Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (14)

=Moses ben Nachman= (Nachmani Gerundi, Ramban, Bonastruc de Porta,
1195-1270), devotion of, to the Talmud, =3=, 531-2.
Talmudical commentaries of, =3=, 532, 607-8.
opposition of, to Maimonides’ Talmudic and philosophic views,
=3=, 532-4.
inveighs against Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 534.
denounces Aristotle, =3=, 534.
not an opponent of philosophy, =3=, 534-5.
view of, on the Agada, =3=, 535, 599-600.
aided by the Kabbala, =3=, 535.
aids the anti-Maimunists, =3=, 536.
letter to, from Meïr Abulafia, =3=, 537-8.
proposes a reconciliation between Maimunists and their opponents,
=3=, 539-40.
deplores Dominican interference in the Maimunist controversy, =3=,
544.
a Kabbalist, =3=, 556-7.
as an exegete, =3=, 562.
invited to enter into a disputation with Pablo Christiani, =3=, 598.
demands freedom of speech, =3=, 598.
suggests three topics for discussion, =3=, 599.
refutes the assertion that Jesus is the Messiah of the Talmud, =3=,
599.
characterizes the true Messiah, =3=, 600.
victorious over Pablo Christiani, =3=, 601.
refutes the doctrine of the Trinity, =3=, 601.
publishes a report of the Barcelona disputation, =3=, 603-4.
charged with blasphemy against Christianity, =3=, 603-4.
exiled, =3=, 604.
protected by the king against the Dominicans, =3=, 604-5.
goes to Jerusalem, =3=, 605.
grief of, over Jerusalem, =3=, 606-7.
transplants Jewish science to Palestine, =3=, 607.
disciples of, =3=, 607, 609, 626; =4=, 28.
in correspondence with Spain, =3=, 608.
death of, =3=, 608.
influence of, =3=, 609.
the discovery of the Zohar attributed to, =4=, 20.
commentary of, used by Aaron ben Joseph, =4=, 71.
introduces the Kabbala into Palestine, =4=, 75.
predicts the beginning of the Messianic period, =4=, 120.
ancestor of Solomon Duran, =4=, 238.
views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 442.

=Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia=, Biblical exegesis of, =3=,
290, 393.

=Moses ben Shem Tob= (Moses de Leon, 1250-1305), Kabbalist, =4=,
3, 10-11.
character of, =4=, 11.
wanderings of, =4=, 11.
forgery by, =4=, 11-12.
attributes the Zohar to Simon ben Yochaï, =4=, 12-14.
on the Messiah, =4=, 18.
said to have obtained the Zohar through Nachmani, =4=, 20.
death of, =4=, 20.
wife of, reveals his forgery, =4=, 20-1.

=Moses Ibn-Ezra= (Abu-Harun, 1070-1139), poet, elegy by, on
Alfassi, =3=, 310.
and Joseph Ibn-Sahal, =3=, 314.
parentage of, =3=, 318-19.
early history of, =3=, 319.
compared with Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 319.
style of, =3=, 319-20.
song cycle by, =3=, 320.
liturgical poems by, =3=, 320.
on the poetic art, =3=, 320.
as a philosopher, =3=, 320.
contemporary fame of, =3=, 321.
elegy by, on his lady-love, =3=, 321.
tribute to, by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 321.
friendship of, with Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 323.
and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 367.

=Moses Ibn-Tibbon= (1250-1285), physician in Montpellier, =3=, 582.

=Moses Ibn-Yachya=, philanthropist, =4=, 609.

=Moses Abudiel=, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile,
=4=, 84, 86.
institutes a fast, =4=, 85.

=Moses Almosnino=, scientist in Salonica, =4=, 405.
preacher, as historian of Turkey, =4=, 607-8.

=Moses Bashyasi=, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, =4=, 269.

=Moses Basula=, elegy on, by Leo Modena, =5=, 65.

=Moses Botarel=, Kabbalist, announces himself as the Messiah, =4=,
197.

=Moses Cohen de Tordesillas=, Jewish champion at the disputation of
Avila, =4=, 141.
debates with a disciple of Alfonso Burgensis, =4=, 141-2.

=Moses Gerundensis.= _See_ Moses ben Nachman.

=Moses Hamon.= _See_ Hamon, Moses.

=Moses Iskafat Meles=, opponent of science, =4=, 44-5.

=Moses Kapsali= (1420-1495), chief rabbi of Turkey, dignities and
functions of, =4=, 268-9.
opinion of, on the study of the Talmud by Karaites, =4=, 270-1.
raises money for the relief of the Spanish exiles, =4=, 364.
death of, =4=, 402.

=Moses Kimchi= (1170-1190), grammarian and exegete, =3=, 393.
grammar of, printed by Justiniani, =4=, 474.

=Moses Meïr Kamenker=, Sabbatian, spreads Sabbatianism, =5=, 228-9.
doctrines of, =5=, 229.
regarded as the Messiah, =5=, 230.
sentence pronounced on, =5=, 230.

=Moses Menz=, Talmudist, in Posen, =4=, 294.

=Moses Navarro=, chief rabbi of Portugal, =4=, 173.

=Moses Uri Halevi= (1544-1620), advises the Portuguese Marranos to go
to Amsterdam, =4=, 665.
teacher and rabbi of the Marranos, =4=, 665.
imprisoned, =4=, 666.
activity of, =4=, 671.

=Moses Vital=, sells Isaac Lurya’s manuscripts, =5=, 53.

=Moses Zacuto= (1630-1697), Kabbalist, pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud
Torah, =4=, 682.
mysticism of, =5=, 87-8.
encourages the Sabbatian movement in Venice, =5=, 138.
superstition of, =5=, 201-2.

=Moses Weil.= _See_ Weil, Moses.

=Moses Zarzel=, physician to Henry III of Castile, Spanish
poet, =4=, 190.

=Moslems=, disciples of Mahomet, =3=, 73. _See_ Mahometans, the.

=Mostarabi=, the, the original Jewish community in Egypt, ruled by
the Spanish exiles, =4=, 395.

=Mosul (New Nineveh), the Jews of=, in the twelfth century,
=3=, 429-30.
ignorance of, =3=, 430.
invited by Alrui to join him, =3=, 431.

“=Mourners of Zion=,” the, =1=, 338; =3=, 182, 362, 437.

=Mourning=, signs of, decreed under Hadrian, =2=, 400, 420.

=Mourning customs=, regulated by Gamaliel II, =2=, 404.
abolished in the time of Judah II, =2=, 484-5.

=Mozarabs=, the, Christians living among Mahometans, lose their
identity, =3=, 215.
conspire against the Mahometans of Granada, =3=, 316.

=Moznaim=, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371.

=Mucate, Jacob=, Marrano in Pernambuco, =4=, 693.

=Mucianus, Licinius=, governor of Syria, under Nero, =2=, 284.
won over to Vespasian’s side, =2=, 300.

=Mujahid=, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, =3=, 273.

=Muley Abu-Abdallah= (Boabdil), last king of Granada, secret treaty
of, with Ferdinand and Isabella, =4=, 345.
goes to Africa, =4=, 345.

=Muley Arshid=, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, =5=, 168.

=Muley Ismail=, sultan of Morocco, patron of the Jews, =5=, 168.

=Müller, Adam=, reactionary leader, =5=, 477.
representative of the romantic school, =5=, 516.

=Müller, Johannes von=, Swiss historian, on the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 359.
assists in framing the Westphalian constitution, =5=, 500.

=Mulot=, Abbé, president of the Assembly of the Paris Commune, on the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 443-4, 445.

=Munich, the Jews of=, charged with the blood accusation, =3=, 636-7.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.

=Munk, Solomon= (1802-1867), scholar, accompanies Crémieux to
Egypt, =5=, 658.
discovers Mehmet Ali’s subterfuge, =5=, 660.
exhorts the Egyptian Jews to establish schools, =5=, 663.
establishes schools in Cairo, =5=, 664.
reconciles Karaites with Rabbanites, =5=, 664.
character and learning of, =5=, 664-5.
Arabic attainments of, =5=, 665.
blindness of, =5=, 665.
studies of, on the Jewish Middle Ages, =5=, 665-6.
Karaite studies of, =5=, 666.
scientific results of the Eastern trip of, =5=, 666.
on the Damascus affair, =5=, 671-2.
expounds Jewish religious philosophy, =5=, 699.

=Münster, Sebastian=, prosecutes Hebrew studies, =4=, 434.
translates Elias Levita’s Hebrew grammar, =4=, 472.

=Murad III=, son of Selim II, becomes sultan, =3=, 627.
gives Joseph Nassi land near the Sea of Tiberias, =4=, 596.
confiscates Joseph Nassi’s property, =4=, 628.
influence of Jewish women under, =4=, 629.

=Murad el Fallat=, Turkish servant of a Damascus Jew, tortured, =5=,
637, 638.

=Murcia=, embassy to, under Solomon Ibn-Farussal, =3=, 312.
the Jews of, taxed under Sancho, =3=, 617.

=Murder=, laws against, inviolate under all circumstances, =2=, 424.

=Murex=, a dye, =1=, 3.

=Murviedro=, the Jews of, spared in the persecution of 1391, =4=, 171.

=Musa (Mesvi) of Akbara=, founds a Karaite sect, =3=, 157.

=Musaphia, Benjamin= (Dionysius, 1616-1676), physician to Christian
IV of Denmark, =4=, 692.
philologist and rabbi, =5=, 115.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.
Sabbatian, =5=, 139.
sends a letter of homage to Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 155.
clings to Sabbataï after his apostasy, =5=, 161.

=Mushka=, a Judghanite, tries to force rationalistic doctrines upon
the Jews, =3=, 150.

=Mustapha Pasha=, deputy vizir, cross-examines Sabbataï Zevi, =5=,
147.
Sabbataï betrayed to, =5=, 153.

=Mutafarrica=, the, Turkish life guard, Joseph Nassi a member
of, =4=, 595.

=Mutazilists=, (heretics), the, the theology of, =3=, 147.
method of, borrowed by Saadiah, =3=, 197.
teachings of, foster unbelief, =3=, 199.

=Muza Ibn-Nosair=, governor of Africa, aided by the Jews of
Spain, =3=, 109.

=Mylitta=, Assyrian goddess of love, worshiped in Israel, =1=, 247.
image of, in the Temple under Manasseh, =1=, 282.
temple of, in Philistia, burnt, =1=, 287.

=Mysticism=, in Judaism, =3=, 152-4.
denounced by Haï Gaon, =3=, 251-2.
_See_ Kabbala, the.

=Mytilene=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=N=

=Naamah=, first wife of Solomon, =1=, 161.

=Naaman=, Syrian general, confesses the God of Israel, =1=, 224.

=Naar, Isaac=, mystic, companion of Spinoza, =5=, 88.
induces Spinoza to betray his unbelief, =5=, 92.
Sabbatian, =5=, 139.
prepares to join Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 150.
encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, =5=, 160.

=Naarda.= _See_ Nahardea.

=Naasites=, a Gnostic sect, =2=, 375.

=Nabathæans= (Nabatæans), the, contributions levied on, by
Hyrcanus, =1=, 437.
dispossess the Idumæans, =1=, 474; =2=, 8.
friendly to the Hasmonæans, =1=, 491.
_See also_ Aretas; Malich; Obeda.

=Nabonad=, a Babylonian noble, usurps the throne, =1=, 342.
permits native kings to rule Phœnicia, =1=, 342.
entreated to permit the return to Palestine, =1=, 342-3.
ally of Lydia and Egypt, =1=, 343.
persecutes the Judæans, =1=, 343-4.
indifferent about the war with Cyrus, =1=, 349.

=Nabopolassar=, of Babylon, independent of Assyria, =1=, 296.
puts an end to Assyria, =1=, 303.

=Naboth=, killed at the instigation of Jezebel, =1=, 202.
avenged, =1=, 211.

=Nachman ben Isaac= (280-356), Amora, principal of the Pumbeditha
academy, =2=, 593.

=Nachman ben Jacob= (235-324), Amora, =2=, 545.
summons Judah ben Ezekiel to justify his conduct, =2=, 552.
haughtiness of, =2=, 554-5.
treats his slaves inhumanly, =2=, 555.
introduces the oath of purgation, =2=, 556.
establishes a school at Shekan-Zib, =2=, 557.

=Nachman ben Samuel Levi=, Frankist rabbi, =5=, 275.

=Nachmani.= _See_ Moses ben Nachman.

=Nachshon ben Zadok= (881-889), Gaon of Sora, explains difficult
Talmudical words, =3=, 179.
discovers the key to the calendar, =3=, 179.

=Nachum of Gimso=, teacher of the Law, supplements Hillel’s rules of
interpretation, =2=, 330-1.
teacher of Akiba, =2=, 351.

=Nachum the Mede=, teacher of the Law at the fall of Jerusalem, =2=,
330.

=Nadab=, king of Israel, at war with the Philistines, =1=, 189.
death of, =1=, 189.

=Nagid=, title of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 259.
of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 274.
of Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya, =3=, 340.
_See also_ Nassi.

=Nagid= (Reïs), chief of the Egyptian Jews, authority of, =3=,
443; =4=, 392.
functions and privileges of, =4=, 393-4.
office of, abolished, =4=, 394.
_See also_ Nassi.

=Nahardea=, a district of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 505.

=Nahardea= (city), treasure house in, for the half-Shekel
contribution to the Temple, =2=, 53.
Judæan center for Mesopotamia, =2=, 202.
center for the study of the Law, =2=, 358.
boundary of Babylonia in the most limited sense, =2=, 504.
a Babylonian Jerusalem, =2=, 505.
destroyed by Odenathus, =2=, 527.
the Amoraim of, flee, =2=, 527-8.
homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, =2=, 607.

=Nahardea, the academy of=, beginning of, =2=, 498-9.
the principal of, =2=, 512.
eclipsed by that of Sora, =2=, 522.
re-opened, =2=, 606.

=Nahardea, the academy of, principals of=, list of:
Amemar,
Samuel,
Shila.

=Nahar Malka=, a canal in Babylonia, =2=, 507.

=Naharowan=, the Exilarch’s income from, =3=, 96.

=Nahar-Pakod=, a Synhedrion established at, =2=, 443-4.
a district of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 505.

=Nahar-Samara=, Ezra’s supposed grave at, =3=, 441.

=Nahash=, king of Ammon, invades the territories of Gad and
Manasseh, =1=, 80.
besieges Jabesh-Gilead, =1=, 89-90.
in friendly relations with David, =1=, 100.
death of, =1=, 126.

=Nahavendi, Benjamin.= _See_ Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend.

=Najara=, prince of, converted to Christianity, =3=, 56.

=Najaran=, in Yemen, inhabited by Christians, =3=, 64.
besieged by Zorah Yussuf, =3=, 65.
heavy tribute laid on, =3=, 65.
Christians of, driven away, =3=, 85.

=Nancy, the Jews of=, threatened with pillage, =5=, 440.
compelled to attend the National Temple, =5=, 451.

=Naphtali= (mountain), description of, =1=, 44.

=Naphtali= (town), returned to Ahab, =1=, 205.

=Naphtali, the tribe of=, acquires land in the north, =1=, 37.
members of, join Gideon, =1=, 62.
mountainous lands of, subjugated, =1=, 191.
descendants of, near Nishabur, =3=, 433.

=Naples=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 28.
Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 358-61.
the plague in, =4=, 359-60.
conquered by Charles VIII of France, =4=, 360.
occupied by the French, =4=, 384.
the Inquisition established at, =4=, 385.
Samuel II Abrabanel at, =4=, 409, 410.
the Marranos of, threatened with the Inquisition, =4=, 543.

=Naples, the Jews of=, support Theodatus, =3=, 31-2.
defend the city, =3=, 32.
bravery of, described by Procopius, =3=, 32.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 422, 424.
wear Jew badges, =3=, 518; =4=, 258.
help the Spanish exiles, =4=, 359.
banishment of, opposed by Gonsalvo de Cordova, =4=, 385.
annihilated, =4=, 408.
leave the city, =4=, 543-4.

=Napoleon Bonaparte=, victories of, in the East, =5=, 459-60.
at the summit of his power, =5=, 474.
dislikes the Jews, =5=, 474, 476-7.
lays the Jewish question before his council, =5=, 479.
opposes the Jews in his council, =5=, 480.
modifies his views on the Jews, =5=, 481.
conceives the idea of convening Jewish notables, =5=, 481-2.
expresses satisfaction with the Jewish Notables, =5=, 490, 492.
proposes the convening of a Synhedrion, =5=, 493.
unmindful of the Synhedrion, =5=, 496.
resolutions of the Synhedrion submitted to, =5=, 498.
Jewish legislation by, =5=, 498-9.
creates new states, =5=, 500.
the Russian campaign of, =5=, 510.
fall of, =5=, 510-11.
return of, from Elba, =5=, 518.

=Napoleon III=, emperor, protests in the Mortara case, =5=, 701.

=Napoleonic wars=, the, awaken a desire for culture in Galicia, =5=,
611, 612.

=Naraga=, canal near Nahardea, =2=, 505.

=Narbata=, the Judæans of Cæsarea flee to, =2=, 253.

=Narboni.= _See_ Moses ben Joshua Narboni.

=Narbonne= (city), the Jews of, expelled by Wamba, =3=, 105.
Machir founds a Talmud school at, =3=, 143.
Talmud study in, encouraged by Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, =3=, 208.
the Talmud school of, =3=, 242.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra at, =3=, 374.
principal Jewish community of southern France in, =3=, 392.
home of the Kimchi family, =3=, 392.
the Jews of, excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530.
the archbishop of, presides over the Council of Béziers, =3=, 581.

=Narbonne, the Council of=, forbids Psalm singing at Jewish funeral
services, =3=, 47.
confirms the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 518.

=Narbonne= (province), Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.

=Narbonne (province), the Jews of=, enjoy equality under the early
Visigoths, =3=, 45.
punished for conspiring against Egica, =3=, 108.
the possessions of, presented to the Church, =3=, 175.

=Narcissus=, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, =2=, 196.

=Nares=, a district of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 505.
an academy founded in, =2=, 593.

=Narol=, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, =5=, 11.

=Nasas=, Jewish family name in Palermo, =3=, 28.
synagogue erected by, razed, =3=, 33-4.

=Nassi=, the family of, traces descent from David, =3=, 43.
_See_ Mendes, Diogo; Francisco; Gracia; and Nassi, Joseph;
Reyna; Samuel.

=Nassi, Joseph= (João Miques), nephew of Gracia Mendesia, favorite of
Maria of the Netherlands, =4=, 572.
reported to have fled to Venice, =4=, 573.
intercedes with the sultan for Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 574.
brings Gracia Mendesia to Constantinople, =4=, 577.
marries Reyna Nassi, =4=, 577.
in favor with Sultan Solyman, =4=, 577, 594.
beneficence of, =4=, 577.
gives up the trade with Ancona, =4=, 579-80.
power of, =4=, 594.
partisan of Selim, =4=, 595.
member of the Mutafarrica, =4=, 595.
denounced by the European ambassadors, =4=, 595.
given a tract of land near the Sea of Tiberias, =4=, 596, 610.
antagonized by Mahomet Sokolli, =4=, 596.
made duke of Naxos, =4=, 596.
titles of, =4=, 596.
negotiates with Ferdinand I, =4=, 597.
seizes French merchant vessels, =4=, 597.
traduced by Daud, =4=, 598.
clears himself of the charges made by Daud, =4=, 599.
incites a war with Venice, =4=, 600.
appealed to, by European sovereigns, =4=, 601-2.
head of a Turkish party, =4=, 602.
hopes to found a Jewish state, =4=, 610-11.
rebuilds Tiberias, =4=, 610-11.
influence of, not permanent, =4=, 611.
supplanted by Mahomet Sokolli, =4=, 627.
death of, =4=, 627.
property of, confiscated, =4=, 628.

=Nassi, Reyna=, reported to have fled to Venice, =4=, 573.
the son of Moses Hamon sues for, =4=, 575.
betrothed to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 577.
sets up a Hebrew printing press, =4=, 628.

=Nassi, Samuel=, nephew of Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 577.
moves to Constantinople, =4=, 581.

=Nassi=, the, of the Great Council, a Pharisee, =2=, 49.

=Nassi=, name of the intercalary month in a lunar leap year, =3=, 59.

=Nassi=, prince, title of the president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 334.
of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 283.
of Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 361.
(Reïs), of the chief rabbi of the Cairo Karaites, =3=, 444.
_See also_ Nagid.

=Nassir Mahomet= (1299-1341), Mameluke sultan, the Jews of Palestine
under, =4=, 73.

=Naszi-Beth-Ab=, the head of the oldest family of a tribe, =1=, 122.

=Nathan=, the house of, junior branch of the house of David, power
of, =1=, 249.

=Nathan=, president of the school of Cordova, corrected by Moses ben
Chanoch, =3=, 209, 217.

=Nathan=, prophet, and David, =1=, 113.
rebukes David, =1=, 132-3.
parable by, =1=, 133.
forbids David to build a temple, =1=, 150-1.
opposed to Adonijah, =1=, 153.
anoints Solomon, =1=, 153.

=Nathan=, sheriff of Béziers, =3=, 395.

=Nathan=, son-in-law of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, =2=, 544.

=Nathan the Babylonian=, vice-president of the Synhedrion at Usha,
=2=, 434, 445.
teacher of the Law in Judæa, =2=, 442-3.
ambassador from Simon II, =2=, 443-4.
conspires against Simon II, =2=, 445.
proposed for the Patriarchate, =2=, 445.
expelled from the Synhedrion, =2=, 445.
at peace with Simon II, =2=, 446.
the last of the Tanaites, =2=, 462.

“=Nathan the Wise=,” by Lessing, Mendelssohn the hero of, =5=, 323.
story and characters of, =5=, 323-5.
effect produced by, =5=, 326-7.

=Nathan bar Assa=, disciple of Joseph ben Chiya, =2=, 582.

=Nathan ben Isaac Kohen=, emissary from Sora, settles at Narbonne,
=3=, 208.
founder of true Talmud study in Narbonne, =3=, 242.

=Nathan ben Yechiel=, of Rome, compiler of a Talmudic lexicon, =3=,
290, 421.

=Nathan ben Yehudaï=, titular Gaon of Sora, =3=, 192.

=Nathan Benjamin Levi= (Ghazati, 1644-1680), studies of, =5=, 130.
marriage of, =5=, 130.
follower of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 130-1.
professes to be Elijah, =5=, 131.
Messianic speculations of, =5=, 131-2.
proclaims Gaza the Holy City, =5=, 132.
spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, =5=, 137.
addresses circulars to Amsterdam and Hamburg, =5=, 138-9.
continues to proclaim Sabbataï as the Messiah after his
apostasy, =5=, 157.
excommunicated, =5=, 157, 159.
joins Sabbataï Zevi at Adrianople, =5=, 158-9.
in Salonica, the Greek Islands, and Italy, =5=, 160, 161.
death of, =5=, 161-2.

=Nathan Nata=, father of Jonathan Eibeschütz, =5=, 246.

=Nathaniel= (Abul Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka), physician in Bagdad,
apostate, =3=, 442.
writes a commentary on Ecclesiastes, =3=, 442.

=Nathaniel= (Hibat-Allah Ibn-Aljami), physician, Nagid of the
Egyptian Jews, =3=, 443.

=Nathaniel Ibn-Almali=, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna
commentary, =4=, 60.

=National Assembly, the Batavian=, Jews keep aloof from, =5=, 454.
petitioned to emancipate the Jews, =5=, 455.
deputies to, oppose the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 455-6.
establishes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 456.
Jewish deputies to, =5=, 458.
agrees to protect Dutch Jews in Germany, =5=, 458.

=National Assembly, the French=, champions of the Jews in, =5=, 435.
deputies to, instructed to attack the Jews, =5=, 436.
addressed on the subject of outrages upon Jews, =5=, 437.
Jewish deputies to, =5=, 438.
religious freedom discussed in, =5=, 439.
the Jewish question before, =5=, 439-441.
passes an equivocal resolution on the Jewish question, =5=, 442.
action of, objected to by the Bordeaux Jews, =5=, 442.
the emancipation of the Paris Jews demanded of, =5=, 445.
discusses finances, =5=, 446.
emancipates the Jews of France, =5=, 448.

=National Guard, the French=, joined by Jews, =5=, 438.
Jewish members of, petition the Paris Commune, =5=, 443.

=Natkes=, Galician scholar, excommunicated, =5=, 614.
style of, =5=, 617.

=Natronaï ben Chabibaï=, pretender to the Exilarchate, =3=, 137.

=Natronaï ben Nehemiah= (Mar-Yanka, 719-730), principal of the
Pumbeditha academy, on Serene’s adherents, =3=, 121-2.

=Natronaï II, son of Hillaï= (859-869), Gaon of Sora, corresponds in
Arabic, =3=, 178.
opposes the Karaites, =3=, 178.

=Naturalization Act=, the, for the Jews of England, =5=, 337-8.

=Navarre=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 352, 357-8.

=Navarre, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384.
take part in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 536.
letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544.
hated in the fourteenth century, =4=, 76.
feeling against, aroused by Pedro Olligoyen, =4=, 77-8.
under Philip III, =4=, 78.
settle in Aragon, =4=, 142.

=Navigation=, pursued by the Burgundian Jews, =3=, 35.
by the Jews of Tyre, =3=, 426.

=Naxos=, to be given to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 596.
Joseph Nassi made duke of, =4=, 596.
as a Jewish, state, =4=, 611.

=Nazarenes=, the, a sect of the early Christians, =2=, 168, 370.
take advantage of the leaning towards Judaism, =2=, 219.
increased by Essenes and Greek Judæans, =2=, 219.
persecuted by Paul, =2=, 222.
proselytize the Judæans in the Greek cities, =2=, 222.
in Antioch and Damascus, =2=, 222-3.
joined by Paul, =2=, 226.
displeased with Paul, =2=, 230.
separate wholly from the Jews, =2=, 371-2.
revile Judaism, =2=, 371-2.
disappearance of, =2=, 373.
merged into the Catholic Church, =2=, 500.
imprecation of, in the Jewish prayer book, =4=, 83.
_See also_ Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the.

=Nazareth=, birthplace of Jesus, =2=, 148, 149.
Jesus successful in, =2=, 153.
first church at, =2=, 565.
inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, =3=, 12.
the Jews of, join Sharbarza, =3=, 19.

=Nazarite practices=, under Simon the Just, =1=, 422.

=Neander, Augustus=, church historian, declares the groundlessness of
the blood accusation, =5=, 650.

=Neapolis.= _See_ Shechem.

=Neapolitanus=, deputy of Cestius Gallus in Jerusalem, =2=, 257.

=Nebuchadnezzar=, king of Babylonia, beginning of the career of,
=1=, 303-4.
Jehoiakim the vassal of, =1=, 306.
besieges Tyre, =1=, 306, 307.
ravages Judah, =1=, 306.
takes Judah, =1=, 307.
generals of, besiege Jerusalem, =1=, 307.
banishes Jehoiakim, =1=, 307.
makes Zedekiah king, =1=, 308.
subdues Judah, =1=, 311.
besieges Jerusalem, =1=, 311-14.
defeats Apries, =1=, 313.
generals of, take Jerusalem, =1=, 313-14.
beheads the dignitaries of Jerusalem at Riblah, =1=, 314.
blinds and exiles Zedekiah, =1=, 315.
appoints Gedaliah over the Palestinian Judæans, =1=, 319.
punishes the murder of Gedaliah, =1=, 325.
treats the Babylonian Judæans kindly, =1=, 329-30.
death of, =1=, 331.

=Nebuzaradan=, chief of Nebuchadnezzar’s guard, charged to destroy
Jerusalem, =1=, 315.
entrusts Zedekiah’s daughters to Gedaliah, =1=, 319.
exiles the last remnant of Judah, =1=, 325.

=Necho=, king of Egypt, defeats Josiah, =1=, 296-7.
makes Jehoiakim king, =1=, 299.
exacts tribute from Judah, =1=, 299.

=Nechunya=, abettor of Chananya at Nahar-Pakod, =2=, 443, 444.

=Nechunya ben Hakana=, teacher of the Law, adherent of Hillel’s
methods, =2=, 331.
reputed author of a Kabbalistic manuscript, =3=, 556.

=Neglib-Eddin=, supposed assassin of Mongols, =3=, 649.

=Negro.= _See_ Ibn-Yachya.

=Negropont=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 406.

=Nehemiah=, cup-bearer of Artaxerxes, appealed to by the Judæans, =1=,
372.
national enthusiasm of, =1=, 373.
governor of Judæa, =1=, 373.
journeys to Jerusalem, =1=, 374.
rebuilds the fortifications of Jerusalem, =1=, 374-5.
disturbed by Sanballat and Tobiah, =1=, 375-6.
rebukes the Judæans for the enslavement of the poor, =1=, 376-7.
unselfishness of, =1=, 377.
invites settlers to Jerusalem, =1=, 377-8.
exacts observance of the Law from the Judæans, =1=, 380-1.
consecrates the walls of Jerusalem, =1=, 381-2.
internal improvements by, =1=, 382-3.
returns to Persia, =1=, 383.
returns to Jerusalem, =1=, 385.
reforms the Judæan community, =1=, 385-8.
memoir of, =1=, 387-8.
formation of a Jewish sect under, =1=, 387.

=Nehemiah=, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, =2=, 433.

=Nehemiah= (960-968), Gaon of Pumbeditha, position of, contested, =3=,
208.

=Nehemiah=, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, =2=, 544.

=Nehemiah=, teacher of the Law in Beth-Deli, =2=, 358.

=Nehemiah Ashkafa=, a Granada Jew, supports Balkim, =3=, 258.

=Nehushta=, mother of Jehoiachin, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306.
exiled, =1=, 307.

=Neidhard=, inquisitor-general, =5=, 169.

=Neïth=, queen of heaven, worshiped in Judæa, =1=, 300.
worshiped by Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 326-7.

=Nekelo=, chamberlain of the Duke of Austria, =3=, 567.

=Nemirov, the Jews of=, massacred by the Cossacks, =5=, 8-9.
the massacre of, commemorated, =5=, 13.

=Neo-Hebraic poetry=, the rise of, under Arabic influences,
=3=, 112-13.
subjects of, =3=, 113.
liturgical character of, =3=, 113.
form subservient to the subject-matter in, =3=, 115.
rhyme introduced into, =3=, 116.
suffers by the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 558-9.
the decay of, =3=, 560.
in the Persian khanate, =3=, 648.
as developed by Immanuel Romi, =4=, 63-4, 65, 67.
in Spain in the fifteenth century, =4=, 230, 231.
in Italy, =4=, 230-1.
_See also_ Poetry; Hebrew literature.

=Neo-Persians=, the, described by Levi bar Sissi, =2=, 525.
campaign of Gallus against, =2=, 568.
_See also_ Sassanides, the; Magi, the.

=Neo-Platonism=, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328.
identified with the Kabbala, =5=, 54.

=Neo-Platonist view=, a, of the book of Daniel, =2=, 502.

=Nepi, Graziadio= (1760-1836), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 488.

=Nergal-Sharezer=, son of Sennacherib, murders him, =1=, 280.

=Neriglissar= murders Evil-Merodach, =1=, 331.
death of, =1=, 342.

=Nero=, emperor, favorably inclined to the Herodians, =2=, 245-6.
deprives the Judæans of Cæsarea of civil rights, =2=, 247.
kindly inclined to the Judæans, =2=, 248.
informed of the turbulent state of Judæa, =2=, 250-1.
informed of the number of Judæans, =2=, 252.
allegiance to, renounced by the Judæans, =2=, 259.
loyalty of Judæans defended before, =2=, 268.
apprised of the Judæan revolt, =2=, 284.
appoints Vespasian general in Judæa, =2=, 284.
death of, =2=, 297, 299.
kindly disposed towards the Jews, =2=, 391-2.
coins of, =2=, 392.
successor of, =2=, 393.
Meïr said to be the descendant of, =2=, 435.

=Nesselrode=, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 527.

=Netherlands=, the, rebellion of, against Spain, =4=, 601.
united with Spain, =4=, 661.
the Inquisition in, =4=, 662.
refuge of the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 662-3.
thwart Philip II’s plans, =4=, 667-8.
second large emigration of Marranos to, =4=, 671.
settlement of the Jewish quarter in, =4=, 674.

=Netherlands, the, the Jews of=, suffering of, =4=, 661.
expelled by Charles V, =4=, 661-2.
intolerant treatment of, =4=, 673-4.

=Nethinim=, Temple slaves, live together in Babylon, =1=, 330.

=Netira=, the sons of, espouse Saadiah’s cause, =3=, 195.

=Neto, Bras=, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, and the establishment of
the Inquisition, =4=, 500, 505.
Molcho announces the Lisbon earthquake to, =4=, 504.
honors Molcho, =4=, 505.
fears Molcho’s influence against the Inquisition, =4=, 506.
refuses to countenance the denunciation of Molcho, =4=, 506.

=Netter, Charles=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,”
=5=, 701.

=Neuburg=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =4=,
545-6.

=Neumann, Andrew=, invites Jewish exiles to settle in Brandenburg,
=5=, 173.

=Neus=, a city of refuge for Cologne Jews, =3=, 304.

=Neuwied=, the Jews of, present an address to the French Synhedrion,
=5=, 496.

=Neve=, teachers of the Law in, permit leavened bread on Passover for
the Roman army, =2=, 568.

=Neve Shalom=, second Jewish synagogue in Amsterdam, =4=, 671.

=Nevers=, count, threatened by Innocent III, for favoring the
Jews, =3=, 500.

=New Christians=, the. _See_ Marranos, the.

=New Moon=, the, announcement of, =2=, 362-3.
two days celebrated as, =2=, 363.
announced at Ain-tab, =2=, 458.
announced in Tiberias, =2=, 480.
as determined by Judah III, =2=, 532.
observance of, renewed by Anan ben David, =3=, 131.

=New Nineveh.= _See_ Mosul.

=Newport=, early Jewish immigrants in, =5=, 702.

=New Testament=, the, relation of, to the Old, examined by Chasdaï
Crescas, =4=, 188.
translated into German, =4=, 475.

=New Year’s day=, celebrated two days in Palestine, =3=, 428.

=New York=, early Jewish immigrants in, =5=, 702.

=Nibridius=, bishop of Narbonne, letter to, concerning the Jews,
=3=, 166-7.

=Nicanor=, gate of, entrance to the second Temple, =2=, 111.

=Nicanor=, son of Patroclus, Syrian general, =1=, 467.

=Nicanor=, Syrian general, sent to Judæa by Demetrius I, =1=, 484.
sends envoys to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484.
admires Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484.
defeated, =1=, 484.
demands the surrender of Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484-5.
killed in battle, =1=, 485.

=Nicaso=, daughter of Sanballat, married to a Jew, =1=, 383, 386.

=Nice=, Jews invited to settle in, =4=, 675.

=Nice, the Council of=, completes the separation of Judaism and
Christianity, =2=, 563-4.
incorporates apocryphal books in the Holy Canon, =2=, 624.
intolerance of, =3=, 25.

=Nicholas.= _See_ Donin.

=Nicholas III=, pope, reproaches Alfonso X for employing Jews, =3=,
594, 615.

=Nicholas V=, pope, issues anti-Jewish bulls, =4=, 253, 254.
establishes the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 256.
orders the Marranos to be treated as equals, =4=, 256-7.
appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of the Jews, =4=, 257, 258.
preaches a crusade against the Turks, =4=, 267-8.
bull of, against Jewish physicians unheeded, =4=, 287.

=Nicholas I=, of Russia, on the Damascus affair, =5=, 633, 657.

=Nicholas=, interpreter sent by Constantine VIII to Abdul-Rahman
III, =3=, 218.

=Nicholas de Cusa=, scholastic philosopher, advocates a union of all
religions, =4=, 255.
action of, in the Jewish question, =4=, 255.

=Nicholas de Lyra=, Franciscan, praises Rashi, =4=, 185.
charges of, against the Jews renewed, =4=, 232.
charges of, refuted by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237.
exegetical works by, used by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
exegesis of, dependent on Rashi’s, =4=, 442.

=Nicholas, Edward=, secretary to Parliament, apologist for the Jews,
=5=, 28-9.

=Nicodemus=, envoy of Aristobulus II to Pompey, =2=, 63.

=Nicolai=, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 300.
proposes to erect a statue to Mendelssohn, =5=, 372.

=Nicolaus of Damascus=, historian, friend of Herod, =2=, 90.
accuses Antipater of attempted parricide, =2=, 114.
brother of, =2=, 119.
friendly to the Judæans, =2=, 179.

=Nicopolis=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.
Joseph Karo at, =4=, 537.

=Nicosia=, taken by the Turks, =4=, 600.

=Nidui.= _See_ Excommunication.

=Niemerz=, son of Casimir III, =4=, 112.

=Nieto, David= (1654-1728), rabbi of London, culture of, =5=, 200.
denounces Chayon, =5=, 227.

=Niger=, emperor, cruelty of, to the Jews, =2=, 463-4.
defeated by Severus, =2=, 464.

=Niger=, a Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, =2=, 264.
executed, =2=, 296.

=Nikolsburg=, the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 150.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 206.
Chayon at, =5=, 218.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Nile=, the harbors of, under the control of the Judæan Alabarch, =2=,
102.

=Nilus the Younger=, refuses to be treated by a Jewish physician,
=3=, 213-14.

“=Nineteen Letters on Judaism=,” by Ben Usiel, =5=, 627.

=Nineveh=, Israelites colonized in, =1=, 265.
besieged by Cyaxares, =1=, 287.
fall of, =1=, 303.

=Nishabur.= _See_ Khorasan.

=Nisibis=, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contribution to the
Temple, =2=, 53.
Judæan center for Mesopotamia, =2=, 202.
destroyed by Lucius Quietus, =2=, 298.
center for the study of the Law, =2=, 358.
the Jews of, oppose Trajan, =2=, 393.
the Christians of, persecuted by the Magi, =2=, 524.

=Nîsmes=, the Jews of, show honor to the Jewish envoys to
Egypt, =5=, 658.

=Nissim bar Jacob Ibn-Shahin= (1015-1055), Talmudic authority of
northern Africa, =3=, 248.
busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, =3=, 249.
consults Haï Gaon, =3=, 252.
son-in-law of, =3=, 274.
disciple of, =3=, 285.

=Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben= (1340-1380), Talmudist, opposed to
Messianic speculations, =4=, 120.
attainments of, =4=, 144.
disciple of, =4=, 146.
appealed to by Isaac ben Sheshet, =4=, 148.
death of, =4=, 149.
imprisonment of, =4=, 150.

=Nissi Naharvani=, effects a reconciliation between Kohen-Zedek and
David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 186.
consulted upon the appointment of a Gaon of Sora, =3=, 192-3.

=Nitra= (mountain), the monks of, stone the prefect of Alexandria,
=2=, 619.

=Nizuz=, divine spark, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 620.

=Nizuzoth=, the original soul, =5=, 120.

=Nob=, made a sacerdotal town, =1=, 79.

=Noel=, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 456.
interferes in the internal affairs of the Amsterdam Jewish
community, =5=, 457.

=Nófeth Zufim=, Hebrew rhetoric by Judah ben Yechiel, =4=, 289.

=Nomologia=, by Immanuel Aboab, =5=, 55.

=Nomology=, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, =2=, 327.

=Norden=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.

=Nördlingen, the Jews of=, murdered, =4=, 163.
banished, =4=, 416.

=Normandy=, rabbis of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
the Jews of, under Henry II, =3=, 409.

=Northampton=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =3=,
643.

=Northmen=, the, invade France, =3=, 172.

=Norwich=, the Jews of, massacre of, =3=, 412.

=Notables, Jewish, the Assembly of=, planned by Napoleon, =5=, 481-2.
deputies to, =5=, 482-4.
to hold its first session on a Sabbath, =5=, 484.
imperial commissioners to, =5=, 485.
deputies to, hold a caucus, =5=, 486.
first meeting of, =5=, 487.
president of, =5=, 487.
Italian deputies to, =5=, 488.
questions propounded to, =5=, 489.
appoints a commission to answer the questions, =5=, 489.
parliamentary tact of, appreciated by Napoleon, =5=, 490, 492.
discusses the report of the commission, =5=, 491-2.
answers of, to be made Synhedrial decisions, =5=, 493.
approves of the Synhedrion, =5=, 493.
members of, to become members of the Synhedrion, =5=, 493.
proclamation of, concerning the Synhedrion, =5=, 494.
dissolution of, =5=, 495.
re-convened, =5=, 498.

=Notaricon=, transposition of letters, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 5, 512.

=Novak, Peter=, bishop of Breslau, invites John of Capistrano to
Silesia, =4=, 260.

=Novi=, refuge of Marranos, =4=, 553-4.

=Nubia=, Christians of, at war with the Jews of Aden, =3=, 436.

=Numenius=, delegate to Rome sent by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 526.

=Numeo=, character in Samuel Usque’s work, =4=, 558, 560, 575.

=Nunes, Henrique= (Firme-Fé), apostate, spies upon the Portuguese
Marranos, =4=, 489-90.
accuses the Marranos, =4=, 490.
murdered, =4=, 490.

=Nuñes, Maria=, Portuguese Marrano, taken to England, =4=, 664.
goes to Holland, =4=, 664.
in Holland, =4=, 667.

=Nuñez, Alvar=, removed from office by Alfonso XI, of Castile, =4=,
79.

=Nureddin=, Turkish chieftain, attacks the Christian kingdom of
Jerusalem, =3=, 349.
makes Aleppo the second capital of the Eastern caliphate, =3=, 426.
power of, =3=, 431.
adherents of, at war with Saladin, =3=, 472.

=Nuremberg=, a refuge for the Jews, =3=, 351.
diet of, issues the “Golden Bull,” =4=, 128.
rabbinical synod at, =4=, 305.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.

=Nuremberg, the Jews of=, massacred during the Rindfleisch
persecutions, =4=, 36.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
charges against, =4=, 415.
banished, =4=, 415-16.

=Nurses.= _See_ Christian nurses.

=O=

=Oath=, required of Jewish witnesses by Charlemagne, =3=, 144.
Jewish form of, =4=, 159.
concerning the blood accusation, =5=, 49, 655.
“on the true faith of a Christian” abolished, =5=, 698.

=Oath of allegiance=, to Herod, opposition to, =2=, 108.

=Oath of purgation=, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, =2=, 556.

=Obadiah=, king of the Chazars, has his people taught Judaism, =3=,
140.
successors of, =3=, 141.

=Obadiah=, palace superintendent under Ahab, protects the
prophets, =1=, 201.

=Obadiah=, prophet, prophesies against Edom, =1=, 326.

=Obadiah (Obadya) di Bertinoro= (1470-1520), rabbi of Jerusalem,
improves Jerusalem morally, =4=, 397, 399.
characterization of, =4=, 398.
ordinances by, =4=, 398.
Mishna commentary by, =4=, 704.

=Obadiah (Servadeus) de Sforno= (1470-1550), physician and
writer, =4=, 411.
Reuchlin’s teacher, =4=, 434, 473.

=Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak=, precursor of the Messiah, =3=, 124.
peculiar system of Judaism taught by, =3=, 124-5.
leader of a rebellion, =3=, 125.
adherents of, =3=, 125.

=Obeda=, Nabathæan king, opposes Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 44.

=Oberwesel, the Jews of=, murdered, =3=, 637.
murderers of, fined, =3=, 639.

“=Observations= of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews
of Alsace,” =5=, 350.

=Ocaña=, the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 170.
the cortes of, demand anti-Jewish legislation, =4=, 279.

=O’Connell=, urges the emancipation of the English Jews, =5=, 653.
on the Damascus affair, =5=, 657.

=Octavius, Caius.= _See_ Augustus.

=Octavius, Cneius=, Roman ambassador to Syria, =1=, 481.
death of, =1=, 482.

=Odenathus=, predatory incursions of, =2=, 527.
destroys Nahardea, =2=, 527.
takes Mar-Samuel’s daughters prisoners, =2=, 528.
prince of Palmyra, =2=, 528.
wife of, =2=, 529.

=Odo=, bishop of Paris, forbids Christians to have intercourse with
Jews, =3=, 407.

=Odo=, legate of Innocent IV, enemy of the Talmud, =3=, 579.

=Odura=, the family of, in the Hellenist party, =1=, 489.

=Offices.= _See under_ Civil; Magisterial; Religious.

=Og=, king of Bashan, =1=, 29.

=Ojeda, Alfonso de=, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 310.
commissioner to frame the Inquisition statute, =4=, 312.
preaches the sermon at the first auto-da-fé, =4=, 317.

=Okaz=, fair of the Arabs at, =3=, 60.

=Olam ha-Ba=, the future world, =1=, 405-6.

=Olam ha-Tikkun=, divine order of the world, Kabbalistic term, =4=,
619; =5=, 121, 142.

=Old Testament=, the, connected with the New, =2=, 488.
Christian doctrines found in, =2=, 499, 501, 502; =4=, 141-2.
contrasted with the New, =4=, 540-1.
system of, adopted by an English political party, =4=, 541-2.
slandered, =4=, 547.
inspires the Puritans, =5=, 26, 27.
_See_ Scriptures, the.

=Oldenburg, Heinrich=, on the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 139.

=Olesnicki, Zbigniev=, bishop of Cracow, hostile to the Jews, =4=,
265.
invites Capistrano into Poland, =4=, 265.
induces the king to revoke the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 266.

=Olianow, Elijah=, follower of Luzzatto, =5=, 245.
testifies in favor of Eibeschütz, =5=, 262.

=Olivença=, the Marranos of, burnt, =5=, 499.

=Oliver y Fullana, Nicolas de= (Daniel Jehuda), cartographer, =5=,
113.
wife of, =5=, 114.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.

=Olives (Olivet), Mount of=, description of, =1=, 45, 115.
David on, on his flight from Jerusalem, =1=, 141.
altars raised on, to idols, =1=, 175.
camp of the Tenth Legion on, =2=, 303.
fire-signals on, =2=, 362.
Nachmani on, =3=, 606-7.

=Olligoyen, Pedro=, arouses the hatred of the Navarrese against the
Jews, =4=, 77.
imprisoned, =4=, 78.

=Olmutz=, the Jews of, banished at the instigation of Capistrano, =4=,
263.
Jews under restrictions in, =5=, 523.

=Olympian games=, the, introduced into Palestine and Phœnicia, =1=,
445.
celebrated at Tyre, =1=, 446.

=Omar I=, second Caliph, repulsed at Kamus, =3=, 82.
drives away the Jews of Chaibar, =3=, 85.
takes Jerusalem, =3=, 87.
covenant of, =3=, 87-8.
rewards the Jews of Babylonia, =3=, 89.
death of, =3=, 90.
anti-Jewish enactments of, revived, =3=, 120, 145, 176-7, 247.

=Omar II= (717-720), caliph, re-enacts the anti-Jewish laws of Omar
I, =3=, 120.

=Ommiyyah=, the caliphate of, extent of, =3=, 100.

=Ommiyyades=, the, tolerance of, =3=, 110.
overthrow of, in the East, =3=, 125.
prosperity of, =3=, 214.
overthrown by civil wars, =3=, 255.

=Omri=, chosen king of Israel, =1=, 192.
war of, with Tibni, =1=, 192.
removes to Samaria, =1=, 193.
character of, =1=, 193.
friendly relations of, with Judah, =1=, 194.
allied with Phœnicia, =1=, 194.
wars of, =1=, 194-5.
introduces Phœnician idolatry, =1=, 195-6.

“=On the Errors= of the Trinity,” by Michael Servetus, =4=, 646.

“=On the Speedy Glory= of Judah and Israel,” by Henry Jesse, =5=, 35.

=Onias= (Menelaus), the Benjamite. _See_ Menelaus.

=Onias I=, high priest, does homage to Alexander the Great, =1=, 413.

=Onias II=, high priest, son of Simon the Just, minority of, =1=, 423.
partisan of Seleucus II Callinicos, =1=, 423.
authorizes Joseph to treat with Ptolemy II, =1=, 424.

=Onias III=, high priest, head of the Chassidim, enemies of, =1=, 437.
allied with Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, =1=, 437.
banishes Hellenists, =1=, 438.
refuses to surrender the Temple treasures, =1=, 438.
appeals to Seleucus II against the Hellenists, =1=, 438-9.
accused of partisanship with the Ptolemies, =1=, 444.
murdered, =1=, 448.
son of, =1=, 504, 505.

=Onias IV=, son of Onias III, kindly received by Ptolemy Philometor,
=1=, 506.
commander of Ptolemy VI’s troops, =1=, 506, 507.
builds a Temple at Leontopolis, =1=, 508-10.
fortifies his Temple, =1=, 510.
offices and titles of, =1=, 510.
receives a province, =1=, 519.
assists Cleopatra, =1=, 519.
informed of the independence of Judæa, =1=, 522-3.
sons of, =2=, 10, 12, 40-1.

=Onias=, a pious man, killed by the soldiers of Hyrcanus II,
=2=, 60-1.

=Onias, the Temple of=, origin of, =1=, 508-10.
closed, =2=, 318.
effect of closing, on the Alexandrian Judæans, =2=, 322.

=Onion=, a district of Heliopolis, containing the Temple of
Onias, =1=, 508.

=Onkelos.= _See_ Targum Onkelos.

=Ophel=, offshoot from Mount Moriah, =1=, 115.
outside of Jerusalem, =1=, 119.

=Ophir= (Scinde, India), Solomon sends his fleet to, =1=, 171.
trade with, under Uzziah, =1=, 230.
under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, =3=, 98.

=Ophites=, a Gnostic sect, =2=, 375.

=Ophla=, a quarter of Jerusalem, =2=, 219.
retreat of Menahem, the leader of the Sicarii, =2=, 261.
burnt by Titus, =2=, 308.

=Ophrah=, seat of Baal worship, =1=, 62.
center for pilgrims, =1=, 63.

=Oporto=, Isaac Aboab dies at, =4=, 366.
port open to the exiled Portuguese Jews, =4=, 374.

=Oppenheim=, painting by, presented to Riesser, =5=, 601.

=Oppenheim, David=, chief rabbi of Prague, library of, =5=, 217.
opposes the Eibeschütz edition of the Talmud, =5=, 251.

=Oppenheim, Joseph=, patron of Chayon, =5=, 217.

=Oppenheim, Samuel=, settles in Vienna, =5=, 189.
Christians assault the house of, =5=, 189-90.
obtains the suppression of “Judaism Unmasked,” =5=, 190.
supports the Chassidim, =5=, 213.
heir of, =5=, 217.

=Oppenheim, the Jews of=, emigrate to Syria, =3=, 637.
during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 109.

=Oppenheimer, Amshel=, creditor of Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 634.

=Orabuena, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph Orabuena.

=Oral Law.= _See_ Law, the oral.

=Oran=, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, =4=, 197.
suffering of the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361.
the Jews of, banished, =5=, 169.

=Ordenaçoens de Alfonso V=, Portuguese code containing anti-Jewish
ordinances, =4=, 338, 339.

“=Order of Tradition=, The,” historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud,
=3=, 366.

=Ordinances= of Usha, =2=, 405.

=Ordination= (Semichah), meaning of, =2=, 356.
by the teachers of the Law, =2=, 361.
forbidden by Hadrian, =2=, 426.
of Akiba’s disciples, =2=, 429.
by Moses ben Chanoch, =3=, 229.
necessity for re-introducing, =4=, 530, 535.
efforts to revive, made by Jacob Berab, =4=, 531.
revival of, antagonized, =4=, 534-5.
abandoned, =4=, 536.

=Orenstein, Jacob=, excommunicates young Galician scholars, =5=, 614.
compelled to withdraw his ban, =5=, 614.
satirized by Erter, =5=, 615.

=Orestes=, prefect of Alexandria, stoned, =2=, 619.

=Oria=, Talmudical scholars in, =3=, 212.
plundered by the Mahometans, =3=, 212.

=Orient=, the, German-Jewish journal, =5=, 693.

=Origen=, Church Father, protected by Mammæa, =2=, 481.
consults Hillel II, =2=, 487.
learns Hebrew, =2=, 488.
taught Bible exegesis by the Jews, =2=, 488.
attempts the revision of the Septuagint, =2=, 488-9.
discussion of, with Simlaï, =2=, 501-2.

=Original Sin, dogma of=, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=, 182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 187.
criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=, 235.
found in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.

=Organ=, the, in Jewish divine service, =5=, 569, 571.

=Orleans=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.
councils of, pass anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 37.
the college of, sold, =4=, 48.

=Ormuzd.= _See_ Ahura-Mazda.

=Ornah=, the Jebusite, offers Moriah to David, =1=, 138.

=Orpheus=, in Judæo-Greek writings, =2=, 204.

=Orthodox party=, the, opposes the efforts of the Mendelssohnians,
=5=, 417.
opposed by the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.
in Berlin complains of the Reform movement, =5=, 563.
not a well defined party, =5=, 566.
without leaders, =5=, 567-8.
inactivity of, =5=, 569-70, 571.
formulates its objections to the Hamburg innovations, =5=, 571.
scourged by Bresselau, =5=, 572.
denies the justification of Reform, =5=, 627.
fails to support Bernays, =5=, 673-4.
protests against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, =5=, 682.
represented at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, =5=, 684.

=Osius=, bishop of Cordova, forbids Christians to trade with
Jews, =2=, 620.
presides over the Council of Illiberis, =3=, 44.

=Osorio, David=, forms a third congregation in Amsterdam, =4=, 680.

=Osorius=, bishop, on King Manoel’s relation to the Jews, =4=, 372.

=Osorkon.= _See_ Zerah.

=Ostrog=, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Cossacks, =5=, 12.

=Ostrogoths=, the, empire of, founded, =3=, 27.
hated in Italy, =3=, 32.

=Othman=, the third Caliph, killed, =3=, 90.

=Othniel=, Caleb’s brother, takes Kiryath-Sepher, =1=, 38.

=Othniel=, judge, delivers the southern tribes from the Idumæans,
=1=, 60.

=Otho=, emperor, struggle of, with Vitellius, =2=, 299.

=Otranto=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Otto I=, emperor, offended by Abdul-Rahman III, =3=, 219.
grants the revenue derived from Jews to a church, =3=, 243.
attended by an Italian Jew, =3=, 243.

=Otto II=, emperor, presents the Jews of Merseburg to the
bishop, =3=, 243.

=Ottolenghi, Joseph=, Talmudist, opens a school at Cremona, =4=, 582.

=Ottos=, the, emperors, rule of, not favorable to the Jews, =3=, 243.

=Ouderkerk=, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, =4=, 672.

=Ouvidor=, Jewish-Portuguese judge, =4=, 159.

=Oxford=, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 516.

=Oxford, the University of=, pays honor to Samuel ben Israel, =5=,
38.
the library of, Jews said to intend to buy, =5=, 45.

=Ozaïr=, Arabic name for Ezra, =3=, 76.

=P=

=Paalzow=, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 468, 472.

=Pablo Christiani=, apostate, tries to convert Jews, =3=, 597-8.
enters into a disputation with Nachmani, =3=, 598.
proves Jesus the Messiah of the Talmud, =3=, 599.
defeated by Nachmani, =3=, 601.
sent on missionary journeys, =3=, 602.
denounces the Talmud, =3=, 602.
authorized to exercise censorship over the Talmud, =3=, 603.
charges Nachmani with blasphemy of Christianity, =3=, 603-4.
induces Louis IX to insist upon the Jew badge, =3=, 612.
policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246.

=Pachda=, brother-in-law of Mar-Zutra II, Exilarch during his
minority, =3=, 3.

=Pacheco=, marquis of Villena, adviser of Henry IV of Castile,
kindles a civil war, =4=, 278.
instigates an assault upon the Marranos, =4=, 283.

=Pacorus=, prince of the Parthians, makes Antigonus king of Judæa,
=2=, 82-3.

=Padua=, lawyers from, attacked by an anti-Jewish mob in Trent, =4=,
299.
exiled Jews settle in, =4=, 408.
Italian center of Talmudic studies, =4=, 410.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
Jews beg for shelter in, =4=, 660.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
a rabbinical college at, =5=, 624, 700.

=Padua, the Jews of=, protected, =4=, 299.
threatened with excommunication, =5=, 238.
abandon Luzzatto, =5=, 241.

=Padua, the University of=, appoints Elias del Medigo umpire, =4=,
291.
Elias del Medigo lectures at, =4=, 291.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 75.

=Pagan Christians=, the, =2=, 365, 366.
differences between, and Jewish Christians, =2=, 367.
chief seat of, =2=, 367.
views of, in the evangels, =2=, 369.
submission of, to the Romans, =2=, 369.
absorb the Jewish Christians, =2=, 373.

=Paganism=, conversions to, in Alexandria, =2=, 184.
as viewed by the Judæans, =2=, 204.
futility of, set forth by Judæo-Greek writers, =2=, 205-8.
combated by Philo, =2=, 213, 214-15.
disintegration of, =2=, 373.
in the view of the Gnostics, =2=, 377.
influenced by Judaism, =2=, 382-3.
conversions from, to Judaism, =2=, 383-5.
Tacitus on the conversions from, =2=, 384.
attempt to graft, on Judaism, =2=, 422.
end of, =2=, 559.
_See also_ Heathen, the.

=Pahath-Moab=, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, =1=, 330.

=Pakotia=, Sabbatians in, =5=, 272.

=Palæologus family=, the, dynasty of the Byzantine empire, =4=, 267.

=Palæstina Secunda=, capital of, =3=, 12.

=Palermo=, the Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 28.
Jewish captives transported to, =3=, 213.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
a Ghetto established at, =3=, 567.
Abraham Abulafia in, =4=, 7-8.

=Palestine=, name for Canaan, =1=, 1.
regarded as the Holy Land, =1=, 41-2.
physical features of, =1=, 42-8.
products of, =1=, 46-8.
climate of, =1=, 45, 47-8.
picturesqueness of, =1=, 48-9.
land of the Philistines, =1=, 55.
colonization of, after the captivity, =1=, 355-6.
Joseph the governor of, =1=, 425.
the Olympian games introduced into, =1=, 445.
the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over the death of Agrippa
I, =2=, 196.
Lucius Quietus governor of, =2=, 399.
laws hostile to, promulgated by Severus, =2=, 464.
depredations in, by Odenathus, =2=, 527.
the schools of, in good repute with Babylonians, =2=, 531.
poverty of, =2=, 535.
Babylonian Jews emigrate to, =3=, 4.
succumbs to the Arabs, =3=, 86.
subordinates itself to Jewish Babylonia, =3=, 100.
Anan ben David settles in, =3=, 130.
mystical doctrines flourish in, =3=, 154.
part of the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 248, 249.
as viewed by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 336-7.
longed for by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 338.
under Christian rule, =3=, 341.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.
visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.
Yechiel of Paris emigrates to, =3=, 587.
Karaites of, inclined to Rabbanism, =4=, 72.
accessible to Jews, under the Egyptian Sultans, =4=, 73.
emigration to, =4=, 74.
Karaites of, use a calendar of their own, =4=, 270.
emigration of Jews to, forbidden by the pope, =4=, 273-4.
Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 387.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 396-9.
Marranos in, =4=, 529-30.
influence of the Kabbala in, in the sixteenth century, =4=, 617.
the mountains of, in Rëuel Jesurun’s religious poem, =4=, 678-9.
the Kabbala in, =5=, 52.
Napoleon in, =5=, 459.
wrested from Turkey, =5=, 633.
the Christians of, under French protection, =5=, 634.
hope of the return to, given up by the “Friends of Reform,” =5=,
675, 676.
_See also_ Canaan; Judæa, etc.

=Palestine, the Jews of=, persecuted by Verus Commodus, =2=, 447.
deprived of their own courts of justice, =2=, 447.
injured by Odenathus, =2=, 527.
oppressed by Ursicinus, =2=, 568-9.
burdened with taxes, =2=, 569.
revolt against Rome under Constantius, =2=, 569-70.
sober Bible exegesis of, =2=, 624-5.
condition of, in the sixth century, =3=, 10-13.
educational system of, =3=, 12.
enjoy religious liberty until Justinian, =3=, 12.
under Justinian I, =3=, 13-17.
fined for celebrating the Passover before Easter, =3=, 13.
oppressed by Stephanus, =3=, 16.
aid the Samaritans in an anti-Christian riot, =3=, 17.
under Justin II, Tiberius, and Mauritius, =3=, 17-18.
join Sharbarza, =3=, 19.
destroy Christian sanctuaries, =3=, 19-20.
banished to Persia, =3=, 21.
allied with Heraclius, =3=, 21-2.
extirpation of, asked by Modestus, =3=, 22.
persecuted by Heraclius, =3=, 22-3.
help the Arabs, =3=, 87.
persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, =3=, 145.
influenced by European immigrants, =3=, 427-8.
ritual of, changed by Maimonides, =3=, 466.
participate in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 624, 626, 631-3.
occupations of, =4=, 74-5.

“=Palingénésie=,” by Caspar Bonnet, =5=, 314.

=Pallache, Samuel=, consul, tries to have Portuguese Marranos
received into Zealand, =4=, 663.
zeal of, =4=, 665.

=Pallas=, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, =2=, 196.
brother of, =2=, 242, 245.

=Pallas=, wife of Herod, =2=, 119.

=Palm Sunday.= _See_ Eastertide.

=Palma=, Marrano fugitives in, ask for Gibraltar, =4=, 282-3.

=Palma, the Jews of=, persecuted, =4=, 171.
charged with the blood accusation, =4=, 246.
flee, =4=, 247.
converted, =4=, 247.

=Palmerston=, English minister, appealed to in the Damascus
affair, =5=, 645.
promises to check the cruelties in the East, =5=, 645-6.
on the Damascus affair, =5=, 652.
supports Montefiore, =5=, 659.
congratulates Montefiore, =5=, 669.

=Palmyra= (Tadmor), proselytes from, discussed, =2=, 384.
kingdom of, =2=, 528-30.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=Paloma=, Spanish exile, drowns herself to escape disgrace, =4=, 362.

=Paltoi ben Abayi= (842-858), Gaon of Pumbeditha, noted for frequent
use of excommunication, =3=, 177.

=Pamier=, the Jews of, under the protection of the Count de
Foix, =4=, 176.

=Pampeluna=, the Jews of, escape massacre, =4=, 78.
a religious disputation at, =4=, 142.

=Panegyric=, the favorite subject of Jewish Andalusian poetry, =3=,
224.

=Panias=, given to Philip by Herod’s will, =2=, 119.
given to Agrippa II by Claudius, =2=, 245.
Diocletian summons Judah III to, =2=, 533.

=Panion=, Scopas defeated near =1=, 433.

=Pantæus=, Church Father, critical spirit of, =2=, 488.

=Papa bar Chanan= (300-375), Amora, founds an academy at Nares,
=2=, 593-4.
confused discourses of, =2=, 594.
method of, =2=, 594.

=Papa bar Nazar=, Jewish name of Odenathus, =2=, 527.

=Papa, Aaron de la=, rabbi of Smyrna, banished by the Sabbatians, =5=,
136, 144.

=Papacy=, the, ascendancy of, affects the position of the
Jews, =3=, 494.
power of, established, =3=, 503.
viciousness of, at Avignon, =4=, 162.
attacked by Huss, =4=, 221-2.
efforts to re-establish the supremacy of, =4=, 562.
_See also_ Bulls; Popes, the.

=Papal States=, the, Ferrara incorporated into, =4=, 660.

=Papal States, the, the Jews of=, taxed for the benefit of the
catechumens, =4=, 566.
shut up in Ghettos, =4=, 566.
restrictions against, =4=, 566-7.
annoyed by apostates, =4=, 581.
persecuted by Pius V, =4=, 590.
expelled by Pius V, =4=, 591-2.
under Sixtus V, =4=, 655-6.
expelled by Clement VIII, =4=, 659.
received in Pisa, =4=, 659.

=Pappos ben Judah=, teacher of the Law, in prison with Akiba, =2=,
428.

=Pappus=, leader of the rebellion against Trajan in Judæa, =2=, 395.
life of, threatened, =2=, 401.

=Paradise=, the belief in, introduced into Judaism, =1=, 404.

=Paran=, table-land of, =1=, 45.

=Parchi.= _See_ Estori.

=Parchon.= _See_ Solomon ben Abraham.

=Pardes=, a book of morals, by Yedaya Penini, =4=, 43.

=Pardo, David=, rabbi of the third Amsterdam synagogue, =4=, 680.
member of the first Amsterdam rabbinical college, =4=, 682.
mediocrity of, =4=, 682.

=Pardo, Joseph=, rabbi of the Amsterdam Marranos, =4=, 671.
indulgent towards the weaknesses of the Amsterdam Jews, =4=, 680.
threatens Uriel da Costa with excommunication, =5=, 58.

=Pardo, Josiah=, rabbi of Rotterdam, =4=, 685.

=Paris=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.
half of, owned by Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 343.
the rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
Maimonides’ works burnt at, =3=, 543.
a seat of Talmud study, =3=, 575.
the Talmud burnt at, =3=, 579.
receives Crémieux coolly, =5=, 668.

=Paris, the Commune of=, discusses the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 443-5.
requests the emancipation of the Paris Jews of the National
Assembly, =5=, 445.

=Paris, the Council of= (615), forbids the Jews to hold magisterial
power or enter military service, =3=, 40.
(846), summoned by Charles the Bald, =3=, 172.
forbids the employment of Christian midwives by Jews, =3=, 508.

=Paris, the Jews of=, attacked by a mob, =4=, 150-1.
attacked by the Maillotins, =4=, 152.
prosecuted for the disappearance of an apostate, =4=, 175.
number of, =5=, 435.
in the National Guard, =5=, 438.
send deputies to the National Assembly, =5=, 438.
commended by the Carmelite district, =5=, 444-5.
emancipation of, demanded by the Paris Commune, =5=, 445.
compelled to worship in the Temple of Reason, =5=, 452.
excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, =5=, 499.