Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (2)

=Alcimus= (Jakim), leader of the Hellenists, appointed high
priest, =1=, 482.
slays sixty Chassidim, =1=, 483.
attracts the Hellenists, =1=, 483.
fears Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 483.
appeals to Demetrius I, =1=, 484.
informs against Nicanor, =1=, 484.
withdraws from Jerusalem, =1=, 485.
takes possession of Jerusalem, =1=, 487.
has the “Soreg” destroyed, =1=, 492.
death of, =1=, 492, 508.

=Alcolea=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.

=Aldea de los Judios=, village given to Jewish soldiers, =3=, 592.

=Aldobrandini=, prevents the expulsion of the Ferrara Jews, =4=, 660.

=Aleman, Jochanan=, Kabbalist, teacher of Pico di Mirandola, =4=, 291.

=Alembert, d’=, approves of Pereira’s sign language, =5=, 343.

=Alenu prayer=, the, misrepresented by Pessach-Peter, =4=, 178.
attacked by Wülfer, =5=, 185.
denounced by apostates, =5=, 191.
exonerated by Michaelis, =5=, 191.
regulations concerning, =5=, 192.

=Aleppo= (Haleb), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.
Jehuda Ibn-Abbas settles at, =3=, 442.
the Jewish liturgy of, changed, =3=, 466.
taken by Hulagu, =3=, 606.
the battle of, gives Egypt to the Turks, =4=, 393.
Sabbataï Zevi in, =5=, 133.

=Alessandria=, the Jews of, in the sixteenth century, =4=, 653.

=Alexander III=, pope, convenes a Church Council, =3=, 376.
orders the enforcement of anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 400.
finances of, managed by a Jew, =3=, 421.

=Alexander VI= (Borgia), pope, and the Aragon Inquisition, =4=, 319.
banishes the Jews from Rome, =4=, 363.
the favor of, bought by the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 379.
friendly to the Jews, =4=, 407.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 407-8.
Reuchlin at the court of, =4=, 434.

=Alexander I=, of Judæa. _See_ Alexander Jannæus.

=Alexander II=, of Judæa, son of Aristobulus II, marries Hyrcanus II’
s daughter, =2=, 58.
seizes Jerusalem, =2=, 70.
has coins struck, =2=, 70.
subdued by Aulus Gabinius, =2=, 70-1.
rebels against Rome, =2=, 73.
beheaded, =2=, 75.

=Alexander the Great=, of Macedon, destroys the Persian empire, =1=,
412.
legends about, =1=, 412-13.
tolerance of, =1=, 413, 415.
favors the Judæans, =1=, 414-15, 418.
conquests of, =1=, 415.
confusion after the death of, =1=, 416.

=Alexander=, of Poland, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 419.

=Alexander I=, of Russia, inquires into the condition of the Jews,
=5=, 472-3.
enforces attendance at schools, =5=, 473.
and the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 525, 527.

=Alexander=, apostate, accuses Jews of blasphemy, =4=, 591.

=Alexander=, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, =2=, 112.
marriage of, =2=, 112.
executed, =2=, 113.

=Alexander=, Zealot leader, =2=, 238.
attacks the Samaritans of Acrabatene, =2=, 243.

=Alexander Balas=, pretender to the Syrian throne, ally of Jonathan
Haphus, =1=, 494, 496.
marriage of, =1=, 496.
death of, =1=, 496.
son of, on the throne, =1=, 497-8.

=Alexander (I) Jannæus= (105-79), third son of Hyrcanus I, =2=, 34.
banished to Galilee, =2=, 38-9.
favors the Pharisees, =2=, 39.
military character of, =2=, 39.
defeated by Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 40.
ally of Ptolemy VIII’s mother, =2=, 41.
takes Gaza, =2=, 41.
mediates between the Pharisees and Sadducees, =2=, 42.
sides with the Sadducees, =2=, 42-3.
refuses to offer the water libation, =2=, 43.
defeated by the Nabathæan king, =2=, 44.
Pharisees revolt against, =2=, 44.
defeated by Eucærus, =2=, 44.
forces Eucærus to retreat, =2=, 45.
crucifies eight hundred Pharisees, =2=, 45.
conquests of, =2=, 45-6.
coins of, =2=, 46.
builds fortresses, =2=, 46, 315.
end of, =2=, 47.
appoints his wife his successor, =2=, 47.
sons of, =2=, 47.
towns conquered by, declared free, =2=, 67.

=Alexander Lysimachus=, Alabarch of Alexandria, aids Agrippa I, =2=,
175-6, 181.
brother of Philo, =2=, 185.
released from prison, =2=, 190.
sons of, =2=, 198, 235.
descendant of, =2=, 395.

=Alexander Polyhistor=, writer friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 179.

=Alexander Severus= (222-235), emperor, friendly to Jews and Judaism,
=2=, 481-3.
and Judah II, =2=, 482.
presents a gold candlestick to a synagogue, =2=, 482.
taught Jewish customs by Romanus, =2=, 482.
anarchy after the death of, =2=, 486, 526.

=Alexander, Tiberius Julius.= _See_ Tiberius Julius Alexander.

=Alexander Zabina=, rival of Demetrius Nicator for the Syrian
throne, =2=, 6.
disputes the Syrian throne with Antiochus VIII, =2=, 6.
acknowledged king by Hyrcanus I, =2=, 6.
fall of, =2=, 7.

=Alexandra.= _See_ Salome Alexandra.

=Alexandra=, daughter of Aristobulus II, marries two princes of
Chalcis, =2=, 75.

=Alexandra=, daughter of Hyrcanus II, marries the son of Aristobulus
II, =2=, 58.
betroths her daughter Mariamne to Herod, =2=, 81.
obtains Mark Antony’s favor for her son, =2=, 91.
accuses Herod of her son’s murder, =2=, 92.
threatened with death, =2=, 93.
imprisoned, =2=, 94, 96.
death of, =2=, 105.

=Alexandria=, Judæans settle in, =1=, 418.
center of the Egyptian Judæans, =1=, 504-5.
busts of Caligula placed in the synagogues of, =2=, 182.
wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, =2=, 218.
study of the Law in, =2=, 359.
synagogue of, destroyed, =2=, 398.
Karaite community in, =3=, 182.
Jehuda Halevi at, =3=, 339-40.
Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, =4=, 388.
rabbis of, favor the establishment of schools, =5=, 663.
_See also under_ Egypt.

=Alexandria, the Jews of=, rebel against Trajan, =2=, 396.
punished by Martius Turbo, =2=, 398.
ill-treated by Cyril, =2=, 618-19.
receive fugitives from Palestine, =3=, 23.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 444.
object to Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, =3=, 472.
appeal to Mehmet Ali in the Damascus affair, =5=, 647.
rejoice over the release of the Damascus prisoners, =5=, 660.

=Alexandria, the Judæans of=, influence those of Jerusalem, =1=, 427.
occupy the Delta district, =1=, 504.
under Ptolemy VII, =1=, 519.
under Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 12.
well treated by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
unkindly treated by Cleopatra, =2=, 94.
antagonized by the Greeks, =2=, 178, 181.
conspiracies against, =2=, 181-2.
forced into the harbor, =2=, 182-3.
forced to worship Caligula’s statues, =2=, 183-4.
send envoys to Caligula, =2=, 186-7; =5=, 654.
well treated by Claudius, =2=, 190-1.
have a synagogue in Jerusalem, =2=, 201.
impregnated with Greek views, =2=, 208-9.
apostasy among, =2=, 209.
massacred, =2=, 263-4.
undisturbed by the Roman war, =2=, 313.
fugitive Zealots betrayed by, =2=, 317-18.
and the closing of the Temple of Onias, =2=, 322.

=Alexandrian school of philosophy.= _See_ Judæo-Alexandrian school.

=Alexandrion=, fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.
surrenders to Pompey, =2=, 64.
garrisoned by Aristobulus II, =2=, 73.
Mariamne confined in, =2=, 96.
fire signals on, =2=, 363.

=Alfachar.= _See_ Ibn-Alfachar.

=Alfadhel=, vizir of Saladin, employs Maimonides, =3=, 472-3, 489.
acquits Maimonides of apostasy, =3=, 474.

=Alfarda=, Strangers’ Tax, in Spain, =4=, 344.

=Alfassi.= _See_ Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

=Alfonsine Tables=, the, used by scientists, =4=, 367.

=Alfonso I=, of Aragon, conquers Saragossa, =3=, 316.

=Alfonso II=, of Aragon (1162-1196), the Jews under, =3=, 387-8.

=Alfonso VI=, of Castile, employs Jews on diplomatic missions,
=3=, 291-2.
the Jews under, =3=, 292-3.
admonished to dismiss Jews from state offices, =3=, 294.
conquers Toledo, =3=, 294.
opposed by a Mahometan league, =3=, 295-6.

=Alfonso VII Raimundez=, of Castile (1126-1157), rebels against his
parents, =3=, 316.
Jewish favorite of, =3=, 361.
death of, =3=, 363, 366.

=Alfonso VIII= (=III=), of Castile (the Noble, 1166-1214), minority
of, =3=, 363.
the Jews under, =3=, 384-7.
employs a Jew as ambassador, =3=, 385.
Jewish mistress of, =3=, 386.
assisted by the Toledo Jews against the Almohades, =3=, 386-7.
defeated at Alarcos, =3=, 387.
reproached for his humane treatment of the Jews, =3=, 499.
appeals to Innocent III against the Mahometans, =3=, 507.
protects the Jews of Toledo, =3=, 507.

=Alfonso X=, of Castile (the Wise, 1252-1284), the Jews under,
=3=, 592-6.
patron of learning, =3=, 592.
gives a village to his Jewish soldiers, =3=, 592.
and the Jews of Seville, =3=, 592-3.
employs Jews, =3=, 593-4, 615.
reproached by Nicholas III, =3=, 594, 615.
degrades the Jews, =3=, 594-5.
Jews in the code of, =3=, 595-6.
code of, in Spanish America, =3=, 596.
executes his Jewish Almoxarif, =3=, 616.
imprisons the Jews, =3=, 616.
son of, rebels, =3=, 616.
death of, =3=, 616.
anti-Jewish statutes of, revived, =4=, 194-5.

=Alfonso XI=, of Castile (1325-1380), the Jews prosperous under, =4=,
52, 75-6.
Jewish favorites of, =4=, 79-80.
petitioned against usury, =4=, 80.
makes a Jew farmer of revenues, =4=, 80.
Jews accused before, =4=, 83.
accuses Gonzalo Martinez of treason, =4=, 85.
besieges Valencia, =4=, 86.
death of, =4=, 113.
bastard sons of, oppose Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 113.
wife of, =4=, 114.
law of, renewed, =4=, 193.

=Alfonso II=, of Ferrara, death of, =4=, 660.

=Alfonso IX=, of Leon, does not compel the Jews to wear a
badge, =3=, 513.

=Alfonso II=, of Naples, patron of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 360, 383-4.

=Alfonso III=, of Portugal (1248-1279), the Jews under, =3=, 618.

=Alfonso V=, of Portugal, takes Jews captive at Arzilla, =4=,
286-7, 339.
employs Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 337-8.
prosperity of the Jews under, =4=, 338-9.
code of, =4=, 339.
Jewish favorites of, =4=, 339.
death of, =4=, 340.

=Alfonso=, brother of Henry IV, of Castile, crowned, =4=, 278.
death of, =4=, 279.

=Alfonso=, duke of Poitou, employs a Jewish oculist, =3=, 583.

=Alfonso=, Infante of Portugal, releases Marranos, =4=, 517.

=Alfonso of Aragon=, archbishop, protects Marranos, =4=, 330.

=Alfonso de Cartagena=, influences Eugenius IV against the Jews,
=4=, 249-50.

=Alfonso de Spina=, Franciscan, attacks the Spanish Jews, =4=, 276.
confessor of Alvaro de Luna, =4=, 271.
writes a work against the Jews, =4=, 277.
anti-Jewish work by, reprinted, =4=, 415.

=Alfonso of Valladolid.= _See_ Alfonso Burgensis.

=Alfonso Burgensis= (Abner of Burgos, Alfonso of Valladolid,
1270-1346), apostate, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 81, 342.
infidel, =4=, 81-2.
sacristan, =4=, 82.
attacks the Jews in Hebrew, =4=, 82.
reply to, by Isaac Pulgar, =4=, 82.
accuses the Jews before Alfonso XI, =4=, 83.
disciple of, =4=, 141-2.
work of, refuted, =4=, 143.
charges of, repeated, =4=, 213.

=Algazi, Moses Joseph=, rabbi of Cairo, seconds Munk’s efforts to
establish schools, =5=, 664.

=Algazi, Solomon=, opposes the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 144.

=Alghazali=, mystic philosopher, Mahometan, =3=, 273, 357.

=Algiers=, refuge for the Jews of Spain, =4=, 197.
tax imposed on Marrano fugitives in, =4=, 199.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361, 390-1.

=Alguades, Meïr.= _See_ Meïr Alguades.

=Alhakem=, Ommiyyade caliph, employs Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=,
222, 227.
obtains an Arabic translation of the Mishna, =3=, 237.
appealed to in behalf of Chanoch ben Moses, =3=, 238.
appealed to by Joseph Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238.
death of, =3=, 239.
founds a medical school at Cordova, =3=, 261.

=Ali=, Mahomet’s general, defeats Marhab, =3=, 82.
the Judæo-Babylonian community under, =3=, 90.
the candidate of a party, =3=, 90.
aided by Jews and Christians, =3=, 90.
house of, and the Ommiyyades, =3=, 92.

=Ali= (1106-1143), the second Almoravide ruler, the Jews under, =3=,
312.

=Ali Ibn-Isa=, vizir of Abradhi, favors Saadiah, =3=, 200.

=Ali Ibn-Rahmadan=, mathematician, and Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 76.

=Ali Halevi=, Gaon of Bagdad, =3=, 429.
son of, =3=, 438.

=Ali Ikbal Addaula=, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, =3=, 273.

=Alice of Montmorency=, persecutes the Toulouse Jews, =3=, 514.

=Alkabez.= _See_ Solomon Alkabez.

=Alkadir=, caliph of the East, Sherira arraigned before, =3=, 233-4.

=Alkalaï.= _See_ Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

=Alkamel=, sultan, employs a Jewish physician, =3=, 495.

=Alkuti= (Chepez), Jewish philosopher, sayings of, used by
Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.

=Allatif.= _See_ Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif.

=Allebrandus=, bishop of Worms, protects the Jews, =3=, 301-2.
offers the Jews baptism, =3=, 302.

=Allegorical= poems in Hebrew literature, =1=, 158-9.

=Allegorists=, the, Alexandrian Jewish school of Scripture
interpreters, =2=, 208-9, 329.
Philo among, =2=, 210.
misrepresentations of, accentuate the legal side of Judaism, =2=,
471.
compared with the Mutazilists, =3=, 147.

=Allegorization=, the, of the Scriptures by the mystics and the
philosophers, =4=, 23-4.

“=Alliance Israélite Universelle=,” the outgrowth of Crémieux’s
activity in the East, =5=, 664.
founders of, =5=, 701.

=Alliances, Jewish=, value of, =5=, 704. _See_:
Alliance Israélite Universelle,
Anglo-Jewish Association,
Israelitische Allianz,
Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

=Allorqui.= _See_ Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

“=Al-Luma’, Rikmah=,” grammar and exegesis by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 263.

=Almagest=, the, translated into Arabic, =3=, 146.

=Almaida, Manuela Nuñez da=, poetess, =5=, 203.

=Almalek Alashraf=, Egyptian sultan, besieges Accho, =3=, 650.

=Almamun.= _See_ Abdallah Almamun.

“=Almansor=,” dramatic poem by Heine, =5=, 548-9.

=Almanzi=, Italian Jewish scholar, =5=, 622.

=Almeida, Lopes de=, Portuguese ambassador to Sixtus IV, =4=, 340.

=Almeirin=, residence of the Portuguese king, =4=, 493.

=Almeria=, captured by the Almohades, =3=, 448.

=Almohades= (Almovachides, Unitarians), the, a Mahometan sect, =3=,
358.
under Abdulmumen, =3=, 358-9.
take Andalusia, =3=, 360-1.
persecute the Spanish Jews, =3=, 360-2.
irruptions of, into Christian territory, =3=, 363.
drive the Jews from Andalusia, =3=, 384.
attack Castile, =3=, 386-7.
drive the Jews from Ceuta, =3=, 424.
drive the Ibn-Abbas to Asia, =3=, 442.
capture Cordova, =3=, 447-8.
capture Almeria, =3=, 448.
Jewish fugitives from, received in Sicily, =3=, 569.

=Almoravides=, the, the Jews well treated by, =3=, 296, 311-13.
attack the Arabs of Andalusia, =3=, 316.
rebellion against, =3=, 357.
dynasty of, destroyed by Abdulmumen, =3=, 358.

=Almosnino.= _See_ Moses Almosnino.

=Almotassem=, of Almeria, invades Granada, =3=, 278.

=Almovachides=, the. _See_ Almohades, the.

=Almoxarif=, treasurer in Castile, =3=, 593; =4=, 75, 79,
138, 160, 169.
Jews excluded from the position of, =4=, 158.

=Alms-giving=, in Judæa after Ezra and Nehemiah, =1=, 393-4.

=Al-Muktadir= (908-932), caliph of the East, banishes Mar-Ukba,
=3=, 184.
restores the Exilarch to office, =3=, 185.
appealed to by the partisans of Saadiah and of David ben Zaccaï,
=3=, 195-6.
death of, =3=, 196.

=Al-muktadir Billah=, king of Saragossa, patron of Abu Fadhl
Chasdaï, =3=, 280.

=Almustadhi=, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, =3=, 438.

=Almustanjid=, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, =3=, 438.

=Al-Mutadhid= (892-902), caliph of the East, the Jews under, =3=, 183.

=Al-Mutamed Ibn-Abbad= (Abulkassim Mahomet), king of Seville, patron
of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 283, 284.
ally of Alfonso VI of Castile, =3=, 294.
kills Alfonso’s ambassador, =3=, 295.
joins the Mahometan league against Alfonso, =3=, 295-6.

=Al-Mutavakkil= (849-856), caliph of the East, re-enacts Omar’s laws
against the Jews, =3=, 176-7.

=Almuthadid=, king of Seville, receives Jewish fugitives kindly,
=3=, 279-80.

=Alnakvah family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 235.

=Alnasir Ledin Allah=, Abbasside caliph, patron of David of
Mosul, =3=, 506.

=Alphabet=, the Phœnician, adopted by other nations, =1=, 3.
the Assyrian, adopted by the Judæans, =1=, 395-6.

=Alroy=, or Alrui. _See_ David Alrui.

=Alsace, the Jews of=, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, =4=,
97.
declared outlaws, =4=, 107.
abasement of, =5=, 347-8.
taxes paid by, =5=, 348, 446.
forced into usury, =5=, 349.
blackmail levied on, =5=, 349.
receipts from, forged, =5=, 350.
protected by Louis XVI, =5=, 350-1.
memorialize the crown, =5=, 351, 352.
Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation among, =5=, 430.
petition for alleviation of burdens, =5=, 431.
complaints of and charges against, =5=, 434.
number of, =5=, 435.
complain to the National Assembly, =5=, 436.
attacked, =5=, 437, 524, 542.
appeal to Grégoire, =5=, 437.
exposed to attack, =5=, 440.
emancipation of, opposed, =5=, 441, 447.
under special protection, =5=, 446.
relieved of taxes, =5=, 446.
occupations of, =5=, 475-6.
in danger of massacre, =5=, 477.
equality of, restored, =5=, 525.

=Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk=, poet, on Maimonides, =3=, 473.

=Al Tanchik=, by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 263.

=Altiflisi.= _See_ Abu-Amran Moses.

=Altona=, the Jewish cemetery at, =4=, 688.
Judah Chassid in, =5=, 213.
printing press in, =5=, 255.

=Altona, the council of=, espouses Eibeschütz’s cause, =5=, 264-5.
punished for its treatment of Jacob Emden, =5=, 265.
urges Eibeschütz to submit to a rabbinical court, =5=, 268.

=Altona-Hamburg=, the rabbis of, and Moses Meïr Kamenker, =5=, 230.

=Alva, the duke of=, barbarity of, =4=, 601.
and the Jews, =4=, 662.

=Alvalensi.= _See_ Samuel Alvalensi.

=Alvarez, Alfonso=, de Villasandino, Spanish satirist, =4=, 181.

=Alvernes de Gras.= _See_ Suasso, Isaac.

=Alypius=, of Antioch, oversees the rebuilding of the Temple, =2=,
599, 600.

=Amadeus=, duke of Savoy, imprisons Jews on account of the Black
Death, =4=, 103-4.

=Amadia=, birthplace of David Alrui, =3=, 430, 431, 432.

=Amalarich of Bena=, philosopher, disciples of, burnt, =3=, 503.

=Amalasuntha=, daughter of Theodoric, =3=, 31.

=Amalekites=, the, dwell with the tribe of Judah, =1=, 39.
war of, with Saul, =1=, 91-2.
burn Ziklag, =1=, 106-7.

=Amali=, the, a Gothic family, =3=, 27.

=Amalrich of Jerusalem=, campaign of, =3=, 444.

=Amantius=, governor of the East, punishes rioters, =3=, 17.

=Amasa=, cousin of David, joins Absalom, =1=, 139.
lacks military genius, =1=, 143.
influences the men of Judah, =1=, 146.
commander against Sheba, =1=, 148.
killed by Joab, =1=, 149.

=Amasia= (Amazia), the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.
the Jews of, accused of murder, =4=, 553.

=Amasis=, reigns over Egypt, =1=, 327.
opponent of Cyrus, =1=, 343.

=Amatus (Chabib) Lusitanus= (João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco),
physician, =4=, 569-70.
medical works by, =4=, 570.
in Salonica, =4=, 580.
death of, =4=, 610.

=Amaziah=, of Judah, reconquers Edom, =1=, 222-3.
respects the Law, =1=, 223.
at war with Jehoash of Israel, =1=, 224-5.
taken prisoner, =1=, 225.
conspiracy against, =1=, 226.
murder of, =1=, 226.
interred in Jerusalem, =1=, 228.

=Amaziah=, high priest of the bull-worship under Jeroboam
II, =1=, 233.
opposes Amos, =1=, 236-7.

=Ambivius, Marcus=, second procurator of Judæa, =2=, 135.

=Ambrosius of Milan=, bishop, incites persecutions of Arians and Jews,
=2=, 612-13.
rebukes mild treatment of Jews, =2=, 614.
accuses the Jews, =2=, 614.

=Amemar= (390-420), Amora, opens an academy at Nahardea, =2=, 606.
subordinates himself to Ashi, =2=, 606.
at the court of Jezdijird, =2=, 610.

=Amemar bar Mar-Janka= (469-70?), Amora, executed, =2=, 629.

=Am-ha-Arez=, the ignorant, addressed by Jesus, =2=, 152.

=Ami=, Amora, defends a political offender, =2=, 529-30.
subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, =2=, 531, 537.
investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, =2=, 532.
investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534.
appeals to Abbahu, =2=, 538.
meets the corpse of Huna, =2=, 548.
disciples of, =2=, 560.

=Amigo, Abraham=, Talmudist and Kabbalist, =5=, 126.

=Ammon=, an Egyptian god, =1=, 9.

=Ammonite district=, the, governed by Aretas, =1=, 447.

=Ammonites=, the, idolatry of, =1=, 55.
attack Ephraim and Judah, =1=, 64.
defeated by Jephthah, =1=, 64-5.
invade the territory of Gad and Manasseh, =1=, 80.
besiege Jabesh-Gilead, =1=, 89-90.
at war with David, =1=, 126-7.
subdued by David, =1=, 128-9.
declared bondmen by Solomon, =1=, 163.
attracted to Palestine, =1=, 173.
regain independence, =1=, 185.
urge Zedekiah to revolt, =1=, 310.
in friendly relations with the Judæans, =1=, 362.
hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasion, =1=, 474.
defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474.
as proselytes, =2=, 343, 383-4.

=Amnon=, eldest son of David, killed, =1=, 134.

=Amolo=, bishop of Lyons, adversary of the Jews, =3=, 171, 172-3.

=Amon=, of Judah, idolatry under, =1=, 285-6.
murdered, =1=, 286.

=Amoraim=, the, connection of, with the Tanaites, =2=, 479.
expounders of the Mishna, =2=, 489.
compared with the Tanaites, =2=, 490, 590.
decisions of, =2=, 515.
of Galilee, methods of, =2=, 557.
last, in Judæa, compile the Jerusalem Talmud, =2=, 612.
Babylonian, create Talmudic dialectics, =2=, 635.
loss of creative power in the disciples of (_See_ Sabureans,
the), =3=, 5.
_See also_ Law, the, the teachers of.

=Amoraim=, the, list of:
Abayi Nachmani,
Abba of Accho,
Abba bar Abba,
Abba Areka (Rab),
Abbahu,
Abin,
Acha of Diphta,
Acha ben Jacob,
Achaï bar Huna,
Ada,
Amemar,
Amemar bar Mar-Janka,
Ami,
Ashi, son of Simaï,
Assi,
Chaggai,
Chama of Nahardea,
Chananya,
Chanina bar Chama,
Chasda of Cafri,
Chiskiya ben Chiya,
Chiya bar Abba,
Chiya bar Abba-Areka,
Dimé,
Huna,
Huna ben Chiya,
Huna ben Joshua,
Isaac bar Joseph,
Jannaï,
Jeremiah,
Jochanan bar Moryah,
Jochanan bar Napacha,
Jonah II,
Jonathan ben Amram,
José (Babylonian),
José (Palestinian),
Joseph ben Chiya,
Joshua ben Levi,
Judah II,
Judah III,
Judah ben Chiya,
Judah ben Ezekiel,
Kama,
Levi bar Sissi,
Mar bar Ashi,
Mar-Sheshet,
Mar-Ukban,
Mar-Zutra,
Meshershaya bar Pacod,
Nachman ben Isaac,
Nachman ben Jacob,
Papa bar Chanan,
Raba bar Joseph bar Chama,
Rabba bar Abbahu,
Rabba bar Chana,
Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba),
Rabba bar Matana,
Rabba bar Nachmani,
Rabina,
Samuel,
Samuel (Arioch),
Samuel bar Bun,
Samuel bar Judah,
Shila,
Simaï bar Ashi,
Simlaï,
Simon bar Abba,
Simon bar Kappara,
Simon ben Lakish,
Tanchuma bar Abba,
Ulla,
Ushaya the Elder,
Ushaya the Younger,
Zeïra.

=Amorites=, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
defeat the tribe of Dan, =1=, 39.

=Amos=, prophet, depicts the debauchery in Israel, =1=, 234.
beauty of the prophecies of, =1=, 235-6.
intrepidity of, =1=, 237.
prophesies concerning Judah, =1=, 237.
prophesies concerning Israel, =1=, 247.

=Amram.= _See_ Mar-Amram ben Sheshna.

=Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib=, physician and secretary to Alfonso VI
of Castile, =3=, 292.
ambassador to Seville, =3=, 295.

=Amram Efrati=, rabbi of Valencia, =4=, 162.

=Amru=, king of Yemen, =3=, 64.

=Amschel=, promotes the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, =5=, 505.

=Amschel=, Talmudist, opponent of Israel Bruna, =4=, 302.

=Amsterdam=, the first Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 665-75.
the first synagogue in, =4=, 667.
the second synagogue in, =4=, 671.
Hebrew printing press in, =4=, 675.
called new Jerusalem, =4=, 676.
the first synagogue of, honored, =4=, 678.
third synagogue of, =4=, 680.
German Jews settle in, =4=, 680-1.
union of the Portuguese congregations of, =4=, 681.
Jewish school in, =4=, 681-2.
Polish-Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
the synagogue of, visited by an English ambassador, =5=, 33-4.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 79.
the secular authorities of, and Spinoza, =5=, 95.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 139, 150.
stagnation of the trade of, =5=, 149.
new synagogue at, =5=, 166-7.
Chayon at, =5=, 220.
repudiates Chayon, =5=, 231.
Luzzatto at, =5=, 242.
split in the Jewish community of, =5=, 457-8.
the German rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
rabbinical college at, =5=, 700.

=Amsterdam, the Jews of=, religious government of, =4=, 684-5.
influence of, =4=, 685.
branches of, =4=, 685, 693; =5=, 50.
desirous of settling in England, =5=, 18.
mourn for Isaac de Castro-Tartas, =5=, 32.
alarmed at Spinoza’s scepticism, =5=, 90-1, 92.
try Spinoza, =5=, 92.
lay him under the lesser ban, =5=, 93.
lay him under the greater ban, =5=, 94.
culture of, =5=, 109.
and Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 155.
warned against Sabbatian emissaries, =5=, 220.
marriages of, =5=, 453.
oppose their own emancipation, =5=, 454, 457.
number of, =5=, 455.
send messengers to the French Synhedrion, =5=, 496.

=Amsterdam, the Portuguese Jews (Marranos) of=, disturbed in their
religious exercises, =4=, 666.
pay a tax on corpses, =4=, 673.
intolerant treatment of, =4=, 673.
culture of, =4=, 674, 677-8.
invited to settle in Denmark, =4=, 675.
early in the seventeenth century, =4=, 677.
wealth of, =4=, 677; =5=, 205.
devotion of, to Judaism, =4=, 678-9.
found benevolent institutions, =4=, 679.
morality of, =4=, 679-80.
espouse Chayon’s cause, =5=, 223, 225.
abuse Chacham Zevi, =5=, 224.
urged to oppose Chayon, =5=, 225.
Chacham Zevi summoned before the council of, =5=, 226.
send Chayon to the East, =5=, 227.
hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, =5=, 264.

=Amsterdam, the rabbis of=, mediocrity of, =4=, 682.
Poles, =5=, 17, 206.
try Spinoza, =5=, 92-4.
sentence Moses Meïr Kamenker, =5=, 230.

=Anabaptists=, the, enthusiasm of, =4=, 470.

=Anahita= (Anaitis), Persian goddess of love, =1=, 408.

=Anakim=, the aboriginal inhabitants of Canaan, =1=, 2.

=Anan= (Seth), a family of high priests, =2=, 237.

=Anan=, governor of the Temple, envoy to Rome, =2=, 244.

=Anan= (Ananias, son of Eleazar?) of the family of Anan, high priest
under Agrippa II, =2=, 236.
favors Sadducæism, =2=, 248, 271.
dismissed, =2=, 248-9.
house of, burnt, =2=, 260.
important post of, =2=, 271.
supports the charges against Josephus, =2=, 281.
incites a civil war, =2=, 295.
party of, overpowered, =2=, 295-6.
executed, =2=, 296.

=Anan=, of the family of Seth, high priest, =2=, 135.

=Anan ben David=, aspirant to the Exilarchate, =3=, 128.
opponents and adherents of, =3=, 129.
imprisoned, =3=, 129.
permitted to emigrate, =3=, 130.
opposes the Talmud, =3=, 130; =5=, 727.
works of, =3=, 131.
uses Mishnic rules of interpretation, =3=, 131.
abolishes the fixed calendar, =3=, 131.
rigor of, =3=, 132-3.
exegesis by, =3=, 133.
accepts Jesus and Mahomet, =3=, 133-4.
excommunicated, =3=, 134.
the Exilarch of the Karaites, =3=, 135.
memorial service for, =3=, 135.
mediocrity of, =3=, 135.
son of, his successor, =3=, 136.
characterized by Saadiah, =3=, 189.
descendants of, =3=, 444.

=Anan ben Jonathan=, advises the surrender of Jerusalem, =2=, 265.

=Ananel=, high priest, appointed by Herod, =2=, 90.
deposed, =2=, 91.
re-appointed, =2=, 92.
successor to, =2=, 107.

=Ananel di Foligno=, apostate, denounces the Talmud, =4=, 564.

=Anania=, merchant, converts Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 216.

=Anania=, physician to Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 217.

=Ananias=, high priest. _See_ Anan of the family of Anan.

=Ananias=, son of Onias IV, Egyptian general, sides with Cleopatra,
=2=, 10, 12.
prevents an invasion of Judæa, =2=, 41.

=Ananites=, the, appeal to the caliph, =3=, 129.
exiles, =3=, 134.
differ with their founder on various points, =3=, 136.
_See_ Karaites, the.

=Anastasius=, the Sinaite, Patriarch at Antioch, killed by the
Jews, =3=, 18.

=Anathoth=, birthplace of Jeremiah, =1=, 289, 290.

=Anatoli, Jacob.= _See_ Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli.

=Anavim=, the (the Gentle), disciples of Isaiah, =1=, 254.
and Hezekiah, =1=, 267.
sufferings of, under Manasseh, =1=, 283-4.
spread the doctrines of God, =1=, 286.
nucleus of a nationalistic party in Babylonia, =1=, 337-8.

=Anbar.= _See_ Firuz-Shabur.

=Ancona=, Marranos permitted to settle in, =4=, 408, 500.
Solomon Molcho at, =4=, 501.
Marranos well treated in, =4=, 525, 526.
refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, =4=, 544.
trade of, diverted to Pesaro, =4=, 579, 580.
Jews of, try to regain their trade, =4=, 579.
Jews permitted to remain in, on their expulsion from the Papal
States, =4=, 591, 659.

=Ancona, the Marranos of=, protected by three popes, =4=, 568.
persecuted by Paul IV, =4=, 568-9.
tried by the Inquisition, =4=, 570-1.

=Andalusia=, broken up into small kingdoms, =3=, 255.
Berbers and Arabs at war in, =3=, 316.
conquered by the Almohades, =3=, 360.
Jews driven from, =3=, 384.
invaded by the Almohades, =3=, 506-7.
taxation of the Jews of, =3=, 617.
the Marranos of, taught by Jews, =4=, 334-5.
expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, =4=, 336.
_See also under_ Spain; Spain, Visigothic.

=Andalusian school=, the, of Jewish poetry, =3=, 223-4.

=Andrade, Abraham=, rabbi, deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables,
=5=, 484, 490.

=Andreas=, of Hungary, excommunicated for employing Jews, =3=, 521.

=Andreas Beltran=, Marrano, denounces the Talmud, =4=, 213.

=Andreias= (Lucuas), leader of the Jews of Cyrene, =2=, 395.

=Andrew=, disciple of Jesus, =3=, 153.

=Andro=, Joseph Nassi duke of, =4=, 596.

=Andromachos=, governor of Cœlesyria, killed by the Samaritans, =1=,
414.

=Andronicus=, lieutenant of Antiochus Epiphanes, murders Onias
III, =1=, 448.

=Andronicus=, son of Messalam, Judæan champion, =1=, 516.

=Angels=, imported into Judaism, =1=, 403.

=Angiel=, one of the Sefiroth, =4=, 17.

“=Anglo-Jewish Association=,” the, founders and work of, =5=, 703.

=Angoulême=, the Jews of, maltreated, =3=, 570.

=Angro-Mainyus=, Persian god of darkness, and Judaism, =1=, 402.
transformed into Satan, =1=, 403.

=Anilaï= (Chanilai), robber chieftain, =2=, 202.

=Anjou=, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Anjou, the Jews of=, observe a fast, =3=, 380.
under Henry II, =3=, 409.
maltreated, =3=, 570.

=Anna=, wife of Joceus of York, death of, =3=, 415.

“=Annals of Persecution, The=,” by Joseph Cohen, =4=, 590.

“=Annals of the Kings= of France and of the house of Othman, The,” by
Joseph Cohen, =4=, 556.

=Ano=, wife of Jeroboam I, =1=, 184.

=Ansar=, allies of Mahomet, =3=, 73.

=Anteri, Jacob=, rabbi of Damascus, charged with ritual murder, =5=,
638.
translates Talmud passages, =5=, 640.

=Anthropomorphists=, literalist expounders of the Koran, =3=, 148.
among the Jews, =3=, 152.

=Antigonus=, Macedonian general, and Ptolemy I, =1=, 417.

=Antigonus of Soho=, disciple of Simon the Just, saying of, =1=, 422.

=Antigonus=, son of Aristobulus II, graces Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67.
escapes from Rome, =2=, 72.
second captivity of, =2=, 73.
protected by Ptolemy of Chalcis, =2=, 75.
seeks the aid of Cæsar, =2=, 75-6.
plots against Herod, =2=, 80-1.
king of Judæa, =2=, 82-3.
has coins struck, =2=, 83.
character of, =2=, 85.
dissension between, and the Synhedrists, =2=, 85-6.
declared an enemy of Rome, =2=, 86.
beheaded, =2=, 89.
sister of, =2=, 94.

=Antigonus=, son of John Hyrcanus, besieges Samaria, =2=, 10.
alleged murder of, =2=, 36-7.
campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, =2=, 37.
death of, =2=, 38.

=Anti-Maimunists=, the, opponents of Moses ben Maimun, =3=, 523-4.
led by Solomon ben Abraham, =3=, 527.
excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, =3=, 537.
invite the Dominicans into the controversy, =3=, 542-3.
subdued by the burning of the Talmud, =3=, 579-80.
of Palestine, excommunicated, =3=, 632-3.
_See also under_ Maimunist controversy, the; Maimunists, the.

=Anti-Maimunists=, list of:
Daniel ben Saadiah,
David ben Saul,
Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar,
Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder),
Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,
Moses ben Chasdaï Taku,
Moses ben Nachman,
Samson ben Abraham,
Solomon ben Abraham,
Solomon Petit,
Tossafists, the, of northern France, =3=, 529.

=Antioch=, Judæans settle in, =1=, 419.
gladiatorial combats introduced in, =1=, 444.
partly destroyed by Judæans, =1=, 497.
Verus Commodus at, =2=, 47.
number of Judæans in, =2=, 201-2.
Nazarenes in, =2=, 222-3.
Judæan Christians of, =2=, 231.
the Judæans of, protected by Titus, =2=, 313.
residence of Niger, =2=, 463.

=Antioch, the Jews of=, interest Christians in Judaism, =2=, 613-14.
dispossessed of their synagogues, =2=, 621-2.
murdered by the green faction, =3=, 10-11.
massacre the Christians, =3=, 18.
subdued, =3=, 18.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=Antiochus=, of Commagene, favorite of Caligula, =2=, 189.
allied with Agrippa I, =2=, 195.
son of, =2=, 195, 235.

=Antiochus III=, the Great, of Syria, defeated at Raphia, =1=, 425-6.
takes Egypt, =1=, 432.
enters Jerusalem, =1=, 432.
besieges the Acra, =1=, 433.
repairs the Temple, =1=, 433.
defeated by the Romans, =1=, 434.
death of, =1=, 434.

=Antiochus IV Epiphanes=, of Syria, hostage at Rome, =1=, 434, 442-3.
characterization of, =1=, 442-3.
accession of, described in Daniel, =1=, 443-4.
introduces gladiatorial combats into Syria, =1=, 444.
petitioned to admit Judæan athletes to citizenship, =1=, 444-5.
makes Menelaus high priest, =1=, 447.
summons Menelaus to justify himself, =1=, 448.
punishes Onias III’s murder, =1=, 448.
exonerates Menelaus, =1=, 449.
war of, with Egypt, =1=, 450-1.
desecrates the Temple, =1=, 451, 455.
calumniates Judaism, =1=, 452-3.
treats the Judæans cruelly, =1=, 453-4.
orders the worship of the Greek gods in Jerusalem, =1=, 454-5.
sacrifices ordered on the birthday of, =1=, 456.
dependencies of, revolt, =1=, 463.
determines to exterminate the Judæans, =1=, 463-4.
son of, entrusted to Lysias, =1=, 463.
in the East, =1=, 466.
death of, =1=, 477.
appoints a regent, =1=, 477.
persecutes the Samaritans, =1=, 516.

=Antiochus V Eupator=, of Syria, accession of, =1=, 477.
appealed to by the Hellenists, =1=, 478.
treaty of, with the Judæans, =1=, 480, 488.
makes Judas Maccabæus high priest, =1=, 481.
Rome displeased with, =1=, 482.

=Antiochus VI=, of Syria, on the throne, =1=, 497-8.
cause of, espoused by the Hasmonæans, =1=, 498, 499.

=Antiochus VII Sidetes=, of Syria, assisted by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 525.
permits Simon to strike coins, =1=, 525, 528.
hostile to Simon, =1=, 528-9.
investigates Simon’s assassination, =1=, 530.
abandons the assassin, =1=, 531.
besieges John Hyrcanus, =2=, 3-4.
grants a truce, =2=, 4.
counselors of, advise the suppression of Judaism, =2=, 4.
yields up Judæan fortresses, =2=, 4-5.
seeks the alliance of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 5.
death of, =2=, 5.

=Antiochus VIII Grypus=, of Syria, succession of, opposed, =2=, 6.
poisons his mother, =2=, 6.
harasses the Idumæans of Samaria, =2=, 9.

=Antiochus IX Cyzicenus=, of Syria, hostile to John Hyrcanus, =2=, 9.
forbidden by Rome to molest the Judæans, =2=, 9.
aids Samaria, =2=, 10.
defeated by the sons of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 10.
allied with Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 10.

=Antiparo=, Joseph Nassi duke of, =4=, 596.

=Antipas I.= _See_ Herod Antipas, son of Malthace and Herod I.

=Antipas=, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, =2=, 236.

=Antipas=, treasurer of the Synhedrion, suspected of Roman
proclivities, =2=, 294.

=Antipater=, the Idumæan, counselor of Hyrcanus II, =2=, 59.
intrigues against Aristobulus II, =2=, 59.
bribes Scaurus, =2=, 62.
envoy to Pompey, =2=, 63.
governor of Judæa, =2=, 66-7.
supports Rome, =2=, 70.
causes the death sentence of Pitholaus, =2=, 75.
offers his services to Cæsar, =2=, 75.
tries to coerce the Judæans into loyalty to Cæsar, =2=, 77.
wife and sons of, =2=, 77.
warns Herod, =2=, 78.
urges mild measures upon Herod, =2=, 79.
poisoned, =2=, 80.

=Antipater=, son of Herod I, conspires against the sons of Mariamne,
=2=, 112-13.
conspires against Herod, =2=, 113.
convicted of attempted parricide, =2=, 114.
executed, =2=, 116.

=Antipater=, son of Jason, envoy to Rome, =1=, 526.

“=Anti-Phædon=,” by John Balthasar Kölbele, =5=, 316.

=Anti-Semitism=, prevalence of, =5=, 704.

=Antitaktes=, an extreme sect of Jewish Christians, =2=, 370.

=Anti-Talmudists.= _See_ Frankists.

=Anti-Trinitarians=, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, =4=,
541.
in Poland, =4=, 647.

=Anton, Charles= (Moses Gerson Cohen), apostate, descent and history
of, =5=, 267.
writes a panegyric on Eibeschütz, =5=, 267.
denies the existence of Sabbatians, =5=, 271.

=Antonia=, daughter of the triumvir, ward of Alexander Lysimachus,
=2=, 176.

=Antonia=, sister-in-law of Tiberius, advocate of the Judæans, =2=,
172.
patroness of Agrippa I, =2=, 176.

=Antonia=, fortress of the Temple, named for Mark Antony, =2=, 106.
communicates with the Temple, =2=, 109, 111.
vestments of the high priests kept in, =2=, 129.
pontifical robes removed from, =2=, 172.
strengthened by Agrippa I, =2=, 195.
invested by Cumanus, =2=, 242.
first wall of, taken by Titus, =2=, 305.
_See also_ Acra, the.

=Antoninus=, a Jew recommended by Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.

=Antoninus=, name of Alexander Severus in Jewish sources, =2=, 482.

=Antoninus Pius=, emperor, clemency of, =2=, 432.
revokes Hadrian’s decrees, =2=, 433.
revolution in Judæa under, =2=, 447.
death of, =2=, 447.

=Antony, Mark=, member of the second triumvirate, favors Herod,
=2=, 81, 87.
beheads Antigonus, =2=, 89.
interested in Aristobulus (III), =2=, 91, 93.
fall of, =2=, 96.

=Antwerp=, Amatus Lusitanus at, =4=, 569.
the Jews of, expelled, =4=, 662.

=Anusim=, forced converts, =4=, 179.
_See_ Marranos, the.

=Anzarbi=, Arabic medical authority, taught by Jews, =3=, 146.

=Apamea=, treasure house in, for the Temple contributions, =2=, 53.

=Apelles=, of Ascalon, favorite of Caligula, =2=, 187.

=Apelles=, Syrian overseer, resisted by the Maccabees, =1=, 459.

=Aphek=, battle of, between Israelites and Philistines, =1=, 70.

=Apherema=, taken by the Samaritans, =1=, 410.

=Aphrodite=, worshiped by the Persians, =1=, 108.

=Apion=, Greek writer, misrepresents Judaism, =2=, 180-1.
envoy to Caligula, =2=, 186.
contrasted with Philo, =2=, 187.
charges of, refuted by Josephus, =2=, 390.
Josephus’ work against, translated, =4=, 608.

=Apis=, black bull, worshiped by the Egyptians, =1=, 9.

=Apocalypse=, the Christian, by John, =2=, 369.

=Apocrypha=, the, rejected from the Canon, =2=, 344.
translated into Greek, =2=, 359.
considered part of the Canon by Christians, =2=, 359, 488.
canonized by the Council of Nice, =2=, 624.

=Apollo=, Onias III takes refuge in the temple of, at Daphne, =1=,
448.

=Apollonius=, ambassador to Rome, =2=, 4-5.

=Apollonius=, commander of Cœlesyria, confiscates the Temple
treasures, =1=, 438.

=Apollonius=, Syrian general, in the war with Jonathan Haphus, =1=,
496.

=Apollonius=, Syrian general, takes Jerusalem, =1=, 453-4.
defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 462.

=Apollonius Malo=, Greek writer, maligns Judaism, =2=, 178-9.

=Apollonius Molo=, Greek writer, hostile to the Judæans, =2=, 68.

=Apollos=, of Alexandria, Christian teacher, =2=, 231.

“=Apology= for the Honorable Nation of the Jews,” by Edward Nicholas,
=5=, 28-9.

=Apostasy to Christianity= among Jews after the destruction of
Jerusalem, =2=, 322.
in the early Christian centuries, =2=, 377.
under Constantine, =2=, 562-3.
in Hamburg, =4=, 687, 690.
in Vienna, =4=, 706.
among the Chassidim, =5=, 213.
among the Frankists, =5=, 287.
among the Jews of Germany, =5=, 420.
in Berlin, =5=, 587.
_See also under_ Conversions to Christianity; Marranos, the.

=Apostasy to Islam= among Jews in the East in the twelfth century,
=3=, 441-2.
among Sabbatians, =5=, 153-4, 211.
among Chassidim, =5=, 213.
_See also under_ Conversions to Islam.

=Apostasy to paganism= among Jews in Alexandria, =2=, 184.

=Apostate=, an, the disappearance of, causes annoyance to the Jews of
Paris, =4=, 175.
in Breslau, charges the Jews with host desecration, =4=, 261.

=Apostates=, account of, by Philo, =2=, 184.
in Alexandria, =2=, 209.
act as spies upon the Jews under Hadrian, =2=, 425.
Constantine protects the Jews against, =2=, 564.
excommunicated by the later Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13.
decisions concerning, by Natronaï ben Nehemiah, =3=, 122.
repentant, kindly received by Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 264.
permitted by Emperor Henry IV to return to Judaism, =3=, 306.
returning, unkindly treated by the Jews, =3=, 308-9.
forbidden to retain Jewish customs, =3=, 510.
house for, in England, =3=, 644.
validity of the evidence of, =4=, 36-7.
force the Jews to attend church, =4=, 132.
inform against Marranos, =4=, 180.
in Spanish satiric literature, =4=, 181.
favored by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246.
employed as censors, =4=, 566, 659.
annoy the Jews of the Papal States, =4=, 581, 584.
refrain from defending the German Jews, =5=, 533.
Heine on, =5=, 548-9, 551-2.
assert the falsity of the blood accusation, =5=, 650.
_See also under_ Apostasy; Conversions; Marranos, the.

=Apostates=, list of:
Abraham Senior, the family of
Abulafia, Moses
Adamantius,
Alexander,
Alfonso Burgensis,
Ananel di Foligno,
Anton, Charles
Asher of Udine,
Astruc Raimuch,
Astruc Sibili,
Baptista, John
Bonafoux, Daniel Israel
Börne, Ludwig
Chananya, nephew of Joshua,
Chayon, Nehemiah, son of
Cohen, Nehemiah
Diego de Valencia,
Donin (Nicholas),
Drusilla,
Du Vallié, Paul
Eliano, Victor
Ferrus, Pero
Frank, Jacob
Friedländer, David, the family of
Gans, Edward
Gershom ben Jehuda, son of
Gerson, Christian
Guidon,
Heine, Heinrich
Herz, Henrietta
Isaac of Mayence,
Isaac Ibn-Ezra,
John of Valladolid,
Joseph,
Joseph de Vesoul,
Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives,
Juan de España,
Kahtz, Christian
Karben, Victor von
Levi ben Shem Tob,
Levi, Wolf
Levin, Rachel
Machault, Denys
Margalita, Aaron
Margaritha, Anton
Mendelssohn, Dorothea
Mendelssohn, Henrietta
Moro, Joseph
Nathaniel (Hibat-Allah),
Neander, Augustus
Nunes, Henrique
Pablo Christiani,
Paul, apostle,
Pedro de la Caballeria,
Pessach-Peter,
Pfefferkorn, Joseph
Riccio, Paul
Sabbataï Zevi,
Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
Samuel Abrabanel (Juan de Seville),
Schwarz, Peter
Sixtus Senensis,
Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria),
Tiberius Julius Alexander,
Uriah of Mayence,
Vayol, Hans
Wenzel, Francis
Wolfkan of Ratisbon.

=Apostles, the twelve=, trusted disciples of Jesus, =2=, 158.
sent out by the early Christians, =2=, 220.

=Apostole=, mission tax, collected by the Patriarchs, =2=, 487.

=Apostoli=, messengers of the Synhedrion, =2=, 535.

=Appian=, historian, persecuted by Jewish rebels, =2=, 396.

=Apries= (Hophra), of Egypt, at war with Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 312.
defeated, =1=, 313.
ally of Judah, =1=, 318.
receives Judæans kindly, =1=, 324.
dethroned, =1=, 327.

=Apulia=, the Jews of, liable to curial duties, =2=, 616.
invaded by the Mahometans, =3=, 212.
Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Aquet=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Aquila.= _See_ Akylas.

=Aquinas, Thomas=, works of, translated, =4=, 69.
studied by Solomon Levi, =4=, 183.

=Aquitania=, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
gathering place of crusaders, =3=, 570.

=Arabarch.= _See_ Alabarch, the.

=Arabia=, trade with, under Uzziah, =1=, 230.
(Auranitis) Paul flees to, =2=, 226.
Jewish fugitives flee to, =2=, 317, 319, 419.
Jews settle in, =2=, 629; =3=, 54-5.
Babylonian Jews emigrate to, =3=, 4.
position of Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 53.
_See also_ Auranitis.

=Arabia, the Jews of=, similarity of, to the Arabs, =3=, 56.
alienate Mahomet’s followers, =3=, 74-5.
rejoice at Mahomet’s death, =3=, 84.
possess good taste, =3=, 111.
find the authority of the Talmud irksome, =3=, 119-20.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 436-7.

=Arabia, northern= (Hejas), inhabitants of, descended from Ishmael,
=3=, 60, 61.

=Arabia, northern (Hejas), the Jews of=, =3=, 54-6.
lead a Bedouin life, =3=, 57.
distinguish themselves in poetry, =3=, 57-8.
intelligence of, =3=, 58.
religious affairs among, =3=, 58-9.
relation of, to the Arabs, =3=, 60-1.
history of, =3=, 67-71.
dispossessed by Mahomet, =3=, 76-83.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 436-7.

=Arabia, southern, inhabitants of=, descended from Yoktan, =3=, 60.
called Kachtanites, =3=, 61.
_See also_ Himyarites, the; Yemen.

=Arabia, southern=, the Jews of, =3=, 56.
the Jews of, trade with India, =3=, 57.
a Jewish kingdom in, =3=, 62-7. _See under_ Yemen.

=Arabia Felix=, southern Arabia, =3=, 56.

=Arabic=, spoken by Jews of Mahometan countries, =3=, 110-11.
used by the Gaon of Sora officially, =3=, 178.
translation of the Bible into, =3=, 189-90.
used in Sherira’s responses, =3=, 232.
spoken by the Jews of Andalusia, =3=, 235.
the Mishna translated into, =3=, 237.
spoken by Italian Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 423.
translations from, made by Jews, =3=, 593.
taught as a means of conversion, =3=, 597; =4=, 245.
forgotten by the Spanish Jews, =4=, 60.

=Arabic poetry= influences neo-Hebraic poetry, =3=, 116, 224.

=Arabs=, the, love the Scriptures, =3=, 59.
adopt the Jewish calendar, =3=, 59-60.
relation of, to the Jews, =3=, 60.
supremacy of, =3=, 86-7.
helped by the Jews and Samaritans, =3=, 87.
enthusiasm of, for their language, =3=, 110-111.
obtain access to scientific literature through Jews, =3=, 111.
influence the revival of Hebrew, =3=, 111.
at war with the Chazars, =3=, 138.
defeated by the Chazars, =3=, 139.
unkindly treated by the Spanish Berbers, =3=, 261.
_See also under_ Mahometans, the; Nabathæans, the.

=Arach=, the family of, intermarries with the Ammonites, =1=, 362.

=Aradus=, built by the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
refuses obedience to Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.

=Aragon=, Jews in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384.
ally of Castile against the Almohades, =3=, 387.
forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, =4=, 180.
Ferdinand of Castile becomes king of, =4=, 205, 206.
the Inquisition established in, =4=, 319.
opposed to the Inquisition, =4=, 319, 328.
privileges of, canceled, =4=, 326.
inquisitors appointed for, =4=, 326.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Aragon, the Jews of=, under Alfonso II, =3=, 387-8.
under Pedro II, =3=, 497-8.
prevent anti-Jewish legislation, =3=, 508.
exempt from wearing the Jew badge, =3=, 514-15.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 530, 536, 537.
letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544.
under Jayme I, =3=, 596-7.
regarded as “servi cameræ,” =3=, 597.
debate with Pablo Christiani, =3=, 602.
persecuted in the fourteenth century, =4=, 77.
massacred on account of the Black Death, =4=, 102-3.
helped by the higher classes, =4=, 103.
under Pedro IV and Juan I, =4=, 145.
possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155.
persecuted in 1391, =4=, 170-1, 172.
converted, =4=, 206, 214.
at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=, 214.
under John II, =4=, 274, 275.
warned of approaching danger, =4=, 336.
proclamation expelling, =4=, 347-8.
possessions of, sequestrated, =4=, 350.

=Aragon, the Marranos of=, =4=, 309.
try to suppress the Inquisition, =4=, 329.

=Aram=, home of Abraham, =1=, 4. _See_ Syria.

=Arama, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac Arama.

=Aramæans=, the, help the Ammonites against David, =1=, 126-7.
_See under_ Damascus, the kingdom of; Syria.

=Aramaic=, learnt by the Judæans in Babylon, =1=, 330-1.
spoken by the Judæans in Hasmonæan times, =2=, 14, 15.
spoken in Galilee, =2=, 149.
words in the Mishna, =2=, 461.

=Aranda, Counts de=, try to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, =4=, 329.

=Aranda, de=, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, =4=, 333.

=Arari, David=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636, 638.
persecuted, =5=, 636-7.

=Araunah.= _See_ Ornah.

=Arbachshter.= _See_ Ardashir.

=Arbues, Pedro=, de Epila, inquisitor in Aragon, =4=, 326.
plot against, by the Marranos, =4=, 329.
killed in church, =4=, 330.
honor paid to the memory of, =4=, 330-1.
Marranos concerned in the murder of, sheltered in Navarre, =4=, 357.

=Arcadius= (395-408), emperor of the East, insignificance
of, =2=, 615.
the Jews under, =2=, 616.

=Archelaus=, of Cappadocia, daughter of, =2=, 112, 128.

=Archelaus= (Herod II), son of Herod I, sovereign of Judæa and
Samaria, =2=, 119.
promises to abolish unjust laws, =2=, 120-1.
attacks those offering the Passover sacrifices, =2=, 121.
forbids the celebration of Passover, =2=, 122.
puts Jerusalem under Quintilius Varus, =2=, 122-3.
ethnarch of Judæa, =2=, 127.
deposes the high priest Joasar, =2=, 127.
war of, against Athronges, =2=, 128.
marries Glaphyra, =2=, 128.
exiled by Augustus, =2=, 128.
property of, confiscated by Augustus, =2=, 129.

=Archelaus, Julius=, brother-in-law of Agrippa II, =2=, 235.

=Archipelago=, the, Cardoso in, =5=, 207.

=Archisynagogus=, title of the rabbi of Speyer, =3=, 297.

=Architecture=, under Herod, =2=, 106-7, 118.

=Ardashir= (Arbachshter), establishes the dynasty of the Sassanides,
=2=, 513, 523.
restores the Zoroastrian doctrine, =2=, 524.

=Ardashir=, populated with Jews, =2=, 507. _See also_ Ctesiphon.

=Ardebil=, Armenian fortress, taken by the Chazars, =3=, 139.

“=Are philosophical= truths susceptible of mathematical
demonstration?” prize essay by Mendelssohn, =5=, 303-4.

“=Are there means= to make the Jews happier and more useful in
France?” prize question of a Metz society, =5=, 434-5.

=Areobindus=, minister of Justinian I, =3=, 15.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, and the high priest Jason, =1=, 447, 481.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, overthrown, =2=, 45.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, helps Hyrcanus II, =2=, 59.
besieges Aristobulus II, =2=, 60.
raises the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 62.
defeated by Aristobulus II, =2=, 62.
attacked by Scaurus, =2=, 70.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, aids Quintilius Varus, =2=, 126.

=Aretas=, Nabathæan king, at war with Herod Antipas, =2=, 173.

=Aretas Philodemus=, Nabathæan king, creates the office of Judæan
ethnarch, =2=, 202.

=Argent, d’=, marquis, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 304.

=Argentière=, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33.

=Argob=, fortress, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.

=Argun= (1284-1291), khan of the Perso-Mongolian realm, employs
Saad-Addaula as physician and financier, =3=, 638, 646.
distinguishes Saad-Addaula, =3=, 647.
enters into diplomatic connections with Europe, =3=, 647.
sickness and death of, =3=, 649.

=Arianism=, toleration of, under Valentinian I, =2=, 603; =3=, 44.
hostility to, by Ambrosius of Milan, =2=, 612.
less hostile to Jews than Catholicism, =3=, 26.
persecuted in Spain, =3=, 46.

=Arias Montana=, publishes a polyglot Bible, =4=, 651.

=Arias, Jean=, instigates a persecution, =4=, 279.

=Arias, Joseph Szemach=, translator of Josephus, =5=, 113.
uninfluenced by Spinoza, =5=, 117.

=Arioch.= _See_ Samuel.

=Aristides=, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of
Christianity, =2=, 431.

=Aristobulus (Judah) I=, son of John Hyrcanus, defeats Antiochus
IX, =2=, 10.
removes his mother from the regency, =2=, 35.
first Hasmonæan to assume a royal title, =2=, 35.
coins of, =2=, 35.
dissensions under, =2=, 36.
imprisons his mother and brothers, =2=, 36.
hostile to the Pharisees, =2=, 36.
accused of matricide and fratricide, =2=, 36-7, 38.
campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, =2=, 37.
death of, =2=, 37-8.

=Aristobulus II=, son of Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.
protects the Sadducees, =2=, 55.
conspires against Hyrcanus, =2=, 56.
character of, =2=, 58.
made king, =2=, 58.
besieged, =2=, 60.
bribes Scaurus, =2=, 62.
defeats Aretas, =2=, 62.
has coins struck, =2=, 62.
bribes Pompey, =2=, 62-3.
summoned to Damascus by Pompey, =2=, 63.
at war with Pompey, =2=, 64-7.
in Pompey’s triumph, =2=, 67.
escapes from Rome, =2=, 72.
garrisons Alexandrion, =2=, 73.
surrenders Machærus, =2=, 73.
second captivity of, at Rome, =2=, 73.
freed by Cæsar, =2=, 75.
poisoned, =2=, 75.
wife and daughters of, in Chalcis, =2=, 75.

=Aristobulus (III)=, brother of Mariamne, high priest, =2=, 91.
popularity of, =2=, 92.
murdered, =2=, 92.

=Aristobulus=, brother of Agrippa I, supplants him, =2=, 175.
opposes Caligula, =2=, 188.
wife of, =2=, 195.
begs for a truce, =2=, 197.

=Aristobulus=, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, =2=,
112.
marriage of, =2=, 112.
executed, =2=, 113.

=Aristotle=, the Ten Categories of, compared with the Ten
Commandments, =3=, 197.
sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.
system of, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328.
dominance of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 331.
works of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 398.
popular among Jews, =3=, 448-9.
philosophy of, interpreted by Ibn-Sina, =3=, 478.
theories of, in Jewish writings, =3=, 479.
denounced by Nachmani, =3=, 534.
works of, translated into Latin, =3=, 566-7.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 66.
opposed by Gersonides, =4=, 93.
authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 146.
Ethics of, translated, =4=, 193.
quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232.
writings of, expounded by Judah ben Yechiel, =4=, 289.
system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 290.
studied by Polish Jews, =4=, 633.

=Ark of the Covenant=, the, =1=, 23, 41.
taken by the Philistines, =1=, 70-2.
made by Achitub, =1=, 79.
removed to Jerusalem, =1=, 119-120.
transferred to the Temple, =1=, 166.

=Arles= (city), Jews participate in battles before, =3=, 36.
Jews remain in, after their banishment from France by Charles
VI, =4=, 177.

=Arles= (district), first Jewish settlement of Gaul in, =3=, 35.

=Arles=, kingdom of, demanded by Albrecht I, =4=, 47.

=Armada=, the, collapse of, =4=, 663.

=Armenia=, the Jews of, taken by Shabur II, =2=, 591.
invaded by the Chazars, =3=, 138.
visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.

=Armenians= (Tartars?), converted to Judaism, =3=, 439-40.

=Armentarius=, name borne by Gallic Jews, =3=, 36.

=Armleder= (Leather-arms) persecutions, the, of the German Jews,
=4=, 97-8.

=Arnheim=, adviser of the duke of Alva, =4=, 662.

=Arnim=, representative of the romantic school, =5=, 515.

=Arnold=, cardinal bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews, =3=, 352.

=Arnold of Brescia=, denounces the popes, =3=, 370.

=Arnold of Citeaux=, organizes the crusade against the Albigenses,
=3=, 502.
organizes a crusade against the Spanish Mahometans, =3=, 507.
instigates an attack upon the Toledo Jews, =3=, 507.

=Arnoldists=, the, party opposed to Reuchlin, =4=, 456.

=Arnstadt=, the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 611.

=Arnstein, Nathan Adam von=, wife of, =5=, 414.

=Ar-Rabbi Mor= (Arraby Moor), title of the chief rabbi of Portugal,
=3=, 618; =4=, 158-9, 380.
duties, assistants, and jurisdiction of, =4=, 159.

=Arsaces=, the dynasty of, fall of, =2=, 513, 523.

=Arsaces=, satrap of Parthia, revolts from Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.

=Arsenios=, Samaritan favorite of Empress Theodora, =3=, 17.

=Arta= (Larta), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
Spanish exiles in, =4=, 406.
the Jews of, split up into national groups, =4=, 478.

=Artaban=, fined for using Mezuzzoth, =2=, 424.

=Artabanus=, of Parthia, invites Izates to act as arbitrator, =2=,
217.

=Artabanus IV= (211-226), of Parthia, and Abba-Areka, =2=, 513.
overthrown, =2=, 523.

=Artaxerxes I Longimanus=, of Persia, assists Ezra, =1=, 366.
influenced by Judæan favorites, =1=, 371.
makes Nehemiah governor of Judæa, =1=, 373.

=Artaxerxes II Memnon=, of Persia, Egypt rebels against, =1=, 407.
banishes Judæans, =1=, 408.
killed, =1=, 409.

=Artaxerxes III Ochus=, of Persia, =1=, 407.

=Artaxias=, of Armenia, independent of Antiochus IV, =1=, 463.

=Artemion=, leader of a Jewish rebellion on Cyprus, =2=, 397.

=Artemion=, the school of, deface the Septuagint, =2=, 386.

=Artisans=, among the Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 505.
among the teachers of the Law, =2=, 344, 348, 441, 442, 575.
_See_ Handicrafts; Trades.

=Aruch=, Talmudic dictionary, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, =3=, 179.
by Nathan ben Yechiel, =3=, 290, 421.
_See also_ Lexicon, Talmudical.

=Arverna.= _See_ Auvergne.

=Arzilla=, Jews taken captive at, =4=, 286, 339.
Portuguese Marranos in, =4=, 381.

=Asa=, king of Judah, accession of, =1=, 189.
forbids the worship of Astarte, =1=, 190.
at war with Baasha, =1=, 190-1.
ally of Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.

=Asahel=, Joab’s brother, killed by Abner, =1=, 110.

=Asaph=, psalmist, =1=, 79, 120-1.

=Asaphites=, descendants of Asaph, =1=, 120.

=Asara be-Tebeth.= _See_ Fast of Tebeth.

=Ascalon= (Askelon), Philistine port, =1=, 54.
left in the possession of the Philistines by David, =1=, 117.

=Ascalona=, the Jews of, exterminated, =4=, 170.

=Ascarelli, Deborah=, poetess, =5=, 68.

=Ascarelli, Joseph=, husband of the preceding, =5=, 68.

=Ascension=, the dogma of, attacked by Abbahu, =2=, 539-540.

=Ascetics=, among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 437.

=Asclepiadotus=, lawyer, opposes Belisarius, =3=, 32.
murdered, =3=, 32.

=Ashdod= (Azotus), Philistine port, =1=, 54.
the Ark of the Covenant at, =1=, 71.
left in the possession of the Philistines by David, =1=, 117.
conquered by Uzziah, =1=, 231.
destroyed, =1=, 496.
revenue from, left to Salome, =2=, 120.

=Asher, the tribe of=, acquires land in the north, =1=, 37.
relation of, to the Phoenicians, =1=, 53.
twenty towns of, given to Hiram, =1=, 164.
descendants of, around Nishabur, =3=, 433.

=Asher, tribesmen of=, join Gideon, =1=, 62.
join Solomon’s fleet, =1=, 170.

=Asher of Udine=, apostate, charges Jews with blasphemy, =4=, 584.

=Asher ben Jehuda=, hero of Solomon Ibn-Sakbel’s romance, =3=, 318.

=Asher ben Meshullam=, ascetic, =3=, 396-7.

=Asher ben Yechiel= (Asheri, 1250-1327), Tossafist, =4=, 34-5.
accepts the evidence of baptized Jews, =4=, 37.
settles in Toledo, =4=, 37.
opposed to the study of science, =4=, 37-8, 39, 50, 86-7.
opinion of, sought by Abba-Mari, =4=, 38.
influence of, on the Spanish Jews, =4=, 51.
as Talmudist, =4=, 51.
severity of, =4=, 53.
sons of, =4=, 87.
prefers Germany, =4=, 90, 96.
_See also_ Asheri family, the.

=Asher Lämmlein=, poses as the forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 482.
adherents of, =4=, 483.

=Asher, Saul=, deplores the decay of morality among the Jews, =5=,
419.
writes against Fichte, =5=, 463.

=Asheri.= _See_ Asher ben Yechiel; Jacob ben Asheri; Jehuda ben Asher
I; Jehuda ben Asher II.

=Asheri family=, the, loses members by the Black Death, =4=, 113.
members of, martyrs in 1391, =4=, 169-70.
_See_ Asher ben Yechiel.

=Ashi= (352-457), principal of the Sora academy, wealth of, =2=, 605.
re-builds the academy of Sora, =2=, 606.
receives the title of Rabbana, =2=, 606.
authority of, =2=, 606.
makes Sora the center of Jewish life, =2=, 607.
collects the Talmud, =2=, 607-9.
completes the work of Judah I, =2=, 609.
decisions of, =2=, 609.
at the court of Jezdijird, =2=, 610.
suppresses the Messianic hope, =2=, 610-11.
death of, =2=, 611.
successors of, =2=, 626.
son of, =2=, 626.

=Ashkabá=, prayer for the departed at the Babylonian academies, =3=,
101.

=Ashkenasi.= _See_ Saul Cohen Ashkenasi.

=Ashkenazi.= _See_ Solomon ben Nathan.

=Ashkenazi, Jacob=, Talmudist and Sabbatian, =5=, 150.

=Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden.= _See_ Emden, Jacob.

=Ashkenazi, Zevi.= _See_ Zevi Ashkenazi.

=Ashmodai=, a demon introduced from Magianism, =1=, 403.

=Ashmun=, a Canaanite god, =1=, 54.

=Ashura=, name for the Atonement Day among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 58.
fast day instituted by Mahomet, =3=, 73.

=Asia=, the Jews of, esteem Mahometans, =3=, 88-9.
loses the leadership of Judaism, =3=, 207.
Karaites obtain influence in, =3=, 207.
low estate of Judaism in, =3=, 440.
Messianic hopes in, =4=, 497.
_See also_ East, the; Abbasside Caliphate, the.