Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (20)

“=Union= of American Hebrew Congregations, The,” the objects
of, =5=, 702.

=Unitarians=, the, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, =4=,
541.
meetings of, the model of the Synod of the Four Countries, =4=, 645.
influence of, in Poland, =4=, 647.

=United States=, the, espouse the cause of the Damascus Jews, =5=,
633, 657.
early Jewish immigrants in, =5=, 702.

=Unity of God=, the, ceases to be a doctrine of Christianity, =2=,
500.
defended by Simlaï, =2=, 501-2.

=University degrees=, Jews forbidden by the Council of Basle to
take, =4=, 245.

“=Upon Ecclesiastical Power= and Judaism.” _See_ “Jerusalem.”

“=Upon Mendelssohn= and the Political Reform of the Jews,” by
Mirabeau, =5=, 432.

“=Upon the Aim of Jesus= and his disciples,” one of the “Fragments”
published by Lessing, =5=, 321.

“=Upon the Civil Amelioration= of the Condition of the Jews,” by Dohm,
=5=, 352-62.
emphasizes political advantages, =5=, 352-3.
describes the condition of the Jews, =5=, 353.
reviews the history of the Jews in Europe, =5=, 354.
programme outlined in, =5=, 355-6.
effect of, =5=, 356-7.
discussion of, =5=, 358-62.
appendix to, =5=, 362.
spread in Alsace by Cerf Berr, =5=, 431.

“=Upon the Inutility= of the Jews in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and
Moravia,” called forth by Dohm’s apology, =5=, 359.

=Uranso, Vidal de=, assassin hired against Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Urban V=, pope, enemy of Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 122, 126.

=Urbib=, of Alexandria, generosity of, =3=, 23.

=Urbino=, Abraham Abulafia in, =4=, 6.
refuge of Jewish exiles from the Papal States, =4=, 592.

=Uriah=, high priest, summoned as witness against Ahaz, =1=, 259.

=Uriah=, the Hittite, betrayed by David, =1=, 131-2.

=Uriah= of Mayence, apostate, sets fire to the synagogue, =3=, 303.

=Uriah=, son of Shemaiah, prophet, slain by Jehoiakim, =1=, 301.

=Uriel=, name of an angel, =1=, 403.

=Urim= and Thummim, in the Zohar, =4=, 23.

=Urraca=, queen of Castile, marries Alfonso I of Aragon, =3=, 316.

=Ursicinus=, legate of Gallus, oppresses the Jews of Judæa,
=2=, 568-9.
punishes the inhabitants of Sepphoris, =2=, 570-1.
falls into disfavor with Constantius, =2=, 572.

=Usal.= _See_ Sanaa.

=Usha=, school of, =2=, 148.
a center for the teaching of the Law, =2=, 356.
the Synhedrion removed to, =2=, 405.
a second time the meeting place of the teachers of the Law,
=2=, 433-4.
home of Judah ben Ilai, =2=, 433, 442.
_See_ Synhedrion, the, of Usha.

=Ushaya, the Elder=, adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.
compilation of, authoritative, =2=, 471.
establishes an academy at Cæsarea, =2=, 543.

=Ushaya, the Younger=, brother of Rabba bar Nachmani, Agadist,
=2=, 575-6.

=Usque, Abraham= (Duarte de Pinel), Marrano, translates the Bible
into Spanish, =4=, 475.
editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, =4=, 576.
printing press of, closed, =4=, 581.

=Usque, Samuel=, poet, on the Inquisition, =4=, 324-5, 522.
on the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 380.
on Salonica, =4=, 404-5.
on Samuel II Abrabanel, =4=, 409.
Jewish historical subjects of, =4=, 588.
historico-poetical dialogue of, =4=, 558-61.
describes Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 575-6.

=Usque, Solomon= (Duarte Gomez), poet and historian, =4=, 555, 558.
tragedy by, on Esther, translated, =5=, 90.

=Usques=, the three, protected by Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 576.

=Usury=, the laws of, as enforced by Meïr, =2=, 439.
taken by Jews from Christians, =3=, 376, 393.
practiced in France in the twelfth century, =3=, 400.
restrictions of, by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510.
prohibited by the Council of Narbonne, =3=, 518.
in England and France in the thirteenth century, =3=, 571.
practiced by Jews in England under Henry III, =3=, 591.
prohibited by the Statute of Judaism, =3=, 642.
among the Jews of Castile, =4=, 80.
in France in the fourteenth century, =4=, 174.
legalized in Mantua, =4=, 286.
charged against the Jews of Nuremberg, =4=, 415.
Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from the charge
of, =5=, 41.
practiced by Christian capitalists, =5=, 205.
practiced by the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 349, 350-1.
charged against the Jews of France, =5=, 481, 482.
discussed in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 489, 492.
discussed by the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Utrera=, the Marranos of, adopt means of defense against the
Inquisition, =4=, 313.

=Uzza=, the garden of, burial place of Manasseh, =1=, 285.

=Uzzah=, son of Abinadab, sudden death of, =1=, 119.

=Uzziah=, son of Amaziah of Judah, =1=, 226.
king of Judah, character and ability of, =1=, 228-9.
the earthquake under, =1=, 229.
drouth under, =1=, 229-30.
conquests of, =1=, 230-1.
fortifies Jerusalem, =1=, 231.
friendly relations of, with Jeroboam II, =1=, 231, 232.
models his kingdom after Solomon’s, =1=, 231.
warlike spirit of, =1=, 244.
attempts to sacrifice in the Temple, =1=, 245.
attacked by leprosy, =1=, 245.
last years of, passed in solitude, =1=, 246.
death of, =1=, 248.

=Uziel, Isaac=, preacher at Amsterdam, influence of, =4=, 672.
scourges the immorality of the Amsterdam Jews, =4=, 680.
disciples of, =4=, 682, 683, 689.
threatens Uriel da Costa with excommunication, =5=, 58.

=V=

=Vaad Arba Arazoth.= _See_ Four Countries, the, the Synod of.

=Valavigny=, surgeon, suspected of poisoning wells, =4=, 104.

“=Vale of Weeping=,” by Joseph Cohen, =4=, 590, 608.

=Valencia=, quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, =4=, 162.
Marranos from, in Algiers, =4=, 199.
opposition to the Inquisition in, =4=, 328.
refuge of the last king of Toledo, =3=, 295.

=Valencia, the Jews of=, possess penal jurisdiction, =4=, 155.
exterminated in 1391, =4=, 170-1.
accept baptism, =4=, 205, 206.
charged with the blood accusation, =4=, 344.
possessions of, sequestrated by Ferdinand the Catholic, =4=, 350.

=Valencia de Alcantara=, Gonzalo Martinez besieged in, =4=, 86.

=Valens=, Emperor of the East, tolerance of, =2=, 603.

=Valensino=, Alexandrian Jew, seconds Munk’s efforts to establish
schools, =5=, 663.

=Valentinian I=, Emperor of the West, tolerance of, =2=, 603.

=Valerianus=, emperor, taken prisoner, =2=, 527.

=Valladolid=, besieged by Alfonso XI of Castile, =4=, 79.
the Marranos of, attacked, =4=, 280-1.

=Valladolid, the cortes of=, petition Alfonso XI against usury, =4=,
80.
petition for the curtailment of Jewish privileges, =4=, 116.
pass anti-Jewish regulations, =4=, 158.

=Valladolid, the Jews of=, under Sancho, =3=, 617.
deny the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, =4=, 83.
despoiled, =4=, 125.
accept baptism, =4=, 205.

=Van den Enden, Dr. Franz=, philologist, Spinoza’s teacher,
=5=, 88-9.

=Vandals=, the, the empire of, conquered by Belisarius, =3=, 26.
antagonistic to the Catholics, =3=, 44.

=Vangioni=, the, marry Jewish women, =3=, 41.

=Vannes=, the Council of, forbids the clergy to take part in Jewish
banquets, =3=, 36.

=Vanni=, mufti, proposes the conversion of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 153.
instructs Sabbatian converts, =5=, 154.
teaches Sabbataï Zevi Mahometan customs, =5=, 162.

=Van Oven, Bernard=, English Jew, interested in the Damascus
affair, =5=, 653.

=Van Swieden.= _See_ Swieden, van.

=Vantabiet=, Armenian bishop, incites a crusade against the Damascus
Jews, =5=, 662.

=Varnhagen von Ense=, husband of Rachel Levin, =5=, 443.
attitude of, towards the Jews, =5=, 533.

=Varus=, representative of Agrippa II, treachery of, =2=, 275.
dismissed, =2=, 275.

=Varus, Quintilius=, governor of Syria, convicts Antipater of
attempted parricide, =2=, 114.
given charge of Jerusalem, =2=, 122-3.
orders out Roman troops against the Judæan insurgents, =2=, 125-6.
subdues the Judæan insurgents, =2=, 126.

=Vayol, Hans=, calumniates Israel Bruna, =4=, 302, 303.
retracts his calumnies, =4=, 304.

=Vaz, Diego=, Marrano, murders Henrique Nunes, =4=, 490.

=Vecinho, Joseph=, physician and astronomer, at the congress summoned
by João II, =4=, 367.

=Vega brothers=, the, found an academy at Jerusalem, =5=, 126.

=Vega Enriques, Rachel de=, marriage of, =5=, 242.

=Vega, Judah=, rabbi in Amsterdam, indulgent towards the weaknesses
of the Jews, =4=, 680.

=Veit=, in the Prussian Landtag, =5=, 697.

=Veit, Simon=, husband of Dorothea Mendelssohn, =5=, 424.

=Veitel, Ephraim=, Voltaire’s agent, =5=, 339.
school founded by, =5=, 405.

=Velasquez de Tordesillas=, bishop of Segovia, accuses the Jews of
host desecration, =4=, 195-6.

=Venaissin=, Jews in, after the banishment by Charles VI, =4=, 177.
the Jews of, expelled by Pius V, =4=, 592.

=Venice=, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
the Abrabanel family at, =4=, 385-6.
Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, =4=, 388.
exiled Jews settle in, =4=, 408.
the Marranos of, unmolested, =4=, 500.
Molcho and Reubeni at, =4=, 504-5.
Marranos well treated at, =4=, 526.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
the rulers of, prosecute Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 574.
ordered by Turkey to liberate Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 575.
ambassador of, denounces Joseph Nassi, =4=, 595.
hostility of, to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 600.
war of, with Turkey, =4=, 600.
imprisons the Levantine merchants, =4=, 600.
peace of, with Turkey, =4=, 605-6.
Elias Montalto in, =4=, 673.
the war of, with Turkey enriches Smyrna, =5=, 119.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 138, 150.
Nathan Ghazati in, =5=, 161.
Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, =5=, 173.
Nehemiah Chayon at, =5=, 216-17.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.

=Venice, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 600-1.
depart, =4=, 606.
position of, secured by Solomon Ashkenazi, =4=, 606-7.
number of, in the sixteenth century, =4=, 650.
in the time of Leo Modena, =5=, 68.
order Luzzatto to justify himself, =5=, 238.

=Venice, the rabbis of=, exact a promise from Luzzatto not to teach
the Kabbala, =5=, 239.
offended by Luzzatto, =5=, 239-40.
excommunicate Luzzatto, =5=, 240, 242.
excommunicate the writer of Sabbatian amulets, =5=, 263, 264.

=Venus=, temple to, on Golgotha, =2=, 422.

=Vera y Alarcon, Lope de=, martyr, celebrated by Enriquez de
Paz, =5=, 111.

=Verdun=, fortress of, refuge of the Jews, =4=, 56.

=Verona=, Jews beg for shelter in, =4=, 660.

=Vesoul family=, the, privileges of, =4=, 150.
extinction of, =4=, 152.

=Vespasian=, general of the Roman army in Judæa, =2=, 284.
met at Ptolemais by Judæan partisans of Rome, =2=, 285.
army of, =2=, 285.
defeats Josephus, =2=, 285.
defeated at Jotapata, =2=, 285-6.
takes Gabara, =2=, 286.
takes Jotapata, =2=, 287.
kindly disposed to Josephus, =2=, 288.
takes Gamala, =2=, 289-90.
truce declared by, =2=, 290.
hesitates to attack Jerusalem, =2=, 297, 298.
in fear of Licinius Mucianus, =2=, 300.
fealty sworn to, in Syria and Egypt, =2=, 300.
declares Judæa his property, =2=, 312.
celebration of the birthday of, =2=, 312.
celebrates his triumph over Judæa, =2=, 314-15.
appoints Bassus governor of Judæa, =2=, 315.
institutes the fiscus Judaicus, =2=, 316.
rewards the Judæans friendly to Rome, =2=, 316-17.
closes the Temple of Onias, =2=, 318.
treats the Jews kindly after the fall of Jerusalem, =2=, 331.
gives Galilee to Agrippa II, =2=, 333.

=Viana=, the Jews of, attacked at the instigation of Pedro
Olligoyen, =4=, 78.

=Victoria=, of England, congratulates Montefiore upon his success in
the East, =5=, 669.
honors Montefiore, =5=, 670.
approves of the abolition of the form of oath, =5=, 698.

=Vidal.= _See_ Bonafoux Vidal; Crescas Vidal.

=Vidal, Maëstro.= _See_ Moses ben Joshua Narboni.

=Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi= (Ferrer), champion of Judaism at the
Tortosa disputation, =4=, 207, 211.
holds the Agada to be authoritative, =4=, 214.
refuses to accept Christianity, =4=, 215.
relations of, become converts, =4=, 215.
neo-Hebraic poet, =4=, 230.
defends the Talmud, =4=, 233-4.

=Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri= (1249-1306), rabbi of Perpignan,
style of, =4=, 26-7.

=Vieira, Antonio=, Jesuit, characterizes Isaac Aboab and Manasseh ben
Israel, =4=, 683.

=Vienna=, the Council of, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of
Innocent III, =3=, 611-12.
court Jews appointed in, =4=, 702.
Jews re-admitted into, =5=, 189.
Judah Chassid at, =5=, 213.
Chayon at, =5=, 218, 230.
Jews allowed to live in, under certain conditions, =5=, 358.
a Jewish salon in, =5=, 413-14.
intercourse with, awakens a desire for culture in Galicia, =5=, 611.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.

=Vienna, the Congress of=, and the emancipation of the Jews, =5=,
513, 518-20.
statesmen of, favor the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 514.

=Vienna, the Jews of=, declared ineligible to office, =3=, 635.
protected from the Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 99.
kill themselves to escape the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
number of, =4=, 694.
importance of, during the Thirty Years’ War, =4=, 702.
privileges of, =4=, 702-3.
build a synagogue, =4=, 702.
tax paid by, =5=, 170.
banished at the instigation of Empress Margaret, =5=, 170.
call upon outsiders to have the decree revoked, =5=, 171.
go into exile, =5=, 171-2.
dispersion of, =5=, 172-4.
suppress “Judaism Unmasked,” =5=, 189-90.
join the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.
heterogeneous character of, =5=, 579-80.
reforms of, =5=, 580.
the Temple service of, =5=, 581.
importance of, =5=, 582.

=Viennet=, French deputy, proposes the abolition of a state
religion, =5=, 597.

=Villadiego=, the Jews of, exterminated by Pedro’s English
allies, =4=, 125.

=Villafranca=, Oran Jews settle at, =5=, 169.

=Villareal=, tribunals of the Inquisition established in, =4=, 325.

=Villaris=, treasurer, insists upon the payment of taxes by the Jews
of Spain, =4=, 344.

=Ville-Neuve=, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

“=Vindiciæ Judæorum=,” by Manasseh ben Israel, translated by Marcus
Herz, =5=, 362.
fundamental idea of, =5=, 363.

=Virgin Mary, the, doctrine of=, discussed by the Jews of
France, =3=, 343.
refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, =4=, 141.

=Viseu.= _See_ Vecinho.

=Vishnioviecki=, prince, Polish general, protects the Polish Jews
against Cossack cruelty, =5=, 10.
retreats before the Cossacks, =5=, 10-11.

=Vishnioviecki, the house of=, controls Cossack colonization, =5=, 3.

=Visigothic code=, the, the Jews under, =3=, 292.
translation of, =3=, 594-5.

=Visigoths=, the, the kings of, dependent on the Church, =3=, 37.
antagonistic to the Catholics, =3=, 44-5.
treat the Jews kindly until Catholic times, =3=, 45-6.
the anti-Jewish decrees of, revived by the Council of Meaux, =3=,
171.

=Vismes=, the secretary of, shows the injustice done the Jews of
Metz, =5=, 446.

=Vital.= _See_ Chayim; Samuel.

=Vitellius=, proclaimed emperor in Lower Germany, =2=, 299.
drives Otho to suicide, =2=, 299.
death of, =2=, 300.

=Vitellius=, governor of Syria, appealed to, against Pontius
Pilate, =2=, 172.
befriends the Judæans, =2=, 172-3.
offers sacrifices in the Temple, =2=, 173.

=Vitoria, the Jews of=, deed their cemetery to the town, =4=, 352.
left without physicians by the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 353.

=Vivo.= _See_ Yechiel of Paris.

=Vizeu=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.

=Vladislav=, of Poland, death of, =5=, 8.

=Volga= (Itil, Atel), the, Jews settle at the mouth of, =3=, 123.
kingdom of the Chazars founded on, =3=, 138.

=Volhynia=, rabbinical schools established in, =4=, 420.
Haidamaks in, =5=, 11.

=Vologeses=, king of Parthia, and Izates of Adiabene, =2=, 218.

=Vologeses=, king of Parthia, defeats Atidius Cornelianus, =2=, 447.

=Voltaggio=, Joseph Cohen at, =4=, 555.

=Voltaire, Arouet de=, compared with Lessing, =5=, 296.
hostility of, to Jews, =5=, 338-9.
financial losses of, through Medina, =5=, 339.
quarrel of, with Hirsch, =5=, 339.
Frederick the Great enraged at, =5=, 339.
slanders the Jews, =5=, 340.
answered by Pinto, =5=, 345.
compliments Portuguese Jews, =5=, 345.
“Jewish Letters” addressed to, =5=, 346-7.
admired by Jews, =5=, 411.

=Von Bohlen=, exegete, =5=, 695.

=Von der Recke=, countess, and David Friedländer, =5=, 534.

=Voss, Julius von=, defends the Jews, =5=, 533.

=Vossius, Dionysius=, translates a work by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=,
22.

=Vossius, Isaac=, recommends Manasseh ben Israel to Christine of
Sweden, =5=, 22.
Manasseh ben Israel dedicates a work to, =5=, 37.

=Vossius, John Gerard=, friendly to Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 22.

=Vowel-points=, added to the Hebrew consonants, =3=, 112.

=Vries, Simon de=, friend of Spinoza, =5=, 107.

=Vulgate=, the, Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome, =2=, 625.
placed above the Hebrew Bible, =4=, 444-5.

=W=

“=Waage, Die=,” journal published by Börne, =5=, 542.

=Wadil-Kora=, inhabited by Jews, =3=, 55-6.
submits to Mahomet, =3=, 83.
the Jews of, driven away by Omar, =3=, 85.
the Jews of, bring love of the Arabic to Babylonia, =3=, 111.

=Wagenseil, John Christopher=, Hebraist, accuses the Jews of
blaspheming Jesus, =5=, 185-6.
interested in the conversion of Jews, =5=, 186.
tolerance of, =5=, 186-7.
denounces the blood accusation, =5=, 187.

=Wala=, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their
step-mother, =3=, 166.

=Waldenses=, the, crusades against, begin with massacres of the
Jews, =4=, 222.

=Wales=, the Jumpers in, =5=, 378.

=Wallachia=, the Jews of, join Frank, =5=, 273.

=Wallenstein=, general, plunders the Jews, =4=, 701.

=Walter Cornutus=, archbishop of Sens, and the burning of the
Talmud, =3=, 578.

=Walther von der Vogelweide=, the style of, adopted by Süsskind von
Trimberg, =3=, 420.

=Wamba=, Visigothic king, revolt against, =3=, 104-5.
expels the Jews from Narbonne, =3=, 105.
Jews enjoy religious freedom under, =3=, 105, 106.
forced by Erwig to become a monk, =3=, 106.

“=War for God=,” defense of Maimonides by his son, =3=, 545.

“=War of the Fosse=,” between Mahomet and an alliance of tribes, =3=,
80.

=Waragi=, the, wage war with the Chazars in the tenth century, =3=,
221.

=Waraka Ibn-Naufal=, convert to Judaism, influences Mahomet, =3=, 71.

=Wars of God=, the, book of, early Hebrew poetry, =1=, 29.

=Warsaw=, Frank’s baptism at, =5=, 288.
the duchy of, created by Napoleon, =5=, 500.

=Wartburg=, the, Luther on, =4=, 469, 475.

=Wasit=, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, =3=, 98.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 437.

=Water-gate=, the, Ezra reads the Law near, =1=, 378.

=Water libation=, the, mocked at by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 43.
re-introduced under Salome Alexandra, =2=, 51.
as celebrated on the Feast of Tabernacles, =2=, 51.

=Water-Town=, the. _See_ Rabbath-Ammon.

=Way, Lewis=, addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of
the Jews, =5=, 525-7.

=Wecelinus=, chaplain, proselyte, lampoons Christianity, =3=, 245.

=Weil, Jacob=, teacher of Israel Bruna, defends him, =4=, 302.
death of, =4=, 303.

=Weil, Moses=, rabbi of the German Jews of Amsterdam, =4=, 681.

=Weissenburg, the Jews of=, persecuted in the thirteenth century, =3=,
611.
indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 438.

=Weissenfels=, rabbinical synod at, =4=, 163.

=Well poisoning.= _See_ Black Death, the.

=Wenceslaus=, emperor, punishes the priests, =4=, 164.
appealed to, by the Bohemian Jews, =4=, 165-6.
exacts a poll-tax from the Jews, =4=, 166.
friend of the rabbi of Prague, =4=, 166.
deposed, =4=, 178.

=Wenzel=, Francis, apostate, tries to arouse prejudice against the
Jews, =5=, 191.

=Werner=, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, =3=, 636.

“=Werner, the good=,” supposed to have been murdered for ritual
purposes, =3=, 637.

=Werry=, English consul at Damascus, abets Ratti Menton, =5=, 639.

=Wertheimer, Joseph=, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,”
=5=, 703.

=Wessely, Moses=, aids Lessing, =5=, 326.

=Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig=, (1725-1805), poet, assists in
Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 334.
inspired by Mendelssohn, =5=, 366.
youth and education of, =5=, 366-7.
interested in the Bible, =5=, 367.
piety of, =5=, 367.
poetic gifts of, =5=, 367-8.
composes a hymn to Joseph II, =5=, 368.
on general culture for the Jews, =5=, 368, 370-1.
in negotiation with the Jews of Trieste, =5=, 369.
censured by the pious, =5=, 369, 370.
encouraged by Italian rabbis, =5=, 371.
contributor to the Meassef, =5=, 399.
permits the study of the sciences, =5=, 402.
last poem by, =5=, 404.
poetry of, compared with Luzzatto’s, =5=, 623.
compared with Munk, =5=, 663.

=West India Company=, the, Jews interested in, =4=, 677.

=West, the, the empire of=, the Jews of, under Honorius, =2=,
616-17, 622.
forbidden to enter military service, =2=, 617.

=Westphalia=, the kingdom of, created by Napoleon, =5=, 500.
constitution of, =5=, 500.
the Jews of, emancipated, =5=, 500.
Jewish consistory in, =5=, 501-2.
functions of the consistory in, =5=, 502.
added to Prussia, =5=, 525.
reforms of Judaism in, =5=, 562.

=Wetterau, the, the Jews of=, emigrate to Syria, =3=, 637.

“=White Company=,” the, troops of Henry de Trastamare, =4=, 123.

=Widmannstadt=, prosecutes Hebrew studies, =4=, 434.

=William I=, of England (the Conqueror), forbids Jews to keep
Christian slaves and nurses, =3=, 294.

=William III=, of England, addressed by Oliger Pauli on the
Jews, =5=, 177.
assisted by Suasso, =5=, 205.

=William VIII=, of Montpellier, unfriendly to the Jews, =3=, 395.

=William of Orange=, appeals to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 601.
tolerance of, =4=, 663.
well disposed towards Jews, =4=, 678.

=William II=, of Sicily, permits the Jews to have their own
jurisdiction, =3=, 422-3.

=William=, bishop of Béziers, discontinues the Easter persecution of
the Jews, =3=, 394.

=William=, bishop of Paris, entrusted with the persecution of the
Talmud, =3=, 575.

=William the Carpenter=, leader of the first crusade, and the Jews,
=3=, 299-301.

=Wilna=, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Russians, =5=, 14.
the Chassidim in, =5=, 388, 391.
rabbis of, excommunicate the Chassidim, =5=, 391-2.

=Wimpfen, Süsskind Alexander=, ransoms the body of Meïr of
Rothenburg, =3=, 640.

=Wine=, on the Sabbath and the Passover, =1=, 398.

=Wintzenheim=, the consistory of, rabbis of, oppose the Reform
movement, =5=, 571.

“=Wisdom and Wealth=,” dialogue by Jehuda ben Sabbataï, =3=, 559.

=Wisdom, the Book of.= _See_ Ecclesiasticus.

=Witiga=, Visigothic king, =3=, 109.

=Witnesses=, Christian, against Jews recognized by the Fourth Lateran
Council, =3=, 422.
Samaritan, testimony of, admissible, =2=, 457.
baptized Jews, evidence of, valid, =4=, 36-7.

=Witnesses, Jewish=, competent only in Jewish cases, under Justinian,
=3=, 12-13.
cannot testify against Christians, =3=, 102, 520; =4=, 250.
the oath of, under Charlemagne, =3=, 144.
not recognized in the Visigothic code, =3=, 292.
_See also_ Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous.

=Witold=, duke of Lithuania, grants privileges to the Karaites, =4=,
265.

=Wittenberg=, the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of
Jewish physicians, =4=, 692.

=Wolf, Aaron Benjamin=, rabbi of Berlin, and Chayon, =5=, 219, 220.

=Wolf, John Christopher=, supplements Basnage’s work, =5=, 197.

=Wolf, Levi=, apostate, Sabbatian, =5=, 213.

=Wolfkan of Ratisbon=, apostate, charges the Jews with the blood
accusation, =4=, 298, 304.

=Wolfram of Eschenbach=, style of, adopted by Süsskind of
Trimberg, =3=, 420.

=Wolfssohn, Aaron=, editor of the Meassef, =5=, 400.
founder of the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.

=Wolkenburg=, the castle of, refuge of the Cologne Jews, =3=, 352.

=Wolowski=, Frankist family, =5=, 289.

“=Woman-Hater=, The,” satire by Jehuda ben Sabbataï, =3=, 559-60.

“=Wonderful Word=, The,” panegyric on the Hebrew language by Reuchlin,
=4=, 433-4.

“=Wonderworker= by Means of Invocation in the Name of God.” _See_
Israel of Miedziboz.

=Wood-festival=, the, as celebrated in the second Temple, =2=, 52.

=Worcester=, the Jewish Parliament meets in, =3=, 590.

“=Word= to the Impartial, A,” philo-Jewish pamphlet, =5=, 470.

“=Words of Peace= and Truth,” by Wessely, =5=, 368-9.

=Worms=, founders of the Jewish community of, =3=, 41.
Rashi studies Talmud at, =3=, 286.
congregation of, one of the oldest in Germany, =3=, 518.
decisions of, =4=, 135.
rabbinical synod at, =4=, 452-3.
deputies from, consider the Jewish question, =4=, 463.
Luther at the diet of, =4=, 469.
Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 80.

=Worms, the Jews of=, faithful to Henry IV, =3=, 293.
during the first crusade, =3=, 301-2.
defend the city, =3=, 417.
emigrate to Syria, =3=, 637.
burn themselves to escape the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 108-9.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 417.
the extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 463.
number of, =4=, 694.
antipathy to, =4=, 694-5.
the expulsion of, urged, =4=, 698.
ordered to leave, =4=, 699.
suffering of, =4=, 699.
re-admitted, =4=, 699.
restrictions upon, =4=, 700.
protected by Ferdinand II, =4=, 701.

=Wratislaw II=, duke of Bohemia, =3=, 305.
prevents the emigration of the Jews, =3=, 307.

=Writers= (Historians, Pamphleteers, Scholars, etc.), non-Jewish, on
Jewish subjects, list of:
Abdel-latif,
Abu Ishak al-Elviri,
Abul-Ala,
Abul-Arab Ibn-Moïsha,
Adams, Hannah
Agobard,
Alexander Polyhistor,
Alfonso de Spina,
Alfonso Burgensis,
Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk,
Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino
Apion,
Apollonius Malo,
Apollonius Molo,
Appian,
Aristides,
Augustine,
Bail,
Barlæus, Caspar
Basnage, Jacob
Buchholz,
Buxtorfs, the
Cassiodorus,
Ceba, Ansaldo
Chateaubriand,
Cicero,
Closener of Strasburg,
Collier, Thomas
Czechowic, Martin
Delitzsch, Franz
Diebitsch, von
Diego de Valencia,
Diez,
Dio Cassius,
Dohm, Christian William
Duns Scotus,
Dury, John
Eck, John
Erasmus,
Eusebius,
Ewald, Heinrich
Ewald, Johann Ludwig
Felgenhauer, Paul
Ferrajo, Lucio
Fichte,
Frankenberg, Abraham
Fries, J. F.
Gesenius,
Goethe,
Graes, Ortuin de
Grattenauer,
Grégoire,
Grund, Christian
Hartmann, Frederick Traugott
Hengstenberg,
Herder,
Holmes, Nathaniel
Holst, Ludwig
Hooghe, Romein de
Hoornbeck, John
Hosiander,
Hundt, Hartwig
Hutten, Ulrich von
Ibn-Alfara,
Isidore, arch-bishop of Seville,
Jerome,
Jesse, Henry
Jurieu, Pierre
Klonowicz,
Kölbele, John Balthasar
Kosmann,
Krämer, August
Lamartine,
La Peyrère, Isaac
Lavater, John Caspar
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
Longinus,
Lopez, Pedro, de Ayala
Luther, Martin
Manetho,
Martin, Harry
Martin, Raymund
Martinet, Adam
Matthew Paris,
Megerlin, David Frederick
Meyer, Edward
Michaelis, John David
Miller, John
Mirabeau,
Münster, Sebastian
Nicholas, Edward
Nicolaus of Damascus,
Paalzow,
Porphyry,
Posidonius,
Procopius,
Prynne, William
Ramson,
Reuchlin, John
Rhabanus Maurus,
Rohrer, Joseph
Rubianus, Crotus
Rühs, Friedrich
Scaliger, Joseph
Schleiermacher,
Schmidt of Hildburghausen,
Schudt,
Schwager,
Simon, Richard
Speeth, John Peter
Strabo,
Streckfuss,
Surenhuysius, William
Swieden, van
Tacitus,
Tovey,
Unger, Christian Theophilus
Varnhagen van Ense,
Voss, Julius von
Vossius, Dionysius
Wagenseil, John Christopher
Wülfer, John.

=Wülfer, John=, Hebraist, attacks the Alenu prayer, =5=, 185.
denounces the blood accusation, =5=, 185.

=Würtemberg=, the liturgy of, introduced into
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, =5=, 679.

=Würzburg, the Jews of=, suffer martyrdom during the second
crusade, =3=, 354.
blotted out during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 35.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
the “hep, hep!” persecution of, =5=, 528-9.

=Wycliffe=, denounces the Church, =4=, 202.
inspires Huss, =4=, 221.

=X=

=Xeres=, battle of, gives the Mahometans possession of Visigothic
Spain, =3=, 109.

=Xerifs=, the, a powerful family of Fez, =4=, 390.

=Xerxes= (Ahasuerus), king of Persia, the Judæans under, accused of
disloyalty, =1=, 361.

=Ximenes de Cisneros=, third inquisitor-general, forbids Charles V to
tolerate the Jews, =4=, 484.

=Xystum=, colonnade before the Hasmonæan palace, =2=, 14.

=Y=

=Yachini, Abraham=, preacher at Constantinople, confirms Sabbataï
Zevi’s Messiahship, =5=, 123, 131.
rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 145.

=Yachya Ibn-Mondhir=, patron of Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, =3=, 266.

=Yachya Alkader=, last Mahometan king of Toledo, =3=, 295.

=Yalkut=, the, a Midrash collection by Simon Kara, =3=, 346.

=Yalta=, wife of Nachman ben Jacob, =2=, 554-5.
pride of, =2=, 556.

=Yarche Kalla=, months of assembly at Sora, =2=, 514-15.

=Yarchinaï.= _See_ Samuel, son of Abba.

=Yarob=, ancestor of the Arabs, =3=, 61.

=Yathrib.= _See_ Medina.

=Yazates=, Persian good spirits, =1=, 403.

“=Year of Flying=,” the, era for the Jews of Bagdad, =3=, 433.

“=Year of Penitence=,” the, inaugurated by Asher Lämmlein, =4=, 483.

=Year of Release=, the. _See_ Sabbatical year, the.

=Year, the Jewish=, character of, =2=, 362-3. _See_ Calendar, the.

=Yechiel (Vivo) of Paris=, Talmudist, invited to defend the Talmud
against Donin, =3=, 576.
refuses to answer questions, =3=, 576.
refuses to take an oath, =3=, 577.
disproves the charge of immorality and blasphemy, =3=, 577.
maintains that there are no references to Jesus in the Talmud, =3=,
577.
disciples of, =3=, 586.
obtains supplies from Palestine, =3=, 586.
emigrates to Palestine, =3=, 587.
buried at Chaifa, =3=, 608.

=Yechiel of Pisa=, financier and patron of Hebrew literature, =4=,
286.
friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 286.
ransoms Jewish prisoners, =4=, 287.
on Jewish physicians in Italy, =4=, 287.
accused of protecting the Jews by means of bribery, =4=, 297.
instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, =4=, 340.
sons of, help the Spanish exiles, =4=, 360.

=Yechiel ben Abraham=, manages the finances of Pope Alexander
III, =3=, 421.

=Yedaya En-Bonet Bedaresi= (Penini, 1280-1340), poet, bombastic style
of, =4=, 26, 42-3.
works of, =4=, 43.
defends the study of science, =4=, 43-4.
on the expulsion of the French Jews, =4=, 49.

=Yekum Purkan=, blessing for the Exilarchs and Geonim, =3=, 95.

=Yekutiel (Kussiel) of Wilna=, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=,
237, 245.
spreads Luzzatto’s Kabbala, =5=, 238.

=Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan=, protector of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 266.

=Yemen=, a part of southern Arabia, =3=, 54.
king of, converted to Judaism, =3=, 62-3.
under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, =3=, 429.

=Yemen, the Jews of=, numerous, =3=, 56.
prevent the spread of Christianity, =3=, 56.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 436.
benevolence of, =3=, 436.
forced into Islam, =3=, 461-2.
consoled by Maimonides, =3=, 462-4.
devoted to Maimonides, =3=, 464.
rescued from persecution by Maimonides, =3=, 474.
_See also_ Himyarite kingdom, the.

=Yezid I=, Ommiyyade Caliph, tolerance of, =3=, 110.
patron of learning, =3=, 110.
cross-questions the false Messiah Serene, =3=, 121.

=Yishaï ben Chiskiya=, of Damascus, Exilarch, in the Maimunist
controversy, =3=, 627.
excommunicates Solomon Petit, =3=, 632-3.
reports the condemnation of the Anti-Maimunists of Accho, =3=, 633.

=Yizchaki.= _See_ Abraham; Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben
Yasus; Solomon.

=Yoktan=, ancestor of the Himyarites, =3=, 60.

=Yom bar Gerizim=, anniversary of the destruction of the Samaritan
Temple, =2=, 8.

=Yom Tob=, of Joigny, counsels the Jews of York to slay one another,
=3=, 414-15.

=Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob= (926-928), Gaon of Sora, =3=, 192.

=Yom Trajanus=, a half-holiday, =2=, 401.

=York=, the governor of, deposed, =3=, 416.

=York, the Jews of=, persecuted under Richard I, =3=, 413-15.
take refuge in the citadel, =3=, 413.
refuse to admit the governor, =3=, 414.
besieged, =3=, 414-15.
kill each other, =3=, 415.

=Yotabe=, island, a Jewish free state on, =3=, 56.

“=Youth=,” drama by Mendel Bresselau, =5=, 398.

=Yussuf Ibn-Teshufin=, Almoravide prince, aids the Mahometans against
Alfonso VI of Castile, =3=, 296.
forces Islam upon the Jews of Lucena, =3=, 311-12.

=Z=

=Zab=, the, Antiochus Sidetes defeats the Parthians at, =2=, 5.

=Zaba=, tribal contingent to David’s army, =1=, 122.

=Zabir Ibn-Bata=, survivor of the Benu-Kuraiza, =3=, 81.

=Zaccaï=, head of the Jewish congregation at Mosul, =3=, 429-30.
tries to influence David Alrui, =3=, 433.

=Zaccaï ben Achunaï=, pretender to the Exilarchate, confirmed in the
office, =3=, 137.

=Zachariah ben Jehoiada=, high priest, stoned, =1=, 220.

=Zachariah.= _See also_ Zechariah.

=Zacharias=, founder of a Judaizing sect in Poland, =4=, 633.

=Zachib as-Schorta=, minister of police, =3=, 313.

=Zachot=, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371.

=Zacuto.= _See_ Abraham; Moses; Samuel.

=Zaddik=, the, in the Kabbala, =5=, 121.

=Zaddik=, the, Chassidean leader, requirements of, =5=, 380, 381.
importance of, magnified by Beer of Mizricz, =5=, 381-2.
pilgrimages to, =5=, 382, 384.
gifts to, =5=, 382-3, 384.
superior to the Rebbe, =5=, 393.

=Zadok=, high priest, at Gibeon, =1=, 120.
faithful to David, =1=, 141.
urges the recall of David, =1=, 146.
ranked above Abiathar, =1=, 152.
anoints Solomon king, =1=, 153.
of the house of Eleazar, =1=, 155.
made sole high priest, =1=, 160.

=Zadok=, leader of the Sadduceans, =2=, 21.

=Zadok=, Talmudist of Accho, =3=, 427.

=Zadok=, teacher of the Law, follower of Shammai, =2=, 133, 330, 338.
leader of the Zealots, =2=, 133.
resists the Roman census, =2=, 133.
maxim of, =2=, 338-9.

=Zadukim.= _See_ Sadducees.

=Zafara= (Thafar), falls into the hands of the Ethiopian king, =3=,
66.

=Zag.= _See_ Isaac Benveniste.

=Zag (Isaac) ben Meïr de Malea=, Almoxarif under Alfonso X, =3=,
593, 615-16.

=Zag (Isaac) Ibn-Said=, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, =3=, 593-4.

=Zähringen=, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, =4=, 108.

=Zainab=, sister of Marhab, tries to poison Mahomet, =3=, 83-4.

=Zain-Eddin=, commander of Amadia, patron of David Alrui, =3=, 430.
brings about the death of David Alrui, =3=, 433.

=Zaken=, title of the ordained, =2=, 361.

=Zalmunna=, Midianite king, punished by Gideon, =1=, 63.

=Zamaris=, founder of the colony of Babylonian Judæans in
Batanæa, =2=, 274.

=Zamora=, the Council of, renews anti-Jewish laws, =4=, 52.
the Jews of, accept baptism, =4=, 205.

=Zamosc, Israel.= _See_ Israel Zamosc.

=Zapateiro, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph Zapateiro.

=Zaporogians=, the. _See_ Cossacks, the.

=Zarak Barfat=, poet, =4=, 140.

=Zarephath= (Sarepta), Elijah lives in, =1=, 203.

=Zarfati.= _See_ Simon; Solomon ben Abraham.

=Zarko, Jehuda=, poet, =4=, 609.

=Zarzal.= _See_ Abraham Ibn-Zarzal.

=Zarzel.= _See_ Moses Zarzel.

=Zaslaw=, the fair of, the Polish Talmudists meet at, =4=, 640.

=Zealand=, admission of Jews into, opposed, =4=, 663.

=Zealots=, the, republican party in Judæa, principles and leaders
of, =2=, 133.
resist the Roman census, =2=, 133-4.
object to the use of the Roman era, =2=, 134.
conception of the Messiah held by, =2=, 144.
disapprove of Jesus, =2=, 162.
depredations of, =2=, 238-9.
a band of, called Sicarii, =2=, 239.
kill the Samaritan inhabitants of Acrabatene, =2=, 243.
in favor of war with Rome, =2=, 256.
allied with the royal house of Adiabene, =2=, 256.
leader of, =2=, 256.
supported by Shammai’s followers, =2=, 256.
hold the Temple mount, =2=, 259.
keep the Peace party out of the Temple, =2=, 260.
increased by the masses of the people and the Sicarii, =2=, 260.
force the Roman garrison to capitulate, =2=, 260.
disagree with the Sicarii, =2=, 260-1.
disinterestedness of, =2=, 261.
defeat Cestius Gallus, =2=, 265.
occupy the inner town, =2=, 265.
force Cestius to retreat, =2=, 266-7.
exaltation of, =2=, 267-8.
coins of, =2=, 268.
avenge the massacre of Judæans, =2=, 269-70.
forbid the purchase of certain articles of food from the
heathen, =2=, 270.
in Galilee, =2=, 272-4.
in Jerusalem after the conquest of Galilee, =2=, 291, 292.
treatment by, of those suspected of Roman proclivities, =2=, 294.
besieged in the Temple by Anan, =2=, 295.
dissolve the aristocratic Synhedrion, =2=, 296.
reign of terror under, =2=, 296-7.
at war with Simon bar Giora, =2=, 297-8.
split up into factions, =2=, 301.
heroism of, =2=, 306, 316.
massacred by the Romans, =2=, 315.
flee to Arabia, Egypt, etc., =2=, 317-18; =3=, 54.
end of the movement of, =2=, 318-19.
and Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 323.
war of, immortalized by Josephus, =2=, 415.

=Zebah=, Midianite king, punished by Gideon, =1=, 63.

=Zebaoth, Adonai=, meaning of, =1=, 130-1.

=Zebedee, the sons of=, disciples of Jesus, =2=, 153.
suggest the necessity of a precursor to the Messiah, =2=, 158.

=Zebulon, the tribe of=, settles north of Mount Tabor, =1=, 37.
relation of, to the Phœnicians, =1=, 53.
extends its territory, =1=, 67.
descendants of, around Nishabur, =3=, 433.

=Zebulon, tribesmen of=, join Gideon, =1=, 62.
join Solomon’s fleet, =1=, 170.

=Zechariah=, king of Israel, murder of, =1=, 243.

=Zechariah (I)=, prophet, son of Berechiah, prophecies of, =1=,
254-6.
summoned as witness against Ahaz, =1=, 259.

=Zechariah (II)=, prophet, urges the completion of the second
Temple, =1=, 359.
extols the high priest Joshua, =1=, 360.

=Zechariah.= _See also_ Zachariah.

“=Zeda la-Derech=,” by Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach, =4=, 145.

=Zedekiah= (Mattaniah), made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=,
308.
swears fealty to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 308.
character of, =1=, 309.
urged to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 309-10.
refuses tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 310-11.
flight of, =1=, 314.
blinded and taken to Babylon, =1=, 315.

=Zedekiah, the daughters of=, in Gedaliah’s care, =1=, 319.
taken prisoners by Ishmael, =1=, 322.
rescued by Johanan, =1=, 323.

=Zedekiah=, Jewish physician of Charles the Bald, =3=, 170.

=Zeïra I=, Amora, a Babylonian, =2=, 531.
emigrates to Judæa, =2=, 557.
method of, =2=, 557-8, 590.
modesty of, =2=, 558.
death of, =2=, 558.

=Zeïra II=, Amora, proposed as principal of Pumbeditha, =2=, 583.
and the Machuzan marriages, =2=, 586-7.

=Zeïra bar Chanina=, political offender against Zenobia, =2=, 529-30.

=Zekenim=, elders among the Israelites, =1=, 7.

=Zelah=, family tomb of Saul, =1=, 124.

=Zemach.= _See_ Mar-Zemach.

=Zemach ben Kafnaï=, Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 200.

=Zemach ben Shahin=, candidate for the Sora Gaonate, =3=, 192-3.

=Zemach, Jacob=, Marrano physician, Kabbalist, =5=, 125-6.

=Zemach David=, history by David Gans, =4=, 638-9.

=Zend-Avesta=, Persian code, compiled by Ardashir, =2=, 524.

=Zendiks=, the, adherents of the Magian religion reformed by
Mazdak, =3=, 2.
recruited from the lower classes, =3=, 2.

=Zenki=, makes Mosul a capital of the Eastern Caliphate, =3=, 429.
kindly disposed to Jews, =3=, 429.

=Zeno=, Emperor of the East, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 10-11.

=Zeno Cotylas=, governor of Philadelphia, protects Ptolemy ben
Habub, =2=, 3.

=Zenobia=, queen of Palmyra, the court of, =2=, 529.
feeling of the Jews against, =2=, 529-30.
end of, =2=, 530.

=Zephaniah=, captain of the Temple, beheaded, =1=, 314.

=Zephaniah=, prophet, prophecy of, =1=, 286-7.

=Zerah=, Egyptian general, defeated by Asa, =1=, 190.

=Zerubbabel=, grandson of Jehoiachin, intercedes with Cyrus for the
return of the Judæans, =1=, 351.
leader of the exiles returning under Cyrus, =1=, 351-2.
governor of Judæa, =1=, 352.
erects an altar on the site of the Temple, =1=, 356.
refuses the help of the Cuthæans, =1=, 357-8.
urges the completion of the Temple, =1=, 359.
returns to Babylon, =1=, 360.
great-grandson of, accompanies Ezra to Palestine, =1=, 366.
the Exilarchs descended from, =2=, 509.

=Zevi.= _See_ Elijah; Joseph; Mordecai; Sabbataï; Sarah Zevi;
Jacob Querido.

=Zevi Ashkenazi=, Chacham, anti-Sabbatian, =5=, 221.
as a Talmudist, =5=, 221.
rabbi of Amsterdam, =5=, 221.
and Solomon Ayllon, =5=, 221.
denounces Chayon, =5=, 221-2.
refuses to co-operate with Ayllon, =5=, 222.
excommunicates Chayon, =5=, 224.
abused by the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, =5=, 224.
deserted by the German community, =5=, 225.
laid under the ban, =5=, 226.
compelled to leave Amsterdam, =5=, 226.
cause of, espoused by Jews elsewhere, =5=, 227.
the son of, =5=, 254.

=Ziadeth-Allah=, Aghlabite prince, Isaac Israeli physician
to, =3=, 180.

=Ziba=, slave of Saul, appointed Mephibosheth’s steward, =1=, 124.

=Zicareo=, character in Samuel Usque’s work, =4=, 558, 560.

=Zidon.= _See_ Sidon.

=Ziklag=, given to David by Achish, =1=, 101.
burnt by the Amalekites, =1=, 106.

=Zimra.= _See_ David Ibn-Abi Zimra.

=Zimri=, commander of the war-chariots, kills Elah, =1=, 192.
short reign of, in Israel, =1=, 192.

=Zinzendorf=, count, addressed by the Jews of Trieste, =5=, 369.

=Zion=, celebrated by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 325-6.

=Zion=, Hebrew journal devoted to Jewish science, =5=, 693.

=Zion, mountain, description of=, =1=, 45.
taken from the Jebusites, =1=, 113.
on the west side of Jerusalem, =1=, 115.
the Ark of the Covenant transferred to, =1=, 120.
permission to build a synagogue on, =4=, 273-4.

=Zion=, mourners of, in Babylon, =1=, 338.

=Zion=, the songs of, by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 337-8, 342.

=Zion=, upper city of Jerusalem, plundered by Gessius Florus, =2=,
254.
taken by Titus, =2=, 309.

=Zipporah=, wife of Moses, =1=, 14.

=Zisca=, Hussite leader, bravery of, =4=, 225, 226.

=Zoar= (Tamarah), city of palms, =1=, 43.
south-eastern limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.

=Zohar=, the, authorship of, =4=, 11-12.
attributed to Simon bar Yochaï, =4=, 12.
glorifies Simon bar Yochaï, =4=, 12-14.
description of, =4=, 14.
the underlying principle of, =4=, 14-15.
interpretation of the Scriptures in, =4=, 15-16.
theory of, on the soul, =3=, 16-18.
the Messiah in, =4=, 18.
on the Talmud, =4=, 19.
spread of, =4=, 19.
discovery of, attributed to Nachmani, =4=, 20.
discovered to be a forgery, =4=, 20-1.
reception of, among the Kabbalists, =4=, 21-2.
influence of, =4=, 22-3.
and Christian dogmas, =4=, 23.
the Kabbalistic authority, =4=, 196.
denounced as a forgery by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 292.
affects the liturgy, =4=, 481.
printed at Mantua, =4=, 583.
edited by Vittorio Eliano, =4=, 584.
a canonical book, =4=, 584.
influence of, on Isaac Lurya, =4=, 618-19.
a system evolved from, by Isaac Lurya, =4=, 619-22.
esteemed at Safet, =4=, 622.
placed above the Bible and the Talmud, =4=, 625.
fixes the Messianic year, =5=, 6, 24, 121-2.
the genuineness of, defended by Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 78.
annihilates Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 144.
opposed by Jehuda Brieli, =5=, 200.
the style of, imitated by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 235.
accepted by the Frankists, =5=, 274-5.
exposed as a forgery by Emden, =5=, 278.
teaches the Trinity, =5=, 287.

=Zohar Tinyana=, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 237.

=Zoharites.= _See_ Frankists.

=Zoilus=, governor of Gaza, =2=, 40.

=Zolkiew=, home of Krochmal, =5=, 608, 614.

=Zollikofer=, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on Church discipline,
=5=, 363.

=Zor.= _See_ Tyre.

=Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas= (520-530), Jewish king of Yemen, retaliates
upon the Byzantine emperors, =3=, 64.
defeated by Aidug, =3=, 64.
takes Najaran, =3=, 65.
levies a tribute upon the Christians of Himyara, =3=, 65.
enemies of, =3=, 65-6.
war of, with the Nejus of Ethiopia, =3=, 66.
end of, =3=, 66.

=Zorba-me-Rabbanan=, master of the Law in Babylonia, =2=, 544.

=Zoroaster=, the doctrines of, restored by Ardashir, =2=, 524.

=Zosina=, Russian metropolitan, joins a Judaizing sect, =4=, 633.

=Zuhara=, castle of the Benu-Nadhir, =3=, 78.

=Zunz, Leopold=, founder of the Society for Culture, =5=, 583.
staunchness of, =5=, 587-8.
uses Rapoport’s methods, =5=, 620.
issues his first great work, =5=, 620-1.
contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” =5=, 622.
on the blood accusation, =5=, 669.
on Jewish mediæval poetry, =5=, 694.

=Zurich=, the Jews of, charged with poisoning wells, =4=, 105.

=Zütphen=, adviser of the Duke of Alva, =4=, 662.

=Zutra.= _See_ Mar-Zutra.

=Zwingli=, declares himself against the papacy, =4=, 469.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The above quotations are extracts from the original document: _Geheimes Staatsarchiv Berlin, General Direktorium Südpreussen, Ortschaften_, No. 964, Vol. II.

[2] Wuttke, _Städtebuch des Landes Posen_, p. 434.

[3] _Staatsarchiv_ Posen, Wollstein C. 13.

[4] The booklet, copied out in a fair, neat hand, was found among the author’s papers after his death. He states that he began it in Zerkow, on Wednesday, Ellul 27 (September 15), 1830, and finished it in Wollstein at about the age of fifteen.

[5] _Neunzehn Briefe über Judenthum, herausgegeben von Ben Usiel._

[6] _Pessachim_ 112a: יותר ממה שעגל רוצה לינק הפרה רוצה להניק {Hebrew: Yoter mimah she’egel rotzeh linak, haparah rotzah l’hanik 16c} “More than the calf will suck, the cow desires to suckle.”

[7] Next happy _Pessach_.

[8] Erotic matters.

[9] Unclean and contaminating.

[10] This biographical work was not printed, and the manuscript could not be found.

[11] The writer speaks from personal experience, though it is proper to add, that he heard Geiger’s sermons in his youth, when one is inclined to enthusiasm and admiration; yet he thinks that the judgment expressed above can be sustained.

[12] The Talmudic works of R. Isaac Alfassi.

[13] A great, heavy cane with ornamental knob was carried in Poland as the badge of the rabbinical office.

[14] Heroes.

[15] A philologist of repute, whose contributions to Latin lexicography are of considerable value.

[16] _Lehrbuch zur Sprache der Mishnah._

[17] An anonymous article in the “Orient,” 1843, p. 391 ff., may be accounted his introduction into the world of letters. It treats of the question then mooted, “On the Sanctity of Jewish Cemeteries” (_Ueber die Heiligkeit der jüdischen Begräbnissplätze_), and is dated Breslau, November 22. The skirmish with Geiger began in the “Orient,” 1844, p. 21.

[18] _Israelit des 19ten Jahrhunderts._

[19] _Gnostizismus und Judenthum._

[20] “Book of Creation.”

[21] Originally October 15 had been appointed, but many of the participants considered September a more suitable time.

[22] _Zeitschrift für die religiösen Interessen des Judenthums._

[23] _Die Septuaginta im Talmud._

[24] _Die Konstruktion der jüdischen Geschichte._

[25] To accept this trust Graetz needed the permission of the municipal authorities, obtainable only by means of a duly accredited teacher’s diploma. He therefore attended the Catholic Normal School at Breslau for some time as “student by courtesy” (_Hospitant_). On November 4, 1847, after having taken an examination, he was given a diploma testifying to his ability to fill the position of teacher and rector at an elementary school. It is the only official certificate of examination Graetz could show.

[26] This same Friedmann and Graetz appear as the joint authors of an article in Baur and Zeller’s Theologie Year-book for 1848 (Vol. VII, p. 338), “On the Alleged Continuance of the Jewish Sacrificial Cult after the Destruction of the Second Temple” (_Ueber die angebliche Fortdauer des jüdischen Opferkultus nach der Zerstörung des zweiten Tempels_). Friedmann’s share in the essay cannot be determined. The introduction plainly bears the marks of Graetz’s manner and style, and Graetz was in the habit of considering the work his own. It is the only production published by him between 1846 and 1851.

[27] In his _curriculum vitæ_ (among the archives of the Board of Curators of the Bequests of the royal commercial councilor Fränkel, “relative to Graetz, teacher at the Seminary”), Graetz makes the following statements: “In 1849 I obeyed the summons of the District Rabbi of Moravia to participate in the establishment of, and to act as teacher at, a rabbinical seminary for Moravian and Austrian communities. But the institution did not come into existence; the unsettled condition of affairs in Austria, especially the permanent temporariness to which the position of the Israelites there had become a prey, prolonged the discussions on the execution of the plans for a seminary of the kind. I was therefore compelled to accept provisionally the superintendence of a Jewish public school at Lundenburg near Vienna.”

[28] _Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums._

[29] _Jüdisch-geschichtliche Studien._

[30] _Die talmudische Chronologie und Topographie._

[31] _Die absetzbaren Hohepriester während des zweiten Tempels._

[32] J. Lehmann, whose zeal in behalf of the founding of the seminary was highly commendable, reports (Archives of the Board of Curators of the Fränkel Bequests. I, Vol. 1, relative to the Seminary) as follows: “Every evening between 7 and 8, in the building of the Boys’ School of the Jewish community, a lecture is delivered before Jewish divinity students, Dr. Zunz lecturing on Rabbinic Literature, Dr. Graetz on Jewish History, and Dr. Sachs on the Proverbs of Solomon. The lectures are well attended by about twenty-five or thirty prospective rabbis, who take notes industriously, and by a dozen Jewish scholars who come as visitors (_Hospitanten_).... Zunz was obviously making an inspiring impression upon his audience; his dry subject was rendered spicy by piquant observations on Eisenmenger and Karpzow, Wagenseil and Richard Simon, and not a few innuendoes touching the present. On the evening when I heard Sachs, he had just begun the introduction to the exegesis of the Proverbs. It seemed to me that on the whole he was a little too abstruse, although there was no dearth of beautiful thoughts expressed in a manner still more beautiful. Dr. Graetz is a young man, who is very much praised by competent judges. Report says that his lectures bristle with new data and results; I myself have not yet heard him. He is said to have lived in Breslau at one time, and he came here from Lundenburg, his last residence, at the suggestion of Dr. Sachs. The institution of these three lecture courses on six evenings was proposed by the school trustees of the Jewish community. They have appropriated the means for carrying them on (about 1200 _Reichsthaler_) from the legacy fund of the _Talmud-Torah_ School. Their right to do this has been contested in certain quarters, but for the present they are supported by the authorization of the communal directors and the approval of the intelligent. I have made this preface to enable you to estimate to what extent the judgment of those consulted by me with regard to the Breslau project is based upon what has been done here, inadequate though it be.... At first, Sachs, who recently received a letter from Frankel in Dresden inquiring into the feasibility of establishing a Rabbinical Institute for Berlin and Dresden in common, also intended to put down his opinion in writing for me, etc.”

[33] _Das Magazin für die Litteratur des Auslandes._

[34] Cmp. “The Jewish Theological Seminary founded by Fränkel at Breslau on the 25th Anniversary of its Existence, August 10, 1879,” p. 5.

[35] The Curators as well as Joseph Lehmann entertained the cordial wish and made earnest efforts to obtain a place for Geiger on the teaching staff of the Seminary. But Frankel met every demand looking to this end with abrupt refusal. Even Joseph Lehmann, who had a decided inclination towards Geiger, could not help making the following frank admission in an earlier letter (February 3, 1853) addressed to the Board of Curators: “The communication of the Rabbinical Conference of 1846, which I shall return to you, unfortunately has no value for us, because none of the five signers (Geiger, Holdheim, Philippson, Salomon, and Stein) continues to enjoy the authority in Germany necessary to secure the confidence of the class of Jews chiefly to be considered in the launching of an undertaking like this.”

[36] _Geschichte der Juden vom Untergange des jüdischen Staates bis zum Abschluss des Talmud._

[37] _Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart. Vierter Band._

[38] _Geschichte der Juden_, Vol. IV (Ed. 1), p. 22.

[39] _Ibid._ p. 169 (American Edition, II, p. 414).

[40] _Ibid._ p. 236 (American Edition, II, p. 454).

[41] L. Stein, _Der israelitische Volkslehrer_, V, 1855, p. 37.

[42] S. R. Hirsch, _Jeshurun_, II and III.

[43] Cmp. _Geschichte der Juden_, Vol. IV, Note 20 (in later editions, Note 16).

[44] _Der israelitische Volkslehrer_, as cited above.

[45] _Jüdisch-theologisches Seminar, Fränkel’sche Stiftung._

[46] A son of the Hamburg rabbi, or, as he called himself, Chacham, Isaac Bernays.

[47] This tendency was justified by the circumstance, that under existing conditions admission to the Seminary had to be granted on attainments not more than sufficient for the second class of a Prussian _Gymnasium_, and pupils were to be received at the early age of fourteen.

[48] _Geschichte der Juden von dem Tode Juda Makkabis bis zum Untergang des jüdischen Staates._

[49] _Geschichte der Juden vom Abschluss des Talmud_ (500) _bis zum Aufblühen der jüdisch-spanischen Kultur_ (1027).

[50] The Protestant clergyman and diplomat, Jacob Basnage (d. 1723), historiographer of the Netherlands, was the first to write a history of the Jews down to his own time. The means at his command were inadequate and his historical insight hazy, yet he produced a connected account, which Jost took as a guide. The second attempt of the kind was made by an American woman, a Christian, Hannah Adams of Boston (1818), who was able to use only secondary sources. Cmp. for the predecessors of Graetz, his _Geschichte_, XI, p. 452 ff. (American Edition, V, p. 593).

[51] _Geschichte der Israeliten seit der Zeit der Makkabäer._

[52] _Allgemeine Geschichte des israelitischen Volkes._

[53] His last historical work, “The History of Judaism and its Sects” (_Geschichte des Judenthums und seiner Sekten_, 3 vols., 1857-59), Jost wrote in a different key. Influenced by Graetz’s work, he tended towards the adoption of the younger historian’s point of view.

[54] Zunz considered the attempt to write a history of the Jews premature. When he asked the question, he probably had in mind the bungling “History of the Israelites” by Dr. J. H. Dessauer (1846), and in the allusion to it, covert though it was, lay the sting.

[55] _Geschichte_, Vol. V (American Edition, Vol. III, pp. 188-207).

[56] _Ibid._, Vol. VIII (American Edition, Vol. IV, pp. 145-147, 191-193).

[57] _Ibid._, Vol. VIII (American Edition, Vol. IV, pp. 207-216).

[58] _Ibid._, Vol. IX (American Edition, Vol. IV, pp. 491-511).

[59] Cmp. _Geschichte_, Vol. IV, 2 Ed., Note 14.

[60] _Geschichte_, Vol. III, 2 Ed., Note 26.

[61] Jost, _Geschichte des Judenthums und seiner Sekten_, Pt. 1, p. 437, Note 2.

[62] _Geschichte_, Vol. X, chaps. 6 and 7 (American Edition, Vol. V, Chap. 4).

[63] The French, English, and Hebrew translations of the “History” were superintended by Graetz, and most of the proof-sheets were read by him. The French translation was made by his friend M. Hess, a Socialistic journalist, who by reason of his book, _Rom und Jerusalem_, may be counted among the Zionists. The third volume, the first translated, appeared under the title, _Sinai et Golgatha_ (Paris, 1867). The sixth followed, and was called, _Les Juifs d’Espagne_ (Paris, 1872). The Franco-Prussian war, which alienated the German and French Jews from each other, interrupted the work, and it was not resumed until some time in the “eighties.” The first volume translated into English was the fourth, by the Rev. James K. Gutheim, under the auspices of the second “American Jewish Publication Society” (New York, 1873). After Graetz’s visit to London in 1887, the English translation of the complete work was undertaken there. Both the French and the English translations were revisions of the German original, in which Graetz not only incorporated the results of the latest researches, but also tried to pay particular attention to the history of the Jews of the nations into whose language the work was rendered.

[64] _Institut zur Förderung der israelitischen Litteratur._

[65] The second volume assumed such proportions that it had to be divided into two parts, each of which reached the respectable number of 500 pages.

[66] _Die Ebjoniten des alten Testaments._

[67] _Kohelet (-oder der salomonische Prediger, übersetzt und kritisch erläutert_).

[68] _Schir-ha-Schirim (-oder das salomonische Hohelied, übersetzt und kritisch erläutert_).

[69] _Kritischer Kommentar zu den Psalmen nebst Text und Uebersetzung._

[70] Quoted in Rippner, _Zum siebzigsten Geburtstag des Professors Dr. H. Graetz_, p. 31.

[71] _Monatsschrift_, 1883, vol. 32.

[72] _Ibid._, 1884, vol. 33.

[73] _Ibid._, 1886, vol. 35.

[74] _Preussische Jahrbücher_, 1879. vol. 44. p. 572 ff.

[75] _Ibid._, p. 660.

[76] _Die Gegenwart_, edited by Lindau, 1880, vol. 17, p. 18 ff.

[77] _Der deutsch-israelitische Gemeindebund._

[78] One of these desiderata, but dimly discerned at the time, because its value was not in the least realized, was the publication of the “Memoirs of Glückel von Hameln,” since published in an excellent edition, without the help of a commission and without any ostentation by a pupil of Graetz, the learned Professor D. Kaufmann of Buda-Pesth. This remarkable book, which no one should fail to read, was fairly rediscovered by Professor Kaufmann.

[79] _Die Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters._

[80] _Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland._

[81] _Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden u. s. w._

[82] _See_ Note p. 86.

[83] As late as 1888 he published a _Volksthümliche Geschichte der Juden_ (“Popular History of the Jews”) in three volumes, in response to numerous and frequently repeated requests for a short and popular history. He put all his historical matter into a concise form, constantly bearing in mind the needs of the intelligent laity. At the same time he did not fail to make use of newly determined data. The shorter work has peculiar value, inasmuch as Graetz lays down in it his opinion of men of his own generation whom he had passed over in silence in his eleventh volume published in 1870. He had adopted the rule of not considering living persons in his historical presentation. But from 1870 to 1888 many prominent figures had been removed from the arena by death, and he was left free in the later work to express his judgment upon their character and achievements.

[84] _Die westgothische Gesetzgebung in Betreff der Juden._

[85] _Frank und die Frankisten._

[86] _Das Königreich Mesene und seine jüdische Bevölkerung._

* * * * * *

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