Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (18)

=Sherif-Pasha=, governor of Damascus, permits the persecution of the
Jews, =5=, 635.
orders the bastinado for a Jewish suspect, =5=, 636.
tortures children, =5=, 637.
destroys the houses of Jews, =5=, 637.
circulates an anti-Jewish book, =5=, 639.
orders the translation of suspicious Talmud passages, =5=, 640.
obtains assent for the execution of the Jews, =5=, 640.
ordered to discontinue the torture, =5=, 648.
releases the prisoners, =5=, 661.
executed, =5=, 661.

=Sherira ben Chananya= (Chanina, 920-1000), judge of Pumbeditha,
opposes the Gaon Nehemiah, =3=, 208.
Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 231, 232.
descent of, =3=, 232.
devoted to the Talmud, =3=, 232.
“Letter” of, =3=, 232-3.
arraigned before the Caliph, =3=, 233-4.
abdication and death of, =3=, 234.

=Sheshbazzar=, Babylonian name of Zerubbabel, =1=, 351.

=Sheshenk.= _See_ Sheshet.

=Sheshet.= _See_ Mar-Sheshet.

=Sheshet Benveniste= (1131-1210), head of the Barcelona community,
patron of Jewish learning, =3=, 388.
poem by, =3=, 388.
epigram by, =3=, 524-5.

=Shibli Ajub=, opponent of the Damascus Jews, =5=, 633.

“=Shield and Sword=,” polemic by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237.

=Shila=, principal of the school at Nahardea, =2=, 512.
acknowledges the authority of Abba-Areka, =2=, 512.
precedence of the family of, =2=, 522.

=Shiloh= (Salem), the seat of the sanctuary, =1=, 41.
not sufficiently centrally located for the sanctuary, =1=, 57.
the rallying point under the later judges, =1=, 69, 70.
destroyed by the Philistines, =1=, 71.

=Shimei=, the Benjamite, reviles David, =1=, 142.
welcomes David on his return to Jerusalem, =1=, 147.
executed, =1=, 160-1.

=Shiraz=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 434.

=Shir-ha-shirim.= _See_ “Song of Songs, the.”

=Shishak=, of Egypt, protects Solomon’s enemies, =1=, 176.
protects Jeroboam, =1=, 180.
in alliance with Jeroboam, =1=, 184.
defeats Rehoboam, =1=, 184-5.

=Shobach=, Aramæan general, killed at the battle of Helam, =1=, 127.

=Shobi=, made king of the Ammonites by David, =1=, 129.
aids David against Absalom, =1=, 144.

=Shofetim.= _See_ Judges, the.

=Shoraich=, son of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, bravery and nobility
of, =3=, 70.

“=Short and Established Practice=,” work by Judah the Blind, =3=, 136.

“=Short Demurrer, A=,” by William Prynne, =5=, 45-6.
refuted, =5=, 46.

=Shulam, Samuel.= _See_ Samuel Shulam.

=Shulamit=, daughter of Aminadab, heroine of the “Song of Songs,”
=1=, 431.

=Shulchan Aruch=, the, code by Joseph Karo, =4=, 612-13.
expected to unite Judaism, =4=, 612.
partiality of, =4=, 613.
authority of, =4=, 613.
influence of, on Judaism, =4=, 613.
commentary on, by Moses Isserles, =4=, 637.
not binding in the Messianic time, =5=, 142.

=Shunamite woman=, the, and Jehoash, =1=, 233.

=Shunem=, Philistine camp against Saul, =1=, 102.

“=Shylock=,” Heine on, =5=, 552-3.

=Sibbechai= of Hushah, Israelite champion in the Philistine
war, =1=, 117.

=Sibili, Astruc.= _See_ Astruc Sibili.

=Sibyl=, the, used to spread Judæan doctrines, =2=, 204-5, 402.

=Sicarii=, the, a band of Zealots, lawlessness of, =2=, 239.
rob a servant of Claudius, =2=, 242.
employed by Felix, =2=, 246.
punished by Albinus, =2=, 249.
favored by Gessius Florus, =2=, 250.
leader of, =2=, 258.
take the fortress of Masada, =2=, 258.
join the Zealots in the Temple, =2=, 260.
kill the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, =2=, 260.
cruelty of, =2=, 260-1.
escape to Masada, =2=, 261.
one of the factions in Jerusalem, =2=, 301.

=Sichin= (Asochis), the Judæans defeated at, =2=, 40.
stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, =2=, 414.
fall of, =2=, 416.

=Sicily=, the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, =3=, 28.
subjugated by Belisarius, =3=, 31.
a synagogue in, razed, =3=, 34.
a refuge for Jewish fugitives, =3=, 569.
Abraham Abulafia in, =4=, 7-8.
opposition to the Inquisition in, =4=, 319-20.

=Sicily, the Jews of=, protected by Gregory I, =3=, 33.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 422-3, 424.
wear Jew badges, =3=, 518.
excluded from offices under Frederick II, =3=, 567.
persecuted in the fourteenth century, =4=, 77.
proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8.

=Siddur Rab Amram=, the liturgy of the European Jews, =3=, 178.

=Siderius=, name borne by Gallic Jews, =3=, 36.

=Sidillo.= _See_ Samuel Sidillo.

=Sidon= (Saida), built by the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
center of Phœnician culture, =1=, 53.
laid waste by the Philistines, =1=, 80.
surrenders to Shalmaneser, =1=, 264.
urges revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 310.
the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, =1=, 475.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=Sidra=, academy, =2=, 514.

=Sigismund=, emperor, advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, =4=, 216.
the Jews under, =4=, 218, 219.
has the privileges of the Jews confirmed by Martin V, =4=, 219.
in the Hussite war, =4=, 225.
protection of, ineffectual, =4=, 227.
appoints three Judenmeister, =4=, 227.
death of, =4=, 248.

=Sigismund=, of Burgundy, raises a barrier between Jews and
Christians in Burgundy, =3=, 37.

=Sigismund I=, of Poland, kindly disposed towards Jews, =4=, 419.

=Sigismund III=, of Poland, confirms the privileges of the
Jews, =4=, 643.
alienates the Cossacks, =5=, 2.

=Sigismund=, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, =3=, 143.

=Sigismund Augustus=, of Poland, appeals to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 601.
death of, =4=, 603, 642.
protects the Jews, =4=, 633.

=Sihon=, king of the Emorites, defeated by the Israelites, =1=, 27.

=Silas=, the Babylonian, Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, =2=, 264.

=Silesia=, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, =3=,
569.
John of Capistrano in, =4=, 258.

=Silesia, the Jews of=, own real estate in the twelfth century, =3=,
418.
suffering of, through John of Capistrano, =4=, 260-3.
restricted to money-lending, =4=, 260.
charged with host-desecration, =4=, 261.
charged with the blood accusation, =4=, 261-2.
burnt at Breslau, =4=, 262.
improvement of the condition of, =5=, 416.
heavily taxed, =5=, 508.

=Silhi=, academy founded at, by Mar-Sheshet, =2=, 554.

=Silk spinning=, by the Jews of Greece, =3=, 175, 425.

=Silk worms=, the breeding of, carried on by Jews in Palermo, =3=,
424.

=Siloah=, spring south of Jerusalem, =1=, 114.
supplies the water for the Water Libation during Tabernacles, =2=,
51.

=Silva=, governor of Judæa, takes Masada, =2=, 316.

=Silva, Diogo de=, inquisitor-general of Portugal, =4=, 508.
resigns, =4=, 513.

=Silva, Miguel de=, Portuguese ambassador to the pope, effects
Reubeni’s disgrace, =4=, 498-9.

=Silva, Samuel da=, physician, publishes a work against Uriel da
Costa, =5=, 59.
answered by Uriel da Costa, =5=, 60.

=Silvani family=, the, support Chiya bar Abba, =2=, 536.

=Silveira, Isaac=, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 144.

“=Silver Dish, The=,” by Joseph Ezobi, =3=, 561.

=Silveyra, Miguel=, Marrano poet, =5=, 111.

=Simaï bar Ashi=, father of Ashi, disciple of Papa bar Chanan, =2=,
594.

=Simcha ben Samuel=, Talmudist, member of the synod at Mayence, =3=,
517.

=Simcha Cohen=, martyr during the first crusade, =3=, 302.

=Simeon, the tribe of=, successful warriors in the desert, =1=, 26.
allied with Judah, =1=, 38-9.
delivered by Othniel, =1=, 60.
enters national life, =1=, 77.
loyal to Rehoboam, =1=, 183.

=Simeon=, Syrian bishop, enemy of Zorah Yussuf, =3=, 65-6.

=Simeon.= _See also_ Simon.

=Simlaï=, assessor of Judah II, =2=, 484.
versed in the Scriptures, =2=, 488, 499.
Agadist, =2=, 498, 499.
settle at Nahardea, =2=, 498.
relations of, to Judah II, =2=, 499.
on the commands of the Law, =2=, 499.
discusses Bible exegesis with the Church Fathers, =2=, 499.
defends the doctrine of the unity of God, =2=, 501-2.

=Simon=, brother of Jesus, =2=, 148.

=Simon=, brother of John of Gischala, accuses Josephus, =2=, 281.

=Simon=, companion of Ishmael ben Elisha, =2=, 427-8.

=Simon I=, high priest (the Just, 300-270), said to have appeared to
Alexander the Great, =1=, 413.
improves Jerusalem and the Temple, =1=, 421.
described by Sirach, =1=, 422.
as teacher, =1=, 422.
objects to Nazarite practices, =1=, 422.
daughter of, =1=, 423.

=Simon II=, high priest, hostile to Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, =1=, 432.
son of, =1=, 437.

=Simon III=, high priest. _See_ Simon Tharsi.

=Simon IV=, high priest. _See_ Simon, son of Boëthus.

=Simon=, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, =2=, 295.

=Simon I=, president of the Synhedrion, son of Hillel, =2=, 130.

=Simon II=, president of the Synhedrion, son of Gamaliel I, =2=, 240.
member of the war party, =2=, 269.
coins in honor of, =2=, 269.
power of, =2=, 271.
head of the Pharisees, =2=, 271.
decrees the deposition of Josephus, =2=, 281.

=Simon III=, president of the Synhedrion, son of Gamaliel II,
minority of, =2=, 404.
escapes from Bethar, =2=, 434.
Patriarch, resides at Jamnia, =2=, 434.
joins the Galilean synod, =2=, 434.
teachings of, =2=, 435.
relation of, to Meïr, =2=, 440.
dissolves the Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, =2=, 443-4.
seeks increase of dignity, =2=, 444-5.
conspiracy against, =2=, 445.
expels Meïr and Nathan from the Synhedrion, =2=, 445.
at peace with Nathan, =2=, 446.
excommunicates Meïr, =2=, 446.
on the Roman persecution of the Jews, =2=, 446.
death of =2=, 451.

=Simon=, slave of Herod, proclaimed king, =2=, 124-5.

=Simon the Benjamite=, Hellenist, opponent of Onias III, =1=, 437.
banished, =1=, 438.
gives information about the Temple treasures, =1=, 438.
hires assassins to murder Onias III, =1=, 438.

=Simon of Cairo=, author of the “Great Halachas,” =3=, 179.

=Simon the Hasmonæan.= _See_ Simon Hasmonai.

=Simon de Montfort=, leads the crusade against the Albigenses, =3=,
502.
receives the estates of Raymond VI of Toulouse, =3=, 508, 509.
opposed by Raymond VII of Toulouse, =3=, 514.
protects the Jews, =3=, 514.

=Simon the Parthian=, servant of Judah I, =2=, 466.

=Simon the Pious=, murdered, =3=, 352.

=Simon of Trent=, martyr, the Jews charged with the death
of, =4=, 298.
pilgrimages to the remains of, =4=, 298-9.
Sixtus IV refuses to canonize, =4=, 299.
Eisenmenger believes in the martyrdom of, =5=, 188.

=Simon bar Abba=, Amora, urged to marry Mar-Samuel’s daughter, =2=,
528.
austerity of, =2=, 537.
misfortunes of, =2=, 543.

=Simon bar Giora=, Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, =2=, 264, 273.
leader of the Sicarii, =2=, 293.
life of, in Acrabattine, =2=, 293.
war of, with the Idumæans, =2=, 293.
wife of, taken prisoner, =2=, 297-8.
allies himself with the aristocratic party in Jerusalem, =2=, 298.
in Jerusalem, =2=, 298.
vengeful feeling of, towards the Zealots, =2=, 301.
followers of, executed, =2=, 304.
refuses to lay down arms, =2=, 309.
graces the triumph of Titus, =2=, 313-14.
hurled from the Tarpeian rock, =2=, 314.

=Simon bar Kappara=, propounds a riddle, =2=, 455-6.
authorization to teach refused to, =2=, 456.
announces the death of Judah I, =2=, 466-7.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.

=Simon bar Yochaï.= _See_ Simon ben Jochai.

=Simon ben Anatolio=, head of the Talmudic college of Marseilles, =3=,
400.

=Simon ben Asai= (Azai), theosophist teacher of the Law, =2=,
358, 381.
favors the instruction of women in the Law, =2=, 474.

=Simon ben Caipha=, neo-Hebraic poet, author of an Abodah, =3=, 115.

=Simon ben Ezron=, leader of the Jerusalem Zealots, =2=, 301.

=Simon ben Isaac ben Abun=, commentator on the Talmud and
poet, =3=, 245.
dirge by, =3=, 246.
stays the persecution of the Jews of Mayence, =3=, 246.
memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, =3=, 247.
related to Rashi, =3=, 286.

=Simon ben Jochai= (bar Yochaï), disciple of Akiba, returns to
Judæa, =2=, 433.
reputed a Kabbalist, =2=, 440.
at the Synhedrion of Usha, =2=, 440.
an enemy of Rome, =2=, 440-1, 447.
method of, =2=, 441.
pursues the Law exclusively, =2=, 441.
rejoices in the deprivation of judicial rights, =2=, 447-8.
accuses the Romans of selfishness, =2=, 448.
condemned to death, =2=, 448.
lives in a cave, =2=, 448.
declares Tiberias clean, =2=, 448-9.
at Rome, =2=, 449.
teacher of Judah I, =2=, 451.
son of, =2=, 457.
son-in-law of, =2=, 459-60.
said to have foretold the rise of Islam, =3=, 88-9.
supposed revelation to, =3=, 606.
authorship of the Zohar attributed to, =4=, 12.
glorified in the Zohar, =4=, 12-14, 16.
Midrash of, =4=, 19.
declared not to be the author of the Zohar, =4=, 292.
Isaac Lurya pretends to hold intercourse with, =4=, 622.
grave of, visited by Kabbalists, =4=, 623.
homage paid to, by the Frankists, =5=, 274.

=Simon ben Kathla=, Idumæan leader in Jerusalem, =2=, 301.

=Simon ben Lakish= (Resh Lakish), Amora, =2=, 479.
opposes the leveling policy of Judah II, =2=, 485.
rebukes Judah II for covetousness, =2=, 485-6.
brother-in-law of Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=, 495.
strength of, =2=, 496.
gloom of, =2=, 496.
Agadist, =2=, 496-7.
opponent of Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=, 497.
disciples of, =2=, 531.

=Simon ben Nanos=, disciple of the Law, =2=, 358.

=Simon ben Saul=, Judæan hero of Bethshean, =2=, 262-3.

=Simon ben Shetach=, brother of Salome Alexandra, Pharisee
leader, =2=, 39.
mediator between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, =2=, 42.
member of the Great Council, =2=, 42.
counselor of Salome Alexandra, =2=, 48.
proposed as Nassi of the Great Council, =2=, 49.
called “Restorer of the Law,” =2=, 49.
promotes the establishment of schools, =2=, 50-1.
rebukes Judah ben Tabbaï, =2=, 53.
president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 54.
severity of, =2=, 54.
condemns his son to death on a false charge, =2=, 54-5.
successors of, =2=, 71-2.

=Simon ben Zemach Duran I= (1361-1444), chief rabbi of Algiers,
attacks Isaac ben Sheshet, =4=, 199.
first Spanish-Jewish rabbi to take pay, =4=, 199-200.
polemics by, =4=, 238.
and the conversion of the Jews of Palma, =4=, 247.

=Simon ben Zoma=, theosophist teacher of the Law, =2=, 358, 381.

=Simon, son of Boëthus=, father-in-law of Herod, high priest, =2=,
107.
founder of the Boëthusans, =2=, 108.

=Simon, son of Dositheus=, ambassador to Rome, =2=, 4-5.

=Simon, son of Judah I=, Chacham, =2=, 466.

=Simon, son of Judas= the Galilean, leader of an insurrection, =2=,
199.
crucified, =2=, 199.

=Simon Duran I.= _See_ Simon ben Zemach Duran.

=Simon Duran II= (1439-1510), rabbi of Algiers, protector of the
Spanish exiles, =4=, 390-1.

=Simon Episcopius=, chief of the Arminians, and Manasseh ben
Israel, =5=, 22.

=Simon Hasmonai=, grandfather of Mattathias the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.

=Simon Kara=, compiler of the Yalkut, =3=, 346.

=Simon Kephas.= _See_ Peter, apostle.

=Simon Maimi=, chief rabbi of Portugal, martyrdom of, =4=, 380.
family of, martyrs, =4=, 380, 381.

=Simon Stylites=, ascetic, rebukes Theodosius II, =2=, 621-2.

=Simon Tharsi=, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.
chosen as counselor to succeed his father, =1=, 461.
rescues the Galilean Judæans, =1=, 475.
leader of the Hasmonæan party, =1=, 489.
strengthens the defenses of Judæa, =1=, 492-3.
forces Bacchides to raise the siege of Bethhagla, =1=, 493.
commander of the Syrian forces on the Mediterranean shores, =1=,
498.
chosen leader of the people, =1=, 500.
prepares to oppose Diodotus Tryphon, =1=, 500.
pays tribute to Tryphon to save his brother’s life, =1=, 501.
sons of, =1=, 520.
makes Judæa independent, =1=, 520.
high priest, =1=, 521.
negotiates with Demetrius II, =1=, 521.
dates the independence of Judæa from the year of first coining
money, =1=, 522.
drives the Hellenists from their strongholds, =1=, 523-4.
takes down the towers of the Acra, =1=, 524-5.
sues for an alliance with Rome, =1=, 525-6.
supreme sovereignty conferred upon, =1=, 526-7.
title of, =1=, 527.
coins money, =1=, 528.
attacked by Antiochus Sidetes, =1=, 528-9.
names his sons as his generals, =1=, 529.
assassination of, =1=, 530.
wife of, imprisoned, =1=, 531.
temporary character of his descendants’ rule, =2=, 143.

=Simon Zarfati=, physician to Pope Julius II, =4=, 408.

=Simon.= _See also_ Simeon.

=Simon, Richard=, Father of the Oratory, clears the Jews of the
charge of child murder, =5=, 175-6.
lays the foundations of Bible exegesis, =5=, 178-9.
attractive style of, =5=, 179.
introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, =5=, 179.
taught by Jonah Salvador, =5=, 175, 180.
exalts Rabbinical Judaism, =4=, 180.
translates Leo Modena’s “Rites,” =5=, 180.
shows Christianity to be based on Judaism, =5=, 180.
defends the Jews and the Talmud, =5=, 180-1.
recants his praise of the Jews, =5=, 181-2.
ridicules superstitious usages, =5=, 202.

=Simoneta=, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 516.
on the commission to examine Paul III’s Inquisition bull, =4=, 520.

=Simonias=, the Jews of, ask Judah I for a teacher of the Law,
=2=, 453-4.

=Simonists=, the, followers of Simon bar Giora, =2=, 301.

=Sin, Original.= _See_ Original Sin.

=Sin=, the theory of, in the Zohar, =4=, 17.

=Sin-offering=, the, for murders, abrogated by Jochanan ben
Zakkai, =2=, 239.

=Sinai=, desert of, Moses in, =1=, 15.
Israelites in, =1=, 20.

=Sinai=, mount, the Israelites at, =1=, 20-1.

=Sinaï=, title of Joseph ben Chiya, =2=, 581.

=Sinaitic revelation=, the, characterized, =1=, 23.
place of sacrifices in, =1=, 24-5.

=Sinhajas=, the, a Berber race, found a kingdom in the south of
Spain, =3=, 256.
unfriendly to the Arabs, =3=, 261.

=Sinjar Shahin-Shah=, Seljuk Sultan, expedition of, against the
Ghuzz, =3=, 434.
assigns a final resting place to the supposed remains of
Daniel, =3=, 435.

=Sinzheim, Joseph David= (1745-1812), compelled to flee from
Strasburg, =5=, 452.
deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 483-4.
character of, =5=, 484.
attainments of, =5=, 484.
rabbi of Strasburg, =5=, 484.
on the commission to answer the twelve questions to the
Notables, =5=, 490.
works out the report of the commission, =5=, 490.
president of the Synhedrion, =5=, 495.
opens the first session of the Synhedrion, =5=, 495.
delivers the closing speech of the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.
member of the French consistory, =5=, 502.
not gifted with the temper of a reformer, =5=, 559.

=Sinzig=, the Jews of, burnt in the thirteenth century, =3=, 611.

=Sippai= of Gath, Philistine champion, =1=, 117.

=Sirach.= _See_ Jesus Sirach.

=Sirach=, grandson of Jesus Sirach, translates Ecclesiasticus into
Greek, =2=, 359.

“=Siraj=,” Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, =3=, 458.

=Sisebut=, Visigothic king, fanaticism of, =3=, 40, 47.
renews Reccared’s anti-Jewish laws, =3=, 48.
orders the Jews to be baptized or banished, =3=, 48.
laws of, repealed by Swintila, =3=, 49.

=Sisenand=, Visigothic king, the Jews under, =3=, 49-50.

=Sisera=, Jabin’s general, defeated by Barak, =1=, 61.
Akiba said to be a descendant of, =2=, 351.

=Sixtus IV=, pope, has Kabbalistic writings translated into Latin,
=4=, 292, 443.
refuses to canonize Simon of Trent, =4=, 299.
authorizes the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 311.
appoints four inquisitors, =4=, 312.
censures the cruelty of the Inquisition, =4=, 318-19.
sanctions the Inquisition in Aragon, =4=, 319.
troubled by the opposition to the Inquisition, =4=, 320.
appoints a chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, =4=, 320.
forbids Marranos to be judges in heresy trials, =4=, 321.
infamy of, =4=, 321.
modifies the rigors of the Inquisition, =4=, 322.
recalls his bull, =4=, 322-3.
appoints Torquemada inquisitor-general for Spain, =4=, 324.
congratulated on his accession by Alfonso V of Portugal, =4=, 340.

=Sixtus V=, pope, removes restrictions from the Jews, =4=, 655-6.
a Talmudic dictionary dedicated to, =4=, 657.
punishes a Christian Shylock, =4=, 657.
permits the reprinting of the Talmud, =4=, 657-8, 659.
death of, =4=, 658.
avarice of, =4=, 658-9.

=Sixtus Senensis=, employed by Paul IV to annoy the Jews, =4=, 581.
urges the burning of the Talmud, =4=, 582.
rescues the Zohar from burning, =4=, 584.

=Skytte=, Swedish royal councilor, projects a university in
Brandenburg, =5=, 174.

=Slave-owners=, Jewish, in Rome, riot against, =3=, 30-1.

=Slave-trade=, the, among the Jews of Italy, =3=, 28-9.
permitted to the Jews of the Frankish empire, =3=, 34.
discussed by the Church Councils, =3=, 40.
under Charlemagne, =3=, 142.
among Spanish Jews, =3=, 229.
among Bohemian Jews, =3=, 305.
_See also_ Christian slaves.

=Slaves=, Judæans sold as, =1=, 227.
enfranchised by Josiah, =1=, 296.
in the time of Ezra, =1=, 376-7.
cease to exist among Judæans, =1=, 393.
treatment of, by Nachman ben Jacob, =2=, 555.
Jews made, by Egica, =3=, 108.
owned by Jews, forbidden to be baptized under Louis the Pious, =3=,
161, 164-5.
Jewish, ransomed by Abrabanel, =4=, 339.
the Spanish exiles as, =4=, 371.
Jews as, among the Knights of Malta, =4=, 656.
_See also_ Christian slaves.

=Slavonia=, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.

=Slavonian countries=, Jews in, in the ninth century, =3=, 144.

=Smith=, member of Parliament, on the Damascus affair, =5=, 656.

=Smyrna=, small Jewish community in, in the fifteenth century, =4=,
406.
enriched by the war between Venice and Turkey, =5=, 119.
Sabbataï Zevi banished from, =5=, 122.
return of Sabbataï Zevi to, =5=, 133-4.
enthusiasm at, for Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 134-5.
Christians at, interested in Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 137.
Sabbataï Zevi leaves, =5=, 145.
prophets at, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, =5=, 157.
Sabbatians at, continue to believe in Sabbataï, =5=, 157.
rabbis of, excommunicate the Sabbatians, =5=, 157, 159.
Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, =5=, 163.
Sabbatianism at, after Sabbataï’s death, =5=, 207.
Sabbatians in, =5=, 210.
Nehemiah Chayon at, =5=, 216.
the writings of Cardoso burnt at, =5=, 220.

=Soares, João=, Portuguese inquisitor, =4=, 521.

=Sochen=, manager of the court in Judah, chosen from the house of
Nathan, =1=, 249.
power of, under Hezekiah, =1=, 268.

“=Society= for the Culture and Science of the Jews, The,” joined by
Heine, =5=, 547.
founders of, =5=, 551.
limitations of, =5=, 600.
losses caused by, =5=, 602.
members of, in Galicia, =5=, 612.

“=Society= for the Good and the Noble, The,” formed by Mendelssohn’s
disciples, =5=, 403.

“=Society= for the Promotion of Christianity among Jews, The,”
publishes a history of the Jews, =5=, 593.

“=Society= of Friends, The,” formed to oppose the orthodox party,
=5=, 418-19.
motto and symbol of, =5=, 418.
weakness of, =5=, 419.
encourage the Reform movement, =5=, 563.

“=Society= of the Friends of Reform, The,” in Frankfort, innovations
of, =5=, 675.
invite Riesser to join them, =5=, 675.
declare circumcision optional, =5=, 676.
relinquish certain points in their programme, =5=, 676.

=Socinus=, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, =4=, 647.

=Socrates=, the sayings of, used by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.

=Sodomites=, the, honored by a Gnostic sect, =2=, 375.

=Soem=, gaoler of Mariamne, =2=, 96.
beheaded, =2=, 104.

=Sofer, Moses=, aggressiveness of, =5=, 567.
opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571, 572.

=Sofino, Raphael=, encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, =5=,
160.

=Sogane=, taken by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.

=Solgat.= _See_ Sulchat.

=Solidarity=, the, of the Jewish race, =2=, 367-8; =5=, 632-3.

=Solis, Pedro de=, commissioner to frame the statute for the
Inquisition, =4=, 312.

=Solms=, the princes of, remove the poll-tax, =5=, 465.

=Solomon=, king of Judah, son of David and Bathsheba, =1=, 133.
succession of, opposed, =1=, 135.
anointed by Nathan and Zadok, =1=, 153.
spares the life of Adonijah, =1=, 154.
characteristics and achievements of, =1=, 156-8.
vision of, at Gibeah, =1=, 158.
wisdom of, =1=, 158.
allegorical poems by, =1=, 158-9.
failings of, =1=, 159.
has Adonijah killed, =1=, 160.
deposes Abiathar, =1=, 160.
executes Shimei, =1=, 160-1.
harem of, =1=, 161.
and Hiram of Tyre, =1=, 162.
royal splendor of, =1=, 162.
division of land by, =1=, 162.
buildings of, =1=, 162-9.
Temple of, =1=, 162-8.
workmen of, =1=, 163, 164.
prayer of, at the dedication of the Temple, =1=, 167.
royal palace of, =1=, 168-9.
alliances of, =1=, 169-70.
fleet of, =1=, 170-1.
opens a route to India, =1=, 170.
has roads built, =1=, 171-2.
officers of, =1=, 172.
prosperity under, =1=, 172.
receives the Queen of Sheba, =1=, 173.
permits idolatry, =1=, 175.
and Jeroboam, =1=, 175-6.
children of, =1=, 177.
death of, =1=, 177.
“Sefer Refuoth” attributed to, =2=, 29.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.

=Solomon=, brother of Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, Maimunist, =3=, 536.

=Solomon= (761-762), Exilarch, dies without issue, =3=, 128.

=Solomon= (Chasdaï?), made Exilarch by Mahomet Almustafi, =3=,
428, 438.
prevents a persecution of the Jews of the Abbasside Caliphate, =3=,
433.

=Solomon I=, prince of the Cairo Karaites, =3=, 444.

=Solomon=, prince of the Jews of Talmas, =3=, 437.

=Solomon the Egyptian=, physician to Emperor Emanuel, =3=, 425.

=Solomon of Lithuania.= _See_ Maimon, Solomon.

=Solomon (Shlomel) of Moravia=, devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 55.

=Solomon of Rohatyn=, Frankist, makes a Catholic confession of
faith, =5=, 285.

=Solomon of Tarascon=, obtains the abrogation of the law on Jew
badges, =3=, 612.

=Solomon de Vesoul=, receiver-general of France, =4=, 150.
robbed by a mob, =4=, 151.

=Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier=, Talmudist, disciple of Judah
Sir Leon, =3=, 409.
anti-Maimunist, =3=, 527.
literalness of, =3=, 527-8.
excommunicates the Maimunists, =3=, 528-9.
excommunicated, =3=, 530.
opposed by David Kimchi, =3=, 531.
aided by Nachmani, =3=, 536.
excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, =3=, 536-7.
renounced by the French rabbis, =3=, 539, 540-1.
refers the Maimunist controversy to the Dominicans, =3=, 542-3.
denounced for inviting Dominican interference, =3=, 543-4.
partisans of, punished, =3=, 544.
imitated by Abba-Mari, =4=, 32.

=Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret= (Rashba, 1245-1310), disciple of
Nachmani, =3=, 609.
character of, =3=, 618-19.
as Talmudist, =3=, 619-20.
as Kabbalist, =3=, 619.
authority of, =3=, 620, 621.
assists Maimonides’ grandson, =3=, 620.
refutes Raymund Martin, =3=, 623.
informed of the condemnation of the Eastern Anti-Maimunists, =3=,
634.
warns the Sicilian congregations against Abraham Abulafia, =4=, 7.
denounces the Messiah of Avila, =4=, 9.
in correspondence with Samuel Sulami, =4=, 26.
invited to oppose Levi of Villefranche, =4=, 28, 29.
appealed to by the Tibbonide party, =4=, 33.
refuses to prohibit the study of science without the co-operation
of twenty congregations, =4=, 34.
pronounces the ban on science, =4=, 38, 39-40.
tries to have the ban accepted beyond his own community, =4=, 40.
attacked by Yedaya Bedaresi, =4=, 42-4.
protests admiration for Maimonides, =4=, 44-5.
in correspondence with Eleazar ben Joseph, =4=, 49.
again interferes in the controversy on the study of science, =4=,
50.
death of, =4=, 51.
has Maimonides’ works translated into Hebrew, =4=, 60.
disciple of, =4=, 74, 147.

=Solomon ben Abraham Parchon=, disciple of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, teaches
Hebrew to the Italians, =3=, 423.

=Solomon ben Abraham Zarfati=, French Talmudist, on the Spanish
rabbis of the fourteenth century, =4=, 144, 162.

=Solomon ben Asher=, letter to, from Abraham Maimuni, =3=, 545.

=Solomon ben Jacob=, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna
commentary, =4=, 60.

=Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan=, virtues of, =3=, 384.

=Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi=, travels and learning of, =4=, 602-3.
employed as an agent by Mahomet Sokolli, =4=, 603.
brings about the election of Henry of Anjou as king of Poland, =4=,
605.
concludes peace between Turkey and Venice, =4=, 605-6, 608.
honors shown to, in Venice, =4=, 605-6.
secures the position of the Venetian Jews, =4=, 606-7.
supplants Joseph Nassi, =4=, 627.
as a diplomat, =4=, 628-9.
sons of, live in Venice, =4=, 629.
wife of, saves the sultan’s wife, =4=, 630.
supports Stephen Bathori as candidate for the Polish throne, =4=,
642.

=Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed=, poet and satirist, =4=, 182, 230.

=Solomon ben Yerucham= (Ruchaïm, 885-960), defends Karaism against
Saadiah, =3=, 191.
combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, =3=, 199.
makes propaganda for Karaism, =3=, 203.
commentaries of, =3=, 206.
hostile to philosophy, =3=, 206.
poetry of, =3=, 223.

=Solomon Ibn-Almuallem.= _See_ Abu Ayub.

=Solomon Ibn-Farussal=, diplomat in the employ of a Christian prince,
=3=, 312-13.

=Solomon Ibn-Gebirol= (Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya, Avicebron,
1021-1070), eulogizes Haï Gaon, =3=, 253.
protected by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260, 268.
and Ibn-Janach, =3=, 264.
early life of, =3=, 265.
Hebrew style of, =3=, 266.
immortalizes Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, =3=, 266.
writes a versified Hebrew grammar, =3=, 267.
writes a work on moral philosophy, =3=, 267-8.
banished from Saragossa, =3=, 268.
philosophy of, =3=, 269-71.
importance of, for European philosophy, =3=, 270.
philosophy of, foreign to Jewish thinkers, =3=, 270.
eulogy of, on Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 274.
death of, =3=, 280.
legend about, =3=, 281.
unhappiness of, =3=, 313.
poetic forms developed by, =3=, 317.
compared with Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 319.
works of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 397.
works of, interdicted by the Church, =3=, 503.
philosophy of, studied by Duns Scotus, =3=, 644.
marks the zenith of neo-Hebraic poetry, =4=, 67.
lyric and didactic poet, =5=, 112.

=Solomon Ibn-Sakbel=, poet, satirical romance by, =3=, 318.

=Solomon Ibn-Verga=, chronicler, =4=, 556.

=Solomon Alami=, on the degeneracy of fourteenth century Jews of
Spain, =4=, 154-5.
describes the misery of Castilian Jews under Juan II, =4=, 204.

=Solomon Alkabez=, poet, companion of Joseph Karo, =4=, 538.

=Solomon Dafiera=, neo-Hebraic poet, =4=, 230.

=Solomon Duran= (1400-1467), rabbi of Algiers, defends the
Talmud, =4=, 238.
son of, =4=, 390.

=Solomon Gracian=, opponent of the study of science, protests
admiration for Maimonides, =4=, 45.

=Solomon Kohen=, disciple of Maimonides, =3=, 461.

=Solomon Levi= of Burgos (Paul Burgensis, or de Santa Maria,
1351-1435), apostate, attainments and character of, =4=, 182-3.
renounced by his family, =4=, 183.
ordained as a Catholic priest, =4=, 183.
in favor with Benedict XIII, =4=, 184.
ecclesiastical offices of, =4=, 184, 190.
propagandist, =4=, 184-5.
satirizes Jewish customs, =4=, 185.
caluminates the Jews, =4=, 185-6.
controversies of, with Jews, =4=, 186-8.
prevails upon David Bonet to remain a Christian, =4=, 188.
privy councilor to Henry III, =4=, 190.
executor of Henry III’s will, =4=, 194.
in the council of regency for Juan II, =4=, 194, 195.
causes the death of Meïr Alguades, =4=, 195, 196.
issues an anti-Jewish edict, =4=, 203-4.
sons of, =4=, 216, 249-50.
propagandist for Christianity, =4=, 231-2.
writes a tract against Judaism, =4=, 233.
leaves the Marranos unconvinced, =4=, 256.
exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.

=Solomon Lurya= (1510-1573), Polish Talmudist, =4=, 634-7; =5=, 4.
critical ability of, =4=, 634-5.
aggressive nature of, =4=, 635-6.
admiration for, =4=, 636.
efforts of, to establish religious practice, =4=, 636.
as a grammarian, =4=, 637.
reproves Moses Isserles, =4=, 638.
authority of, =4=, 639.
disciples of, =4=, 639.

=Solomon Petit=, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist, =3=, 626.
threatened with excommunication, =3=, 627.
persuades rabbis of Europe to denounce Maimonides’ writings, =3=,
627.
fails in Italy, =3=, 627-8, 630.
has Maimonides’ writings excommunicated, =3=, 630, 631.
excommunicated by two Exilarchs, =3=, 632.

=Solomon Picho=, rabbi of Sepulveda, =4=, 278.

=Solomon Romano.= _See_ Baptista, John.

=Solomon Yizchaki= (Rashi, 1040-1105), parentage of, =3=, 282, 286.
studies Talmud at Mayence, Worms, and Speyer, =3=, 286.
early fame of, =3=, 286-7.
rabbi of Troyes, =3=, 287.
as teacher, =3=, 288.
clearness of, =3=, 288.
commentaries of, on the Talmud and the Bible, =3=, 288-9.
grammatical knowledge of, =3=, 289.
family of, his disciples, =3=, 289.
daughter of, =3=, 289.
on Kalonymos of Rome, =3=, 290.
protests against the unkind treatment of repentant apostates,
=3=, 308-9.
death of, =3=, 309.
legends about, =3=, 310.
influence of, =3=, 344.
supplements to the Talmud commentary by, =3=, 344.
sons and grandsons of, =3=, 345, 403.
commentary by, on Job completed, =3=, 346.
converted to rational exegesis, =3=, 288, 346.
works of, used by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.
praised by Nicholas de Lyra, =4=, 185, 442.
exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 442.
commentary of, published in Bomberg’s Bible, =4=, 476.

=Solyman I=, Turkish sultan, informed of the treachery of his
Egyptian viceroy, =4=, 395.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 401.
the Jews under, =4=, 402.
espouses the cause of Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 574-5.
patron of Joseph Nassi, =4=, 577, 594.
intercedes in behalf of Turkish Jews in Ancona, =4=, 578.
contemplates war with Spain, =4=, 594.
jealousy among the sons of, =4=, 594-5.
espouses Joseph Nassi’s cause against the French ambassador, =4=,
595.
gives Joseph Nassi a tract near the Sea of Tiberias, =4=, 596.
death of, =4=, 596.

=Son of God=, epithet adopted by Jesus, =2=, 159, 162, 163.

=Son of man=, epithet adopted by Jesus, =2=, 158.

=Soncin family=, the, of printers, =4=, 586.

=Soncino=, Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.

=Soncinus.= _See_ Cohen, Gershon.

“=Song of Deborah=, The,” celebrates the victory over Jabin, =1=, 61.

“=Song of Songs=, The,” a product of Greek influences, =1=, 430-1.
rebukes the evils of the times, =1=, 432.
holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion, =2=, 343-4.
commentary on, by Shemarya Ikriti, =4=, 70.

“=Songs= of Glory,” by Wessely, =5=, 404.

“=Songs= of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The,” by Steinheim, =5=,
603-4.

=Sopher=, keeper of the lists, =1=, 122, 305, 313, 314.

=Sopheric age=, the development of the Law in, =1=, 395-7.
the divine service in, =1=, 398-400.

=Sopherim= (Scribes), the, wise men, activity of, =1=, 396.
make a “fence” about the Law, =1=, 397.
new institutions of, =1=, 397-8.
divine service arranged by, =1=, 308-401.
prophetic writings collected by, =1=, 400.
traditional customs ascribed to, =2=, 19.
Hillel justifies the laws introduced by, =2=, 327.
as described by the Nazarenes, =2=, 372.

=Sophia=, Nathan Ghazati dies at, =5=, 161.

=Sophocles=, Judæan doctrines attributed to, =2=, 204.

=Sophronius=, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders the city to
Omar, =3=, 87.

=Sora=, a district of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 505.

=Sora= (Mata-Mechassia), frontier town of Babylonia in the most
limited sense, =2=, 504.
on the lake of Sora, =2=, 506.
honesty of the inhabitants of, =2=, 506.
assemblies at, =2=, 514-15.
Chasda’s school in, =2=, 553.
homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, =2=, 606-7.
center of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 607.
destroyed under Firuz, =2=, 629.
the Exilarch holds annual court at, =3=, 95.

=Sora, the academy of=, established by Abba-Areka, =2=, 513-14.
devotion of Rab to, =2=, 518.
superior to that of Nahardea, =2=, 522.
superior to the Palestinian academies, =2=, 532.
supremacy of, under Huna, =2=, 548.
method of, a continuation of that pursued in Judæa, =2=, 574-5.
numerical strength of, =2=, 576.
principals of, wealthy, =2=, 579-80.
decline of, =2=, 583.
prosperity of, under Ashi, =2=, 605.
rebuilt, =2=, 606.
closed under Hormisdas IV, =3=, 8.
re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, =3=, 9.
prosperity of, under Chosru II, =3=, 9-10.
principal of, receives the title Gaon, =3=, 90.
districts under the jurisdiction of, =3=, 98.
quarrels in, about the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, =3=,
156.
without a Gaon, =3=, 156-7.
decline of, in the ninth century, =3=, 183.
pays homage to David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 186.
rise of, in the tenth century, =3=, 186.
decadence of, =3=, 192.
Kohen-Zedek proposes to close, =3=, 192.
restored by David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 192.
raised by Saadiah, =3=, 193, 201.
members of, side with Saadiah, =3=, 195.
questions sent to, under Saadiah, =3=, 201.
decline of, after Saadiah’s death, =3=, 202.
abandoned by Joseph ben Satia, =3=, 202-3.
unsuccessful attempt to restore, =3=, 203, 208.
emissaries from, =3=, 208.
place of, taken by the Spanish schools, =3=, 236.
the last Gaon of, =3=, 253.
_See also_ Academies, the Babylonian.

=Sora, the academy of, the Gaon (principal) of=, of equal rank with
the Exilarch, =3=, 93.
deference paid to, =3=, 93.
privileges of, =3=, 93-4.
at the installation of a new Exilarch, =3=, 94.
pays homage to the Exilarch, =3=, 95.
rank of, =3=, 96.
appoints the judges of his district, =3=, 98.

=Sora, the academy of, Geonim of=, list of:
Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna,
Jacob ben Natronaï,
Joseph ben Satia,
Judah the Blind,
Mar-Amram ben Sheshna,
Nachshon ben Zadok,
Nathan ben Yehudaï (titular),
Natronaï II,
Saadiah ben Joseph,
Samuel ben Chofni,
Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob.

=Sora, the academy of, principals of=, list of:
Ashi, son of Simaï,
Chananya,
Chasda of Cafri,
Giza,
Huna,
Judah ben Ezekiel,
Mar bar Ashi,
Mar bar Huna,
Rabba bar Huna,
Rabina.

=Sora=, lake in the Euphrates, =2=, 506.

=Soranzo, Jacopo=, Venetian agent in Constantinople, procures the
revocation of the banishment of the Jews from Venice, =4=, 606.

=Soreg=, screen between the outer and the inner court of the second
Temple, =1=, 492.

=Sorai=, the cortes of, deprive the Jews of criminal jurisdiction,
=4=, 157.

=Sosius=, Antony’s general, sent to help Herod, =2=, 87.
invades Judæa, =2=, 88.
army of, ravages the Temple, =2=, 88.

=Sostrates=, officer of Antiochus Epiphanes, deposes Jason, =1=, 447.

=Soul=, the, theory of, in the Zohar, =4=, 16-18.

=Souls=, doctrine of, held by Isaac Lurya, =4=, 619-22.
transmigration of, explained by Isaac Lurya, =4=, 620.
impregnation of, =4=, 621.
sexes of, =4=, 621-2.

=Spain=, settlement of Jews in, =2=, 620; =3=, 42-3.
intermarriages between Jews and Christians in, =3=, 44.
Karaites spread to, in the tenth century, =3=, 207.
Talmud schools established in, =3=, 208, 210.
Moslem culture in, under the Ommiyyade Caliphs, =3=, 214.
the center of Judaism from the time of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=,
229.
split into parties in the twelfth century, =3=, 316.
characteristics of the rabbis of, in the age succeeding
Nachmani, =3=, 609.
Talmudists of, use the works of Maimonides, =3=, 624.
entirely Christian, =4=, 346.
effect of the Inquisition on, =4=, 356.
the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.
war with, contemplated by Solyman, =4=, 594.
rebellion against, in the Netherlands, =4=, 601.
condition of, at the accession of Philip III, =4=, 668.
autos-da-fé in, =5=, 91.
the Jews in, =5=, 727-8.

=Spain, the Jews of=, forbidden to trade with Christians, =2=, 620.
held in high esteem in the sixth century, =3=, 43-4.
well treated by the early Visigoths, =3=, 45.
defend the passes of the Pyrenees, =3=, 45.
orthodoxy of, under the Visigoths, =3=, 45.
under the Catholic Visigoths, =3=, 46-52.
under Reccared, =3=, 46-7.
under Sisebut, =3=, 47-9.
emigrate, =3=, 48-9, 51-2.
under Swintila, =3=, 49.
under Sisenand, =3=, 49-50.
refute Isidore of Seville, =3=, 50-1.
under Chintila, =3=, 51-2.
enthusiastic for science and culture, =3=, 214-15.
cultivate their own individuality, =3=, 215.
not permitted to hold offices under the Mahometans, =3=, 216-17.
the first persecution of, =3=, 279, 281.
as diplomats at Mahometan and Christian courts, =3=, 281-2, 291.
devote themselves to the study of the Talmud, =3=, 282.
culture of, in the first half of the twelfth century, =3=,
313, 317-18.
politics of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 317.
culture of, at its zenith, =3=, 343.
active in the struggle between the Christians and the Almohades,
=3=, 363.
history of, in Abraham Ibn-Daud’s work, =3=, 366.
struggle against Jew badges, =3=, 513.
Maimunists, =3=, 526-7, 536.
philosophical leanings of, =3=, 549.
higher culture of, in the thirteenth century, =3=, 615.
superior to the Jews of other countries, =3=, 618.
Castilians the leaders of, in the fourteenth century, =4=, 75.
neglect Jewish science, =4=, 86, 91.
charged with causing the Black Death, =4=, 101-2.
humiliated by the civil war between Pedro and Henry de Trastamare,
=4=, 126.
at the beginning of Henry II’s reign, =4=, 136.
intellectual decadence of, =4=, 143-4.
selfishness of, =4=, 153-5.
informers against, =4=, 155-6.
effect of persecution on, =4=, 166-7, 172-3.
persecution of, in 1391, =4=, 167-73.
existence of, endangered by the forced converts, =4=, 179, 180.
recognize Solomon Levi as their enemy, =4=, 185-6.
take refuge in northern Africa, =4=, 197-8.
crusade against, by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 202-3.
conversion of, planned by Benedict XIII, =4=, 206-7.
take refuge in Portugal, =4=, 218.
send delegates to Martin V, =4=, 219.
intellectual decadence of, in the fifteenth century, =4=,
228, 229-30.
hatred of, increases in the fifteenth century, =4=, 248.
the object of papal hatred, =4=, 254.
privileges of, abolished by Nicholas V, =4=, 254.
charged with child murder, =4=, 276.
measures proposed against, by Alfonso de Spina, =4=, 277.
and the Inquisition, =4=, 308.
intimate relations of, with the Marranos, =4=, 334-5.
amenities of the position of, under Ferdinand and Isabella, =4=,
336.
taxed for the war with Granada, =4=, 344.
expulsion of, decided on, =4=, 346.
proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8.
losses sustained by, on their expulsion, =4=, 349-50.
attempts to convert, after the promulgation of the edict, =4=, 350.
steadfastness of, =4=, 350-1.
solidarity of, =4=, 351.
settlement of, in Portugal, negotiated for, =4=, 352.
leave Spain, =4=, 352-3.
effect of the expulsion of, =4=, 353-4.
expulsion of, censured by European princes, =4=, 356.
last remnant of, banished, =5=, 169.
history of, by S. D. Luzzatto, =5=, 624, 625.
_See also under_ Aragon, Castile, etc.; Inquisition, the;
Marranos, the.

=Spain, Andalusian, the Jews of=, admitted to state offices under
Moslem rule, =3=, 234-5.
characteristics of, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, =3=,
235-6.
nobility of, =3=, 235-6.
position of, in foreign communities, =3=, 236.
heirs of Judæa, Babylonia, and northern Africa, =3=, 254.

=Spain, Christian=, divided against itself in the twelfth
century, =3=, 316.
the Jews in the kingdoms of, =3=, 383-4.

=Spain, Jewish=, importance of, =3=, 41-2.

=Spain, Jewish, center of=, at Cordova under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=,
217.
at Granada under Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 259.
at Seville under Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 284.

=Spain, Mahometan, the Jews of=, well treated, =3=, 110.
sympathize with the false Messiah Serene, =3=, 121.

=Spain, northern=, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, =3=,
322.
refuge of the Jews banished from England, =3=, 646.
taken by Henry de Trastamare, =4=, 124.

=Spain, northern, the Jews of=, exposed to persecution in the
fourteenth century, =4=, 53.
suffering of, during the Pastoureaux rising, =4=, 57.
institute fasts to avert the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 100.

=Spain, southern=, Judæans in, =2=, 203.

=Spain, southern, the Jews of=, devoted to science and poetry in the
eleventh century, =3=, 281, 289, 290.
intermarry with Christians and Mahometans, =3=, 527.

=Spain, Visigothic, the Jews of=, send names for mention at the
memorial services of the Babylonian academies, =3=, 101.
forcibly converted under Chintila, =3=, 101.
under Chindaswinth, =3=, 101-2.
forced to profess Christianity under Receswinth, =3=, 102-4.
revolt against Wamba, =3=, 104-5.
publish anti-Christian treatises, =3=, 105.
under Erwig, =3=, 106-7.
under Egica forbidden to possess real estate, =3=, 107-8.
conspire against the Visigothic empire, =3=, 108.
enslaved, =3=, 108.
aid Tarik against Spain, =3=, 109.
aid Muza Ibn-Nosair, =3=, 109.

=Spalding=, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on church discipline, =5=,
363.
translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” =5=, 404.

=Spanish America=, laws of Alfonso V in force in, =3=, 596.

=Spanish Caliphate=, the. _See_ Ommiyyades, the.

=Spanish exiles=, the, in Navarre, =4=, 357-8.
go to Italy, Africa, Turkey, =4=, 358, 383, 400.
in Naples, =4=, 358-61.
suffer from the plague in Naples, =4=, 359-60.
in Pisa, =4=, 360.
in Africa, =4=, 361-2.
sufferings of, =4=, 362, 383.
in Genoa, =4=, 362-3.
on the Greek islands, =4=, 363-4.
in Turkey, =4=, 364, 400-5.
in Portugal, =4=, 365-81.
permitted to settle in Portugal, =4=, 368.
leave Portugal, =4=, 369.
suffering of, on leaving Portugal, =4=, 369-70.
in Portugal sold as slaves, =4=, 371.
children of, sent to San Thomas, =4=, 371.
accept baptism under Manoel of Portugal, =4=, 378.
looked upon as the Jewish nobility, =4=, 382-3.
distinction of manner of, =4=, 387-8.
purity of language of, =4=, 388.
love of, for the Spanish, =4=, 388, 421.
superiority of, admitted by other Jews, =4=, 389.
prominence of, =4=, 389.
of distinction in Africa, =4=, 389-96.
religious severity of, =4=, 395.
in Palestine, =4=, 396-9.
in Syria, =4=, 399-400.
in Constantinople, split up into national groups, =4=, 402.
in Salonica, =4=, 404-5.
in Asia Minor, =4=, 405-6.
in Italy, =4=, 407-10.
do not settle in Germany, =4=, 413.
narrow-mindedness of, =4=, 479.
carry the Kabbala to Italy and Turkey, =4=, 481.

=Spanish language=, the, spoken by Sephardic Jews after their exile,
=4=, 387, 388, 421.

=Spanish poetry=, influenced by Judæo-Christian satirists, =4=, 181.

=Spanish preachers=, sermons of, pedantic, =4=, 478.

=Spanish satirists=, use Hebrew words, =4=, 181.

=Spanish translation= of the Bible, by Abraham Usque, =4=, 475.

=Speeth, John Peter= (Moses Germanus), becomes a Jew, =5=, 177, 178.
disproves the blood accusation, =5=, 178.

=Speyer=, Rashi studies Talmud at, =3=, 286.
the congregation of, one of the three oldest in Germany, =3=, 518.
decisions of, =4=, 135.
Reuchlin and Hoogstraten tried at, =4=, 454-5.

=Speyer, the Jews of=, kindly treated by Bishop Rüdiger, =3=,
297, 298.
defended by Bishop Johannsen, =3=, 300-1.
emigrate to Syria, =3=, 637.
persecuted on the charge of well poisoning, =4=, 107-8.

=Spina, Alfonso de.= _See_ Alfonso de Spina.

=Spinoza, Baruch= (1632-1677), pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud
Torah, =4=, 682.
fearlessness of, =5=, 86.
youth of, =5=, 87.
teachers of, =5=, 87.
companions of, =5=, 87-8.
studies the old Jewish philosophers, =5=, 88.
learns Latin, =5=, 88.
scientific pursuits of, =5=, 89.
scepticism of, =5=, 89-90.
renounces Judaism, =5=, 90.
tried by the rabbis, =5=, 92.
laid under the lesser ban, =5=, 93.
refuses the conditions of the rabbis, =5=, 93.
life of, attempted, =5=, 93-4.
leaves Amsterdam, =5=, 94.
laid under the greater ban, =5=, 94.
writes a pamphlet justifying himself, =5=, 95.
supports himself by polishing lenses, =5=, 95.
“The Theologico-Political Treatise” by, =5=, 95-107, 108.
finds the source of law in might, =5=, 96-7.
hostile to Jews and Judaism, =5=, 97-8, 101-3.
on God, =5=, 98-9.
on man, =5=, 99-100.
on knowledge, =5=, 100-1.
on Christianity, =5=, 102-3.
on the Jewish state, =5=, 103-7.
peaceableness of, =5=, 107, 109.
refuses a pension, =5=, 107.
refuses a professorship, =5=, 108.
publishes his “Treatise” anonymously, =5=, 108.
attack by, upon Judaism leaves the Amsterdam Marranos unaffected,
=5=, 117.
compared with Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 118.
on the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 138, 142.
letter to, on the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 139.
publishes his Ethics, =5=, 167.
death of, =5=, 167.
refuted by Isaac Orobio de Castro, =5=, 167.
influences Richard Simon, =5=, 178.
system of, repugnant to Mendelssohn, =5=, 299.

=Spinozism=, Lessing charged with, =5=, 372.

=Spira, Nathan=, Palestinian emissary at Reggio, =5=, 126.

“=Spirit of the Laws=,” by Montesquieu, =5=, 336.

=Sprinz, David=, rabbi of Nuremberg, defends Israel Bruna, =4=, 302.

=Stambuli, Aaron=, of Damascus, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 638.

=Stamford=, the Jews of, persecution of, =3=, 412.

=Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski=, of Poland, forbids the meeting of
the synod of the Four Countries, =5=, 387.

=Starodub=, the Jews of, massacred by Haidamaks, =5=, 10.

=States General=, the Dutch, forbids the sale of Spinoza’s “Treatise,”
=5=, 108.

=Stättigkeit.= _See_ Judenstättigkeit.

=Steel=, Lord Chief Baron, on the commission for the Jewish
question, =5=, 43.

=Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig= (1790-1866), physician, emphasizes the
mission of the Jew, =5=, 602-3.
first work by, =5=, 603-4.
deplores the estrangement of the Jews, =5=, 603-4.
second work by, =5=, 604-6.
contrasts heathenism and Judaism, =5=, 604-5.
keeps aloof from the Jewish community, =5=, 606.
externally faithful to Judaism, =5=, 607.
expounds Jewish religious philosophy, =5=, 699.

=Stephanus=, governor of Palæstina Prima, oppresses the Jews, =3=,
16.
killed by the Samaritans, =3=, 17.
widow of, reports his death at Constantinople, =3=, 17.

=Stephen=, of England, protects the Jews from the crusaders, =3=, 356.

=Stephen=, Greek Judæan, stoned for blasphemy, =2=, 221.

=Stern=, lecturer in Berlin, founds the Reform Association, =5=, 683.

=Stoic system=, the, and Meïr, =2=, 438.

=Strabo=, geographer, friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 179-80.

=Strasburg=, the Jews of, protected by the councilors during the
Black Death persecutions, =4=, 106.
the representatives of, plead the cause of the Benfelden
Jews, =4=, 107.
the Jews of, burnt, =4=, 108.
the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish
physicians, =4=, 692.
Jews under restrictions in, =5=, 349.
Jews not allowed to live in, =5=, 430.
Jews drawn to, by Cerf Berr, =5=, 431.
objects to the presence of Jews, =5=, 447, 476.
the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, =5=, 451.
culture of the Jews of, =5=, 476.
citizens of, prejudice Napoleon against the Jews, =5=, 476-7.

=Straton=, the tower of, scene of Antigonus’ murder, =2=, 38.
beautified by Herod, =2=, 106.
_See_ Cæsarea.

=Strauss, David=, predecessor of, =5=, 179.

=Streckfuss=, opponent of the Jews, =5=, 602.

“=Strengthening= of Faith, The,” by Isaac Troki, =4=, 648-9.

“=Stübel=,” the Zaddik’s room, =5=, 382.

=Sturm, Gosse=, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of
well poisoning, =4=, 106.
deposed, =4=, 108.

=Styria, the Jews of=, urged to emigrate to Turkey, =4=, 271-2.
expelled by Maximilian I, =4=, 427.

=Suabia, the Jews of=, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, =4=,
97.
during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
persecuted, =4=, 163.
expelled, =4=, 307, 413.
find a refuge in Poland, =4=, 420.

=Suabian League=, the, Reuchlin counselor of, =4=, 435.

=Suasso, Isaac= (Antonio), advances money to William III, of
England, =5=, 205.

=Suevi=, the, antagonistic to the Catholics, =3=, 44.

=Suger=, Abbot, prevents a persecution of the Jews of France, =3=,
351.

=Sulami, Samuel.= _See_ Samuel Sulami.

=Sulchat= (Solgat, Eski-Crimea), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle
in, =3=, 123.
a Karaite community in, in the ninth century, =3=, 182.
Karaite center, =4=, 71.

=Suleiman=, Barbary chieftain, takes Cordova, =3=, 255, 262.

=Suliman=, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, =3=, 110.
patron of learning, =3=, 110.

=Sullam, Jacob=, husband of Sarah, =5=, 69.

=Sullam, Sarah Copia= (1600-1641), poetess, education of, =5=, 69.
addresses Ansaldo Ceba, =5=, 69.
resists attempts to convert her, =5=, 69-70.
accused of denying the immortality of the soul, =5=, 70.
honored by Leo Modena, =5=, 70.

=Sully=, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, =3=, 356.

=Sulzer=, musician in Vienna, =5=, 581.

“=Summons=,” addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael
Berr, =5=, 460.

=Sumptuary laws=, against the Jews of Castile, =4=, 138-9, 203-4,
205-6, 275-6.

=Sunna=, Mahometan tradition, =3=, 110.

=Superstitious usages=, among Jews, =5=, 201-2.

=Surenhuysius, William=, translates the Mishna into Latin, =5=,
193-4.
enthusiasm of, for the Jews, =5=, 194.

=Suriel=, name of an angel, =1=, 403.

=Susa=, the goddess of love worshiped in, =1=, 408.
the inhabitants of, force Antiochus Epiphanes to retreat, =1=, 477.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 434-5.

=Susannah, the Book of=, translated into Greek, =2=, 359.
admitted into the canon by Christians, =2=, 488.

=Susiana=, Armenian Jews colonized in, by Shabur II, =2=, 591.

=Suson, Diego de=, Marrano, burnt at the stake, =4=, 317.

=Süsskind (Süzkint) of Trimberg=, minnesinger, poetry of, =3=, 420.

=Suwailim=, of Medina, harbors conspirators against Mahomet, =3=, 84.

=Sviatislav=, of Kief, drives the Chazars from their land, =3=, 222.

=Swaber, Peter=, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of
well poisoning, =4=, 106.
deposed, =4=, 108.

=Sweden=, the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.

=Swedes=, the, treat the Jews of Mayence well, =4=, 707.

=Swieden, van=, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 453-4.

=Swintila=, Visigothic king, repeals anti-Jewish laws, =3=, 49.
dethroned, =3=, 49.

=Switzerland=, the Black Death persecutions in, =4=, 103-5.
the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.
the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, =5=, 344.

=Sylvester=, bishop of Rome, asperses Judaism, =2=, 562.

=Symmachos=, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, =2=,
489.

=Symmachos ben Joseph=, disciple of Meïr, a sophist, =2=, 440.

=Synagogue poetry.= _See_ Liturgical poetry.

=Synagogues=, established in the Sopheric age, =1=, 401.
service at the, =1=, 401.
for foreigners in Jerusalem, =2=, 201.
desecration of, punished by the emperors, =2=, 193, 614, 616,
621-2.
turned into churches, =3=, 26; =4=, 196, 354.
destroyed under Hakim, =3=, 248.
the desecration of, forbidden by Martin V, =4=, 220.

=Synagogues, building of, forbidden= by Theodosius II, =2=,
617; =3=, 28.
by Justinian I, =3=, 10.
by Theodoric, =3=, 30.
by Gregory I, =3=, 34.
by Omar I, =3=, 87.
by Omar II, =3=, 120.
in England, =3=, 516.
by Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
in Hamburg, =4=, 688.

=Synagogues, noteworthy=, in Alexandria, =2=, 183.
in Cordova, =3=, 360.
in Toledo, =3=, 384; =4=, 119.
of Moses, =3=, 445.
on Mt. Zion, =4=, 273-4.
in Amsterdam, =4=, 667, 671, 678, 680; =5=, 166-7.
in Hamburg, =4=, 689, 691.

=Synagogues, private=, in Berlin, =5=, 191, 563.

=Synhedrion=, a, established in five towns of Judæa, =2=, 71.
at Nahar Pakod, =2=, 443-4.
the establishment of, a condition of the Messianic time, =4=, 530.
necessity for the establishment of, =4=, 530, 535.
importance of, =4=, 532.
the revival of, antagonized, =4=, 534-5.

=Synhedrion, the French=, the convening of, proposed by Napoleon, =5=,
493.
constitution of, similar to that of the ancient body, =5=, 493.
approved by the Assembly of Notables, =5=, 493.
composition of, =5=, 493.
proclaimed by the Assembly of Notables, =5=, 494.
creates interest in Europe, =5=, 494.
the assembling of, =5=, 495.
officers of, =5=, 495.
second sitting of, =5=, 496.
addresses and messengers to, =5=, 496.
powers and justification of, =5=, 496.
speeches delivered before, =5=, 497.
decisions of, =5=, 497.
action of, displeases Jews in general, =5=, 497.
dissolution of, =5=, 498.

=Synhedrion, the Great=, reorganized, =2=, 49, 50.
the traditional code introduced into, =2=, 50.
divorce law of, =2=, 50.
institutes the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple treasury, =2=,
52.
forbids the breeding of swine, =2=, 60.
under Aulus Gabinius, =2=, 71.
summons Herod to answer for the execution of Ezekias, =2=, 78.
discusses the Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath, =2=, 99.
tries and condemns Jesus, =2=, 163-4.
authority of, wanes under the Roman rule, =2=, 129.
under Gamaliel I, =2=, 192-3.
power of, diminished under Herod II, =2=, 198.
the legislative body for the dispersed Judæans, =2=, 201.
transferred from Jerusalem to Bethany, =2=, 239-40.
re-established after the defeat of Cestius, =2=, 268-9.
supremacy of, under Simon ben Gamaliel, =2=, 271.
decrees the deposition of Josephus, =2=, 281.
envoys of, deceived by Josephus, =2=, 282.
envoys of, sent back in chains, =2=, 283.
aid asked of, by Josephus against Vespasian, =2=, 286.
suspected of Roman proclivities, =2=, 293-4.
formed by the Zealots, =2=, 296.
ceases with the fall of Jerusalem, =2=, 322.
meetings of, interrupted after the fall of Bethar, =2=, 423.
seats of, after its dissolution at Usha, =2=, 452.
completeness of, at Sepphoris, =2=, 452.
invests Judah I with sovereign power, =2=, 452-3.
in Galilee, =2=, 458.
pronounces the Samaritans heathens, =2=, 534.
resolutions of, announced to distant communities, =2=, 535.
end of, under Constantius, =2=, 567.
members of, favor a fixed calendar, =2=, 573.
and the smaller in Babylonia, =3=, 96.
_See also_ Council, the Great, of Seventy.

=Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia=, established by Jochanan ben
Zakkai, =2=, 325.
called Beth-Din, =2=, 325.
tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, =2=, 337-8.
revises Gamaliel II’s laws, =2=, 342.
members of, =2=, 357.
supremacy of, =2=, 359, 360.
order of proceedings in, =2=, 361-2.
the unity in, admired by Peter, =2=, 367-8.
discusses the Jewish-Christians, =2=, 379-80.
destroyed by Lucius Quietus, =2=, 400.

=Synhedrion, the, of Usha=, ordinances of, =2=, 405.
provides against the spread of the worship of Jesus, =2=, 413.
dissension in, =2=, 444-6.
dissolved, =2=, 448.

=Synhedrion, the, presidents of=, the family of Bene Bathyra, =2=,
90.
the descendants of Hillel, =2=, 130.
reverence paid to, =2=, 360.
rights of, =2=, 360-1.
duties of, =2=, 361.
fix the calendar, =2=, 362-3.
_See_ Patriarchs, the.

=Synhedrion, the, presidents of=, list of:
Abtalion,
Gamaliel I,
Hillel,
Joshua ben Chananya,
Judah ben Tabbaï,
Menahem,
Shammai,
Shemaya,
Simon I,
Simon II,
Simon ben Shetach.
_See_ Patriarchs, the, list of.

=Synod of the Four Countries=, the. _See_ Four Countries,
the synod of.