

Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow. 24

24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and decurrent on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, entire, hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc obscure. Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Aniseia= Choisy

Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like. 25

25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without dark lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.--Species 6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under _Merremia_ Dennst. or _Ipomoea_ L.) =Operculina= Manso

Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a substitute for coffee. (Under _Convolvulus_ L. or _Ipomoea_ L.) =Merremia= Dennst.

26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty rind, indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical. Disc cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.] 27

Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing by 4-6 valves, rarely (_Ipomoea_) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.] 29

27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas 1-2, globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. =Argyreia= Lour.

Fruit dry. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or elliptical. 28

28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds glabrous.--Species 10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands. (Including _Legendrea_ Webb, under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Rivea= Choisy

Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by the adnate sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 4. Tropics. (Under _Argyreia_ Lour., _Rivea_ Choisy, or _Ipomoea_ L.) =Stictocardia= Hallier

29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly lobed. Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes. 30

Filaments without a scale at the base. 31

30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved. Seed-coat granular. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lepistemonopsis= Dammer

Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat smooth. Flowers small.--Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to cattle. =Lepistemon= Blume

31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red or violet. Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. =Astrochlaena= Hallier

Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs. 32

32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit. Sepals cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular, salver-shaped, white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose. Seeds glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.--Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the young seeds are edible. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Calonyction= Choisy

Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit. 33

33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually somewhat irregular. Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds glabrous or downy. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately dissected. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and in South Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Quamoclit= Tourn.

Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and salver-shaped. Corolla regular.--Species 220. Some of them (especially the sweet potato, _I. Batatas_ Lam.) yield edible tubers from which also starch and brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder, and medicaments, others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing sand-dunes, or as ornamental plants. (Including _Batatas_ Choisy and _Pharbitis_ Choisy). =Ipomoea= L.

SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE

FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow, imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4 valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa.

Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from the pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous plants.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.] =Hydrolea= L.

Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below. Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery. Spinous plants.--Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe PHACELIEAE.] =Codon= L.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 131._

J. Fleischmann del.

Jacquemontia capitata Don

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit (without the calyx). _D_ Seed.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 132._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cordia senegalensis Juss.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE

Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (_Coldenia_) 2 free styles. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, rarely (_Wellstedia_) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 37, species 370. (_ASPERIFOLIACEAE_.) (Plate 132.)

1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent drupe-like and entire. 2

Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily =BORRAGINOIDEAE=.] 9

2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 132.) [Subfamily =CORDIOIDEAE=.] =Cordia= L.

Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets, rarely a capsule. 3

3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. [Subfamily =HELIOTROPIOIDEAE=.] 4

Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire. 5

4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. =Tournefortia= L.

Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.--Species 60. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Messerschmiedia_ DC.) =Heliotropium= L.

5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous. Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Wellstedia= Balf. fil.

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily =EHRETIOIDEAE=.] 6

6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs. 7

Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles. 8

7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike like.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Poskea= Vatke

Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, corymb-like.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhabdia= Mart.

8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments. =Ehretia= L.

Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Coldenia= L.

9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar receptacle by the ventral face.--Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe HARPAGONELLEAE.] =Rochelia= Reichb.

Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 10

10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.] 11

Flowers regular. 14

11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs. 12

Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle. 13

12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems and leaves clothed with white bristles.--Species 1. North Africa to Nubia. =Echiochilon= Desf.

Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under _Lobostemon_ Lehm.) =Leurocline= S. Moore

13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost regular.--Species 50. South Africa. =Lobostemon= Lehm.

Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the base.--Species 45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.” =Echium= L.

14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle (gynobase). 15

Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar receptacle (gynobase). 26

15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.] 16

Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.] 22

16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants. Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Cerinthe= L.

Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled. 17

17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.--Species 15. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.” =Myosotis= L.

Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation. 18

18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire. 19

Anthers blunt or shortly pointed. 20

19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Cystistemon= Balf. fil.

Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including _Podonosma_ Guerke) =Onosma= L.

20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or violet. Style 2-4-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants. =Arnebia= Forsk.

Corolla-tube without a glandular ring. 21

21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. Low shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). =Sericostoma= Stocks

Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas 2, more or less distinct.--Species 15. South, North, and East Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.” =Lithospermum= L.

22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the fruit. Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style simple with a 2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa. =Nonnea= Medik.

Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire. 23

23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner face. Filaments appendaged on the back.--Species 2. North Africa. They are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.” =Borrago= L.

Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back. 24

24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with small scales in the lower part of the tube.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield a dye and medicaments. =Alkanna= Tausch.

Corolla with hollow scales at the throat. 25

25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very short.--Species 2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.” =Symphytum= L.

Corolla with short scales at the throat.--Species 15. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including _Stomotechium_ Lehm.) =Anchusa= L.

26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.] 27

Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.] 31

27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as their ventral surface. 28

Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their ventral surface. Prostrate herbs. 29

28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.--Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Echinospermum_ Swartz) =Lappula= Moench

Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (_Megastoma_ Coss. et Durieu) =Eritrichium= Schrad.

29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. =Asperugo= L.

Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin. Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit. 30

30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a slightly projecting margin.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Bothriospermum= Bunge

Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed margin.--Species 1. Egypt. =Gastrocotyle= Bunge

31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit. 32

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface. 34

32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.--Species 2. North Africa. =Solenanthus= Ledeb.

Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. 33

33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.--Species 1. Naturalized in North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine. =Omphalodes= Moench

Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.--Species 20. Some of them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.” =Cynoglossum= L.

34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves opposite.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally. (_Borraginoides_ Boerh., _Pollichia_ Medik.) =Trichodesma= R. Br.

Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales inside. Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate. 35

35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Nutlets 1-3.--Species 1. South Africa. =Tysonia= Bolus

Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the tube. 36

36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. Style long. Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire margin.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.). =Rindera= Pall.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or violet.--Species 3. Egypt. =Paracaryum= Boiss.

SUBORDER VERBENINEAE

FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (_Tectona_) 5-6. Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely (_Duranta_) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight embryo.--Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)

1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules basal, inverted. 2

Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally or at the apex, straight or half-inverted. 15

2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear. Low shrubs. [Subfamily =STILBOIDEAE=.]. 3

Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily =VERBENOIDEAE=.] 7

3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed. 4

Corolla regular or nearly so. 5

4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.--Species 1. South Africa. =Xeroplana= Briq.

Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of four.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Eurylobium= Hochst.

5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Euthystachys= A. DC.

Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel. 6

6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.--Species 1. South Africa. =Campylostachys= Kunth

Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.--Species 5. South Africa. =Stilbe= Berg

7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.] 8

Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2-or 4-celled. 9

8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. Style-apex 2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.--Species 2. Islands of Madagascar and Socotra. =Coelocarpus= Balf. fil.

Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. Style-apex 4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits. =Duranta= L.

9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.] 10

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled, or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs. 14

10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx 5-ribbed and 5-toothed. 11

Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel. 12

11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. Corolla 2-lipped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Cape Verde Islands. =Ubochea= Baill.

Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.--Species 6, one of them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Valerianodes_ Medik.) =Stachytarpheta= Vahl

12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit dry. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. =Bouchea= Cham.

Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed. 13

13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.--Species 17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them (_L. citriodora_ Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a substitute for tea. (Including _Zapania_ Scop.) =Lippia= L.

Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.--Species 10, 7 natives of Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary Islands. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Lantana= L.

14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.--Species 1. East and South Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.] =Priva= Adans.

Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or scarcely enlarged calyx.--Species 4, two of them natives of North and East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.] =Verbena= L.

5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly equally 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.--Species 2. Shores of tropical and South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and medicaments. [Subfamily =AVICENNIOIDEAE=.] =Avicennia= L.

Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into mericarps. 16

16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Subfamily =CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE=.] =Varangevillea= Baill.

Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into mericarps. 17

17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx 10-ribbed, 5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily =CHLOANTHOIDEAE=, tribe ACHARITEAE.] 18

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =VITICOIDEAE=.] 19

18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube included. Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, 1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each bract.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Acharitea= Benth.

Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube exserted. Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, incompletely 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Nesogenes= A. DC.

19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves undivided. 20

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length. 21

20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 stones. Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.] =Callicarpa= L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a 4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal panicle.--Species 1 (_T. grandis_ L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe TECTONEAE.] =Tectona= L.f.

21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided. 22

Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or stigma 2-cleft. 23

22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Holmskioldia_ Retz) =Cyclocheilon= Oliv.

Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly transformed into spines.--Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under _Clerodendron_ L.) =Kalaharia= Baill.

23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.] 24

Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.] 25

24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a curved tube and an oblique limb.--Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Clerodendron_ L. or _Cyclonema_ Hochst.) =Holmskioldia= Retz

Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.--Species 130. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Cyclonema_ Hochst. and _Siphonantha_ L.) (Plate 133.) =Clerodendron= L.

25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, or medicaments. =Premna= L.

Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 26

26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Adelosa= Baill.

Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 100. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments. =Vitex= L.

FAMILY 206. LABIATAE

Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral and half-inverted

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 133._

J. Fleischmann del.

Clerodendron formicarum Guerke

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Leaves with swellings inhabited by ants.]

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 134._

J. Fleischmann del.

Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (_Cleonia_) 4-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (_Prasium_) drupe-like. Seeds without albumen or with a very scanty albumen.--Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate 134.)

1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens ascending. Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. [Subfamily =AJUGOIDEAE=.] 2

Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes. 5

2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-lipped, 11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.] =Rosmarinus= L.

Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.] 3

3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red or violet, 2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, furnished with a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves entire.--Species 20. Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used medicinally. =Tinnea= Peyr. & Kotschy

Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the back, wingless. 4

4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the stamens.--Species 35. North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.” =Teucrium= L.

Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.--Species 9. North Africa, northern Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.” =Ajuga= L.

5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous endocarp. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. Stamens 4, ascending. Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls two-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. [Subfamily =PRASIOIDEAE=.] =Prasium= L.

Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like. 6

6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. Corolla 2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens 4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous with 2-celled anthers. Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. Style-branches unequal.--Species 10. Tropical and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily =SCUTELLARIOIDEAE=.] =Scutellaria= L.

Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not prolonged into a stalk. 7

7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. Calyx 13-15-nerved. Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.--Species 15. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” [Subfamily =LAVANDULOIDEAE=.] =Lavandula= L.

Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment. 8

8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly always entire. [Subfamily =OCIMOIDEAE=, tribe OCIMEAE.] 9

Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped with a 3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily =STACHYOIDEAE=] 34

9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or-cleft. Stamens 4. [Subtribe MOSCHOSMINAE.] 10

Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, pouch-, or boat-shaped. 20

10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. False whorls 6-flowered, spicately arranged.--Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland). =Hyperaspis= Briq.

Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed filaments. 11

11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. (Under _Ocimum_ L.) =Endostemon= N. E. Brown

Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 12

12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the tube. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. 13

Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or subequally 5-toothed. 16

13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, unappendaged. Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx. 14

Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched. 15

14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost equal-sided. Shrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Erythrochlamys= Guerke

Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. Disc one-sided.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Orthosiphon= Benth.

15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all unappendaged.--Species 9. Central and South Africa. (Under _Ocimum_ L. or _Orthosiphon_ Benth.) =Hemizygia= Briq.

Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially _O. Basilicum_ L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. (Including _Becium_ Lindl.) =Ocimum= L.

16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting calyx subequally 5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 7. South Africa. =Syncolostemon= E. Mey.

Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads. Flowers small. 17

17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without transverse ribs at the base.--Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Acrocephalus= Benth.

False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base. 18

18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Platostoma= Beauv.

Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed. 19

19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Geniosporum= Wall.

Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Basilicum_ Moench, including _Iboza_ N. E. Brown). =Moschosma= Reichb.

20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, saccate, narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.--Species 6, two of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (_Maesosphaerum_ P. Br.) [Subtribe HYPTIDINAE.] =Hyptis= Jacq.

Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe PLECTRANTHINAE.] 21

21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx berry-like. Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. The fruits are edible. =Hoslundia= Vahl

Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry. 22

22. Filaments free. 23

Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split behind. 27

23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.--Species 50. Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Icomum_ Hua). =Aeolanthus= Mart.

Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base. 24

24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Under _Plectranthus_ L’Hér.) =Burnatastrum= Briq.

Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved. 25

25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Alvesia= Welw.

Fruiting calyx not inflated. 26

26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls arranged in spikes. Herbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Pycnostachys= Hook.

Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or two-lipped. Disc one-sided.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants or for keeping off insects. (Including _Germanea_ Lam. and _Symphostemon_ Welw.) (Plate 134.) =Plectranthus= L’Hér.

27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs. 28

Staminal tube closed. 31

28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, net-veined. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. Leaves fleshy. False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Capitanya= Schweinf.

Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax racemes. 29

29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more flowers.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under _Plectranthus_ L’Hér.) =Solenostemon= Schum. & Thonn.

Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 30

30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or whorled. False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.) =Plectranthus= L’Hér.

Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in axillary racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Englerastrum= Briq.

31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Coleus= Lour.

Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs. 32

32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting; lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence dense, paniculate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Anisochilus= Wall.

Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at the base. 33

33. Inflorescence lax, panicle-or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.--Species 3. West Africa. =Neomuellera= Briq.

Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth narrow.--Species 1. West Africa. =Leocus= A. Chev.

34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged connective. Stamens usually 2. 35

Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4. 37

35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx 13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. (_Mahya_ Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.] =Sphacele= Benth.

Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped. 36

36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short connective. Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.] =Meriandra= Benth.

Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or less one-sided. Corolla 2-lipped.--Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.] =Salvia= L.

37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally 5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.] 38

Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening. 40

38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 3. East Africa. =Elsholtzia= Willd.

Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed. 39

39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. Corolla-lobes 4. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Pogostemon= Desf.

Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla-lobes 5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in paniculately arranged spikes.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Tetradenia= Benth.

40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.] 41

Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 present. 42

41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Cedronella= Moench

Anther-halves spreading.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Nepeta= L.

42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely lobed. Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.] 43

Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually projecting beyond the calyx. 45

43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Acrotome= Benth.

Nutlets rounded at the apex. 44

44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.--Species 9. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.” =Marrubium= L.

Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Leucophae_ Webb et Berth.) =Sideritis= L.

45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.] 46

Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less regular. Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.] 59

46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves separate, divergent. Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.] 47

Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe LAMIINAE.] 48

47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts narrow, awned.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cleonia= L.

Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when wet. Bracts broad.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. (_Prunella_ L.) =Brunella= L.

48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than the anterior. Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or undershrubs. 49

Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous. 51

49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx with 8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves toothed.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Leonotis= Pers.

Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one. 50

50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided. False whorls 6-or more-flowered, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Phlomis= L.

Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. Corolla white or red.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. (Including _Lasiocorys_ Benth.) =Leucas= R. Br.

51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided. 52

Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex. 55

52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). (Under _Tinnaea_ Peyr. et Kotschy). =Renschia= Vatke

Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs. 53

53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.--Species 1. North Africa (Tunisia). =Moluccella= L.

Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red. 54

54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc equal-sided.--Species 2. One a native of North Africa, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. =Leonurus= L.

Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves finally spreading.--Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.” =Lamium= L.

55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.--Species 15. Tropics. =Achyrospermum= Wall.

Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent. 56

56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc equal-sided. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Herbs.--Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. =Anisomeles= R. Br.

Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more or less hairy. 57

57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt. =Otostegia= Benth.

Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a 3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip. 58

58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.--Species 7. North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. =Ballota= L.

Calyx tube-or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.--Species 80. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for cattle. (Including _Betonica_ L.) =Stachys= L.

59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe MELISSINAE.] 60