Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (1)

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(1648-1873 C. E.)

1649(about). Christian scholars in Holland devote themselves to
Hebrew literature.

1655. MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL goes to London to obtain from
Cromwell THE RE-ADMISSION OF THE JEWS INTO
ENGLAND.

1657. Cromwell permits Sephardic Jews settled in London to
open a burial ground.

=1665.= =Sabbataï Zevi= (1626-1676) publicly accepted as the
Messiah; his followers and opponents.

1670. BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677) publishes his
“Theologico-Political Treatise”; contemporary
Marrano poets and authors in Amsterdam.

The Jews banished from Vienna by Emperor Leopold I.

The Jews permitted to settle in the Mark Brandenburg
by Elector John George.

1678(about). Richard Simon, Father of the Oratory, makes
Rabbinical literature known to Christians.

1679. Mordecai of Eisenstadt renews the Sabbatian craze.

1686(about). _Jacob Querido_ represents himself as the successor
of Sabbataï Zevi.

1690(about). Swedish scholars study the history of the Karaites.

1695(about). Berachya represents himself as the successor of
Sabbataï Zevi; his sect, _the Donmäh_.

1698. _William Surenhuysius translates the Mishna into
Latin._

1700. John Andrew Eisenmenger attempts the publication of
his “_Judaism Unmasked_.”

1707. Jacob Basnage publishes his “History of the Jewish
Religion.”

1713. Nehemiah Chiya Chayon (1650-1726), Sabbatian, causes
a quarrel in the Amsterdam community; Solomon
Ayllon and _Chacham Zevi_ (Zevi ben Jacob
Ashkenazi, 1656-1678).

1743. MOSES CHAYIM LUZZATTO (1707-1747), poet and
Kabbalist, publishes his drama La-Yesharim
Tehilla.

1745. The Jews of Prague placed under severe restrictions
by Maria Theresa.

1750(about). =Chassidism= founded by ISRAEL BAALSHEM (1698-1759)
and BEER OF MIZRICZ (1700-1772); ELIJAH WILNA
GAON (1720-1797), its antagonist.

1751. Contest between JONATHAN EIBESCHÜTZ (1690-1764) and
JACOB EMDEN ASHKENAZI (1698-1776).

1755. =Moses Mendelssohn= (1728-1786) publishes his first
work.

1759(about). _Jacob Frank_, Sabbatian leader, founder of the
Frankist sect.

1762. Isaac Pinto publishes his “Reflections” in answer to
Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism.

=1778.= Mendelssohn publishes the first part of his
=Pentateuch translation=.

1779. _Lessing_ publishes his “_Nathan the Wise_.”

1781. _Christian William Dohm_ (1751-1820) publishes his
work “Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition
of the Jews.”

JOSEPH II of Austria abolishes the Jewish poll-tax,
and grants civil liberties to the Jews.

1783. Mendelssohn publishes “_Jerusalem, or upon
Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism_.”

1783. _Ha-Meassef_ founded by Mendelssohn’s followers
(_Measfim_).

1787. Mirabeau publishes his work “Upon Mendelssohn and
the Political Reform of the Jews.”

1788. The poll-tax removed from the Jews of Prussia.

1789. Abbé Grégoire publishes his “Proposals in Favor of
the Jews.”

1790. The French National Assembly grants citizenship to
the Sephardic Jews.

=1791.= =The French National Assembly grants full civil
rights to the Jews.=

1796. The Batavian National Assembly decrees citizenship
for the Jews.

1803. Israel Jacobson and Wolff Breidenbach agitate the
abolition of the poll-tax for Jews.

1804. Alexander I of Russia exempts certain classes of
Jews from the exceptional laws.

1806. NAPOLEON I SUMMONS THE ASSEMBLY OF JEWISH
NOTABLES; Abraham Furtado, president. Twelve
Questions propounded to the Assembly.

1807. THE GREAT SYNHEDRION CONVENED BY NAPOLEON;
Joseph David Sinzheim president.

1808. The Jews of Westphalia and of Baden emancipated.

1811. The Jews of Hamburg emancipated.

1812. The Jews of Mecklenburg and Prussia emancipated.

1818 (about). Consecration of the Temple of the HAMBURG REFORM
UNION, Gotthold Salomon, preacher.

1819. The beginning of the “Hep, hep!” persecutions.

Formation of the Society for the Culture and Science
of the Jews; Zunz, Gans, and Moser.

1821. Chacham Bernays opposes the Reform Temple Union
in Hamburg.

1822. _Isaac Marcus Jost_ (1793-1860) begins to publish
his history of the Jews.

1825. _Isaac Noah Mannheimer_ (1793-1864), rabbi in
Vienna, champion of the moderate party.

1831. Louis Philippe ratifies the law for the complete
emancipation of the French Jews.

_Gabriel Riesser_ (1806-1860), champion of the
emancipation of the German Jews.

Solomon Ludwig Steinheim (1790-1866), Jewish
religious philosopher.

_Nachman Cohen Krochmal_ (1785-1840), _Solomon
Jehuda Rapoport_ (1790-1867), _Samuel David
Luzzatto_ (1800-1865), Isaac Erter (1792-1851),
scholars, regenerators of Jewish science and
Hebrew style.

1832. LEOPOLD ZUNZ (1794-1886) publishes his first
epoch-making work.

1833. The _Kerem Chemed_, a Hebrew journal for Jewish
science, established.

1835. _Abraham Geiger_ (1810-1876), scholar and preacher.

1836. Franz Delitzsch publishes his “_History of
Neo-Hebraic Poetry_.”

1839. Sultan Abdul Meg’id grants citizenship to Turkish
Jews.

1840. THE DAMASCUS BLOOD ACCUSATION; _Moses Montefiore_
(1784-1885); _Adolf Crémieux_ (1796-1880);
_Solomon Munk_ (1802-1867).

1842. The “Society of the Friends of Reform” founded in
Frankfort.

1844. The first Rabbinical Conference at Brunswick; Samuel
Holdheim (1806-1860).

1845. The REFORM ASSOCIATION formed in Berlin.

The second Rabbinical Conference at Frankfort;
Zachariah Frankel (1801-1875).

_Michael Sachs_ (1808-1864) publishes his “Religious
Poetry of the Jews of Spain.”

1848. The emancipation of the Jews in the German states.

1854. The Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary founded.

1858. The oath “on the true faith of a Christian”
abolished in England; Jewish disabilities removed.

The Mortara abduction case.

1860. The ALLIANCE ISRAÉLITE UNIVERSELLE founded.

1871. The Anglo-Jewish Association founded.

1873. The Union of American Hebrew Congregations
established.

THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. (1067-586 B. C. E.)

SAUL 1067
DAVID 1055
SOLOMON 1015

_Judah._ _Israel._

REHOBOAM --977-- JEROBOAM I
ABIJAM --960
ASA --957
955-- NADAB
954-- BAASHA
933-- ELAH
932-- OMRI-TIBNI
928-- OMRI
922-- AHAB
JEHOSHAPHAT --918
901-- AHAZIAH
899-- JEHORAM
JORAM --894
AHAZIAH --888
ATHALIAH --887-- JEHU
JOASH --881
860-- JEHOAHAZ
845-- JEHOASH
AMAZIAH --843
830-- JEROBOAM II
PERIOD OF ANARCHY --815
UZZIAH --805
769-- ZECHARIAH
768-- SHALLUM
768-- MENAHEM
757-- PEKAHIAH
755-- PEKAH
JOTHAM --754
AHAZ --739
736-- PERIOD OF ANARCHY
727-- HOSHEA
HEZEKIAH --724
719-- SAMARIA DESTROYED
MANASSEH --695
AMON --640
JOSIAH --638
JEHOAHAZ --608
JEHOIAKIM --607
JEHOIACHIN --596
ZEDEKIAH --596

586 DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TEMPLE.

THE HIGH PRIESTS.

(FROM THE CAPTIVITY TO THE DISPERSION.)

_Period._ _High Priest._ _Civil Ruler._

VIII
586-516 JEHOZEDEK Babylonian Kings and
B. C. E. Cyrus

JOSHUA B. JEHOZEDEK Zerubbabel (Cyrus and
Darius I)

IX
516-332 JEHOIAKIM Xerxes I
B. C. E.
ELIASHIB Nehemiah (Artaxerxes I)

JOIADA Nehemiah (Darius II)

JOHANAN B. JOIADA Artaxerxes III

JADDUA Alexander the Great

X
332-175 ONIAS I Ptolemy I Soter
B. C. E.
SIMON I THE JUST (300-270) Ptolemy I Soter

during the minority of
Onias II:
ELEAZAR (br. of Simon I) Ptolemy II Philadelphus
MANASSEH (br. of Onias I) Ptolemy II Philadelphus

ONIAS II (240) Ptolemy III Euergetes

SIMON II Ptolemy IV Philopator

ONIAS III (Jason his deputy) Ptolemy V Epiphanes
and Antiochus III

XI
175-140 JASON (174) Antiochus IV Epiphanes
B. C. E.
MENELAUS (Onias IV, 172. Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Lysimachus his deputy)

JUDAS MACCABÆUS (163) Antiochus V Eupator

ALCIMUS (162-159)
_appointed by_ Demetrius I Soter

JONATHAN HAPHUS (152-143) Alexander Balas

SIMON (III) THARSI (143-135) Simon Tharsi

XII
140-37 HYRCANUS I (135-106) Hyrcanus I
B. C. E.
ARISTOBULUS I (106-105) Aristobulus I

ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (105-79) Alexander (I) Jannæus

HYRCANUS II (79-40) Alexandra, Hyrcanus II,
Aristobulus II, and
Roman governors

ANTIGONUS (40-37) Antigonus

_Period._ _High Priest._ _Appointee._

XIII
37
B. C. E.- ANANEL (37-35) Herod I
72 C. E.
ARISTOBULUS (III) (35) Herod I

ANANEL (34, second term) Herod I

JOSHUA, of the family Phabi Herod I

SIMON (IV) B. BOËTHUS Herod I

MATTHIAS B. THEOPHILUS Herod I
(Joseph b. Ellem his
deputy)

JOASER B. SIMON (b. Boëthus) Herod I

ELEAZAR (brother of Joaser) Archelaus

JOSHUA, of the family Sié Archelaus

JOASER (second term) Archelaus

ANAN, of the family Seth Quirinius, governor of Syria

ISHMAEL I PHABI Valerius Gratus, procurator

ELEAZAR B. ANAN Valerius Gratus, procurator

SIMON (V) B. CAMYTH Valerius Gratus, procurator

JOSEPH CAIAPHAS (26-36) Valerius Gratus, procurator

JONATHAN B. ANAN Vitellius, governor of Syria

THEOPHILUS B. ANAN (brother Vitellius, governor of Syria
of preceding)

SIMON (VI) B. BOËTHUS, of Agrippa I
the family Cantheras (41)

MATTHIAS B. ANAN (brother Agrippa I
of Jonathan)

ELIONAI B. HAKOPH (44) Agrippa I

JOSEPH B. CAMYTH (45) Herod II

ANANIAS B. NEBEDEUS (48) Herod II

ISHMAEL II PHABI (59-61) Agrippa II

JOSEPH CABI (61) Agrippa II

ANAN, of the family Anan Agrippa II

JOSHUA B. DAMNAI Agrippa II

JOSHUA B. GAMALA Agrippa II

MATTHIAS B. THEOPHILUS Agrippa II

PHINEAS B. SAMUEL (67, 68) The People

Antipater _m._ Cypros
(_d. 43 B.C.E._) | (_Arabian_)
|
+----------------------------------+-----+-------------+------+-------+
| | | | |
| =I. | | |
Phasael Herod I= Joseph | |
| (37-4) | | |
| (_King of | | |
| Palestine_) | Pheroras |
Phasael _m._ | | |
_m._ +------1. Doris | | |
Salampsio |+-----2. Mariamne I Joseph | |
(_d. of || (_d. 29_) _m._ | |
Mariamne I_) || (_grandd. Olympias | |
| || of (_d. of | |
| || Hyrcanus Malthace_) | |
++----+-----+-----+----+ || II_) | | |
| | | | | ||+---3. Mariamne II | Daughter |
Antipater | Alexander | Cypros ||| (_d. of | _m._ |
| | _m._ ||| Simon b. | Son of |
| | Agrippa I ||| Boëthus_) | Antipater |
| | |||+--4. Malthace | Salome
| | |||| (_Samaritan_) | _m._
| | ||||+-5. Cleopatra | +----1. Joseph
Herod Alexandra ||||| (_of Mariamne | (_uncle
_m._ ||||| Jerusalem_) _m._ | of
Timius ||||| _m. five other Herod II | Herod
of Cyprus ||||| wives_ | I_)
||||| | |+---2. Costobar
||||| _three ||+--3. Alexas
||||| children_ |||
||||| |||
||||| +-------------------+||
||||| | +------+|
+---------------------------+|||| | | +-----+
| |||| | | |
Antipater |||| Antipater Berenice Alexas
_m._ |||| _m._ _m._ Selsias
Mariamne |||| Cypros 1. Aristobulus _m._
(_d. of |||| (_d. of (_s. of Cypros
Aristobulus_) |||| Mariamne I_) Mariamne I_) (_d. of
|||| | 2. Uncle of Antipater_)
|||| | Antipater |
|||| | |
+----------------------------------+||| Cypros |
| ||| _m._ Cypros
| +---------------------------+|| Alexas
| | || Selsias
| | ||
| | |+------------------+---------+
| | | | |
| Herod [Philip] +-------------+------------+ | |
| _m._ | | | | |
| Herodias | | | | |
| (_d. of =II. =III. Olympias | |
| Aristobulus_) Archelaus= Herod Antipas= _m._ | |
| | (2 B.C.E. (4 B.C.E. Joseph | =IV.
| | -6 C.E.) -40 C.E.) (_s. of | [Herod] Philip=
| | (_Ethnarch (_Tetrarch Joseph_) | (4 B.C.E.
| | of of | -33 C.E.)
| | Judæa and Galilee | (_Tetrarch
| | Samaria_) and Peræa_) Herod of
| | _m._ _m._ Gaulanitis,
| | Glaphyra 1. Daughter Batanæa,
| | (_wid. of of Aretas Trachonitis,
| Salome Alexander_) 2. Herodias and Panias_)
| _m._ (_d. of _m._
| 1. [Herod] Philip Aristobolus_) Salome
| 2. Aristobulus (_d. of Herod
| (_s. of [Philip]_)
| Herod II_)
|
|
+------+---------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| | | |
| | | |
Alexander Aristobulus Salampsio Cypros
(_d. 6 B.C.E._) (_d. 6 B.C.E._) _m._ _m._
_m._ _m._ Phasael Antipater
Glaphyra Berenice (_nephew of (_s. of Salome_)
(_of Cappadocia_) (_d. of Salome_) Herod I_)
| |
+---+----------+ |
| | |
Alexander Tigranes |
| (_King of |
Tigranes Armenia_) |
| |
Alexander |
| |
_Descendants |
not Jews_ +--------------+--------+-----------------+-------+-----+
| | | | |
| | | | |
=V. =VI. | | |
Agrippa I= Herod II= Aristobulus | Mariamne
(41-44) (44-48) _m._ | _m._
(_King of (_Prince of Chalcis Jatape | Antipater
Palestine_) and Titular King (_of Emesa_) | (_s. of
_m._ of Palestine_) | | Doris_)
Cypros _m._ | |
(_d. of +-1. Mariamne | |
Phasael_) | (_d. of Joseph_) | |
| | 2. Berenice Jatape |
+------+------+---+---+--------+| (_d. of Agrippa I_) |
| | | | || | |
| | | | || | |
| =VII. | | || +-----------+ Herodias
| Agrippa II= | Mariamne || | | _m._
| (49-70) | _m._ || Bernicianus Hyrcanus 1. Herod [Philip]
| (_Prince of |+--1. Julius || 2. Herod Antipas
| Chalcis and || Archelaus |+------------+
|Titular King || 2. Demetrius | |
| of Judæa_) || | Aristobulus
| || | _m._
| |+-------+ +--+ Salome
| | | | (_d. of Herod
| | Berenice | [Philip]_)
Drusus Berenice Drusilla |
_m._ _m._ +--+-----+---------+
1. Marcus 1. Aziz of | | |
2. Herod II Emesa Herod Agrippa Aristobulus
3. Polemon of 2. Felix
Cilicia |
|
Agrippa (III)

INDEX.

EXPLANATORY NOTES.

For the complete index of references to _Jews_, see under _Israelites_ until 586 B. C. E. (the Babylonian Captivity) and under _Judæans_ until 70 C. E. (the Dispersion), as well as under _Jews_ and _the Jews of_ and _the Judæans of_ the various cities and countries.

Persons living before 1600 will be found under their forenames. The rule has been violated by indexing certain Spanish Rabbis and Marranos living before this date under their surnames, and certain Germans and Poles living after it under their forenames. In these cases cross-references have been made.

Persons with the same descriptive cognomen, as _Gerundi_, _Ibn-Ezra_, _Abrabanel_, _Abulafia_, are enumerated under it, but the references are indexed as above.

Persons bearing the same forename, as _Abraham_, _Jacob_, etc., are arranged in the order adopted by Joseph Zedner in his “Catalogue of the Hebrew Books in the Library of the British Museum” (1867):

“1. Those distinguished by an epithet _only_, derived from their birthplace, rank, or occupation, arranged after the alphabetical order of the epithets.

“2. Those followed by the word _ben_ (son of) [in our Index preceded by those with the Aramaic form _bar_, and followed by those with the Arabic form _ibn_ and the English _son of_], arranged according to the name of the father.

“3. Compound names of first and family names, as _Jacob Berab_, or two first names, as _Jacob Zeeb_, [or of first name and birthplace when the latter follows without a preposition, or is modified to include _of_, as _Jacob Tus_, _Abraham Bedaresi_].

“4. Family names, as _Jacob (Henry)_.”

This arrangement of Zedner’s is, however, subordinate to the class-divisions adopted by indexers and cataloguers in general, namely: 1. Popes, according to numbers; 2. Emperors; 3. Kings and Sovereign Princes, by countries and by number in each country; 4. Others by appellatives, neglecting prepositions and articles.

* * * * *

The subjoined Table will enable the student approximately to refer from the index of the American Edition of the “History” to the German, when it is desirable to consult the notes and other additional matter contained in the original.

AMERICAN EDITION. GERMAN.

VOLUME I, P. 1-178 = VOLUME I.
VOLUME I, P. 179-487 = VOLUME II.
VOLUME I, P. 487-531 } = VOLUME III.
VOLUME II, P. 1-320 }
VOLUME II, P. 321-635 = VOLUME IV.
VOLUME III, P. 1-250 = VOLUME V.
VOLUME III, P. 250-493 = VOLUME VI.
VOLUME III, P. 494-650 } = VOLUME VII.
VOLUME IV, P. 1-126 }
VOLUME IV, P. 127-381 = VOLUME VIII.
VOLUME IV, P. 382-675 = VOLUME IX.
VOLUME IV, P. 676-708 } = VOLUME X.
VOLUME V, P. 1-290 }
VOLUME V, P. 291-703 = VOLUME XI.

LISTS OF NAMES, ETC., IN THE INDEX.

Academies, the Babylonian.
Alliances, Jewish.
Amoraim, the.
Anti-Maimunists, the.
Apostates.
Astronomers and Mathematicians, Jewish.
Church Councils.
Codes, general, defining the status of the Jews.
Codes, Jewish religious.
Council, the Great, couples at the head of.
Exilarchs, the.
Fabulists, the.
Frankists, the.
Grammarians and Lexicographers, Jewish.
Hasmonæan Dynasty, the, the members of.
Herodian Dynasty, the, the members of.
High Priests, the.
Historians, Jewish.
Historians of the Jews.
Israel, the kings of.
Israelites, the, the kings of.
Journals, Jewish.
Judah, the kings of.
Judæa, the Roman governors of.
Judaism, the sects of.
Judges, the.
Kabbalistic terms, the.
Kabbalists, the.
Karaite sects, the.
Karaite writers, the.
Maimunists, the.
Massorets.
Measfim, the.
Messiahs, the.
Nahardea, the academy of, principals of.
Patriarchs, the.
Philosophers, Jewish.
Physicians, Jewish.
Poets, Jewish.
Procurators of Judæa.
Prophets, the.
Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of.
Rabbis.
Rabbis, itinerant.
Sabbataï Zevi, the followers of.
Sabureans, the.
Sora, the academy of, Geonim of.
Sora, the academy of, principals of.
Synhedrion, the, presidents of.
Syria, the Roman governors of.
Talmudists.
Tanaites, the.
Travelers, Jewish.
Writers (Historians, Pamphleteers, Scholars, etc.), non-Jewish, on
Jewish subjects.

An almost complete biographical history of the Jews can be collated by following up through the Index the biographies of the persons grouped below. The column on the left consists of the class-names of the secular chiefs of the Jewish community; the column on the right, of those of the spiritual chiefs; the middle column, whether connecting the other two or replacing them, of those whose position, powers, and influence were, or were supposed to be, both spiritual and secular.

---- PATRIARCHS. ----
{Moses
LEADERS { and MOSES. HIGH PRIESTS.
{Joshua.

JUDGES. ---- HIGH PRIESTS.

KINGS. PROPHETS. HIGH PRIESTS.
{Zerubbabel, EZRA
LEADERS {Ezra, and and HIGH PRIESTS.
{Nehemiah. PROPHETS.

---- HIGH PRIESTS. ----

---- HASMONÆAN DYNASTY ----
(Princes and High Priests).

HERODIAN DYNASTY.} {HIGH PRIESTS.
ROMAN PROCURATORS} {PRESIDENTS OF
OF JUDÆA. } ---- { THE SYNHEDRION.
ROMAN GOVERNORS } {TEACHERS OF THE
OF SYRIA. } { Law (Tanaites).

---- PRESIDENTS OF THE SYNHEDRION ----
(under the titles Patriarch,
Nassi, Prince, and Rabban)
and
TEACHERS OF THE LAW
(Tanaites and Amoraim).

PRINCES OF THE CAPTIVITY.} {PRESIDENTS OF THE
(EXILARCH, RESH GALUTHA).} { BABYLONIAN
{ ACADEMIES, GEONIM.

PHYSICIANS AND PHILOSOPHERS.
POETS.
TALMUDISTS AND RABBIS.

Index

=A=

=Aaron=, high priest, member of the tribe of Levi, =1=, 12.
countenances idolatry, =1=, 14.
meets Moses on Horeb, =1=, 15.
descendants of. _See_ Aaronides.

=Aaron de la Papa.= _See_ Papa, Aaron de la.

=Aaron of York=, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 588.
sums paid to Henry III by, =3=, 591.

=Aaron ben Asher=, Massoret, criticised by Saadiah, =3=, 196, 207.
corrects Bible manuscripts, =3=, 207.
as a poet, =3=, 223.

=Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi= (1300-1369), Karaite philosopher,
=4=, 95.

=Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder= (1270-1300), Karaite physician,
disciple of Nachmani, =3=, 607; =4=, 71.
fixes the Karaite prayer book, =4=, 71.

=Aaron ben Meshullam= (1170-1210), scholar, =3=, 396.
Maimunist, attacks Meïr Abulafia, =3=, 524.

=Aaron ben Zerach=, martyr, =4=, 144.

=Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni=, physician at Alexandria, =3=, 340.

=Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu= (943-960), opponent of Saadiah, =3=, 194,
195, 196, 200.
reconciled with Saadiah, =3=, 200-1.
Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 202.
death of, =3=, 207-8.
in Sherira’s “Letter,” =3=, 233.

=Aaron Cohen=, of Narbonne, elegy by, =4=, 49.

=Aaron Halevi= (1235-1300), Talmudist, =3=, 621.

=Aaronides=, the, oppose idolatry under Manasseh, =1=, 283.
dismissed for not participating in idolatrous worship, =1=, 284.
massacred at the first fall of Jerusalem, =1=, 314.
return with Zerubbabel, =1=, 352.
rejected by Nehemiah, =1=, 378.
provided for, under Ezra, =1=, 382.
exiled by Nehemiah, =1=, 386.
officiate on Gerizim, =1=, 390.
honor Judah I’s remains, =2=, 467.
in charge of Judah II’s remains, =2=, 487.
in Arabia, =3=, 55.
make Abraham ben David’s grave, =3=, 490.
_See also_ High priests, the; Priests, the.

=Ab, the Ninth of=, celebration of, by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 152, 159.

=Abaka= (Abagha), Tartar king in Persia, =3=, 638.

=Abayi Nachmani= (280-338), Babylonian Amora, =2=, 560.
disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 575, 580, 583.
principal of the Pumbeditha Academy, =2=, 583.
youth of, =2=, 583-4.
integrity of, =2=, 584.
decrease of students under, =2=, 584-5.
dialectics of, =2=, 585.
death of, =2=, 585.
rebukes Raba bar Joseph, =2=, 586.

=Abba of Accho=, ordination of, =2=, 540.
modesty of, =2=, 541.

=Abba bar Abba=, Amora, father of Mar-Samuel, =2=, 511.

=Abba-Areka= (Rab), Amora, authorized to teach in Babylon, =2=,
454, 479, 511.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.
opposed to the purchase of oil from heathens, =2=, 484.
reception of, in Babylonia, =2=, 512.
made Agora-nomos, =2=, 512.
introduces excommunication into Babylonia, =2=, 517.
compared with Hillel, =2=, 517.
wife of, =2=, 517.
modesty of, =2=, 517-18.
descendants of, =2=, 518, 544.
opposes Persian innovations, =2=, 521.
yields to Magian demands, =2=, 526.
influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 544.

=Abba-Mari ben Isaac=, sheriff of St. Gilles, =3=, 399.

=Abba-Mari ben Moses= (Don Astruc En-Duran), follower of Nachmanides,
=4=, 27-8.
appeals to Ben Adret, =4=, 28, 29.
fails to win Jacob ben Machir’s aid, =4=, 31.
aggressive anti-Maimunist, =4=, 32.
adherents of, =4=, 33-4.
secures the support of Asheri, =4=, 38.
draws up the ban against the study of science, =4=, 38, 39.
opposed by the Tibbonides, =4=, 41-2.
in Perpignan, =4=, 50.

=Abba Saul=, a Tanaite, =2=, 330.

=Abbadides=, the, in Seville, =3=, 315.

=Abbahu=, a Palestinian Amora, =2=, 531.
and the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534.
secular culture of, =2=, 537-8.
education of the daughter of, =2=, 537.
and Diocletian, =2=, 538.
Hebrew style of, =2=, 538.
attacks Christian dogmas, =2=, 539-40.
modesty and generosity of, =2=, 540-1.
on the Greek theatre, =2=, 542.
makes Cæsarea an academic city, =2=, 543.
sons of, =2=, 543.

=Abbasside Caliphate= (Caliphate of the East, Bagdad Caliphate), the,
weakness of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 431.
conquered by Hulagu, =3=, 606.

=Abbasside Caliphate, the, the Jews of=, in the ninth century, =3=,
145-6, 176-80.
under Al-Mutadhid, =3=, 183.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 428-33.

=Abbassides=, the, opponents of the Ommiyyades, =3=, 125.

=Ab-beth-din=, president of the Council of Seventy, =1=, 395.
deputy of the president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 360, 404.
office of, ceases, =2=, 453.

=Abdallah Ibn-Allah=, vizir, prevents the forced conversion of Jews
to Islam, =3=, 312.

=Abdallah Ibn-Hakam=, murders the king of Saragossa, =3=, 266.

=Abdallah Ibn-Sabâ=, partisan of Ali, =3=, 90.

=Abdallah Ibn-Salâm=, Jewish disciple of Mahomet, =3=, 73.

=Abdallah Ibn-Tumart=, incites the Moors against the Almoravides,
=3=, 357-8.
founds the Almohades, =3=, 358.

=Abdallah Ibn-Ubey=, opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 75.
protects the Benu-Kainukaa, =3=, 77.
promises aid to the Benu-Nadhir, =3=, 78.

=Abdallah, son of Saura=, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 74.

=Abdallah Almamun= (813-833), son of Haroun Alrashid, at war with his
brother, =3=, 145.
prosperity of the Abbasside Caliphate under, =3=, 146.
adopts the Mutazilist theology, =3=, 147.
appealed to by rival parties in the Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 155.
the last of the tolerant caliphs of the East, =3=, 176.
reduces the power of the Exilarchs, =3=, 177.

=Abdel-latif=, Mahometan physician, on Maimonides, =3=, 473, 488.

=Abdon=, judge, =1=, 66.

=Abdul-Malik=, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, =3=, 110.

=Abdul Meg’id=, sultan of Turkey, =5=, 634.
emancipates the Jews, =5=, 641, 664.
orders a revision of the Rhodes trial, =5=, 647.
secures the Turkish Jews against the blood accusation, =5=, 662.

=Abdulmumen=, Almohade ruler of northern Africa, tries to force Islam
upon his subjects, =3=, 358-60, 451.

=Abdul-Rahman III=, Ommiyyade caliph, appealed to in behalf of Moses
ben Chanoch, =3=, 209-10.
Moslem culture under, =3=, 214.
appoints Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut interpreter, =3=, 216.
death of, =3=, 222.

=Abel=, Psychic type of the Gnostics, =2=, 377.

=Abel.= _See_ Abel-Bethmaachah.

=Abel-Bethmaachah=, refuge of Sheba, =1=, 149-50.
the region of, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.

=Abelè-Zion=, ascetic Karaites in Jerusalem, =3=, 182. _See also_
“Mourners of Zion,” the.

=Abenacar, Isaac= (Manuel Pimentel), first Jew buried at Ouderkerk,
=4=, 672.

=Abendana, Jacob=, rabbi of London, =5=, 214.

=Abenhuacar.= _See_ Samuel Ibn-Wakar.

=Abensur, Daniel=, millionaire in Hamburg, =5=, 205.

=Abia=, king of Arabia, at war with Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 217-18.

=Abiathar=, the family of, under David’s protection, =1=, 100.
partisan of David, =1=, 107, 112.
made high priest, =1=, 120.
on the persecution of the Gibeonites, =1=, 123.
against Absalom, =1=, 141.
urges the recall of David, =1=, 146.
supports Adonijah, =1=, 152.
of the priestly house of Ithamar, =1=, 155.
deposed, =1=, 160.

=Abi-Ezri.= _See_ Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.

=Abigail=, wife of David, =1=, 134.

=Abijah=, son of Samuel, judge, =1=, 79.

=Abijam=, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah, =1=, 189.

=Abilene=, given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.

=Abimaï=, son of Abbahu, =2=, 543.

=Abimelech=, judge, =1=, 63.

=Abin, Amora=, emigrates from Judæa, =2=, 567.

=Abinadab=, guards the Ark of the Covenant, =1=, 119.

=Abinadab=, son of Saul, death of, =1=, 103.

=Abinerglus= (Abennerig), father-in-law of Izates, =2=, 216.

=Abishag=, wife of David, and Adonijah, =1=, 160.

=Abishai=, brother of Joab, kills Abner, =1=, 111.
saves David, =1=, 117.
commander in the Ammonite war, =1=, 127.
conducts the Idumæan war, =1=, 128-9.
against Absalom, =1=, 141, 144.
conducts the war against Sheba, =1=, 149.

=Ablaat=, astronomer, friend of Mar-Samuel, =2=, 521.

=Abner=, cousin of Saul, qualities of, =1=, 84-5.
frees Israel from the Philistines, =1=, 108.
makes Ishbosheth Saul’s successor, =1=, 108.
actual founder of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, =1=, 108.
jealous of Joab, =1=, 109.
power of, =1=, 109.
kills Asahel, =1=, 110.
accused of coveting Rizpah, =1=, 110.
joins David, =1=, 110-11.
murdered, =1=, 111-12.

=Abner of Burgos.= _See_ Alfonso Burgensis.

=Aboab, Immanuel=, defends Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 55.

=Aboab, Isaac=, rabbi of Toledo, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 341.
negotiates for the settlement of Spanish exiles in Portugal, =4=,
352, 365.
death of, =4=, 366.

=Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca= (1606-1693), rabbi at Amsterdam, instructs
at the Talmud Torah, =4=, 681.
member of the first Rabbinical college, =4=, 682.
as a preacher, =4=, 682-3.
vacillating character of, =4=, 683.
goes to Brazil, =4=, 693.
on the war in Brazil, =4=, 694.
devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 52.
translates Kabbalistic works, =5=, 54, 88.
and Spinoza, =5=, 92.
Sabbatian, =5=, 139, 160.

=Aboab, Samuel=, rabbi at Venice, and Luzzatto, =5=, 240.

=Aboda Zara=, Mishnic treatise on idolaters, =2=, 477.

=Abodah=, the, Day of Atonement Temple service, poem on, =3=, 114-15.

=Aboget=, alleged poisoner of wells, =4=, 102.

=Abrabanel.= _See_ Dormido; Isaac ben Judah; Isaac II, son of Isaac;
Isaac III, son of Judah Leon; Judah Leon; Samuel I; Samuel II.

=Abrabanel family=, the, descended from David, =3=, 43.

=Abrabanela.= _See_ Benvenida.

=Abradhi=, caliph of the East, vizir of, favors Saadiah, =3=, 200.

=Abraham=, disciple of Meïr of Rothenburg, =4=, 74.

=Abraham=, monk, convert to Judaism, =3=, 21.

=Abraham=, patriarch, acquires Machpelah, =1=, 4.
monotheist, =1=, 5.
virtues of, =1=, 6.
revered by the Israelites, =1=, 6-7.
impresses Mahomet, =3=, 71.
in the Zohar, =4=, 23.

=Abraham of Aragon=, oculist, =3=, 583.

=Abraham de Balmes=, physician and grammarian, =4=, 411.
instructs Christians in Hebrew, =4=, 473.

=Abraham de Beya=, traveler in Portuguese employ, =4=, 368.

=Abraham of Granada=, Kabbalist, =4=, 196-7.

=Abraham de Herrera.= _See_ Herrera, Abraham de.

=Abraham ben Chasdaï=, Maimunist, as poet, =3=, 388, 560.
denounces Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544.
epigram by, =3=, 544.

=Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni= (1065-1136), astronomer, =3=,
313; =4=, 120.

=Abraham ben David of Posquières= (Rabed II, 1125-1198), Talmudist,
as a controversialist, =3=, 389, 399.
disciple of Abraham ben Isaac, =3=, 392.
friend of Judah Ibn-Tibbon, =3=, 397.
writes a Mishna commentary, =3=, 399.
criticises Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, =3=, 490.
death of, =3=, 490.
alleged founder of the Kabbala, =3=, 547.

=Abraham ben Isaac=, head of the college of Narbonne, =3=, 392.
son-in-law of, =3=, 399.

=Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra= (1088-1167), personality of, =3=, 366-7,
381.
attitude of, towards the Karaites, =3=, 366.
and Jehuda Halevi and Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 367.
poetry of, =3=, 367-8.
as an exegete, =3=, 368, 370-1, 371-3.
poverty of, =3=, 368-9.
in the East, =3=, 369.
in Rome, =3=, 369-71.
as a grammarian, =3=, 371, 374.
adheres to the Massora, =3=, 371.
at Mantua and Lucca, =3=, 371.
in southern France, =3=, 373.
poem on, by Jacob Tam, =3=, 373, 376.
in London, =3=, 373-4.
as philosopher, =3=, 373.
defends the Sabbath eve, =3=, 374.
last years of, =3=, 374-5.
son of, =3=, 375.
influence of, on Italian Jews, =3=, 423.
attacked by Nachmani, =3=, 534, 608.
the works of, used by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.
denounced as a heretic, =3=, 624.
admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, =4=, 43.
the works of, studied in the fourteenth century, =4=, 143-4.
the Pentateuch commentary by, commented upon, =4=, 144.
commentary on the works of, =4=, 191.
exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 442.
commentary by, in the Bomberg Bible, =4=, 476.
studied by Spinoza, =5=, 88.

=Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia= (1240-1291), Kabbalist, =4=, 3, 11,
622.
youth and ideals of, =4=, 4-5, 19.
system of, =5=, 5-6, 14.
disciples of, =4=, 6, 8, 10.
in Italy, =4=, 6.
imprisoned, =4=, 7.
Messianic claims of, =4=, 7-8.
works of, =4=, 8.
declared a heretic, =4=, 625.

=Abraham ben Sherira.= _See_ Mar-Abraham.

=Abraham Ibn-Alfachar= (1160-1223), favorite of Alfonso III of
Castile, =3=, 384-5.
ambassador to Morocco, =3=, 385.
encourages Talmud study, =3=, 386.

=Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi= (1110-1180), physician, philosopher, and
historian, =3=, 363-6.
parentage of, =3=, 364.
attainments of, =3=, 364.
as an historian, =3=, 364, 365-6.
as a scientist, =3=, 364.
as a philosopher, =3=, 364-5.
style of, =3=, 366.
death of, =3=, 386.
the work of, consulted by Basnage, =5=, 196.

=Abraham Ibn-Shoshan=, scholar, Spanish exile in Egypt, =4=, 393.

=Abraham Ibn-Zarzal=, physician and astrologer, =4=, 116.

=Abraham, son of Manessier= de Vesoul, =4=, 150.

=Abraham Bedaresi=, poet, elegy by, =3=, 579.
compared with his son, =4=, 42.

=Abraham Benveniste Senior=, dignitary at the court of Juan II of
Castile, =4=, 228.
frames the law of Avila, =4=, 229.
promotes the marriage of Isabella of Castile, =4=, 280.
friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 341.
accepts baptism, =4=, 351.
_See also_ Coronel.

=Abraham Bibago=, favorite of John II of Aragon, =4=, 275.

=Abraham Farissol= (1451-1525), Bible commentator and geographer,
=4=, 411-12.
protegé of Hercules d’Este I, =4=, 412-13.
polemic writings of, =4=, 413.

=Abraham Israel=, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=, 264.

=Abraham Klausner=, compiles the customs of various communities,
=4=, 134.

=Abraham Levi=, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, =4=, 481.

=Abraham (Abulmeni) Maimuni= (1185-1254), son of Maimonides, his
successor, =3=, 493.
Talmudist and philosopher, =3=, 495.
visited by rabbis emigrating to Palestine, =3=, 505.
and the attacks upon his father, =3=, 525-6, 545.

=Abraham Maimuni II=, great-grandson of Maimonides, converts Karaites
to Rabbanism, =4=, 71-2.

=Abraham Menz=, director of the Padua college, =4=, 410.

=Abraham Saba=, Kabbalist, leaves Portugal, =4=, 381.

=Abraham Yizchaki=, anti-Sabbatian, =5=, 220-1.

=Abraham Zacuto=, disciple of Isaac Aboab, pronounces his funeral
oration, =4=, 366.
author of an astronomical calendar, =4=, 367, 372.
escapes from Portugal, =4=, 378.
at Tunis, =4=, 391.
writes the Sefer Yochasin, =4=, 391.
flees to Turkey, =4=, 392.
compared with Elias Kapsali, =4=, 407.
chronicle of, published, =4=, 608, 629.
great-grandson of, =4=, 678.

=Abraham Zacuto Lusitano= (1576-1642), physician, honor paid
to, =4=, 678.

=Abrianim=, transgressors of the Law, addressed by Jesus, =2=, 152.

=Absalom=, son of David, instigates the murder of Amnon, =1=, 134.
seeks refuge with Talmai of Geshur, =1=, 134-5.
pardoned, =1=, 136.
plots with Ahithophel, =1=, 136, 138-44.
description of, =1=, 137.
hailed as king in Hebron, =1=, 139.
in Jerusalem, =1=, 142-3.
accepts Hushai’s advice, =1=, 143.
killed, =1=, 144-5.
mourned by David, =1=, 145.
monument of, =1=, 145.
children of, =1=, 145.

=Absalom=, son of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 34.
in Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67.

=Abt=, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 303.

=Abtalion= (Pollion), head of the Synhedrion, =2=, 71-2.
maxims of, =2=, 72; =3=, 573.
disciples of, =2=, 72, 96.
opposed to Antigonus, =2=, 85-6.
counsels submission to Herod, =2=, 88.
spared by Herod, =2=, 89.
death of, =2=, 90.

=Abu-Abdullah Mahomet Alnasir=, Almohade caliph, invades Andalusia,
=3=, 506-7.
decrees Jew badges, =3=, 512.

=Abu-Afak=, poet, opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 74.

=Abu Amr Joseph ben Chasdaï.= _See_ Joseph ben Chasdaï.

=Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik= (1080-1148), philosopher,
=3=, 314-15.
as a poet, =3=, 315.
death of, =3=, 361.

=Abu-Amran Moses=, founder of a Karaite sect, =3=, 157-8.

=Abu-Amranites=, Karaite sectaries, =3=, 158.

=Abu-Amrun Musa ben Maimun Obaid Allah=, Arabic name of Maimonides,
=3=, 447.

=Abu Ayub= (Solomon Ibn-Almuallem), poet and physician, =3=, 312.

=Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya.= _See_ Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

=Abu-Bekr=, Mahomet’s general, repulsed at Kamus, =3=, 82.

=Abudiente, Abraham Gideon=, Sabbatian, =5=, 155.

=Abu Fadhl Chasdaï= (1040), Arabic Jewish poet, vizir to the king of
Saragossa, =3=, 280.

=Abuhajaj Joseph Ibn-Ezra=, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 319.
son of, =3=, 361.

=Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.= _See_ Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.

=Abu-Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Ezra=, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 318.

=Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus= (Yizchaki, 982-1057),
physician and philosopher, =3=, 273.

=Abu-Isa.= _See_ Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak.

=Abu Ishak al-Elviri=, Mahometan poet, enemy of the Jews of
Granada, =3=, 278.

=Abu Ishak Ibn-Mohajar=, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, =3=, 312.

=Abu Jacob Yussuff Almostansir=, Almohade ruler of Morocco, =3=, 385.

=Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar=, Mahometan disciple of Isaac Israeli, =3=,
181.

=Abu Jafar Almansur=, caliph, imprisons Anan ben David, =3=, 129-30.

=Abu-Kariba Assad Toban=, king of Yemen, besieges Yathrib, =3=, 62.
convert to Judaism, =3=, 63.
end of, =3=, 63.
sons of, =3=, 64.

=Abulafia.= _See_ Abraham ben Samuel; Abulafia, Moses; Joseph ben
Todros; Levi ben Todros; Meïr ben Todros Halevi; Samuel ben
Meïr Allavi; Todros ben Joseph.

=Abulafia=, Marrano, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, opposes the
Inquisition, =4=, 313.
burnt at the stake, =4=, 317.

=Abulafia, Moses=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636.
tortured, =5=, 636-7.
turns Mahometan, =5=, 638.

=Abulafia family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=,
236; =4=, 116.
members of, perish during the Black Death, =4=, 113.

=Abul-Ala=, Arabic poet, =3=, 199.

=Abul Arab Ibn-Moïsha=, Mahometan theologian and poet, friend of
Maimonides, =3=, 456.
accuses Maimonides of apostasy from Islam, =3=, 474.

=Abul-Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka.= _See_ Nathaniel.

=Abulhassan=, king of Morocco, at war with Castile, =4=, 84.

=Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial=, physician, vizir to the
Almoravide Ali, =3=, 312.
patron of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 320.

=Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (Ibn-Allevi).= _See_
Jehuda Halevi.

=Abulhassan Jehuda Ibn-Ezra=, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 318.

=Abulkasim Ibn-Alarif=, vizir of Habus, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela,
=3=, 256.

=Abulkassim Mahomet.= _See_ Al-Mutamed.

=Abulmeni Abraham Maimuni.= _See_ Abraham Maimuni.

=Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen=, propagandist for Karaism,
=3=, 203-5.
as controversialist, =3=, 204-5.
Hebrew style of, =3=, 204, 206.

=Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach.= _See_ Jonah Marinus.

=Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya=, Nagid, invites Jehuda Halevi to
Cairo, =3=, 340-1.
successor of, =3=, 443.

=Abumelik=, leads a Moorish army against Castile, =4=, 84.
killed, =4=, 85.

=Abunassar Azaria=, son of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, flees to Lucena, =3=,
279.
death of, =3=, 284.

=Abu-Sahal Ali= (835-853), medical writer, =3=, 146.

=Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim.= _See_ Dunash ben Tamim.

=Abu Said ben Chalfon Halevi=, friend of Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 340.

=Abu-Yussuf Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut.= _See_ Chasdaï
Ibn-Shaprut.

=Abu-Yussuff Almansur=, Almohade prince, introduces a garb for
apostate Jews, =3=, 511-12.

=Abuzurj-Mihir=, inventor of chess, =3=, 7.

=Abydos=, Sabbataï Zevi imprisoned at, =5=, 148, 151.
enriched by the Sabbatians, =5=, 149.

=Academies, the Babylonian=, authority of the principals of, =2=, 547.
closed under Kobad, =3=, 4.
re-opened, =3=, 5.
work of, =3=, 6.
give religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, =3=, 59.
principals of, deposed by the Exilarchs, =3=, 91.
independent of each other in internal affairs, =3=, 96.
organization of, under the caliphs, =3=, 96-7.
office of the president of, not hereditary, =3=, 96.
meetings of, in Adar and Elul, =3=, 97.
income of, =3=, 97-8.
prayers for the departed at, =3=, 101.
the heads of, excommunicate Anan ben David, =3=, 134.
the Karaites on, =3=, 134-5.
and the election of the Exilarch, =3=, 137.
hold aloof from Islam theology, =3=, 148.
respect paid to, in the ninth century, =3=, 160.
_See also under_ Pumbeditha _and_ Sora.

=Academies, the Babylonian=, list of:
Firuz-Shabur,
Machuza,
Nahardea,
Nares,
Nisibis,
Pumbeditha,
Shekan-Zib,
Silhi,
Sora.

=Academies, the Palestinian=, origin of, =2=, 324.
established by the disciples of Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 335.
frequented by Babylonian students, =2=, 511, 531.
decline of, =2=, 543, 548, 560.
method of, =2=, 557-8.
_See under_ Acbara; Bekiin; Cæsarea; Emmaus; Jamnia; Lydda;
Sepphoris; Tiberias; Schools.

=Academy at Jerusalem=, founded by the Vegas, =5=, 126.

=Academy of Sciences at Berlin=, prize of, won by Mendelssohn,
=5=, 303-4.
Mendelssohn proposed as member of, =5=, 308.

=Acbara=, seat of Jannaï’s academy, =2=, 470.

=Accho= (Acco; Acre; Ptolemais; St. Jean d’Acre), built by the
Canaanites, =1=, 3.
surrenders to Shalmaneser, =1=, 264.
fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, =1=, 417.
the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, =1=, 475.
Jonathan Haphus meets Demetrius at, =1=, 496.
Jonathan Haphus taken prisoner at, =1=, 499.
surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 40.
Vespasian prepares for his Judæan campaign at, =2=, 285.
Talmudists in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.
Maimonides at, =3=, 456.
Nachmani at, =3=, 605.
Kabbalist center, =3=, 626.
Kabbalists of, burn the “Guide of the Perplexed,” =3=, 631.
Maimonides’ tomb at, desecrated, =3=, 631.
Maimunists in, =3=, 631.
David Maimuni at, =3=, 632-3.
the Jews of, blotted out, =3=, 650.

=Acha of Diphta=, proposed as principal of the Sora academy, =2=, 627.

=Acha ben Jacob=, on Chama of Nahardea, =2=, 595.

=Achaï bar Huna=, Amora, compiler of the Babylonian Talmud, =2=, 631.

=Achaia=, Paul establishes Christian communities in, =2=, 227.

=Achbâr=, teacher of the Law among the Arabic Jews, =3=, 59.

=Acher.= _See_ Elisha ben Abuya.

=Achiab=, prevents Herod from committing suicide, =2=, 116.

=Achish=, Philistine king, in friendly relations with David,
=1=, 101-2.
acknowledges David king, =1=, 108.

=Achitub=, grandson of Eli, high priest at Nob, =1=, 79.

=Achiya=, first Exilarch known, =2=, 509.

=Achiya.= _See also_ Chiya.

=Achmed I=, sultan, Jewish women under, =4=, 629, 630.

=Achmed Shaitan=, viceroy of Egypt, treachery of, =4=, 395.
avenges himself on the Jews of Cairo, =4=, 395-6.

=Achunaï.= _See_ Chananya.

=Acosta, Uriel= (Gabriel). _See_ Costa, Uriel da.

=Acra=, the, a part of Jerusalem, burnt by Titus, =2=, 308.

=Acra= (Acrapolis; Baris; Birah), the, the Temple citadel, built by
Nehemiah, =1=, 382, 524.
garrisoned by Scopas, =1=, 433.
Greek games taught in, =1=, 445.
refuge of the Hellenists, =1=, 454.
occupied by Menelaus, =1=, 470, 478.
besieged by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 478.
Hellenists leave, =1=, 480.
reinforced by Bacchides, =1=, 491.
besieged by Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 496.
surrenders to Simon Tharsi, =1=, 523.
the towers of, taken down, =1=, 524.
called Birah, =1=, 524-5.
wife and children of Aristobulus II imprisoned in, =2=, 58.
called Antonia, =2=, 106.
_See_ Antonia.

=Acrabatene=, the Samaritans of, slaughtered by the Zealots, =2=, 243.

=Acrabattine=, the Idumæans driven out of, by Judas Maccabæus, =1=,
474.
invested by Simon bar Giora, =2=, 293.

=Acrapolis=, the. _See_ Acra, the.

=Acre.= _See_ Accho.

=Actian games=, the, introduced into Jerusalem, =2=, 105.

=Actium=, the battle of, won by Octavius, =2=, 96.

=Ada=, a Babylonian Amora, =2=, 579.

=Adalbert=, bishop of Prague, and the slave-trade of Jews, =3=, 305.

=Adam=, the book of, Sibylline chronicle, quoted, =2=, 462.

=Adam Kadmon=, Kabbalistic term, the original man, =5=, 121, 143.

=Adamantius=, apostate Jew in Alexandria, =2=, 619.

=Adams, Hannah=, history of the Jews by, =5=, 593.

=Adarsa=, the battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 485.

=Adath Jeshurun=, the body of advanced Jews in Amsterdam, innovations
of, =5=, 457.

=Aden=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 436.

=Adher-Baijan= (Aserbeidsan), Samuel Ibn-Abbas in, =3=, 442.

=Adher-Baijan, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 430-33.
urged to join David Alrui, =3=, 431.
followers of David Alrui, =3=, 433.

=Adiabene=, description of, =2=, 216.
the nobles of, conspire against Izates, =2=, 217-18.
the people of, friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 219.
in alliance with the Zealots, =2=, 256.
the royal house of, aids Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264.
the princes of, the only Judæan insurgents spared by Rome, =2=,
311.
conquered by Trajan, =2=, 393-4.
laid waste by Severus, =2=, 464.

=Adido=, Simon Tharsi assembles his forces at, =1=, 500.

=Adiya=, father of the poet Samuel, =3=, 68.

=Adnan=, ancestor of the Arabs, =3=, 61.

=Adolph of Nassau=, emperor, refuses to surrender Meïr of Rothenburg’
s body, =4=, 35.
war of, with Albrecht, =4=, 35.
death of, =4=, 36.

=Adonijah=, son of David, opposes Absalom, =1=, 135.
rebels, =1=, 151-4.
supporters of, =1=, 152.
royal display of, =1=, 152.
Nathan opposed to, =1=, 153.
acknowledged king, =1=, 153.
pays homage to Solomon, =1=, 154.
killed, =1=, 160.

=Adonim.= _See_ Dunash ben Labrat.

=Adoniram=, superintendent of the building of the first Temple, =1=,
163, 172.
accompanies Rehoboam to Shechem, =1=, 181.
killed, =1=, 182.

=Adonis=, Baal of the Phœnicians, =1=, 54.
statue of, worshiped at Bethlehem, =2=, 422.

=Adora=, Idumæan fortress, demolished by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 8.

=Adoyot=, the oldest Mishna compilation, =2=, 343, 460.

=Adraat=, chief town of Batanæa, =3=, 77.
Benu-Nadhir settle in, =3=, 79.

=Adrammelech=, son of Sennacherib, murders him, =1=, 280.

=Adramyttium=, treasure-house in, for the half-Shekel contributions,
=2=, 53.

=Adrianople=, Karaites move to, =4=, 269.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.
Joseph Karo at, =4=, 557.
Sabbataï Zevi at, =5=, 154-66.
Nathan Ghazati at, =5=, 158-9, 161.
Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, =5=, 163.
Cardoso at, =5=, 207.
Sabbatians in, =5=, 210.

=Adrianople, the Jews of=, divided into national groups, =4=, 478.
consider trading with Pesaro, =4=, 579.

=Adullam=, David at, =1=, 116.

=Adultery=, ritual for suspected cases of, abolished, =2=, 238.
laws against, inviolate, =2=, 424.

“=Advice= to the Representatives of the People,” by Van Swieden,
against the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, =5=, 453-4.

=Ælia Capitolina=, name of Jerusalem under Hadrian, =2=, 421-2.

=Ælius Hadrian.= _See_ Hadrian.

=Afia, Aaron=, scientist in Salonica, =4=, 405.

=Africa (northern)=, Karaites influential in, in the tenth
century, =3=, 207.
Jewish captives transported to, =3=, 213.
students from, at the Cordova Talmud school, =3=, 228.
part of the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 248.
Talmud authorities of, in the eleventh century, =3=, 248-9.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.
asylum for persecuted Jews in the fifteenth century, =4=, 197-8.
the Sephardic liturgy adopted in, =4=, 198.
Portuguese conquests on the coast of, =4=, 218.
Marranos flee to, =4=, 318.
Spanish exiles in, =4=, 352, 358, 361-2, 389-96.
descendants of Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 381.
Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 389.
emigration of Portuguese Marranos to, forbidden, =4=, 508.

=Africa (northern), the Jews of=, conspire against the Visigothic
empire, =3=, 108.
aid Tarik, =3=, 109.
persecuted, =3=, 357-60, 451.

=Africa, Visigothic=, the Jews of, enjoy civil and political
equality, =3=, 45.

=Agada=, the, popular exposition of the Prophets and historical
writings, =2=, 328-9.
of Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 329.
used by R. Meïr, =2=, 440.
the study of, preferred in Judæa, =2=, 540.
cultivated by the brothers of Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 575-6.
cultivated under Theodosius II, =2=, 623.
in the synagogue forbidden by Justinian I, =3=, 14.
manifests the spirit of Judaism, =3=, 15.
frequent use of, in the synagogues of the East, =3=, 16.
cultivated among the Arabic Jews, =3=, 59.
replaced by neo-Hebraic poetry, =3=, 116.
cultivated by Eleazar ben Kalir, =3=, 117.
studied by French and Italian Jews in the ninth century, =3=, 160.
used by Rashi, =3=, 288.
used by the Tossafists, =3=, 345.
effect of, on Asiatic Jews, =3=, 440.
contains philosophical doctrines according to Maimonides, =3=, 479.
reconciled with philosophy by Abraham Maimuni, =3=, 495.
rejected by Maimonides, =3=, 523, 533.
accepted literally by Solomon ben Abraham, =3=, 527-8.
view of, held by Nachmani, =3=, 533, 535, 599-600.
in the Kabbala, =3=, 549, 552.
used by Pablo Christiani, =3=, 599.
rationalized by Solomon ben Adret, =3=, 619.
used by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.
authority of, =4=, 214.
declared without authority by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237.
quoted, =4=, 242.
reviled by Aaron Margalita, =5=, 194.
used by Mannheimer, =5=, 581.

=Agag=, Amalekite king, defeated by Saul, =1=, 91-2.
killed, =1=, 93.

=Agape=, the meal of the Nazarenes, =2=, 223.

=Agen=, meeting-place of the Pastoureaux, =4=, 56.

=Agobard=, bishop of Lyons, incites rebellion again Louis the
Pious, =3=, 164.
refuses to restore a runaway slave to a Lyons Jew, =3=, 164.
tries to set Louis the Pious against the Jews, =3=, 165-8.
joins the conspiracy against the empress, =3=, 168.
successor to, =3=, 170.

=Agora-nomos=, inspector of markets, Abba-Areka appointed
as, =2=, 512.
choice of, left to the Jews, =2=, 616.

=Agriculture=, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian
kingdoms, =3=, 35.
occupation of the Jews of Crissa, =3=, 424.
Jews restricted to, by Frederick II, =3=, 569.
occupation of the immigrants in Palestine, =4=, 74.
_See also_ Real estate.

=Agrigentum=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 28.

=Agrippa I= (10 B. C. E.-44 C. E.), grandson of Mariamne,
distinguished by Caligula, =2=, 175.
educated with the son of Tiberius, =2=, 175.
appointed to an office in Tiberias, =2=, 175.
courtier of the governor of Syria, =2=, 175.
supplanted by his brother, =2=, 175.
assisted by Alexander Lysimachus, =2=, 175-6.
kindly treated by Tiberius, =2=, 176.
imprisoned, =2=, 176.
released, =2=, 177.
king of Philip’s tetrarchy, =2=, 177.
accuses Herod Antipas of treachery to Caligula, =2=, 177.
ruler of Galilee and Peræa, =2=, 177.
rouses the resentment of the Alexandrian Greeks, =2=, 181-182.
and Caligula’s edict concerning images, =2=, 188-9.
king of all Palestine, =2=, 190.
coins in honor of, =2=, 190, 194.
change in the character of, =2=, 191.
popularity of, =2=, 191-2.
piety of, =2=, 192.
sends gifts to Athens, =2=, 193.
favors Cæsarea and Sebaste, =2=, 194.
plans of, for Judæa, =2=, 194-5.
hampered by Vibius Marsus, =2=, 195.
allied with Eastern princes, =2=, 195-6.
death of, =2=, 196.
memory of, insulted, =2=, 196-7.

=Agrippa II= (27-92), son of Agrippa I, proposed as king of
Judæa, =2=, 196.
introduces Judæan envoys to Claudius, =2=, 198.
prince of Chalcis, =2=, 235.
and his sister, =2=, 235.
titular king of Judæa, =2=, 236.
king of Philip’s tetrarchy, =2=, 245.
given four towns and Tiberias, =2=, 245-6.
accused of encroaching upon the privileges of the Temple
authorities, =2=, 247-8.
bribed to make Joshua ben Gamala high priest, =2=, 249.
summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, =2=, 251.
opposed to revolutionary measures, =2=, 257-8.
flees from Jerusalem, =2=, 258.
sends troops to Jerusalem, =2=, 259.
palace of, burnt, =2=, 260.
sends a contingent to the Roman army, =2=, 264-5.
Tiberias under, =2=, 273.
Varus, representative of, =2=, 274-5.
the inhabitants of Gamala revolt against, =2=, 275.
relation of, to Josephus, =2=, 278.
meets Vespasian, =2=, 285.
lacks patriotism, =2=, 288-9.
pays homage to Galba, =2=, 299.
helps Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 302.
spectator at the death of Judæans in the arena of Cæsarea
Philippi, =2=, 312.
fall of, =2=, 317.
and Justus of Tiberias, =2=, 319-20.
alleviates the burdens of the conquered Jews, =2=, 332, 333.
Galilee given to, =2=, 333.
treatment of, by Titus, =2=, 388.
death of, =2=, 388.

=Agrippina=, wife of Claudius, favorable to the Herodians, =2=, 245.

=Aguilar, Baron de=, saves the Jews of Moravia from exorbitant
taxes, =5=, 252.
intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, =5=, 253.

=Aguilar, de=, governor of Palma, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for
Marranos, =4=, 282.

=Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’=, Sabbatian, =5=, 139, 160.

=Aguilar=, the Jews of, destroyed, =4=, 125.

=Ahab=, son of Omri, wife of, =1=, 194, 196-7.
ascends the throne of Israel, =1=, 196.
character of, =1=, 196.
builds an ivory palace, =1=, 201-2.
reproved by Elijah, =1=, 202-3.
a famine announced to, =1=, 203.
summons the priests of Baal to Carmel, =1=, 203-4.
stops the persecution of the prophets, =1=, 204.
imprisons Michaiah, =1=, 205.
ally of Ben-hadad II, =1=, 205.
ally of Jehoshaphat, =1=, 206.
death of, =1=, 206.
destruction of the house of, =1=, 211-12.

=Ahasuerus.= _See_ Xerxes.

=Ahaz=, king of Judah, character of, =1=, 257.
ally of Tiglath-Pileser, =1=, 258.
warned by Isaiah, =1=, 258-9.
introduces Assyrian idolatry into Judah, =1=, 260-1.
not buried in the royal mausoleum, =1=, 267.

=Ahaziah=, son of Ahab, reign of, over Israel, =1=, 206-7.

=Ahaziah=, son of Joram, king of Judah, killed by Jehu’s followers,
=1=, 211.

=Ahijah=, of Shiloh, prophet, at the consecration of the Temple, =1=,
167.
rebukes Solomon, =1=, 175.
prophesies success to Jeroboam, =1=, 175.
prophesies the end of Jeroboam’s line, =1=, 188.

=Ahikam=, father of Gedaliah, =1=, 319.

=Ahikam=, son of Shaphan, saves Jeremiah, =1=, 303.

=Ahimaaz=, messenger from Hushai to David, =1=, 143.

=Ahinoam=, wife of Saul, =1=, 95.

=Ahishar=, Solomon’s major-domo, =1=, 172.

=Ahithophel=, councilor of David, =1=, 122-3.
grandfather of Bathsheba, =1=, 133.
opposed to Solomon’s succession, =1=, 135.
plots with Absalom, =1=, 136, 138-43.
with Absalom in Jerusalem, =1=, 142.
advice of, rejected by Absalom, =1=, 143.
suicide of, =1=, 143.

=Ahmed=, khan of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, =3=, 638.

=Ahmed Coprili=, Turkish grand vizir, orders the arrest of Sabbataï
Zevi, =5=, 146.
imprisons Sabbataï at Abydos, =5=, 148.

=Ahriman.= _See_ Angro-Mainyus.

=Ahunai=, teacher of the Law, during Kobad’s persecutions, =3=, 4.

=Ahura-Mazda=, Persian god of light, influence of the conception of,
on Judaism, =1=, 402.

=Ai=, attacked by the Israelites, =1=, 33.

=Aibu=, father of Abba-Areka, =2=, 511.

=Aibu=, son of Abba-Areka, =2=, 518.

=Aidug=, Arab king, defeats Zorah Yussuf, =3=, 64.

=Ain-tab=, the new-moon announced at, =2=, 458.

=Airvi= (Eravi), king of Cranganor, and the Jews of India, =3=, 630.

=Aix-la-Chapelle=, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33.
the Congress of, the emancipation of the Jews discussed by,
=5=, 525-7.

=Ajubides=, the, make Egypt the Islam center, =3=, 457.

=Akbara=, Karaite center, =3=, 157.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 429.

=Akbarites=, the, a Karaite sect, =3=, 157.

=Akiba ben Joseph=, teacher of the Law, suggested as successor to
Gamaliel II, =2=, 342.
effects the re-instatement of Gamaliel II, =2=, 345.
informs Eliezer ben Hyrcanus of his excommunication, =2=, 347.
legends concerning the youth of, =2=, 350-1.
intellectual development of, =2=, 351-2.
system of, =2=, 352-3.
arranges the Halachas in groups, =2=, 353.
disciples and wife of, =2=, 354-5.
in the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 355.
and Ishmael ben Elisha, =2=, 355-6.
theosophist, =2=, 381.
saying of, =2=, 381.
opposes Gnostic influences, =2=, 382.
disciples of, proselytes, =2=, 384.
and Akylas, =2=, 385.
and Flavius Clemens, =2=, 387, 389, 391.
influences Nerva, =2=, 392.
opposes reckless charity, =2=, 405.
prepares for the revolt against Hadrian, =2=, 408; =5=, 724-5.
attracted to Bar-Cochba, =2=, 409.
at Lydda, =2=, 423.
evades Roman spies, =2=, 424.
martyrdom of, =2=, 428-9.
disciples of, ordained, =2=, 429.
disciples of, return to Judæa, =2=, 433.
favorite disciple of, =2=, 436.
dialectics of, adopted by Meïr, =2=, 438-40.
first compiler of the Mishna, =2=, 460.
position of, compared with Rabba bar Nachmani’s, =2=, 579.

=Akko.= _See_ Accho.

=Akra di Coche=, a Babylonian fortification, =2=, 507.

=Akrabattine.= _See_ Acrabattine.

=Akrish.= _See_ Isaac ben Abraham Akrish.

=Akylas= (Aquila), convert to Judaism, translates the Scriptures into
Greek, =2=, 385.
superintends the rebuilding of Jerusalem, =2=, 401.
mourns for Gamaliel II, =2=, 404.

=Akylas, translation of the Scriptures by=, literal, =2=, 386.
used by Jews and Ebionites, =2=, 387.
used by Origen, =2=, 489.
Targum Onkelos based on, =2=, 581.
recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, =3=, 14.

=Alabarch= (Arabarch, Ethnarch), the, prince of the Judæans in Egypt,
=1=, 507, 510.
office of, confirmed by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
controls the Nile harbor, =2=, 102.
dignity of, restored by Claudius, =2=, 191.
_See also_ Alexander Lysimachus; Ethnarch.

=Al-ablak=, castle of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, =3=, 68, 69.

=Aladhid=, last Fatimide caliph of Egypt, =3=, 443.

=Aladil=, sultan, receives emigrant rabbis kindly, =3=, 506.

=Alagon, Blasco de=, conspires against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 329.

=Alami.= _See_ Solomon Alami.

=Alani=, the, of the Crimea, friendly to the Jews, =3=, 123.

=Alarcos=, Alfonso VIII defeated at the battle of, =3=, 387.

=Alashkar.= _See_ Moses ben Isaac Alashkar.

=Albalag.= _See_ Isaac Albalag.

=Albalia.= _See_ Ibn-Albalia.

=Albanian Gates=, the, Jews settle in, =3=, 124.

=Albargeloni.= _See_ Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni.

=Albergeloni.= _See_ Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni.

=Albert I=, emperor, war of, with Adolph of Nassau, =4=, 35.
punishes the Rindfleisch followers, =4=, 36.
demands a ransom for Meïr of Rothenburg, =4=, 37.
claims authority over the French Jews, =4=, 47.

=Albert II=, emperor, imprisons the Jews of Austria, =4=, 223.
banishes the Jews from Austria, =4=, 224.
hostile to the Jews, =4=, 249.
son of, cruel to the Jews, =4=, 262-3.

=Albert=, duke of Bavaria, under the influence of John of
Capistrano, =4=, 258.

=Albert von Brandenburg=, archbishop of Mayence, convenes a diet to
consider the Jewish question, =4=, 463.
ordered to drop the Jewish question, =4=, 464.

=Albert of Munich=, son-in-law of Maximilian I, =4=, 428.

=Albertina=, the. _See_ Königsberg, the university of.

=Albertus Magnus=, the works of, translated, =4=, 69.

=Albi.= _See_ Alby.

=Albigenses=, the, origin of, =3=, 390.
in Béziers, =3=, 394, 395.
relation of, to the Jews, =3=, 501.
crusade against, =3=, 501-2.
and the council of Montpellier, =3=, 508.
and the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509.
the war against, ended, =3=, 519.
extirpation of, by the Inquisition, =3=, 542.

=Albinus=, procurator of Judæa, appointed by Nero, =2=, 248.
appealed to against Anan, =2=, 248-9.
taxes Judæa heavily, =2=, 249.
punishes the Sicarii, =2=, 249.

=Albo.= _See_ Joseph Albo.

=Albrecht I.= _See_ Albert I.

=Alby=, the council of, forbids Jews to practice medicine among
Christians, =3=, 582, 583.
the Jews of, perish, =4=, 57.

=Alcala=, the academy at, =4=, 145.
the Jews of, ridiculed, =4=, 181.

=Alcana=, street in Toledo occupied by Jews, =4=, 118.

=Alcaniz=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.

=Alcantara=, the Order of, and Gonzalo Martinez, =4=, 85-6.

=Alcharam.= _See_ Mecca.

=Alcharisi.= _See_ Jehuda Alcharisi.

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History of the Jews, Vol. 6 (of 6)Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (1)

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