Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (17)

=Sabbataï Zevi= (1626-1676), compared with Spinoza, =5=, 118.
attractive appearance of, =5=, 118.
boyhood and studies of, =5=, 119.
early marriage of, =5=, 119.
teaches the Kabbala, =5=, 119.
father of, =5=, 119-20.
interested in Messianic speculations, =5=, 120-1.
reveals himself as the Messiah, =5=, 122.
excommunicated and banished from Smyrna, =5=, 122.
gains followers, =5=, 123.
the Messiahship of, confirmed by an old document, =5=, 123.
celebrates his marriage with the Torah, =5=, 124.
banished from Salonica, =5=, 124.
meets opposition at Athens, =5=, 124.
introduced to Raphael Joseph Chelebi, =5=, 125, 127.
attracts the Jews of Jerusalem, =5=, 127.
sent as a messenger to Chelebi, =5=, 127-8.
journey of, to Cairo, =5=, 128.
second marriage of, =5=, 128-9.
beginning of public career of, =5=, 129.
becomes acquainted with Nathan Ghazati, =5=, 131.
threatened with excommunication in Jerusalem, =5=, 132.
preparations for the arrival of, in Smyrna, =5=, 133.
reception of, in Aleppo and Smyrna, =5=, 133.
declares himself the Messiah in Smyrna, =5=, 134.
enthusiasm for, in Smyrna, =5=, 134-5.
sole ruler at Smyrna, =5=, 136.
attracts wide attention, =5=, 137.
honors paid to, =5=, 141-2.
divides the world among his adherents, =5=, 145.
goes to Constantinople, =5=, 145-6.
arrested on his arrival, =5=, 146.
reception of, in Constantinople, =5=, 146-7.
imprisoned with debtors, =5=, 147.
enthusiasm aroused by, in Constantinople, =5=, 147-8.
imprisoned at Abydos, =5=, 148.
celebrates the Passover illegally, =5=, 148-9.
visitors crowd to, =5=, 149.
homage paid to, =5=, 149-50.
abolishes the fast of Tammuz, =5=, 151-2.
summons Nehemiah Cohen, =5=, 152.
betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, =5=, 153.
conversion of, to Islam resolved on, =5=, 153.
taken to Adrianople, =5=, 154.
converted to Islam, =5=, 154.
third marriage of, =5=, 154.
letters of homage to, from Amsterdam, =5=, 155.
Messianic claims of, acknowledged after his apostasy, =5=, 156-7.
proved the true Messiah by his apostasy, =5=, 157-8.
joined by Nathan Ghazati, =5=, 158.
begins his Messianic doings anew, =5=, 162.
preaches before Jews at Adrianople, =5=, 162-3.
lives as a Jew and a Mahometan, =5=, 165-6.
banished to Constantinople, =5=, 166.
fourth marriage of, =5=, 166.
banished to Dulcigno, =5=, 166.
death of, =5=, 166.
Cardoso declares himself the successor of, =5=, 207.
cause of the failure of, =5=, 209.
supposed son of, =5=, 209.
immorality of the widow of, =5=, 209-10.
successors of, =5=, 211, 230, 274.
biography of, =5=, 212, 266.
_See also_ Sabbatian movement, the; Sabbatians, the.

=Sabbataï Zevi, the followers of=, list of:
Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca
Abudiente, Abraham Gideon
Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’
Ashkenazi, Jacob
Ayllon, Solomon
Benveniste, Chayim
Berachya,
Bloch, Mattathias
Bonafoux, Daniel Israel
Cardoso, Abraham Michael
Castro, Bendito de
Chayim Malach,
Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya
Chelebi, Raphael Joseph
Cuenqui, Abraham
Duchan, Jacob Israel
Eibeschütz, Jonathan
Faliachi, Jacob
Galante, Moses
Isaiah Chassid,
Jacob Querido,
Judah Chassid,
Leb Herz,
Levi, Isaiah
Löbele Prosnitz,
Mordecai of Eisenstadt,
Moses Meïr Kamenker,
Naar, Isaac
Nathan Benjamin Levi (Ghazati),
Penya, Chayim
Pereira, Abraham
Pinheiro, Moses
Primo, Samuel
Rubio, Abraham
Sabbataï Raphael,
Salvador, Jonah
Silveira, Isaac
Sofino, Raphael
Texeira, Manoel
Wolf, Levi
Yachini, Abraham
Zacut, Moses.

=Sabbath=, the, the observance of, by Babylonian proselytes, =1=, 339.
by Babylonian Judæans, =1=, 364.
as ordered by Nehemiah, =1=, 386-7.
after Nehemiah, =1=, 397-8.
forbidden by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 456.
according to the school of Shammai, =2=, 131, 132.
by the disciples of Jesus, =2=, 155.
forbidden in Alexandria, =2=, 184.
by Pagans, =2=, 384.
forbidden by Hadrian, =2=, 422.
respected by Honorius, =2=, 617.
forbidden by Jezdijird III, =2=, 627, 628.
as ordained by Anan ben David, =3=, 132.
among the Karaites, =3=, 132, 157, 158, 435; =4=, 269-70.
on Cyprus, =3=, 425.
a sign of heresy, =4=, 316.
by the Marranos of Lisbon, =4=, 489.
song for, =4=, 538.
the center of Lurya’s mystic system, =4=, 626.
Jews of France compelled to violate, =5=, 451.
national according to Holdheim, =5=, 680.
on Sunday, =5=, 687, 702.

“=Sabbath Epistle=, The,” by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 374.

=Sabbatian movement=, the spread of, from Smyrna over Europe,
=5=, 135-41.
and Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 142, 143-4.
the Messiah in, =5=, 142-3.
opposed by the Kofrim, =5=, 144.
strengthened by the Messiah’s imprisonment, =5=, 149-51.
causes stagnation of trade, =5=, 149.
in Italy, =5=, 160-1.
after Sabbataï Zevi’s death, =5=, 207-14.
profligacy sanctioned in, =5=, 210.
growth of, =5=, 211-13, 228-9.
in Poland, =5=, 212, 228.
in Podolia, =5=, 228.
generally opposed by the rabbis, =5=, 245.
history of, =5=, 266.

=Sabbatians=, the, accept Islam, =5=, 154, 211.
ridiculed on Sabbataï’s conversion to Islam, =5=, 155.
threatened with persecution in Turkey, =5=, 156.
refuse to believe Sabbataï’s apostasy, =5=, 156-7.
excommunicated, =5=, 157.
at Adrianople, =5=, 159.
abrogate fasts, =5=, 159.
in Italy, =5=, 160-1.
adhere to Sabbataï, =5=, 163.
character of, unknown, =5=, 259.
existence of, denied, =5=, 271.
encouraged by the Eibeschütz controversy, =5=, 273.
Jacob Frank the leader of, =5=, 273.

=Sabbatical year=, the, kept after Ezra and Nehemiah, =1=, 393.
Alexander the Great remits the tax in, =1=, 415.
abolition of, contemplated by Judah I, =2=, 459-60.
tax during, exacted by Caracalla, =2=, 469.
Jannaï permits the cultivation of the land during, =2=, 469.

=Sabea=, a province of southern Arabia, =3=, 54.

=Sabina, Poppea=, wife of Nero, preference of, for Judaism, =2=, 248.
favorable to Judaism, =2=, 248.
appoints Gessius Florus procurator of Judæa, =2=, 249.
death of, =2=, 251.
releases Pharisees at the instance of Josephus, =2=, 276.

=Sabinus=, treasurer of Augustus, sent to seize Herod’s treasures,
=2=, 123.
instigates a siege of the Temple by the Romans, =2=, 123-4.
appropriates treasures from the Temple, =2=, 124.
urges Quintilius Varus against the Judæan insurgents, =2=, 125.

=Sabureans= (Saboraim), the, post-Amoraic teachers of the Law, render
the Talmud available for practical use, =3=, 6.
commit the Talmud to writing, =3=, 6-7.
chronicle of, by Sherira, =3=, 233.
_See under_ Law, the, the teachers of.

=Sabureans=, the, list of:
Ahunai,
Chanan of Iskia,
Chananya,
Chaninaï,
Giza,
Mar bar Huna,
Mari bar Mar,
Mar-Zutra III,
Rabaï of Rob,
Semuna.

=Sacharya.= _See_ Mar-Sacharya.

=Sachs, Michael= (1808-1864), author of the “Religious Poetry of the
Jews in Spain,” =5=, 555, 693-4.
contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” =5=, 622.
antagonizes the Berlin Reform Association, =5=, 687.
compared with Holdheim, =5=, 687-8, 692.
compared with the Marranos, =5=, 688.
Hebrew and Greek studies of, =5=, 688.
characteristics of, =5=, 688-9.
attitude of, to the Reform movement, =5=, 689.
dislikes organized action, =5=, 689.
as a preacher, =5=, 689-90, 692.
friendship of, with Rapoport, =5=, 690.
as a Talmudist, =5=, 690, 691.
appointed rabbi in Berlin, =5=, 691.
scorn of, for the German Jewish church, =5=, 691-2.
scientific activity of, =5=, 692-4.
exegetical work of, =5=, 692-3, 695, 699.

=Sacrifices=, the, place of, in the Sinaitic teaching, =1=, 24-5.
in Israel’s early history, =1=, 57.
Samuel’s view of, =1=, 74.
diminished importance of, =1=, 79.
how replaced by the synagogue services, =1=, 401.
to Jupiter, =1=, 455, 456.
daily, paid for by the half-Shekel contributions, =2=, 52.
during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, =2=, 60.
offered to the Cæsars, =2=, 103.
offered by Vitellius, =2=, 173.
not opposed by Jesus, =2=, 155.
Jochanan ben Zakkai on, =2=, 209, 324, 325.
offered by heathens, =2=, 258-9.
system of, admired by Julian the Apostate, =2=, 597.

=Sadducæism=, revived by the high priest Anan, =2=, 248.

=Sadducees=, the, the sect opposed in religion and politics to the
Pharisees, =2=, 17.
wherein opposed to the Pharisees, =2=, 18.
pay a tribute to the purity of the Pharisees, =2=, 20.
the kernel of the Hasmonæan following, =2=, 21.
derivation of the name of, =2=, 21.
patriotism of, =2=, 21.
political and religious principles of, =2=, 21-2.
position of, with regard to the Pentateuchal laws, =2=, 22-3.
unpopularity of, =2=, 23.
employed as diplomatists by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 31.
replace the Pharisees in state offices, =2=, 33.
actively opposed by the Pharisees under Alexander Jannæus,
=2=, 42-3.
compose the Great Council, =2=, 42.
favored by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 42-3.
deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, =2=, 50.
make the sacrifices depend on voluntary contributions, =2=, 52.
persecuted by the Pharisees, =2=, 53, 55.
protected by Salome Alexandra, =2=, 55.
support Aristobulus, =2=, 58.
reconciliation of, with the Pharisees, begun by Hillel, =2=, 98.
a sect of, =2=, 108.
opposed to the oral or traditional law, =2=, 327, 462.
the opposition of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, =2=,
471.

=Sadolet=, bishop of Carpentras, on Paul III’s friendliness to the
Jews, =4=, 515.

=Safa Berurah=, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 374.

=Safet=, the Jews of, excommunicate the Anti-Maimunists, =3=, 633.
Kabbalistic center, =4=, 74, 399, 405, 622-3.
importance of, =4=, 399, 531.
Spanish exiles in, =4=, 399.
influence of Solomon Molcho in, =4=, 529-30.
Joseph Karo at, =4=, 538.
Azarya deï Rossi’s works declared heretical at, =4=, 616.
Chayim Vital in, =5=, 52.
Luzzatto at, =5=, 244.

=Safi= (Assafi), Spanish exiles in, =4=, 389.

=Safia=, daughter of Hujej Ibn-Achtab, taken captive by Mahomet, =3=,
83.

=Safran=, Karaite center, =3=, 158.

=Sagan.= _See_ Segan.

=Sahaduta di Mehemnuta=, Sabbatian work, =5=, 162.

=Sahal Rabban= (800), physician and mathematician, translates the
Almagest, =3=, 146.

=Said.= _See_ Saadiah ben Joseph.

=Saida.= _See_ Sidon.

=Saif-Eddin Ghasi=, friendly to the Jews of Mosul, =3=, 429.

=St. Bartholomew=, the massacre of, influences the election of the
Polish king, =4=, 604.

=Saint Etienne, Rabaud=, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in
behalf of the Jews, =5=, 439.

=St. Gall=, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, =4=, 105.

=St. Gilles=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 399-400.
Jewish deputies meet at, =3=, 509.

=St. Jean d’Acre.= _See_ Accho.

=St. John, Lord Oliver=, English ambassador to Holland, visits a
synagogue, =5=, 33-4.

=St. Paul’s cathedral=, Jews reported to have bought, =5=, 45.

=Saints=, the worship of, discussed by French Jews, =3=, 343.

=Sais=, center of the worship of Neïth, =1=, 300.

=Saladin=, sultan of Turkey, maintains his hold upon Jerusalem, =3=,
405.
power of, =3=, 431.
has a Jewish physician, =3=, 443.
succeeds the Fatimide Caliphs, =3=, 461.
the Jews under, =3=, 461.
at war with Nureddin’s adherents, =3=, 472.
allows Jews to settle in Jerusalem, =3=, 474.
patron of Abdel-latif, =3=, 488.
in “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 324.

=Salamanca, the Jews of=, accept baptism, =4=, 205.
charged with child murder, =4=, 276.

=Salamis=, capital of Cyprus, destroyed by Jewish rebels against
Trajan, =2=, 397.

=Salee=, the Sabbatians of, persecuted, =5=, 151.

=Salerno=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Salins, François=, enemy of the Damascus Jews, =5=, 661.

=Sallam Ibn-Mishkam=, a prominent Nadhirite, urges war against
Mahomet, =3=, 79.

=Salman of Lemberg=, spies upon Luzzatto, =5=, 240.

=Salman of Liadi=, leader of the Chassidim, =5=, 393.
imprisoned, =5=, 394.

=Salome=, sister of Herod, calumniates Mariamne, =2=, 93, 104.
Herod’s suspicions of, =2=, 112.
daughter of, =2=, 112.
conspires against Mariamne’s sons, =2=, 112-13.
ordered to execute prominent Judæans on the day of Herod’s
death, =2=, 116.
bequest to, from Herod, =2=, 119.
disputes the succession of Archelaus, =2=, 120.
towns belonging to, bequeathed to Empress Livia, =2=, 128, 132.

=Salome Alexandra=, wife of Aristobulus I, accused of instigating her
brother-in-law’s murder, =2=, 38.
said to have released Alexander Jannæus from prison, =2=, 39.
partisan of the Pharisees, =2=, 42, 48.
made regent, =2=, 47.
gentle character of, =2=, 47-8.
coins of, =2=, 48.
proclaims Hyrcanus high priest, =2=, 48.
protects the Sadducees, =2=, 55.
treats with the king of Armenia, =2=, 55-6.
end of, =2=, 56.

=Salomon, Gotthold=, preacher of the Hamburg Reform Temple,
=5=, 564-5.
Heine on, =5=, 577.

=Salomons, David=, in the Damascus affair, =5=, 645, 653.
fined for taking his seat in Parliament, =5=, 698.

=Salonica= (Saloniki, Thessalonica), the Jews of, in the twelfth
century, =3=, 424.
Samuel II Abrabanel studies at, =4=, 385.
Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 388.
the Spanish exiles at, =4=, 404-5.
becomes a Jewish town, =4=, 404-5.
a Kabbalistic center, =4=, 405, 538.
the Jews of, split up into national groups, =4=, 478.
the Kabbalists of, and Solomon Molcho, =4=, 496-7.
the Jews of, consider trading with Pesaro, =4=, 579.
Amatus Lusitanus in, =4=, 580.
Sabbataï Zevi in, =5=, 124.
the Sabbatian enthusiasm in, =5=, 135.
Nathan Ghazati at, =5=, 160.
the Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, =5=, 163.
profligacy of the Sabbatians in, =5=, 210.
the Donmäh in, =5=, 211.
growth of the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 211.
Nehemiah Chayon at, =5=, 216.
Jacob Frank in, =5=, 272.
_See also_ Thessalonica.

=Saloniki.= _See_ Salonica.

=Saloniki, Moses=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636.
tortured, =5=, 636-7.

=Salt mines=, owned by Jews, =3=, 242.
farmed by Jews, =3=, 521.

=Salt Sea=, the, description of, =1=, 43.

=Salvador, Jonah=, defends the Jews of Metz from the blood
accusation, =5=, 176.

=Salvatierra=, the Jewish community of, destroyed by the Almohades,
=3=, 506-7.

“=Salvation of the Jews=, The,” by Mendelssohn, =5=, 362-3.

=Salvation, the dogma of=, criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=,
235.
according to Joseph Albo, =4=, 240-1.

=Salzring=, in Breslau, scene of the burning of Jews by John of
Capistrano, =4=, 262.

=Samach=, wife of Izates, convert to Judaism, =2=, 216.

=Samael=, chief of demons, introduced into Judaism from Magianism,
=1=, 403.
name of a Sefirah, =4=, 17.

=Samaria= (city) (Sebaste), made the capital of Israel, =1=, 193.
center of Phœnician idol-worship, =1=, 197-8.
Elisha in, =1=, 218.
besieged by Ben-hadad III, =1=, 221-2.
taken by Shalmaneser, =1=, 264.
subdued by Sennacherib, =1=, 270.
gubernatorial seat of Cœlesyria under Macedonian rule, =1=, 414.
a colony of Idumæans near, =2=, 9.
besieged by Hyrcanus, =2=, 10.
capitulates, =2=, 211.
Mariamne married to Herod at, =2=, 87.
incorporated with Judæa under Herod, =2=, 103.
called Sebaste and ornamented by Herod, =2=, 106.
the sons of Mariamne executed at, =2=, 113.
given to Archelaus by Herod’s will, =2=, 119.
ruled by procurators, =2=, 137.
given to Agrippa I, =2=, 190.
Greek citizens of, and Agrippa I, =2=, 194, 196.
Cumanus procurator of, =2=, 242.
a Christian city, =3=, 12.
Samaritans in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Samaria=, the kingdom of. _See_ Israel, the kingdom of.

=Samaritan=, a, brings about the fall of Bethar, =2=, 417-18.
the, account of the fall of Bethar, =2=, 418.

=Samaritans= (Cuthæans), the, a mixed population colonized in Samaria
by Esarhaddon, =1=, 285.
worship at Mizpah, =1=, 321.
settled to the north of Judæa, =1=, 355.
and the second Temple, =1=, 357.
hostility of, to the Judæans, =1=, 358.
accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to Persia, =1=, 361.
intermarry with the Judæans, =1=, 361-2.
attack Jerusalem, =1=, 371.
take Jerusalem, =1=, 372.
build a Temple on Gerizim, =1=, 390.
declare themselves a remnant of the Ten Tribes, =1=, 390-1.
characteristics of, =1=, 391-2.
the first Jewish sect, =1=, 392.
hostility of, to the Judæans, =1=, 392, 410, 435.
retain the old Hebrew characters, =1=, 396.
reject the prophetical writings, =1=, 400.
reject the dogma of resurrection, =1=, 406.
Andromachos governor of, =1=, 414.
taken captive by Ptolemy I, =1=, 416.
money-lenders among, equip Joseph for court, =1=, 424.
join Gorgias in his invasion of Judæa, =1=, 467.
hostility of, to the Judæans, re-awakened in Egypt, =1=, 515-16.
forced to renounce Judaism by Antiochus IV, =1=, 516.
emigrate to Egypt, =1=, 516.
objection of, to the Septuagint, =1=, 516.
dispute with the Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 516-17.
Greek literature of, =1=, 517.
hostile to Judæa under John Hyrcanus, =2=, 7.
Temple of, destroyed, =2=, 7-8.
pollute the Temple, =2=, 135.
cruelly treated by Pontius Pilate, =2=, 171-2.
murder Galilean pilgrims, =2=, 243.
of Acrabatene, exterminated, =2=, 243.
join the Judæans against Rome, =2=, 268.
influence Hadrian against the Jews, =2=, 403.
receive Hadrian with servility, =2=, 406.
religion of, mocked at by Hadrian, =2=, 407-8.
participate in the revolt of Bar-Cochba, =2=, 410.
testimony of, declared valid, =2=, 457.
enmity of, to the Jews, =2=, 457-8, 534.
compelled to idolatry by Diocletian, =2=, 533.
declared heathens by the Synhedrion, =2=, 534.
weakened by their hostility to the Jews, =2=, 535.
in Babylonia and Abayi Nachmani, =2=, 584.
forbidden to enter military service under Honorius, =2=, 617.
evidence of, declared invalid by Justinian I, =3=, 13.
obliged to assume the decurionate, =3=, 13.
forced into Christianity, =3=, 16-17.
massacre the Christians of Cæsarea, =3=, 17.
oppressed by Justin II, =3=, 17-18.
help the Arabs in Palestine, =3=, 87.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Samarkand=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 435.

=Samega=, John Hyrcanus at, =2=, 7.

=Samiel.= _See_ Samael.

=Samogitia=, Karaites in, =5=, 182.

=Samos=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Sampsigeramus=, king of Emesa, allied with Agrippa I, =2=, 195.

=Samson=, judge, fights with the Philistines, =1=, 64, 66.
hero of a poem by Enriquez de Paz, =5=, 111.
subject of Luzzatto’s drama, =5=, 234.
the Syrian Hercules, =5=, 715.

=Samson ben Abraham of Sens=, Tossafist, regards Karaites as
idolaters, =3=, 408; =4=, 72.
emigrates to Jerusalem, =3=, 505.
anti-Maimunist, =3=, 524, 527.
party of, defeated, =3=, 526.
brother-in-law of, =3=, 539.

=Samson ben Meïr=, collects twenty signatures against the study of
science, =4=, 38.

=Samuel=, candidate for the Exilarchate, =3=, 439.

=Samuel=, disciple of Jochanan bar Napacha, defends a political
offender before Zenobia, =2=, 529-30.

=Samuel=, Jewish treasurer of Ferdinand IV of Castile, =4=, 51-2.

=Samuel=, Kabbalist, disciple of Abraham Abulafia, =4=, 6.

=Samuel=, prophet, characterization of, =1=, 72-3.
descent of, =1=, 73.
at Shiloh, =1=, 73.
prophetic inspiration of, =1=, 73, 75.
on sacrifices, =1=, 74.
versed in the Law of Moses, =1=, 74.
reclaims the nation from idolatry, =1=, 75-6.
as a preacher, =1=, 75.
unites the northern and the southern tribes, =1=, 77-8.
holds popular assemblies, =1=, 78.
introduces music into the divine service, =1=, 78-9.
sons of, =1=, 79, 80.
and the demand for a king, =1=, 80.
chooses Saul as king, =1=, 82-3.
abandons Saul at Gilgal, =1=, 86.
accompanies Saul against Nahash, =1=, 90.
anoints Saul, =1=, 90.
reproves Saul for disobedience in the Amalekite wars, =1=, 92-3.
kills Agag, =1=, 93.
anoints David, =1=, 95-6.
influences David, =1=, 96-7.
regulations for pilgrims to the grave of, =4=, 398.

=Samuel the Younger= (Hakaton), condemns the Jewish Christians,
=2=, 357-8.
prophecy of, =2=, 358.
supposed author of the Birchath ha-Minim, =2=, 379.

=Samuel bar Bun=, Amora, contemporary of Ashi, =2=, 609.

=Samuel bar Judah=, Amora, emigrates from Judæa, =2=, 567.

=Samuel ben Aaron=, Karaite, gives an account of Karaism, =5=, 183.

=Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi= (1165-1216), prominent in
Barcelona, =3=, 388.

=Samuel ben Abraham Saporta=, Maimunist, addresses the rabbis of
France, =3=, 539.
denounces Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 543.

=Samuel ben Ali Halevi=, Talmudist, Gaon of Bagdad, =3=, 438-9.
as a philosopher, =3=, 438.
as a teacher, =3=, 438-9.
judge of appeals, =3=, 439.
functions and authority of, =3=, 439-40.
daughter of, =3=, 439.
opposes Maimonides, =3=, 472.
traduces Maimonides, =3=, 475, 477.
treatise by, on the resurrection, =3=, 476.
correspondence of, with Maimonides, =3=, 476-7.
disciple of, =3=, 525.

=Samuel ben Asher=, murdered in Cologne during the first crusade, =3=,
304.

=Samuel ben Chofni=, last Gaon of Sora, exegetical works of, =3=, 253.
attacks Karaism, =3=, 253.

=Samuel ben Israel=, son of Manasseh, academic honors paid to, in
England, =5=, 38.

=Samuel ben Judah Ibn-Tibbon= (1160-1239), translator, character
of, =3=, 398.
corresponds with Maimonides, =3=, 491.
trains Jacob Anatoli as a translator, =3=, 566.
not in favor with the obscurantists, =4=, 32.

=Samuel ben Meïr= (Rashbam, 1100-1160), grandson of Rashi, Tossafist,
=3=, 288, 345.
converts Rashi to a rational exegesis, =3=, 288, 346.
Bible exegete, =3=, 345-6.
commentaries by, =3=, 346.
maintains that the Biblical day begins in the morning, =3=, 374.
compared with Jacob Tam, =3=, 375.
at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Samuel ben Meïr Allavi= (Abulafia), minister of finance to Pedro the
Cruel, =4=, 115-16, 117-18.
rectitude of, =4=, 116.
espouses the cause of Maria de Padilla, =4=, 117.
shares the king’s imprisonment, =4=, 118.
protector of the Jews, =4=, 119.
builds a synagogue at Toledo, =4=, 119-20.
agitation against, =4=, 120-1.
fall and death of, =4=, 121.
synagogue of, turned into a church, =4=, 354.

=Samuel ben Solomon= at the disputation with Donin, =3=, 576, 578.

=Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel=, Tossafist, =3=, 586.

=Samuel ben Yechiel=, martyr of the first crusade, =3=, 305.

=Samuel Ibn-Abbas=, apostate to Islam, writes against the
Jews, =3=, 442.

=Samuel Ibn-Adiya= (500-560), Jewish Arabic poet, chief of an Arabic
tribe, =3=, 68.
protects Imrulkais Ibn-Hojr, =3=, 68-9.
son of, =3=, 69, 70.
defense of, =3=, 70.
death of, =3=, 70.

=Samuel Ibn-Nagdela.= _See_ Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

=Samuel Ibn-Wakar= (Abenhuacar), at the court of Alfonso XI of
Castile, =4=, 76, 79.
physician to Alfonso XI, =4=, 80.
jealous of Joseph Ecija, =4=, 80.
made farmer of revenues, =4=, 80-1.
accused of depreciating the coinage, =4=, 81.
end of, =4=, 84.

=Samuel, son of Abba= (Arioch, Mar-Samuel, Yarchinai, 180-257), cures
Judah I, =2=, 456.
an Amora, =2=, 479, 518.
enforces the authority of the Patriarch in Babylonia, =2=, 484.
returns to Babylonia, =2=, 511, 519.
principal of the Nahardea academy, =2=, 512, 519.
decisions of, =2=, 515.
view held by, on the Messiah, =2=, 519.
establishes the principle of the sanctity of the law of the land,
=2=, 519-20.
and Shabur I, =2=, 520, 526.
Persian leanings of, =2=, 520-1.
as astronomer, =2=, 521.
draws up a calendar, =2=, 521-2.
as a physician, =2=, 522.
subordination of, to Rab, =2=, 522.
recognized as the religious chief of Babylon, =2=, 522.
and Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=, 522-3.
daughters of, taken captive by Odenathus, =2=, 528.
superiority of, acknowledged in Palestine, =2=, 531.
influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 544.
on Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 550.
humanity of, towards his slaves, =2=, 555.
calendar of, used by Hillel II, =2=, 574.

=Samuel, son of Joseph Ezobi=, advice to, =3=, 561.

=Samuel I Abrabanel= (Juan de Sevilla), Almoxarif to Henry II de
Trastamare, =4=, 138, 169.
exerts himself in behalf of the Jews, =4=, 139-40.
patron of Menachem ben Aaron, =4=, 145.
accepts baptism, =4=, 169.
delegate of the Spanish Jews to Martin V, =4=, 219.
grandfather of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 337.

=Samuel II Abrabanel= (1473-1550), son of Isaac, student at Salonica,
=4=, 340, 385.
eminence of, =4=, 409.
as financier, =4=, 409.
beneficence of, =4=, 409.
wife of, =4=, 409-10.
patron of Jewish learning, =4=, 410.
advises the Jews to leave Naples, =4=, 543.
settles in Ferrara, =4=, 544.

=Samuel Alvalensi=, Spanish exile, prominent in Fez, =4=, 390.
disciple of, =4=, 392.

=Samuel Çarça=, on the condition of the Jews of Castile, =4=, 137.
comments on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, =4=, 144.

=Samuel Cohen ben Daniel=, head of the Bagdad academy, Maimunist, =3=,
633.

=Samuel Franco=, Kabbalist in Salonica, =4=, 405.

=Samuel Halevi=, delegate of the Spanish Jews to Martin V, =4=, 219.

=Samuel Halevi=, invents a water-clock, =3=, 594.

=Samuel (Ishmael) Halevi Ibn-Nagrela= (Nagid, 993-1055), consults Haï
Gaon, =3=, 252, 260.
accomplishments of, =3=, 254-5.
taught by Chanoch and Chayuj, =3=, 255.
leaves Cordova and settles in Malaga, =3=, 255.
linguistic attainments of, =3=, 255.
master of Arabic calligraphy, =3=, 255.
private secretary to the vizir, =3=, 256.
minister to Habus, =3=, 256-7.
poem by, addressed to Habus, =3=, 257.
gentleness of, =3=, 257.
plots to depose, =3=, 258.
partisan of Badis, =3=, 258.
vizir under Badis, =3=, 258.
formulas of Moslem rulers used by, =3=, 259.
exercises authority over the Granada congregations, =3=, 259.
writes a methodology of the Talmud, =3=, 259.
writes a commentary on the Talmud, =3=, 259.
as poet, =3=, 259-60.
as patron of learning, =3=, 260.
as grammarian, =3=, 261.
hostile to Ibn-Janach, =3=, 262, 313.
patron of Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 268.
eulogized by Joseph ben Chasdaï, =3=, 273.
poem by, in praise of Joseph ben Chasdaï, =3=, 274.
death of, =3=, 274.
son of, =3=, 274.
patron of Isaac ben Baruch Albalia, =3=, 283.
patron of Isaac Ibn-Giat, =3=, 284.
unique figure in Spanish Jewish history, =3=, 313.
employs the father of Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 319.
research of, furnishes material for Abraham Ibn-Daud’s history, =3=,
366.

=Samuel Lisbona.= _See_ Lisbona, Samuel.

=Samuel Nagid.= _See_ Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

=Samuel Shulam=, physician, historical works by, =4=, 608.

=Samuel Sidillo=, scholar, Spanish exile at Cairo, =4=, 392.

=Samuel Sulami=, patron of Jewish learning, =4=, 25-6.
in correspondence with Solomon ben Adret, =4=, 26.
censured for harboring Levi of Villefranche, =4=, 29.

=Samuel Vital=, publishes his father’s Kabbalistic visions, =5=, 53.
superintends Chelebi’s penances, =5=, 125.

=Samuel Zacuto=, son of Abraham, escapes from Portugal, =4=, 378.

=Samuges=, king of Assyria, defection of the nations from, =1=, 287.

=Samun=, rabbi of Leghorn, recalls his approval of the Reform
movement, =5=, 571.

=Sanaa= (Usal), Israelitish trading station at, =3=, 54.
prince of the Jews of Talmas in, =3=, 437.

=Sanballat=, leader of the Samaritans, qualities of, =1=, 362.
hostility of, to the Judæans under Ezra, =1=, 369-70.
attacks Jerusalem, =1=, 371.
chagrined at Nehemiah’s appointment, =1=, 374.
disturbs Nehemiah’s work, =1=, 375.
intrigues against Nehemiah, =1=, 375-6.
daughter of, =1=, 383, 386.
projects a Temple on Mount Gerizim, =1=, 389-90.
invites settlers to Samaria, =1=, 391.

=San Benito=, the garment of the victims of the Inquisition, =4=,
317, 327.

=Sanchez, Juan Perez=, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition in
Aragon, =4=, 329.
plots against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 329.

=Sancho IV=, son of Alfonso X, rebels against his father, =3=, 616.
Jews of Castile under, =3=, 616-17.
regulates the taxation of the Jews, =3=, 617.
Todros Abulafia at the court of, =4=, 2.

=Sancho Ramirez=, king of Leon, concludes a treaty with Abdul-Rahman
III, =3=, 216.

=Sancta Anastasia, cardinal de=, favorably inclined towards the
Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 379.

=Sand, Karl=, assassin of Kotzebue, =5=, 528, 530, 533.

=Sangisa=, sister of Pope John XXII, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 61.

=San Martin, Juan de=, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, =4=,
312, 323.
censured by Sixtus IV, =4=, 318.

=San Miguel=, the order of, awarded to Enriquez de Paz, =5=, 110.

=Sans-Souci=, Mendelssohn at, =5=, 302.

=Santa-Cruz, Gaspard de=, Marrano, dishonored after his death,
=4=, 331-2.

=Santarem=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.
refuge of Leonora of Portugal, =4=, 160.

=Santas.= _See_ Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.

=Sante-Fé, Francisco de=, Marrano, martyrdom of, =4=, 331.

=San Thomas=, children of Spanish exiles sent to, =4=, 371.

=Santiago de Compostela=, autos-da-fé in, =5=, 91.

=Santob de Carrion= (1300-1350), Spanish Jewish poet, =4=, 87, 114-15.
style of, =4=, 115.
rebukes the king and wealthy Jews, =4=, 115.

=Saporta.= _See_ Enoch Saporta; Samuel ben Abraham Saporta.

=Saragossa=, early traces of Jews near, =3=, 42.
Cordova Jews emigrate to, =3=, 255.
Ibn-Janach settles at, =3=, 262.
Ibn-Gebirol banished from, =3=, 268.
a Jewish vizir at, =3=, 280.
Ibn-Kamnial at, =3=, 312.
conquered by Alfonso I of Aragon, =3=, 316.
capital of Aragon, =3=, 387.
first victims of the Inquisition in Aragon fall in, =4=, 329.
Jews disappear from, =4=, 354.

=Saragossa, the Jews of=, censured by Ibn-Gebirol for neglecting
Hebrew, =3=, 267.
try to prevent the execution of the decree concerning Jew
badges, =3=, 513.
Maimunists, =3=, 536-7.
converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 206, 214.

=Saragossa, the Marranos of=, plot against Arbues, =4=, 330.
protected by Alfonso of Aragon, =4=, 330.
slaughtered, =4=, 331-2.

=Saragossi.= _See_ Joseph Saragossi.

=Sarah=, wife of Abraham, buried in Machpelah, =1=, 4.
in the Zohar, =4=, 23.

=Sarah Zevi=, suffering of, during the Chmielnicki massacres,
=5=, 128-9.
declares herself to be the destined wife of the Messiah, =5=, 129.
brought from Leghorn to Cairo, =5=, 129.
marries Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 129.
immorality of, =5=, 130, 135.
at Abydos, =5=, 149.
accepts Islam, =5=, 154.

=Saramalla=, a rich Judæan of Antioch, assists Herod, =2=, 87.

=Saraph-Bashi=, Egyptian title, =5=, 124.

=Sardes=, the goddess of love worshiped in, =1=, 408.

=Sardinia=, Roman Judæans banished to, =2=, 136-7.
the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, =3=, 28.

=Sardinia=, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, =3=, 33.
proclamation expelling, =4=, 347.

=Sarepta= (Zarephath), Elijah dwells in, =1=, 203.

=Sariel=, name of a Sefirah, =4=, 17.

=Sarkel=, Chazar fortress, taken by Sviatislav, =3=, 222.

=Sarmatia=, rebels against Hadrian, =2=, 399.

=Sarrão, Thomé=, Portuguese Marrano leader, =4=, 516.

=Sarsar=, meeting place of Kohen-Zedek and David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 186.

=Sar Shalom=, rabbi of the Persian congregations, =3=, 434.

=Sartaba.= _See_ Alexandrion.

=Saruk, Israel=, introduces the Luryan Kabbala into Italy and
Holland, =5=, 54.

=Sason=, Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, =5=, 641.

=Sasportas=, the family of, distinguished in Oran, =5=, 169.

=Sasportas, Jacob=, scholar, accompanies Manasseh ben Israel to
England, =5=, 38.
rabbi of London, =5=, 50.
opposes the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 138, 141, 150, 161.
tries to expose Sabbataï’s roguery, =5=, 151.

=Sasportas, Jacob=, zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch
Jews, =5=, 455.

=Sassanides=, the, dynasty of, established by Ardashir, =2=, 523.

=Satan=, beginning of the belief in, =2=, 170.

=Satanov=, Sabbatians before the council of rabbis at, =5=, 276.

=Satanow, Isaac=, one of the Measfim, =5=, 400.

=Satire=, the favorite burden of Jewish Andalusian poetry, =3=, 224.

=Satirical romance=, the, in Hebrew poetry, =3=, 559.

=Saturnalia=, the, Jews have no intercourse with the heathen
before, =2=, 477.

=Saubert, John=, translator of Templo’s work, =5=, 115.

=Saul=, choice of, as king, =1=, 83.
qualities of, =1=, 83.
discontent with, =1=, 83.
son of. _See_ Jonathan.
offends Samuel at Gilgal, =1=, 86.
condemns Jonathan to death, =1=, 88-9.
at Gibeah, =1=, 89-90.
defeats the Ammonites, =1=, 89-90.
homage paid to, at Gilgal, =1=, 90.
creates new offices, =1=, 91.
defeats Agag, =1=, 91-2.
beginning of the madness of, =1=, 93-4.
orders a massacre of the Gibeonites, =1=, 94.
royal ostentation of, =1=, 94-5.
permits David to fight with Goliath, =1=, 97.
invites David to his court, =1=, 98.
fears David as a rival, =1=, 99.
attempts David’s life, =1=, 99.
murders the descendants of Eli, =1=, 100.
consults the witch of Endor, =1=, 103.
death of the sons of, =1=, 103.
death of, =1=, 103.
body of, dishonored by the Philistines, =1=, 104.
remains of, buried, =1=, 124.
Israelites under, settle in the Hejas, =3=, 54.
favorite character of the Puritans, =5=, 26.

=Saul=, member of the Herodian family, wickedness of, =2=, 236.
accuses Gessius Florus before Nero, =2=, 268.

=Saul of Tarsus.= _See_ Paul, apostle.

=Saul=, son of Anan ben David, succeeds him, =3=, 136.

=Saul Astruc Cohen=, physician in Tlemçen, =4=, 198.
protects Marrano fugitives, =4=, 199.

=Saul Cohen Ashkenasi=, disciple of Elias del Medigo, =4=, 293.
letter to, from Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 386.
pure style of, =4=, 389.

=Saurim=, brother of Raba bar Joseph, heartlessness of, =2=, 588.

=Savoy=, Oran Jews settle in, =5=, 169.

=Savoy, the Jews of=, charged with well poisoning, =4=, 103-4.
during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, =4=, 218.
privileges of, confirmed by Martin V, =4=, 219.

=Saxon emperors=, the, position of the Jews under, =3=, 241, 242-3.

=Saxony=, the Jews of, under heavy restrictions, =5=, 509.

=Sbaráz=, battle of, between Cossacks and Poles, =5=, 12.

=Scaliger, Joseph=, philologist, tolerance of, =4=, 685.
quickens learning, =5=, 20.
devotes himself to Rabbinical literature, =5=, 21.
introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, =5=, 179.

=Scaurus=, legate of Pompey in Syria, attacks Aretas, =2=, 70.
called upon to arbitrate between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II,
=2=, 61-2.
commands Aretas to raise the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 62.
bribed to favor Hyrcanus II, =2=, 62.

=Schaffhausen=, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, =4=, 105.

=Schiller=, expresses regard for Solomon Maimon, =5=, 409.

=Schimmelpennik=, Grand Pensioner of the Batavian Republic, appoints
Jews to public offices, =5=, 458.

=Schlegel, Frederick=, character of, =5=, 423-4.
union of, with Dorothea Mendelssohn, =5=, 424.
representative of the romantic school, =5=, 515, 516.

=Schleiermacher=, intimacy of, with Henrietta Herz, =5=, 423.
hostile to Judaism, =5=, 426-7, 428.
refuses to acknowledge the Jewish origin of Christianity, =5=, 426.
ill-will of, towards Jews, =5=, 462.

=Schmidt=, Bremen deputy to the Congress of Vienna, opposes the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519.

=Schmidt= of Hildburghausen, defends the Jews, =5=, 522.

=Scholastic philosophy=, the, and Ibn-Gebirol’s works, =3=, 270-1.
influenced by the “Guide of the Perplexed,” =3=, 486.
studied by Leone Romano, =4=, 69.
quoted by Jewish preachers in the fifteenth century, =4=, 232.

=Schools, elementary=, established in Judæa by Joshua ben
Gamala, =2=, 249.
in Spain by the law of Avila, =4=, 229.

=Schools for young men=, origin of, in Palestine, =1=, 396.
reorganized by Simon ben Shetach, =2=, 50-1.
lack of, in Galilee, =2=, 148.
in Asia Minor and Egypt, =2=, 357-8.
in Judæa inspected by order of Judah III, =2=, 532.
at Sora established by Chasda, =2=, 553.
in Palestine in the sixth century, =3=, 12.
at Yathrib, =3=, 59.
founded in the West by emissaries from Sora, =3=, 208.
in Amsterdam, =4=, 681-2.
in Rotterdam, =4=, 685.
_See under_ Education for other headings.

=Schools, secular=, founded by Jews, in Trieste, =5=, 369-70.
in Prague, =5=, 371.
in Berlin, =5=, 405, 416.
in Tarnopol, =5=, 612.
in Egypt, =5=, 664.

=Schools, the, of the prophets=, =1=, 205, 234.

=Schor, Elisha=, Frankist, =5=, 275.
draws up the Frankist confession of faith, =5=, 280.

=Schudt=, author of “Jewish Curiosities,” =5=, 549.

=Schurmann, Anna Maria=, student of Hebrew literature, =5=, 21.

“=Schutzjuden.=” _See_ Protection-Jews.

=Schwager=, preacher, on the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 358.

=Schwarz, Peter=, apostate, maligns the Jews, =4=, 301.
motives of, suspected by Reuchlin, =4=, 442.

=Schweidnitz, the Jews of=, engaged in money-lending, =4=, 260.
charged with host desecration, =4=, 261.

=Science=, promoted by Judaism during the Middle Ages, =3=, 146, 187.

=Science, the study of=, by Jews, advocated by Jonathan of
Lünel, =3=, 397.
opposition to, at the end of the thirteenth century, =4=,
27-34, 37-45.
ban against, =4=, 39-40.
controversy on, continued at Perpignan, =4=, 50-1.
baneful effect of the ban against, =4=, 143.
opposition to, in the fourteenth century, =5=, 147.
_See also_ Maimunist controversy, the.

=Science of Judaism=, the, subserves the Reform movement, =5=, 627.

“=Scientific Journal, The=,” the tone of, =5=, 625.
founder of, =5=, 626.
inculcates self-respect, =5=, 626.
recalls the Karaites, =5=, 626.

=Scipio=, follower of Pompey, has Alexander, son of Aristobulus II,
beheaded, =2=, 75.

=Scopas=, an Ætolian, takes Jerusalem, =1=, 432.
garrisons the Baris, =1=, 433.
routed by the Syrians near Panion, =1=, 433.

=Scopus Zophim=, camp of Titus, =2=, 302.

=Scotus.= _See_ Duns Scotus.

“=Scourge of the Jews=,” name given to John of Capistrano, =4=, 260.

=Scribes=, the. _See_ Sopherim, the.

=Scriptures=, the, written with Assyrian characters, =1=, 395-6.
studied in the schools of Judæa, =2=, 50-1.
allegorical interpretation of, by the Judæo-Alexandrian school,
=2=, 208-9.
as interpreted by Paul, =2=, 230.
canon of, completed, =2=, 344.
translated into Greek by Akylas, =2=, 385, 386-7.
Chiya bar Abba ignorant of, =2=, 536.
translations of, =2=, 581-2.
studied in Palestine under Theodosius II, =2=, 623-5.
the Latin translation of, =2=, 625.
incorrect explanation of, favored by the Talmud, =2=, 633.
vowel-points and accents introduced into, =3=, 7.
use of translations of, ordered by Justinian I, =3=, 14-15.
knowledge of, among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 59.
love for, among the Arabs, =3=, 59.
Mahomet’s doctrines borrowed from, =3=, 72.
study of, revived among Jews under Mahometan influence, =3=, 111-12.
rendered comprehensible by the introduction of vowel points, =3=,
112.
study of, stimulates poetic composition, =3=, 118.
studied by the Jews of Arabia, =3=, 119-20.
replaced by the Talmud, =3=, 128.
a return to the letter of, advocated by Anan ben David, =3=, 130.
study of, stimulated by Anan ben David, =3=, 133.
ardently studied by the Karaites, =3=, 136.
commentators on, among the Karaites, =3=, 136.
neglected by the Rabbanites, =3=, 189.
translated into Arabic by Saadiah, =3=, 189-90.
trustworthiness of, doubted in Saadiah’s time, =3=, 198.
the Ben-Asher copies of, =3=, 207.
the Massoretic text of, now in use, =3=, 207.
the oldest copy of, in Spain destroyed, =3=, 387.
the distortion of, by the Kabbalists, =3=, 556.
verses of, happily used by the fabulists, =3=, 560.
as interpreted in the Zohar, =4=, 15-16.
as explained by the mystics and the philosophers, =4=, 23-4.
study of, neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 91.
study of, neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, =4=,
231, 234.
concordance of, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, =4=, 234-5.
taught to Karaites by Rabbanites, =4=, 269.
in Hebrew declared heretical, =4=, 444-5.
German translation of, by Luther, =4=, 469, 475.
study of, encouraged by Luther and Reuchlin, =4=, 474-5.
translated into the European languages, =4=, 475, 540.
in Hebrew, demand for copies of, =4=, 475-6.
studied by Marranos, =4=, 485.
Ferrara Spanish edition of, dedicated to Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 576.
translated into Polish, =4=, 647.
polyglot edition of, published by Arias Montano, =4=, 651.
study of, declines under the influence of the Polish Talmudists,
=5=, 17.
neglect of, among Jews, =5=, 327.
studied by German Jews, =5=, 395.
French translation of, projected, =5=, 449.
Heine’s admiration for, =5=, 553-4.
translation of, by Sachs, =5=, 693.
_See also_ Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; _and
under the various books_.

=Scriptures, the, commentary on=, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 370-3.
by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, =3=, 204.
by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, =3=, 206.
by Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi, =3=, 392.
by Joseph Kara, =3=, 345.
by Moses ben Nachman, =3=, 607.
by Rashi, =3=, 288.
by Saadiah, =3=, 189-90.
by Samuel ben Meïr, =3=, 345.
by Shemarya Ikriti, =4=, 70.
by Solomon ben Yerucham, =3=, 206.
by Yizchaki, =3=, 273.
_See_ Law, the, commentary on.

=Scriptures, the, exegesis of.= _See_ Exegesis of the Bible.

=Scriptures, the, translations of.= _See under_ Translation.

=Scrutinium Scriptuarum=, polemic against Judaism by Solomon
Levi, =4=, 233.

=Scythians=, the, invade Media, Assyria, and Philistia, =1=, 287.
bribed by Psammetich of Egypt, =1=, 287.
ravage Judæa, =1=, 287.

=Scythopolis.= _See_ Bethshean.

“=Searching the Scriptures=,” polemic against Judaism by Solomon
Levi, =4=, 233.

=Sebaste.= _See_ Samaria.

=Sebastian=, of Portugal, defeated in Africa, =4=, 381.

=Sebastus=, harbor of Cæsarea, built by Herod, =2=, 106.

=Sebel ha-Yerusha=, hereditary teaching, among the Karaites, =3=, 159.

=Seche=, a Christian Shylock, punished by Sixtus V, =4=, 657.

=Sechel ha-Poel=, term used by Maimonides, =3=, 480.

“=Secret of the Trinity=,” by Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 217.

=Sects, Jewish.= _See_ Judaism, the sects of.

=Secundinus=, bishop, and the Jew Antoninus, =3=, 29.

=Seder ha-Kabbalah=, historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud, =3=, 366.

=Seder Olam=, historical work by José ben Chalafta, =2=, 442.

=Sefer ha-Osher=, grammatical work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 261.

=Sefer Madda=, Maimonides’ code, attacked by anti-Maimunists, =3=,
523.

=Sefer Refuoth=, attributed to king Solomon, used by the Essenes, =2=,
29.

=Sefer Yezirah=, commentary on, by Saadiah, =3=, 197.

=Sefer Yizchaki=, Biblical work, =3=, 273.

=Sefer Yochasin=, chronicle by Abraham Zacuto, =4=, 391.

=Sefiroth, the Ten=, emanations from the Deity, in the Kabbala
system, =3=, 551.
qualities of, =3=, 552.
correspond to the Temple, =3=, 553.
prayer addressed to, =3=, 554.
in the Zohar, =4=, 14, 17.
names of, =4=, 17.
instruments of the creation, =4=, 619.
streams of mercy flow through, =5=, 121.

=Segal.= _See_ Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.

=Segan (Sagan) ha-Cohanim=, deputy of the high priest, =1=,
492; =2=, 330.

=Segelmessa=, the Jews of, persecuted by the Almohades, =3=, 360.

=Segovia=, the synagogue of, transformed into a church, =4=, 196.
the Marranos of, slain, =4=, 283.

=Segovia, the Jews of=, accused of host desecration, =4=, 195-6.
accept baptism under Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.
riot against, =4=, 278-9.
carry their tombstones into exile with them, =4=, 352.

=Segre, Joshua Benzion= (1720-1809), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 488.
on the commission to answer the twelve questions put to the
Notables, =5=, 490.
vice-president of the Synhedrion, =5=, 495.

=Ségur=, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation,
=5=, 480-1.

=Seir=, mount, the capital of Edom on, =1=, 222.

=Sejanus=, minister of Tiberius, hostile to Judaism, =2=, 136.
sends Pontius Pilate to Judæa as procurator, =2=, 138.
treachery of, revealed by one of the Herodians, =2=, 172.

=Selden, John=, student of Hebrew, =5=, 21.

=Seleucia=, north-eastern limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, =2=,
46.

=Seleucidæan era=, the, used by Jews, =1=, 417.
abolished, =4=, 394-5.

=Seleucidæan kings=, the, gain possession of Judæa, =1=, 432.

=Seleucus I=, ally of Ptolemy I at the battle of Ipsus, =1=, 417.
the era of, =1=, 417.
founds Antioch, =1=, 419.
invites Judæans to Antioch, =1=, 419.

=Seleucus II=, orders the confiscation of the Temple treasures, =1=,
438.
appealed to by Onias III, =1=, 438-9.

=Seleucus=, son of Demetrius Nicator, killed by his mother, =2=, 6.

=Selichoth.= _See_ Prayers, penitential.

=Selig, Eliakim=, obtains from the pope an acquittal of the Jews from
the blood accusation, =5=, 282, 285.

=Selim I=, sultan of Turkey, conquers Egypt, =4=, 393.
employs a Jewish financier, =4=, 393.
makes the Jewish Egyptian communities autonomous, =4=, 394.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 401.
Jews under, =4=, 402.

=Selim II=, sultan of Turkey, the cause of, espoused by Joseph Nassi,
=4=, 594-5.
espouses the cause of Joseph Nassi against the French ambassador,
=4=, 595.
conveys land near the Sea of Tiberias to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 596.
proposes to give Naxos to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 596.
makes Joseph Nassi duke of Naxos, =4=, 596.
protects Joseph Nassi against France, =4=, 597.
banishes Daud to Rhodes, =4=, 599.
enters upon a war with Venice, =4=, 600.
favorably inclined towards Jews, =4=, 602.
death of, =4=, 627.

=Selve, George de=, bishop, studies Hebrew under Elias Levita, =4=,
472.
has Elias Levita invited to France, =4=, 474.

=Selvia=, the second ban against the Chassidim published in,
=5=, 393-4.

=Semak=, manual of religious duties, by Isaac ben Joseph, =3=, 587.

=Semender= (Tarki), Jews settle in, =3=, 124.
second town of the Chazars, =3=, 222.

=Semicha.= _See_ Ordination.

=Semijudæi=, sects called forth by the Protestant Reformation, =4=,
541.

=Semi-Judaizantes= in Poland, =4=, 647.

=Semuna=, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 5.
Saburean, =3=, 6.
commits the Talmud to writing, =3=, 6-7.
successors of, not known, =3=, 7.

=Senbaris=, scroll of the Law burnt at, =2=, 569.

=Seneca, the Persian.= _See_ Abuzurj-Mihir.

=Sen Escalita.= _See_ Samuel Sulami.

=Senior.= _See_ Abraham Benveniste Senior.

=Sennacherib=, king of Assyria, subdues Syria, =1=, 270.
takes the fortified towns of Judah, =1=, 272.
makes Lachish his headquarters, =1=, 273.
demands unconditional surrender from Hezekiah, =1=, 274.
besieges Pelusium, =1=, 276.
returns to Assyria, =1=, 277-8.
murdered, =1=, 280.
son of, murdered, =1=, 284.

=Sens=, archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, =3=, 171.
rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
archbishop of, banished for harsh treatment of the Jews, =3=, 401.
college of, sold, =4=, 48.

=Sephardic Jews=, the, looked upon as the nobility, =4=, 382-3.
distinguished by Pinto, =5=, 344-5.
_See also_ Marranos, the; Portugal, the Jews of; Spanish exiles,
the; Spain, the Jews of.

=Sepharvaim=, the inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, =1=, 285.

=Sepphoris= (Diocæsarea), a Synhedrion established at, by Aulus
Gabinius, =2=, 71.
an arsenal for Antigonus, =2=, 85.
arsenal of, seized by Judas the Galilean, =2=, 125.
burnt by Quintilius Varus, =2=, 126.
capital of the tetrarchy of Herod Antipas, =2=, 137.
school of, =2=, 148.
the only Galilean city faithful to Rome, =2=, 276.
ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, =2=, 281.
makes overtures to Rome, =2=, 283.
seat of Agrippa II’s Jewish governors of Galilee, =2=, 333.
sides with the Romans during the Bar-Cochba revolt, =2=, 414.
home of José ben Chalafta, =2=, 442.
seat of the Synhedrion, =2=, 452.
center of the Jewish community, =2=, 458.
ceases to be the seat of the Patriarch, =2=, 480.
people of, characterized by Chanina bar Chama, =2=, 491-2.
academy of, loses prestige, =2=, 532.
the first church at, =2=, 565.
revolt of the Jews at, against Rome, =2=, 570.
razed to the ground, =2=, 570.

=Septimania=, the governor of, promises Jews religious freedom, =3=,
105.
the Jews of, punished for conspiracy against Egica, =3=, 108.

=Septuagint=, the, Greek translation of the Scriptures, made at the
instigation of Ptolemy VI, =1=, 510-11.
criticism of, by Judæans, =1=, 512.
makes Judaism known, =1=, 512-13.
inaccurate, =1=, 513-14.
why so called, =1=, 514.
Samaritan objections to, =1=, 516.
tampered with, by various religious bodies, =2=, 385-6.
Origen tries to revise, =2=, 488-9.
recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, =3=, 14.
declared not authoritative by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237.
studied by Z. Frankel, =5=, 684.

=Sepulveda=, the Jews of, charged with child murder, =4=, 278-9.

=Serach ben Nathan=, and Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 76-7, 79.

=Serachya ben Isaac= (Ben Shaltiel-Chen), physician and Aristotelian,
=3=, 630.
influence of, on the Italian Jews, =4=, 59.

=Serachya Halevi Gerundi=, (1125-1186), Talmudist, annotates Alfassi’
s commentary, =3=, 389, 392, 399.
settles at Lünel, =3=, 389.
controversies of, with Abraham ben David, =3=, 389, 490.
on friendly terms with Judah Ibn-Tibbon, =3=, 397.
refuted by Nachmani, =3=, 532.

=Serachya Halevi Saladin=, at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=, 208.
sermon by, =4=, 212.

=Seraiah=, high priest, beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 314.
grandson of, =1=, 352.
ancestor of Ezra, =1=, 365.

=Serene=, a pseudo-Messiah leads the onslaught upon Talmudic Judaism,
=3=, 120-2.
joined by the Jews of Spain, =3=, 121.
brought before Yezid, =3=, 121.
adherents of, wish to rejoin their communities, =3=, 121-2.
opposition of, to the Talmud, without result, =3=, 128.

=Sergius=, bishop, intercedes for the Samaritans, =3=, 16-17.

=Serkes, Joel=, Talmudist, =4=, 703.
grandson of, =5=, 152.

=Sermons=, origin of, among the Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 514-15.

=Sermons for the conversion of Jews=, preached by the Dominicans in
England, =3=, 643.
in France in the fourteenth century, =4=, 132.
ordered by Benedict XIII, =4=, 216.
ordered by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245.
ordered by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654-5.
in Hamburg, =4=, 690.
in Vienna, =4=, 706.
inefficacy of, =5=, 186.

=Sermons, vernacular=, under Louis the Pious, =3=, 163.
by Jews, attract Christians, =3=, 173.
by Moses of Coucy, =3=, 546.
by Jacob Anatoli, =3=, 566; =4=, 32, 39, 40.
in the Middle Ages, =4=, 478.
introduced into Germany by Jacobson, =5=, 562, 563.
the age of, pointed out by Zunz, =5=, 621.

=Serra, Nicolas=, papal nuncio, not favorable to the conversion of
the Frankists, =5=, 285.
objects to the Lemberg disputation, =5=, 285.
believes the blood accusation, =5=, 285-6.

=Serrarius, Peter=, Messianic visionary, =5=, 24, 36.

=Servants.= _See_ Christian servants.

=Servetus, Michael=, anti-Trinitarian, martyr, =4=, 541.
disciples of, in Poland, =4=, 646-7.

“=Servi Cameræ=,” Jews become, after the second crusade, =3=, 356-7.
Jews considered, by Frederick I, =3=, 416-17.
why Jews were considered, =3=, 417.
name given to the Jews of Germany, =3=, 516.
Jews called, by Frederick II, =3=, 569.
Jews of Aragon considered, by Jayme I, =3=, 597.
possession of, granted to the electors, =4=, 128.

=Sesonchosis.= _See_ Shishak.

=Seth=, family of high priests, =2=, 237.

=Seth=, the Pneumatic type of the Gnostics, =2=, 377.

=Setubal=, port open to Jews on their banishment from Portugal, =4=,
374.

=Severus=, emperor with Niger, =2=, 463.
victorious over Niger, =2=, 464.
promulgates laws against Judaism, =2=, 464.
death of, =2=, 468.
wife of, =2=, 468.

=Severus=, bishop of Magona, burns the synagogues, =2=, 619.

=Severus, Alexander.= _See_ Alexander Severus.

=Severus, Julius=, sent to quell the Bar-Cochba revolt, =2=, 414.
military tactics of, =2=, 415.
takes the Jewish strongholds in the north, =2=, 416.
helped by a Samaritan at Bethar, =2=, 418.
returned to Britain, =2=, 421.

=Seville=, early Jewish settlements in the environs of, =3=, 43.
Jewish political fugitives from Granada settle in, =3=,
258, 279-80.
the Arab ruler of, organizes a revolt against the Berbers, =3=, 276.
the center of Jewish Spain, =3=, 284.
the Mahometan court of, cultured, =3=, 291.
Abu-Ayub in, =3=, 312.
the Ibn-Migash family in, =3=, 315.
the Jewish academy of, closed by the Almohades, =3=, 361, 384.
lost by Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 124.
the persecution of the Spanish Jews arises in =4=, 167-8.
outbreak against the Marranos in, =4=, 282-3.
first seat of the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 312.
citizens of, opposed to the Inquisition, =4=, 313.
victims of the Inquisition in, =4=, 317.
the Inquisition in, =4=, 335.
expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, =4=, 336.
Jews disappear from, =4=, 354.

=Seville, the Jews of=, well treated by Alfonso X, =3=, 592-3.
ravages of the Black Death among, =4=, 113.
fury against, =4=, 157.
attacked, =4=, 168-9.

=Seville, the Marranos of=, and the Inquisition, =4=, 313.
taught by the Jews, =4=, 334-5.
tortured, =4=, 350.
flee to Granada, =4=, 351.

=Sèze, de=, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in behalf of the
Bordeaux Jews, =5=, 442.

=Sezira, John=, scholar, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 338.
pleads with Sixtus IV for the Jews, =4=, 340.

=Sforza, Galeazzo=, duke of Milan, employs a Jewish physician, =4=,
287.
stops the preaching of Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=, 296-7.

“=Shaagath Aryeh=,” by Leo Modena, =5=, 73.

“=Shaashuim=,” satire by Joseph ben Sabara, =3=, 559.

=Shäbs=, the. _See_ Frankists, the; Sabbatians, the.

=Shabur I=, king of the neo-Persians, and Mar-Samuel, =2=, 520, 526.

=Shabur II=, king of the neo-Persians, and the Jews, =2=, 580.
oppresses the Jews, =2=, 591-2.
punishes Raba bar Joseph for exercising criminal jurisdiction, =2=,
592.
and Chama of Nahardea, =2=, 594-5.
at war with Julian the Apostate, =2=, 601.
concludes peace with Jovianus, =2=, 602.

=Shach.= _See_ Cohen, Sabbataï.

=Shachna.= _See_ Shalom Shachna.

=Shakers=, the, origin of, =5=, 378.

=Shakespeare=, defended from the charge of Jew baiting, =5=, 552-3.

=Shalal.= _See_ Isaac Cohen Shalal.

=Shaliach Zion=, messengers of the Synhedrion, =2=, 535.

=Shallum=, conspires against the king of Israel, =1=, 243.
made king of Israel, =1=, 244.
murdered, =1=, 244.

=Shallum=, uncle of Jeremiah, =1=, 290.

=Shalmaneser=, king of Assyria, subdues Tyre and Phœnicia, =1=, 263.
propitiated by Hoshea, =1=, 263.
conquers Phœnicia a second time, =1=, 264.
ends the kingdom of Israel, =1=, 264-5.

=Shalom= of Neustadt, compiles the customs of various communities,
=4=, 134.

=Shalom Shachna=, Talmudist in Poland, =4=, 634, 639; =5=, 4.

=Shaltiel-Chen=, famous Jewish family, =3=, 630.

=Shamgar=, judge, chastises the Philistines, =1=, 61.

=Shammah=, one of David’s warriors, =1=, 116.

=Shammai=, president of the Synhedrion, with Hillel, =2=, 100.
character of, =2=, 100-1.
maxims of, =2=, 101.
spreads the knowledge of the law in Judæa, =2=, 149.
the rules of, condemned by Joshua ben Chananya, =2=, 349-50.

=Shammai, the disciples of=, conception of the Messiah held
by, =2=, 144.
morality of, =2=, 151.

=Shammai, the followers of=, refuse to take the oath of allegiance to
Herod, =2=, 108.
hostile to Herod, =2=, 114-15.
constitute the Zealots, =2=, 133.
support the revolutionary party, =2=, 256.
prohibit the purchase of certain articles from the heathen, =2=,
270.

=Shammai, the school of=, =2=, 101.
rigor of, =2=, 131-2.
Pharisee principles of, =2=, 132.
displeased with Jesus, =2=, 162.
disputes with the school of Hillel under Gamaliel II, =2=,
335, 336.
estimation of, by the Nazarenes, =2=, 372.
limits the application of tradition, =2=, 462.

=Shaphan=, scribe, the family of, joins Jeremiah, =1=, 292.
receives Deuteronomy for Josiah, =1=, 292.

=Sharbarza=, Persian general, takes Jerusalem, =3=, 19.

=Sharon= (Shefelah), plain, description of, =1=, 45.

=Shealtiel=, son of Jehoiachin, entreats for the return of the
Judæans to Palestine, =1=, 342.

=Shear-Jashub=, son of Isaiah, accompanies him to Ahaz, =1=, 258.

=Sheba=, the Bichrite, leads the revolt of the northern tribes from
David, =1=, 148-50.

=Sheba=, the Queen of, visits Solomon, =1=, 173.

=Shebet Jehuda=, historical work by Joseph Ibn-Verga, =4=, 557.

=Shebna=, brother of Hillel, supports him, =2=, 96.

=Shebna=, Sochen under Hezekiah, power of, =1=, 268.
wrests power from Hezekiah, =1=, 268-9.
prepares Jerusalem for Sennacherib’s attack, =1=, 271.
reproved by Isaiah, =1=, 271.
displaced by Eliakim, =1=, 272.

=Shebuot hesset=, oath of purgation, introduced by Nachman ben
Jacob, =2=, 556.

=Shechaniah=, suggests the repudiation of heathen wives by the
Judæans, =1=, 368.

=Shechem= (Neapolis), taken by Jacob, =1=, 4.
chief city of Canaan, =1=, 36.
unfitness of, to be David’s capital, =1=, 114.
the inhabitants of, rebel under Jeroboam, =1=, 180-1.
fortified by Jeroboam, =1=, 185.
called Blessing by the Samaritans, =1=, 390.
a Samaritan center, =1=, 391.
celebrated by Theodotus, =1=, 517.
destroyed by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 7-8.
battle at, between Alexander Jannæus and Eucærus, =2=, 44.
hostility in, to Jews, =2=, 457.
sparsely inhabited by Christians, =3=, 12.
Samaritans in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Shechina=, the, Kabbalistic term, the female person in the
Godhead, =5=, 217.

=Shedim=, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, =1=,
403.

=Shefaram=, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, =2=, 452.

=Shefelah.= _See_ Sharon.

=Shekan-Zib=, academy at, established by Nachman ben Jacob, =2=,
545, 557.

=Shekel, the half-=, contributions to the Temple, =2=, 52-3.

=Sheloh.= _See_ Hurwitz, Isaiah.

=Shema=, the, integral part of the morning service, =1=, 399.
recitation of, punishable under Hadrian, =2=, 424.
forbidden by the Portuguese Inquisition, =5=, 32.

=Shem-Addaula.= _See_ Saad-Addaula.

=Shemaiah=, prophet, prevents war between Judah and Israel, =1=, 184.

=Shemaria ben Elchanan=, emissary from Sora, settles in Cairo, =3=,
208, 210.

=Shemarya Ikriti= (1290-1320), tries to reconcile Rabbanism and
Karaism, =4=, 69, 71.
writes a commentary on the Bible, =4=, 70.

=Shemaya= (Sameas), successor to Simon ben Shetach in the Synhedrion,
=2=, 71-2.
maxims of, =2=, 72.
disciples of, =2=, 72, 96.
reproves Herod and Hyrcanus II, =2=, 79.
opposed to Antigonus, =2=, 85-6.
counsels submission to Herod, =2=, 88.
spared by Herod, =2=, 89.
death of, =2=, 90.

=Shemer=, owner of the plateau of Samaria, =1=, 193.

=Shem-Tob.= _See_ Levi ben Shem-Tob.

=Shem-Tob de Carrion.= _See_ Santob de Carrion.

=Shem-Tob ben Abraham Ibn-Gaon= (1283-1330), Kabbalist, =4=, 74.

=Shem-Tob ben Isaac= of Tortosa (1206-1264), medical writer, lectures
at Marseilles, =3=, 582.
history of, =3=, 582-3.

=Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut=, polemic writer, debates with Pedro de
Luna, =4=, 142.
works of, =4=, 142-3, 144.

=Shem-Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob=, Kabbalist, work of, =4=, 197.
opponent to philosophy, =4=, 239.
opposed in views to his son, =4=, 243.

=Shem-Tob Falaquera=, poet and philosopher, defends the “Guide of the
Perplexed,” =3=, 634.
mysticism of, =4=, 24.