Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (15)

=Paris, the Talmudical college of=, closed, =3=, 403.
sold, =4=, 48.
re-established, =4=, 133.

=Paris, the University of=, directed to banish philosophical writings
from its curriculum, =3=, 528.
appealed to by Hoogstraten, =4=, 458.
appealed to by the Dominicans, =4=, 459-60.
gives judgment against Reuchlin, =4=, 460, 473.
satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 461.
teaches and prints Hebrew, =4=, 473.

=Parliament=, three petitions to, in favor of the re-settlement of
Jews in England, =5=, 35.
admission of Jews to, =5=, 698.
_See also_ House of Commons, the.

=Parliament, the Jewish=, summoned by Henry III, =3=, 589-90.

=Parliament, the Long=, and the cause of religious liberty, =5=, 25.
the dissolution of, =5=, 34.

=Parliament, the Short=, the convening of, =5=, 34.
the Jewish character of, =5=, 34.
entertains the re-settlement of the Jews in England, =5=, 34.
the dissolution of, =5=, 35.

=Parnesé ha-Keneset=, the commission entrusted with public interests
in Jewish Babylonia, =3=, 99.

=Paro=, Joseph Nassi duke of, =4=, 596.

=Parosh=, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, =1=, 330.

=Parsophin= (Parzufin), Kabbalistic term, =4=, 619; =5=, 217.

=Parthia=, the number of Judæans in, =2=, 202.
the Jewish communities of, in sympathy with the Zealots, =2=, 256.
conquered by Trajan, =2=, 393.
the Jews of, resist Trajan, =2=, 393-4.
escapes being made a Roman province, =2=, 399.
rebels against Trajan, =2=, 399.
war of, with the Romans, =2=, 447.
laid waste by Severus, =2=, 464.
the dynasty of, overthrown, =2=, 523.

=Parthians=, the, defeat the Syrians, =2=, 5.
defeated by Antiochus Sidetes, =2=, 5.
the campaign of Crassus against, =2=, 74.
dethrone Hyrcanus, =2=, 82-3.
characterized by Levi bar Sissi, =2=, 525.
invade the Roman empire, =2=, 527.

=Parties=, in Judæa after the death of Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 489-90.

=Paruta=, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, =4=, 647.

=Parzufin.= _See_ Parsophin.

=Pascal=, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, =3=, 376.

=Paschal lamb=, the, offered at Jerusalem by order of Hezekiah, =1=,
268.
a substitute for, introduced in Rome, =2=, 68.

=Paschal sacrifice=, the, supersedes the Sabbath, =2=, 99.

=Pasquier=, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 485.

=Passau=, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, =4=, 306.

=Passion Week.= _See_ Eastertide.

=Passover=, celebrated under Hezekiah, =1=, 268.
celebrated under Josiah, =1=, 295.
under Zerubbabel, =1=, 359.
in the Sopheric age, =1=, 398.
the celebration of, forbidden by Archelaus, =2=, 121-2.
of the Crushing in 66, =2=, 251.
the celebration of, before Easter forbidden by Justinian
I, =3=, 13.
observed by the Marranos of Lisbon, =4=, 489.
as celebrated by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 148-9.
the celebration of, hindered during the Reign of Terror, =5=, 452.

=Pastor=, a Galician scholar, excommunicated, =5=, 614.

=Pastor=, a lawyer of Naples, opposes the progress of Belisarius, =3=,
32.
murdered, =3=, 32.

“=Pastor Fido=,” translated by Isabel Correa, =5=, 114.

=Pastoureaux= (Pastorelli, Roïm), the, massacre of the French Jews by,
=4=, 55-7.

=Patras=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 406.

=Patriarch=, title of the president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 334.

=Patriarchate=, the, invested with autocratic power under Judah I,
=2=, 452-4.
on a level with the Exilarchate, =2=, 454.
extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, =2=, 457.
royal authority of, under Judah II, =2=, 485.
decline of the authority of, =2=, 535.
decline of, =2=, 560.
power of, over non-Palestinian communities ends with the adoption
of a fixed calendar, =2=, 573.
constitutes Judæa the head of the Jewish communities of the Roman
empire, =2=, 611.
fall of, =2=, 612, 617-18.

=Patriarchs=, the, levy a tax from the time of Judah II, =2=, 487.
support of, =2=, 535-6.
titles of, =2=, 560-1, 612.
regarded as the chief of the Jews in the Roman empire, =2=, 561.
compelled to go to Sora, =2=, 607.
exclude apostates from the Jewish community, =2=, 612-13.
exempt from civil duties, =2=, 616.
enjoy civil jurisdiction, =2=, 616.
tax of, forbidden to be collected, =2=, 617.
dignities bestowed on, =2=, 617-18.
number of, =2=, 618.
tax of, collected by imperial officials, =2=, 622.
the Jews under, =5=, 725.
_See also_ Synhedrion, the, presidents of.

=Patriarchs=, the, list of:
Gamaliel II,
Gamaliel III,
Gamaliel IV,
Gamaliel V,
Gamaliel VI,
Hillel II,
Judah I,
Judah II,
Judah III,
Judah IV,
Simon III.
_See also_ Synhedrion, the, presidents of.

=Patricius= (Patrick Netira), leader of the Jews in a revolt against
Rome, =2=, 570.

=Patriotism=, towards France discussed in the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 489, 492.
in the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Paul III= (Farnese), pope, well disposed to Jews, =4=, 515.
worked upon by João III and Duarte de Paz, =4=, 515.
orders a reconsideration of the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 516.
protects the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 516, 520, 521-2.
deprecates the assault on Duarte de Paz, =4=, 517.
objects to forcible conversions, =4=, 517-18.
sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 518, 527.
recommends gentle measures for the Marranos, =4=, 518, 527.
Marranos complain to, of the cruelty of the Inquisition, =4=,
519-20.
submits his Inquisition bull to a commission, =4=, 520.
cripples the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 522.
authorizes the order of Jesuits and the Inquisition at Rome,
=4=, 524-5.
under obligations to Spain and Portugal, =4=, 525.
abused at the Council of Trent, =4=, 525-6.
defends the Marranos’ right of emigration, =4=, 526.
hostile to Charles V, =4=, 526.
death of, =4=, 528.
grants privileges to the Marranos of Ancona, =4=, 568.

=Paul IV= (Pietro Caraffa), pope, proposes the Inquisition at
Rome, =4=, 525.
efforts of, to re-establish papal supremacy, =4=, 562.
introduces the censorship of the press, =4=, 563.
decrees the burning of the Talmud, =4=, 565.
issues two bulls against the Jews, =4=, 566-7.
ill-treats the Jews of Rome, =4=, 567.
persecutes the Marranos of Ancona, =4=, 568, 571.
compelled to set free the Turkish Jews in Ancona, =4=, 578.
employs apostates to annoy Jews, =4=, 581, 584.
persecutes the Marranos, =4=, 581-2.
has the Talmud burnt at Cremona, =4=, 582-3.
death of, =4=, 586, 587.

=Paul= (Saul of Tarsus), apostle, proselytizes the heathen, =2=, 219.
defends the integrity of the Law, =2=, 221.
chief promoter of Christianity, =2=, 223, 365.
characterization of, =2=, 223.
opponent of the Greek Nazarenes, =2=, 224.
and the conversion of the heathen world, =2=, 224-5.
conversion of, to Christianity, =2=, 225.
vision of, =2=, 225.
and the doctrine of resurrection, =2=, 225-6.
joins the Nazarenes of Damascus, =2=, 226.
flees to Arabia, =2=, 226.
second visit of, to Damascus, =2=, 227.
at Jerusalem, =2=, 227.
establishes Greek Christian communities, =2=, 227-8.
teaches Judaism as an introduction to Christianity, =2=, 228.
inveighs against the Law, =2=, 229-30.
causes a schism in Christianity, =2=, 230.
quarrel of, with Peter, =2=, 231.
anathematizes his opponents, =2=, 231.
hated by the Jewish Christians, =2=, 367, 368.
followers of, submit to Roman domination, =2=, 369.
teaching of, becomes true Christianity, =2=, 373.

=Paul=, bishop of Constantinople, asperses Judaism, =2=, 562.

=Paul Burgensis.= _See_ Solomon Levi.

=Paul of Samosata=, bishop of Antioch, at the court of Zenobia, =2=,
529.

=Paul de Santa Maria.= _See_ Solomon Levi.

=Pauli, Oliger=, an enthusiast for the Jews, =5=, 177.

=Paulus=, opponent of the Jews, =5=, 601.

=Pauw, Reinier=, burgomaster of Amsterdam, and intermarriages between
Jews and Christians, =4=, 674.

=Pavia=, a Jewess of, apostatizes and returns to Judaism, =4=, 288.
the Jews of, expelled, =4=, 660.

=Paz, Duarte de=, advocate of the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, =4=,
512.
betrays the confidence of João III, =4=, 512.
influences Clement VII against the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 513.
obtains a papal brief protecting Marranos, =4=, 513-14.
influences Paul III, =4=, 515.
bribes church officials, =4=, 516.
assaulted by order of the Portuguese court, =4=, 517.
misappropriates funds, =4=, 518.
tries to have the Inquisition bull revoked, =4=, 519.

=Paz, Enrique Enriquez de= (Antonio Enriquez de Gomez, 1600-1660),
playwright, as soldier, =5=, 110.
tried by the Inquisition, =5=, 110.
in France, =5=, 110.
burnt in effigy at Seville, =5=, 111.
Jewish poem by, =5=, 111.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.

=Peace Congress=, the. _See_ Rastadt.

=Peace party=, the, in Jerusalem, supporters of, =2=, 256.
justifies the revolt of the people, =2=, 257.
declares the refusal of heathen sacrifices unlawful, =2=, 259.
asks the authorities for troops, =2=, 259.
kept out of the Temple by the Zealots, =2=, 260.
loses its influence, =2=, 268.

=Peasants=, Jewish, influence of Christianity on, =2=, 364-5.

=Pechah=, a Persian governor of Judæa, =1=, 352, 361.

=Pecht=, an Egyptian goddess, =1=, 9.

=Pedro II=, of Aragon, the Jews under, =3=, 497-8.

=Pedro IV=, of Aragon, the Jews under, =4=, 145.

=Pedro IV=, the Cruel (1350-1369), of Castile, revolt against, =4=,
102.
character of, =4=, 113.
family relations of, =4=, 113-14.
neglected by his father, =4=, 114.
Jews attached to, =4=, 114.
the Jews under, =4=, 115-26.
refuses to curtail the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 116.
wives of, =4=, 116-17.
decoyed into the fortress of Toro, =4=, 118.
mentioned on the inscriptions in the Toledo synagogue, =4=, 120.
deposes and tortures Samuel Abulafia, =4=, 121.
determines to kill his wife, =4=, 121.
acknowledges Maria de Padilla his wife, =4=, 122.
alliance against, =4=, 122.
maligned by his brother, =4=, 122-3.
compelled to leave Burgos, =4=, 123.
loses Toledo and Seville, =4=, 124.
aided by the Black Prince, =4=, 124.
calls in the Mahometan king of Granada, =4=, 125.
death of, =4=, 126.
the Jews hated on account of the civil war under, =4=, 167.

=Pedro de la Caballeria=, apostate, Christian propagandist,
=4=, 231-2.

=Pedro de Herrera=, Marrano, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for
Marranos, =4=, 282-3.

=Pedro de Luna=, cardinal. _See_ Benedict XIII, pope.

=Pedro de Toledo=, viceroy of Naples, employs Samuel II Abrabanel,
=4=, 409.
daughter of, =4=, 410.

=Peel, Sir Robert=, introduces the Damascus affair in Parliament, =5=,
652.

=Pekah=, king of Israel, characterization of, =1=, 248.
allies of, =1=, 248.
licentiousness of the nobles under, =1=, 250.
allies himself with Rezin of Damascus, =1=, 258, 259.
submits to Tiglath-Pileser, =1=, 260.
murdered, =1=, 260.

=Pekahiah=, king of Israel, murdered, =1=, 248.

=Pelethites=, the, mercenary troops under David, =1=, 122.
in the Ammonite war, =1=, 126.
faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, =1=, 141.
in the war against Sheba, =1=, 149.
attend Solomon, =1=, 153.

=Pelham=, English minister, favors the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 337.

=Pelka=, son of Casimir III, =4=, 112.

=Pella=, destroyed by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.

=Pelusium=, besieged by Sennacherib, =1=, 276, 277.
the Egyptians defeated at, =1=, 450.

=Penal law=, the, of Judaism, =2=, 473.

=Penini.= _See_ Yedaya En-Bonet.

=Peñiscola=, Benedict XIII holds papal court at, =4=, 217.

=Penitential hymns=, by Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 246.

=Penitential prayers.= _See_ Prayers.

=Penso, Isaac=, Marrano banker, philanthropist, =5=, 111-12.

=Penso, Joseph= (Felice de la Vega, 1650-1703), Marrano poet, Hebrew
dramas by, =5=, 112-13.
novels by, =5=, 113.
celebrated by Isaac Gomez de Sosa, =5=, 113.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.
compared with Luzzatto, =5=, 234.

=Pentapolis=, five Philistine cities, =1=, 54.

=Pentateuch=, the. _See_ Law, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the;
Translation.

=Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn’s translation of=, for his children,
published, =5=, 328-9.
commentary for, by Solomon Dubno, =5=, 329.
subscribers to, =5=, 329, 334.
arouses the opposition of pious Jews, =5=, 330-2.
interdict against, =5=, 332.
forbidden in Polish towns, =5=, 332.
interdicted by Raphael Cohen, =5=, 333.
co-workers in, =5=, 334.
appeals to the young, =5=, 334-5.
influence of, on German Jews, =5=, 395-6.
disseminated in Alsace, =5=, 430.

=Pentecost=, the Feast of, as fixed by Anan ben David, =3=, 131.

=Pentekaka=, prays for rain, =2=, 541-2.

=Penuel= (Peniel), fortified by Jeroboam, =1=, 185.

=Penya, Chayim=, opponent of Sabbataï Zevi, ill-treated, =5=, 136.
daughters of, Sabbatians, =5=, 136.
turns Sabbatian, =5=, 136.
rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 145.

=Penyaforte, Raymond de=, Dominican-General, devotes himself to the
conversion of Mahometans and Jews, =3=, 519-20, 597.
arranges a disputation between Pablo Christiani and Nachmani, =3=,
598.
cautions Nachmani against blaspheming Christianity, =3=, 598.
continues the disputation in the Barcelona synagogue, =3=, 601.
on the Trinity, =3=, 601.
sends Pablo Christiani on missionary journeys, =3=, 602.
appointed censor of the Talmud, =3=, 603.
accuses Nachmani of blasphemy, =3=, 604.
monks trained by, act as conversionists, =3=, 621.
has Hebrew taught for conversion purposes, =3=, 640-1.
arouses the persecuting spirit against the Jews of Aragon, =4=, 77.
policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245.

=Peor=, Mount, idolatry at, =1=, 28.
scene of the death of Moses, =1=, 31.

=Peræa=, land east of the Jordan, =1=, 30.
given to Herod Antipas by Herod’s will, =2=, 119.
under Herod Antipas, =2=, 137.
given to Agrippa I by Caligula, =2=, 177.

=Pereira, Abraham=, Sabbatian, =5=, 139.
prepares to journey to Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 150.
encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, =5=, 160.

=Pereira, Emile and Isaac=, grandfather of, =5=, 342.

=Pereira, Jacob Rodrigues= (1715-1780), inventor of the sign language,
=5=, 342-3.
partial to Portuguese Jews, =5=, 343.
has the statute against foreign Jews in Bordeaux ratified,
=5=, 343-4.

=Perez, Alvar, de Guzman=, mayor of Seville, protects the
Jews, =4=, 168.

=Pergamus=, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contributions to
the Temple, =2=, 53.

=Peringer, Gustavus=, inquires into Karaism, =5=, 182-3.

=Perizzites=, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
declared bondmen by Solomon, =1=, 163.

=Perl, Joseph= (1773-1839), founds a high school in Tarnopol, =5=,
612.
attacks the Chassidim, =5=, 612.
member of the Society for Culture, =5=, 612.

=Pernambuco=, Amsterdam Jews settle in, =4=, 693.
congregation of, =4=, 693.

=Perpignan=, French Jews expelled by Philip IV settle in, =4=, 50.

=Perpignan, the Jews of=, in the thirteenth century, =4=, 25.
protect Levi of Villefranche, =4=, 29.
agitation among, in behalf of Abba-Mari’s cause, =1=, 33-4.

=Persia=, revolt against, =1=, 407-9.
the goddess of love, worshipped in, =1=, 408.
conquered by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
Alexander Severus’ campaign in, =2=, 482.
succumbs to the Arabs, =3=, 86.
visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.
under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, =3=, 428.
the khanate of, under Argun, =3=, 637-8, 646, 650.

=Persia (Sassanian empire), the Jews of=, persecuted by Firuz,
=2=, 628-30.
under Kobad, =3=, 4.
well treated by Bahram Tshubin, =3=, 8-9.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 434-5.

=Persian= influence on Judaism, =1=, 402-5.

=Perushim.= _See_ Pharisees.

=Pesakim=, practical application of the legal enactments of the
Talmud, =3=, 345.

=Pesaro=, Molcho at, =4=, 501.
a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 569.
the Jews of, invite Turkish trade, =4=, 578-9.
the Marranos banished from, =4=, 580-1.
refuge of Jewish exiles from the Papal States, =4=, 592.

=Pescennius, Niger.= _See_ Niger.

=Peshat=, simple text explanation, =3=, 288, 345.

=Peshito=, the Syriac translation of the Law, =2=, 582.

=Pessach-Peter=, apostate, brings charges against the Jews of Germany,
=4=, 177-8.

=Pesth=, the Jews of, modify their divine service, =5=, 582.
_See also_ Buda; Buda-Pesth.

=Petachya of Ratisbon= (1175-1190), traveler in the East, =3=, 421.
on the Jews of Susa, =3=, 435.
on the Jews of India, =3=, 435-6.
on the conversion of Armenians to Judaism, =3=, 440.

=Peter= (Simon, Kephas, Petrus), apostle, disciple of Jesus in
Capernaum, =2=, 153.
calls Jesus the Christ, =2=, 158.
loyal to Jesus, =2=, 163.
leader of the early Christians, =2=, 169.
leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes at Jerusalem, =2=, 222.
teachings of, opposed to those of Paul, =2=, 230.
quarrel of, with Paul, =2=, 231.
on the solidarity of the Jews, =2=, 367-8.

=Peter=, Tossafist, martyr, =3=, 355.

=Peter of Amiens=, preaches the crusades, =3=, 297.
the army of, leaves the Jews unmolested, =3=, 298.

=Peter of Benevento=, papal legate, convenes the synod of
Montpellier, =3=, 508.

=Peter Martyr=, describes the terrors of the Inquisition, =4=, 484.

=Peter the Venerable=, abbot of Clugny, rouses the crusaders against
the Jews, =3=, 349-50.

=Peters, Hugh=, secretary to Cromwell, employed to dispose the
English in favor of the Jews, =5=, 43.
on the commission for the admission of Jews, =5=, 45.

=Petit, Guillaume Haquinet=, confessor of Louis XII, influences him
against Reuchlin, =4=, 459.
patron of Hebrew literature, =4=, 473.

=Petit, Solomon.= _See_ Solomon Petit.

=Petra=, capital of Edom, =1=, 222.
refuge of Hyrcanus II, =2=, 59.

=Petronius=, governor of Syria, ordered to turn the sanctuary into a
pagan temple, =2=, 188.
ordered to set up Caligula’s image in the Temple, =2=, 189.
ordered to prevent the desecration of synagogues, =2=, 193.

=Petrus.= _See_ Peter, apostle.

=Peyret=, rabbi, supposed manufacturer of the poison for wells, =4=,
102.

=Pfefferkorn, Joseph=, immorality of, =4=, 423-4.
becomes an apostate, =4=, 424.
puts his name to Ortuin de Graes’ “Mirror for Admonition,”
=4=, 425.
advises the burning of the Talmud, =4=, 425-6.
lends his name to Dominican writings, =4=, 426.
thwarted by Jewish physicians, =4=, 427.
not trusted by Christians, =4=, 427.
publishes “The Enemy of the Jews,” =4=, 427-8.
obtains a letter to Maximilian I from Kunigunde, =4=, 428-9.
obtains an imperial mandate, =4=, 429.
orders the Frankfort Jews to surrender their books, =4=, 429.
forbids the Frankfort Jews to attend the synagogue on Tabernacles,
=4=, 430.
opposed by Uriel von Gemmingen, =4=, 430, 431.
coadjutors of, suggested, =4=, 432.
tries to make Reuchlin his confederate, =4=, 436.
applies for a second mandate, =4=, 436, 437.
a second time confiscates Hebrew books in Frankfort, =4=, 438.
censured by the public, =4=, 438.
publishes “In Honor and Praise of Emperor Maximilian,” =4=, 439.
directed to report the decision of his commission to Maximilian,
=4=, 441.
motives of, suspected by Reuchlin, =4=, 442.
breaks the seal of Reuchlin’s “Opinion,” =4=, 445.
publishes the “Handspiegel,” =4=, 446.
attacked by Reuchlin, =4=, 446-48.
preaches in Frankfort, =4=, 449.
tool of Hoogstraten, =4=, 450.
tears down the notice of Reuchlin’s exoneration, =4=, 455.
suggests the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfort, Worms, and
Ratisbon, =4=, 463.
anti-Jewish charges of, repeated by Luther, =4=, 548-9.

=Pfizer=, governor of Heidelberg, permits an assault upon the Jews,
=5=, 531, 602.

=Phabi=, family of high priests, =2=, 237.

“=Phædon=, or the Immortality of the Soul,” by Mendelssohn,
popularity of, =5=, 304-5.
object of, =5=, 306.
dialogue form of, =5=, 306.
argument of, =5=, 306-7.
popularity of, =5=, 307-8.

=Phalles=, king of Tyre, murdered, =1=, 194.

=Phaltiel=, Michal’s husband, =1=, 110.

=Phanagoria= (Taman), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle
in, =3=, 123.

=Pharaoh=, in the Zohar, =4=, 23.

=Pharaohs=, the, the Egyptian kings, =1=, 8.
worshiped, =1=, 10.

=Pharisees=, the, a national party, offshoot from the Assidæans, =2=,
17.
aims of, =2=, 17.
explanation of the name of, =2=, 18.
principles of, =2=, 18.
wherein opposed to the Essenes and Sadducees, =2=, 18-19.
defenders of tradition, =2=, 19-20, 22.
morality of, =2=, 20.
charge of hypocrisy against, unfounded, =2=, 20.
position of, with regard to Pentateuchal laws, =2=, 22-3.
contrasted with the Essenes, =2=, 30.
employed as civil functionaries, =2=, 31.
lose their state offices, =2=, 32-3.
favored by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 39.
actively oppose the Sadducees, =2=, 42-3.
hated by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 43.
instigate revolts against Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 44.
take refuge in the fortress of Bethome, =2=, 45.
crucified, =2=, 45.
flee from Judæa, =2=, 45.
rejoice over the death of Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.
favored by Salome Alexandra, =2=, 48.
obtain the chief post in the Great Council, =2=, 48-9.
the interpretations of, in the Synhedrion, =2=, 50.
introduce the Water Libation and the Wood festival, =2=, 52.
institute the half-Shekel contributions, =2=, 52.
persecute the Sadducees, =2=, 53.
support Hyrcanus II, =2=, 58.
reconciliation of, with the Sadducees begun by Hillel, =2=, 98.
divided on the subject of swearing allegiance to Herod, =2=, 108.
hate Herod, =2=, 114-15.
urge revenge against Herod, =2=, 121.
not in opposition to John the Baptist, =2=, 147.
disapprove of Jesus, =2=, 162.
aid Christianity by their methods of interpretation, =2=, 166.
neglect the lower classes, =2=, 220.
object to the Sadducee high priest Anan, =2=, 248.
laws introduced by, justified, =2=, 327.
as described by the Nazarenes, =2=, 372.
accept tradition, =2=, 462.

=Pharos=, the island of, Judæans celebrate the completion of the
Septuagint on, =1=, 511-12.

=Phasael=, brother of Herod, governor of Judæa, =2=, 77.
urges mild measures upon Herod, =2=, 79.
made tetrarch in Judæa, =2=, 81.
opposed by the Parthians, =2=, 82.
commits suicide, =2=, 82.

=Phasael=, son of Pallas and Herod, disinherited, =2=, 119.

=Phasael, tower of=, retreat of the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, =2=,
260.
left undemolished by Titus, =2=, 309.

=Phasaelis=, revenue from, left to Salome, =2=, 120.

=Phasiron=, the sons of, members of the Hellenist party, =1=, 489.

=Pheroras=, brother of Herod, wife of, a Pharisee, =2=, 108.
Herod suspicious of, =2=, 112.
conspires against the sons of Mariamne, =2=, 112-13.
conspires against Herod, =2=, 113.

=Philadelphia.= _See_ Rabbath-Ammon.

=Philanthropin=, school at Frankfort, hearth of the Reform
movement, =5=, 674.

=Philibert=, Dr., a German writer, offers to defend the Damascus
Jews, =5=, 655.

=Philip=, Arab emperor of Rome, =2=, 526.

=Philip II Augustus=, of France, leniency of, in the execution of
anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 401, 508.
expresses money from the Jews, =3=, 401-2.
banishes the Jews from the Isle de France, =3=, 402-3.
executes the Jews of Bray, =3=, 404.
in the third crusade, =3=, 404.
receives exiled Jews, =3=, 405-6.
agrees to surrender Jews from Champagne, =3=, 406.
charged with disregarding anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 498-9.

=Philip III=, of France, re-introduces Jew badges, =3=, 613.

=Philip IV=, of France, meets Sancho IV of Castile, =4=, 2.
in strife with Boniface VIII, =4=, 44.
expels the Jews, =4=, 46.
avarice of, =4=, 47.

=Philip V=, the Long, of France, extends the privileges of the
Jews, =4=, 54.
conceives the idea of a crusade, =4=, 55.
charges the Jews with poisoning wells, =4=, 57, 58.

=Philip VI=, of France, first of the House of Valois, =4=, 77.

=Philip II=, of Macedon, contemplates war with Persia, =1=, 411-12.
murdered, =1=, 412.

=Philip V=, of Macedon, takes Egypt, =1=, 432.

=Philip III=, of Navarre, punishes the ringleaders in the massacre of
the Jews, =4=, 78.

=Philip II=, of Spain, hated by Paul IV, =4=, 566.
tries to introduce the Inquisition into the Netherlands, =4=, 601.
obtains peace with Turkey through Jewish mediators, =4=, 607.
pays for the polyglot Bible, =4=, 651.
Jews under, in the Netherlands, =4=, 661, 667-8.
hated by the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 663.
death of, =4=, 668.

=Philip III=, of Spain, condition of Spain at the accession
of, =4=, 668.
debtor to the Marranos, =4=, 670-1.

=Philip IV=, of Spain, makes a Jew count palatine, =4=, 692.
praises the Jews of Oran, =5=, 169.

=Philip=, tetrarch, son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem, in Herod’s
will, =2=, 119.
builds Cæsarea Philippi and Julias, =2=, 138.
character of, =2=, 138.
tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa I, =2=, 177.
tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.

=Philip=, favorite of Antiochus Epiphanes, regent of Syria, =1=, 477.
in Antioch, =1=, 480.

=Philip=, papal legate, presides over the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.

=Philip=, Syrian commander, kills the Chassidim in the caves, =1=,
458.

=Philip of Bathyrene=, leader of Agrippa II’s troops against the
Zealots, =2=, 259, 274.
leaves Jerusalem, =2=, 260.
escapes the machinations of Varus, =2=, 274-5.

=Philippi=, the republican army of Rome, defeated at the battle
of, =2=, 81.
Judæans in, =2=, 203.
Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, =2=, 227.

=Philippi, Francis Lothair.= _See_ Wolf Levi.

=Philippion=, prince of Chalcis, husband of Alexandra, daughter of
Aristobulus II, =2=, 75.

=Philistia=, overrun by Scythians, =1=, 287.

=Philistines=, the, characteristics of, =1=, 54-5.
relations of, to the Israelites, =1=, 56-59.
oppress the Israelites, =1=, 61.
attack Israelite tribes, =1=, 64.
harass the Israelites, =1=, 66.
have possession of the Ark of the Covenant, =1=, 70-2.
defeated at Eben-ha-Ezer, =1=, 78.
choose a king, =1=, 80.
warfare of, with the Israelites, =1=, 80.
lay waste Sidon, =1=, 80.
oppress Israel at the beginning of Saul’s reign, =1=, 84.
garrison of, at Gibeah, killed by Jonathan, =1=, 85.
encamp at Michmash against Saul, =1=, 85-6.
defeated at Michmash, =1=, 86-8.
champion of, killed by David, =1=, 95, 97.
defeated by David, =1=, 98-9.
under Achish, wage war with the Israelites, =1=, 102-4.
wage war with David, =1=, 115-118.
defeated at Mount Baal-Perazim, =1=, 116.
surrender Gath to the Israelites, =1=, 117.
champions of, in the war with David, =1=, 117.
routed by David, =1=, 118.
at war with Nadab, =1=, 189.
at war with Elah, =1=, 192.
sell Judæan captives as slaves, =1=, 227, 231.
attack Judah, =1=, 258.
subdued by Sennacherib, =1=, 270.
allied with Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 314.
molest Judæan fugitives, =1=, 318.
in possession of Judæan territory under the Seleucidæ, =1=, 435.
join Gorgias in his invasion of Judæa, =1=, 467.
hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, =1=, 473.

=Philo the Elder=, Egypto-Judæan poet, extols Jerusalem, =1=, 517-18.

=Philo Judæus=, conception of the Messianic age held by, =2=, 144-5.
brother of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus, =2=, 176.
gives an account of Jewish renegades, =2=, 184.
characterization of, =2=, 184-5.
relation of, to Judaism, =2=, 185.
wife of, =2=, 186.
style of, =2=, 186.
representative of the Alexandrian Judæans before Caligula, =2=,
186.
contrasted with Apion, =2=, 186-7.
as a writer, =2=, 191.
visit of, to Jerusalem, =2=, 194.
an allegorist, =2=, 210.
reconciles the Law and his philosophy, =2=, 210.
emphasizes obedience to the Law, =2=, 210-11.
shows the beauty of the Jewish laws of humanity, =2=, 211-12.
writes a philosophic commentary on the Pentateuch, =2=, 212.
compared with Hillel and Jesus, =2=, 214.
describes heathen proselytes of his day, =2=, 215.
system of, aids Christianity, =2=, 373.
the works of, read at the court of Louis the Pious, =3=, 162.
the works of, connected with the Talmud, =4=, 614.
studied by Frankel, =5=, 684.

=Philologists=, Hebrew. _See_ Grammarians, Hebrew.

=Philology=, Hebrew, a special study of the Karaites, =3=, 180.

=Philosoph, Joseph=, father-in-law of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 166, 209.
supports the Messianic claims of Jacob Querido, =5=, 210.

=Philosophers, the Arabic=, the sayings of, used by Solomon
Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267, 270.

=Philosophers, Jewish=, list of:
Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi,
Aaron ben Meshullam,
Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,
Abraham Maimuni,
Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,
Alkuti (Chepez),
Bachya ben Joseph Ibn-Pakuda,
Chasdaï Crescas,
David Ibn-Albilla,
Elias del Medigo,
Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli,
Isaac Albalag,
Isaac Pulgar,
Jehuda Halevi,
Joseph ben Shem Tob Ibn-Shem Tob,
Joseph Albo,
Joseph Kaspi,
Kalonymos ben Kalonymos,
Leon Judah Abrabanel,
Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim,
Levi ben Gerson,
Mantin, Jacob
Meïr Alguades,
Moses ben Maimun,
Moses ben Joshua Narboni,
Moses Ibn-Ezra,
Philo,
Saadiah ben Joseph,
Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
Shem-Tob Falaquera,
Sheshet Benveniste,
Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,
Spinoza, Baruch
Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig.

“=Philosophical Conversations=, The,” by Mendelssohn, =5=, 298-9.

=Philosophy=, Philo’s attempt to reconcile, with the Law, =2=,
210, 212-13.
cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh
centuries, =3=, 235.
characterized by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 328, 330, 331.
connected with Judaism by Maimonides, =3=, 478-9.
in disrepute in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 91.

=Phineas=, high priest, punishes immoral practices, =1=, 29.
seat of, at Shiloh, =1=, 41.

=Phineas=, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, =2=, 295.

=Phineas=, rabbi of Breslau, hangs himself, =4=, 262.

=Phineas ben Meshullam=, rabbi of Alexandria, =3=, 444.

=Phineas ben Samuel=, made high priest by the Zealots, =2=, 294.

=Phineas, son of Eli=, character of, =1=, 70.
death of, =1=, 70.

=Phocas=, usurps the throne of Mauritius, =3=, 18.
chastisement of, =3=, 19.

=Phœnicia=, subdued by Shalmaneser, =1=, 263, 264.
subdued by Sennacherib, =1=, 270.
conquered by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 304.
Nabonad permits native kings to rule over, =1=, 342.
conquered by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
Joseph made tax gatherer of, =1=, 425.
Olympian games introduced into, =1=, 445.
the towns of, revolt from Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 463.

=Phœnician= merchants settle in Jerusalem, =1=, 169.

=Phœnicians=, the, early culture of, =1=, 53-4.
relations of, to the Israelites, =1=, 56-8.
defeated by the Philistines, =1=, 80.
weakened by civil wars, =1=, 232.
hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, =1=, 474.
_See also_ Canaanites, the.

=Phraortes=, king of Media, defeated by the Assyrians, =1=, 287.

=Phylacteries= (Tephillin), the, the use of, prohibited under
Hadrian, =2=, 424.
abolished by Anan ben David, =3=, 132.

=Physicians, Jewish=, popular with the clergy of the Frankish and
Burgundian kingdoms, =3=, 35.
in Taberistan, =3=, 146.
employed by Christian rulers, =3=, 170, 213, 242, 292, 425, 536,
537, 583, 628; =4=, 2, 80, 184, 185, 190, 275, 287, 367, 411,
413, 555, 584-5, 673, 692; =5=, 76, 115.
employed by Mahometan rulers, =3=, 211, 312, 443, 495, 638; =4=,
401.
sought by the Christians in Palestine, =3=, 341.
in Lynn, =3=, 412.
popular with Christians, =3=, 581.
prevented by the Council of Béziers from attending Christians, =3=,
582.
indispensableness of, =3=, 583.
employed by the popes, =3=, 628; =4=, 200, 407-8, 411, 515, 569.
not permitted to practice under Juan II, =4=, 203.
forbidden to practice by Benedict XIII, =4=, 216.
employment of, forbidden by the council of Basle, =4=, 245.
proscribed by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
protected by Juan II of Castile, =4=, 252.
proscribed by Nicholas V, =4=, 253, 287.
employed by the nobles and the clergy, =4=, 275.
esteemed in Italy in the fifteenth century, =4=, 287.
missed after the expulsion from Spain, =4=, 353-4.
preferred in Turkey, =4=, 401.
accused of quackery by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 427.
the only ones in Portugal, =4=, 488.
forbidden by Paul IV to attend Christians, =4=, 567.
employment of, forbidden by Gregory XIII, =4=, 653.
permitted by Sixtus V to practice, =4=, 656.
defended by David de Pomis, =4=, 656-7.
envied in Hamburg, =4=, 690.
forbidden to practice among Christians in Hamburg, =4=, 692.
of Berlin, not included in the list of physicians, =5=, 461.

=Physicians, Jewish=, list of:
Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,
Abraham de Balmes,
Abraham of Aragon (oculist),
Abraham ben Joseph the Elder,
Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,
Abraham Ibn-Zarzal,
Abraham Maimuni,
Abraham Zacuto Lusitano,
Abu Ayub,
Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastan,
Abu Sahal Ali,
Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial,
Amatus Lusitanus,
Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib,
Bachya Ibn-Alkonstantini,
Benjamin Assia,
Bonet de Lates,
Cardosa, Abraham Michael
Cardoso, Fernando (Isaac)
Castro, Balthasar Orobio de
Castro, Bendito de
Castro, Rodrigo de
Chamiz, Joseph
Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut,
Cohen, Perachya
David de Pomis,
Della Volta, Samuel Vita
Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon
Dunash ben Tamim,
Elias Montalto,
Farraj Ibn-Solomon,
Gamaliel VI,
Guglielmo di Portaleone,
Hamon, Isaac
Hamon, Joseph
Hamon, Moses
Herz, Marcus
Hillel ben Samuel,
Isaac ben Mordecai,
Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli,
Isaac II Abrabanel,
Isaac Benveniste,
Jacob ben Machir Tibbon,
Jacob ben Yechiel Loans,
Jacob Ibn-Nuñez,
Jacob Abi-Ayub,
Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar,
Jehuda Halevi,
Joseph ben Joshua Cohen,
Joseph ben Sabara,
Joseph Albo,
Joseph Orabuena,
Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui,
Judah de Blanis,
Judah ben Moses Cohen,
Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon,
Judah ben Yechiel,
Judah Leon Abrabanel,
Levi ben Gerson,
Lippold,
Mantin, Jacob
Meïr Alguades,
Messer-Jawaih,
Moses ben Isaac da Rieti,
Moses ben Maimun,
Moses ben Nachman,
Moses Ibn-Tibbon,
Moses Zarzel,
Musaphia, Benjamin
Nathaniel of Bagdad,
Nathaniel of Egypt,
Nathaniel Ibn-Almali,
Nepi, Graziadio
Nieto, David
Obadiah de Sforno,
Profiat Duran,
Raimuch, Astruc
Saad-Addaula,
Sabbataï Donnolo,
Sahal Rabban,
Samuel,
Samuel Ibn-Wakar,
Samuel Shulam,
Saul Astruc Cohen,
Serachya ben Isaac,
Shem Tob ben Isaac,
Sheshet ben Benveniste,
Silva, Samuel da
Simon ben Zemach Duran,
Simon Zarfati,
Solomon, the Egyptian,
Solomon ben Jacob,
Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig
Tobias of Trent,
Vecinho, Joseph
Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi,
Zedekiah,
Zemach, Jacob.

=Physicians, Samaritan and Saracen=, in favor with the Christians in
Palestine, =3=, 341.

=Picard=, the family of, culture of, =5=, 476.

=Picciotto, Isaac Levi=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 638.
upbraids the accusers with their inhumanity, =5=, 639.
protected by the Austrian consul, =5=, 639, 646.

=Pichon, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph Pichon.

=Pico di Mirandola=, disciple and friend of Elias del Medigo, =4=,
290.
erudition of, =4=, 290-1.
student of the Kabbala, =4=, 291-2.
translates Kabbalistic writings, =4=, 292.
friend of Judah Leon Abrabanel, =4=, 384.
inspires Reuchlin with love of Hebrew learning, =4=, 433.
admirer of the Kabbala, =4=, 443, 583.

=Piedmont=, French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.

=Pieva di Sacco.= Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.

=Pilate, Pontius=, fifth procurator of Judæa, administration of,
=2=, 138-9.
uses the Temple treasures for an aqueduct, =2=, 139-40.
permits the execution of Jesus, =2=, 164.
declares Jesus guilty of treason, =2=, 164.
hated, =2=, 171.
cruelty of, to Samaritans, =2=, 171-2.
summoned to Rome, =2=, 172.

=Pilgrimages= among Asiatic Jews, =3=, 440-1.
of the Egyptian Jews, =3=, 445.
to Jerusalem in the fourteenth century, =4=, 73-4.

=Pilpul=, method of Talmud study attributed to Jacob Polak, =4=, 418.

=Pimentel, Manuel.= _See_ Abenacar, Isaac.

=Pina, Paul de.= _See_ Jesurun, Rohel.

=Pinchas ben Jaïr=, opposes the abolition of the year of release,
=2=, 459-60.

=Pinchas Ibn-Azura=, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 74.
one of the Benu-Kainukaa, =3=, 76.

=Pinczovinians=, the, Unitarians in Poland, =4=, 647.

=Pinedo, Isaac (Thomas) de= (1614-1679), Marrano scholar, =5=, 114.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.
Sachs compared with, =5=, 688.

=Pinheiro, Diogo=, bishop, opposes the establishment of the
Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 500.

=Pinheiro, Moses=, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 123.
encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, =5=, 160.
teaches the Kabbala, =5=, 164.

=Pinto, Aaron de=, supports Chayon’s cause, =5=, 223.
refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, =5=, 224.
forbids opposition to Chayon, =5=, 224.
summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, =5=, 226.

=Pinto, Abraham=, founder of the Rotterdam Jewish community, =4=, 685.

=Pinto, David=, founder of the Rotterdam Jewish community, =4=, 685.

=Pinto, David=, espouses Eibeschütz’s cause, =5=, 264.

=Pinto, Diogo Rodrigues=, advocate of the Portuguese Marranos at Rome,
=4=, 515, 516.

=Pinto, Isaac= (1715-1787), Marrano, disinterestedness of, =5=, 340.
devoted to the Portuguese Jews, =5=, 341, 344.
wins the Duc de Richelieu to his side, =5=, 343.
answers Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism, =5=, 345, 346.
distinguishes the Portuguese Jews, =5=, 345-6.
the work by, quoted in the Batavian National Assembly, =5=, 456.

=Pintos=, the, millionaires in Amsterdam, =5=, 205.

=Pires, Diogo.= _See_ Molcho, Solomon.

=Pirke Aboth=, a treatise of the Mishna, =2=, 478.

=Pirkheimer, Willibald=, humanist, and the expulsion of the
Jews, =4=, 416.

=Pisa=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
the commerce of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
the Spanish exiles well treated in, =4=, 360.
exiles from the Papal States in, =4=, 659.

=Pisidia=, mercenaries from, hired by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 39.

=Pitholaus=, general of Hyrcanus II, joins Aristobulus II, =2=, 73.
sentenced to death, =2=, 74.

=Pius IV=, pope, appealed to in behalf of the Jews of Prague,
=4=, 586-7.
character of, =4=, 588.
appealed to by the Jews of Rome, =4=, 588.
permits the appearance of the Talmud, =4=, 589.
recommends censorship to be exercised over the Talmud, =4=, 658.

=Pius V=, pope, severity of, =4=, 589.
places the old canonical restrictions on the Jews, =4=, 590.
persecutes the Jews of the Papal States, =4=, 590.
expels the Jews from the Papal States, =4=, 591-2.
tries to organize a crusade against Turkey, =4=, 601.
hostility of, to the Jews, =4=, 653.

=Pius VII=, pope, opposed to the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 518.

=Pius IX=, pope, action of, in the Mortara case, =5=, 701.
reactionary policy of, =5=, 701.

=Piyutim=, the productions of the poetans, introduced into the
liturgy, =3=, 117-18.
objected to by the Chassidim, =5=, 386-7.
_See also_ Liturgical poetry; Neo-Hebraic poetry; Poetry; Poetanim.

=Place= of the sellers of Ointment in Jerusalem, =1=, 140.

=Placidus=, Roman general under Titus, =2=, 290.

=Plague=, the, under Marcus Aurelius, =2=, 451.
attacks the Spanish exiles in Naples, =4=, 359-60.
keeps the Spanish exiles out of Italy, =4=, 363.
in Portugal attributed to the Jews, =4=, 368.
attributed to the Marranos, =4=, 486-7.

“=Plaints= of a Jew, The,” by Joel Jacoby, =5=, 630-1.

=Plantavicius, Jacob=, bishop, taught by Leo Modena, =5=, 71.

=Plato=, read by the Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 505.
style of, and Philo’s, =2=, 186.
the sayings of, used by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.
theories of, in the prophetical writings and the Agada, =3=, 479.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 66.
quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232.

=Plotina=, wife of Trajan, counsels the punishment of the
Jews, =2=, 395.
names Hadrian as Trajan’s successor, =2=, 399.

=Pneumatics.= _See_ Gnosticism.

=Podolia=, Haidamaks in, =5=, 11.
Jews banished from a part of, =5=, 12.
immorality of the Sabbatians of, =5=, 228.
Sabbatians in, =5=, 272.
leader of the Sabbatians of, =5=, 273-4.
devastated by the Cossacks, =5=, 388.

=Poetanim=, the, earliest works of, =3=, 114.
introduce rhyme into Neo-Hebraic poetry, =3=, 116.
liturgical compositions of, forbidden by Anan ben David, =3=, 132.
_See_ Liturgical poetry; Neo-Hebraic poetry; Poetry; Piyutim;
Poets.

=Poetry=, early Hebrew, =1=, 29.
on the destruction of Jerusalem, =1=, 316.
cultivated by the Arabic Jews, =3=, 57-8.
cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh
centuries, =3=, 235.
as viewed by Maimonides, =3=, 449-50.
the Jews in, =4=, 164.
_See_ Hebrew literature; Literature, Jewish; Liturgical poetry;
Neo-Hebraic poetry.

=Poetry, Jewish mediæval=, treated of by Sachs, =5=, 693-4.
by Zunz, =5=, 694.

=Poetry, Spanish-Jewish=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 317-18.
history of, by Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 320.

=Poets, Jewish=, list of:
Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,
Abraham ben Chasdaï,
Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
Abraham Bedaresi,
Abu-Afak,
Abu-Amr ben Joseph Ibn-Zadik,
Abu Ayub,
Abu Fadhl Chasdaï,
Almeida, Manuella Nuñez da
Ascarelli, Deborah
Asma,
Belmonte, Bienvenida Coën
Belmonte, Jacob Israel
Belmonte, Manuel
Ben Asher, Aaron and Moses
Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan,
Dunash ben Labrat,
Eleazar ben Kalir,
Ensheim, Moses
Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn,
Erter, Isaac
Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, Sarah de
Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa,
Halevi, Elia
Ibn-Sahula,
Immanuel ben Solomon Romi,
Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat,
Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni,
Isaac Ibn-Ezra,
Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia,
Israel Najara,
Jannaï,
Jehuda ben Isaac ben Sabbataï,
Jehuda Alcharisi,
Jehuda Halevi,
Jehuda Zarko,
Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,
Jesurun, David
Jesurun, Rohel
José bar José Hayathom,
Joseph ben Chasdaï,
Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur,
Joseph ben Sabara,
Joseph Ezobi,
Judah Ibn-Abbas,
Judah Ibn-Giat,
Judah Siciliano,
Kalonymos ben Kalonymos,
Laguna, Lopez
Luzzatto, Moses Chayim
Luzzatto, Samuel David
Mar-Ukba,
Menachem ben Saruk,
Mendes, David Franco
Meshullam En-Vidas Dafiera,
Michael ben Kaleb,
Moses ben Isaac da Rieti,
Moses Ibn-Ezra,
Moses Zarzel,
Paz, Enrique Enriquez de
Penso, Joseph
Saadio Longo,
Sabbataï Donnolo,
Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
Samuel Ibn-Adiya,
Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
Santob de Carrion,
Shem Tob Falaquera,
Sibyl, the
Silveyra, Miguel
Simon bar Kappara,
Simon ben Caipha,
Simon ben Isaac ben Abun,
Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed,
Solomon ben Yerucham,
Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,
Solomon Ibn-Sakbel,
Solomon Alkabez,
Solomon Dafiera,
Sullam, Sarah Copia
Süsskind of Trimberg,
Usque, Samuel
Usque, Solomon
Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi,
Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig
Yedaya En-Bonet,
Zarak Barfat.

=Poitou=, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Poitou, the Jews of=, under Henry II, =3=, 409.
maltreated by crusaders, =3=, 570.
persecution of, =3=, 573.

=Polak, Jacob.= _See_ Jacob Polak.

=Poland=, Jews in, in the ninth century, =3=, 144.
Jewish exiles from Austria settle in, =4=, 224.
a refuge for persecuted Jews, =4=, 263, 418-19, 420, 631-2.
clergy of, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 265.
at war with the Teutonic knights, =4=, 266.
the rabbis of, important to the crown, =4=, 420.
rabbinical schools established in, =4=, 420.
the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.
professorships for Hebrew instituted in, =4=, 471.
Messianic hopes in, connected with Solomon Molcho, =4=, 497.
refuge of the Bohemian Jews, =4=, 544.
election of a king of, =4=, 603-5.
a party in, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 632.
number of Jews in, =4=, 632.
influence of the Reformation in, =4=, 633, 646-7.
Talmudical schools in, =4=, 634, 639-40.
refuge for the Jewish victims of the Thirty Years’ War, =5=, 2.
value of Jews to, =5=, 2.
Joseph Delmedigo in, =5=, 76-7.
exiles from Vienna settle in, =5=, 173.
Karaites in, =5=, 182-3.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 209, 212.
spread of Sabbatianism in, =5=, 228.
the rabbis of, express willingness to excommunicate Luzzatto, =5=,
241.
the rabbis of, excommunicate Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=, 261.
the Eibeschütz-Emden controversy transplanted to, =5=, 262-3.
subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, =5=, 329.
feverish Messianic expectations in, =5=, 377.
power of the Kabbala in, =5=, 382.
dismembered, =5=, 392.
second partition of, =5=, 394.
the rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Poland, the Jews of=, begin the study of the Talmud, =3=, 421.
indispensable to the country, =3=, 613; =4=, 263.
proscribed by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.
privileges of, extended by Casimir III, =4=, 111.
protected by Casimir III during the Black Death persecutions, =4=,
111, 112.
the liturgy of, compiled by Maharil, =4=, 225.
privileges granted to, by Casimir IV, =4=, 263-5.
privileges of, revoked, =4=, 266.
occupations of, =4=, 418-19.
under Casimir IV, John Albert, Alexander, and Sigismund
I, =4=, 419.
supported by the Polish nobility, =4=, 419-20.
culture of, in the sixteenth century, =4=, 633-4.
influenced by Talmud study, =4=, 634.
Talmudic attainments of, =4=, 639-41.
language of, =4=, 641; =5=, 206.
privileges of, =4=, 642-3.
profit by the elective monarchy, =4=, 642.
well treated by Stephen Bathori, =4=, 642-3.
assailed by Klonowicz, =4=, 643.
under Sigismund III, =4=, 643.
organize regular conferences, =4=, 643-5.
influence of the Reformation on, =4=, 647-8.
helped by those of Germany, =4=, 707-8.
persecuted at the instigation of the Jesuits, =5=, 1.
made tax farmers in Cossack districts, =5=, 3.
form a state within the state, =5=, 3-4.
devoted to the study of the Talmud, =5=, 4-6.
help to enslave the Cossacks, =5=, 6.
slain by the Cossacks, =5=, 6.
plundered and murdered by Tartars and Cossacks, =5=, 7-8.
sufferings of, from the Haidamaks, =5=, 8-10, 11-12.
protected by Vishnioviecki, =5=, 10.
banishment of, from Cossack provinces, stipulated by Chmielnicki,
=5=, 12.
banished from the Cossack provinces, =5=, 12.
attacked by the Cossacks, =5=, 14.
rights of, guarded in the second treaty with Chmielnicki, =5=, 14.
suffering of, from Russians and Cossacks, =5=, 14-15.
suffering of, in the Swedish war, =5=, 15.
ill-used by Czarnicki, =5=, 15.
ill-used by Ragoczi, =5=, 15.
losses of, during the Cossack wars, =5=, 15.
as fugitives in Europe, =5=, 15-16.
spread their method of Talmud study throughout Europe, =5=, 16-17.
poverty of, =5=, 205-6.
fill the rabbinates of Europe, =5=, 206.
suffer during the Confederation War, =5=, 387-8.

=Poland, the Sabbatians of=, encouraged by the Eibeschütz
controversy, =5=, 272.
Jacob Frank the leader of, =5=, 273.
scoff at Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 276.
_See_ Frankists, the.

=Poland, Greater=, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the
Valiant, =3=, 569.
the Jews of, represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, =4=,
644.

=Poland, Little=, the Jews of, represented in the Synod of the Four
Countries, =4=, 644.

=Poland, Southern=, the Karaites emigrate from, =4=, 269.

=Polemical works= against Christianity, by Jews in Spain in the
seventh century, =3=, 50-1.
under Wamba, =3=, 105.
by Joseph Kimchi, =3=, 392-3.
by Solomon ben Adret, =3=, 623.
by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, =4=, 142.
by Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
by Joshua Vives, =4=, 187.
by Profiat Duran, =4=, 188-90.
by Isaac ben Kalonymos, =4=, 234.
by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=, 235.
by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=, 237.
by Simon and Solomon Duran, =4=, 237-8.
by Abraham Farissol, =4=, 413.
by Isaac Troki, =4=, 648.
by Jacob Jehuda Leon (?), =4=, 691-2.

=Polemon=, prince of Cilicia, allied with Agrippa I, =2=, 196.
husband of Berenice, =2=, 235.

=Polish Jews= in intercourse with Mendelssohn, =5=, 317-18.

=Polish translation= of the Bible, =4=, 647.

=Poll-tax= (Leibzoll), the, on Jews, levied by Domitian, =2=, 388-9.
reduced by Nerva, =2=, 391-2.
paid by the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 508; =3=, 5.
imposed by Wenceslaus, =4=, 166.
removed by Joseph II, =5=, 357.
the abolition of, agitated in Prussia, =5=, 414.
partially abolished in Prussia, =5=, 415.
abolished in France and Austria, =5=, 415.
abrogated by Louis XVI in France, =5=, 432.
objected to by the Dutch Jews in Germany, =5=, 458.
abrogated by Austria and Prussia, =5=, 464.
imposed upon foreign Jews in Germany, =5=, 464.
objected to by the French government, =5=, 465.
removed in several small German states, =5=, 465.
the removal of, agitated before the Congress of Ratisbon, =5=, 466.
the agitation against, led by Jacobson and Breidenbach, =5=, 466-7.
abolished in Brunswick Lüneburg, =5=, 467.
the agitation against by Breidenbach, =5=, 467-8.
abolished in some districts, =5=, 468.
not completely abolished, =5=, 472.
paid by Jews in Lübeck, =5=, 506.
in Bremen, =5=, 507.
retained in Saxony, =5=, 509.
_See also_ Tax.

=Polonnoie=, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, =5=, 11.

=Polygamy=, forbidden by Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 244.
the abrogation of Gershom ben Jehuda’s ordinance on, =3=, 378.
discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 489, 491.
discussed by the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Polytheism=, effects of, =5=, 709.

=Pompey=, legate of, in Judæa, =2=, 61-2.
bribed by Aristobulus II, =2=, 62-3.
summons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II to Damascus, =2=, 63.
favors Hyrcanus II, =2=, 64.
takes the field against Aristobulus II, =2=, 64.
besieges Jerusalem, =2=, 64-6.
enters the Holy of Holies, =2=, 66.
makes Hyrcanus II ethnarch, =2=, 66.
treats Judæa as a conquered province, =2=, 67.
a member of the first triumvirate, =2=, 73.
partisans of, poison Aristobulus II, =2=, 75.

=Pons Judæorum= in Rome, =2=, 68.

=Pontus=, the soldiery of Vibius Marsus banished to, =2=, 197.

=Popes=, the, tolerant of the Jews, =3=, 25, 33.
denounced by Arnold of Brescia, =3=, 370.
fugitive, convene Church Councils in France, =3=, 376-7.
employ Jewish physicians, =3=, 628; =4=, 200, 407-8, 411, 515, 569.
in Avignon, tolerate the Jews after their banishment by Charles
VI, =4=, 177.
_See also_ Bulls; Papacy, the.

=Porcelain=, forced on the Berlin Jews, =5=, 415.

=Porobischa=, the Jews of, surrender to the Tartars, =5=, 8.

=Portugal=, Jews in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384.
union of, with Castile, =4=, 161.
Marranos escape to, from the Inquisition, =4=, 318.
Jewish exiles from Spain go to, =4=, 352.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 365-81.
fever for discoveries in, =4=, 368.
the Spanish exiles leave, =4=, 369.
Spanish exiles sold as slaves in, =4=, 371.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.
considered a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 486.
the plague in, attributed to the Marranos, =4=, 486, 487.
Marranos a profitable population to, =4=, 527-8.
autos-da-fé in, =5=, 91.
discusses the re-admission of Jews, =5=, 532.

=Portugal, the Jews of=, in the thirteenth century, =3=, 617-18.
under Ferdinand I, =4=, 158-9.
under João I, =4=, 173.
spared Vincent Ferrer’s propaganda, =4=, 218.
prosperity of, under Alfonso V, =4=, 338-9.
oppose the settlement of the Spanish exiles, =4=, 366.
kindly treated by Manoel, =4=, 372.
banished, =4=, 374.
delay departure, =4=, 374-5.
children of, baptized, =4=, 375-6.
urged to accept Christianity, =4=, 377-8.
depart, =4=, 380-1.
in the Netherlands, =4=, 662.
_See also_ Marranos, the Portuguese.

=Porphyry= (Malchus), philosopher, writes a commentary on
Daniel, =2=, 502.

=Portaleone, Guglielmo.= _See_ Guglielmo di Portaleone.

=Portalis=, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 485.

=Porteiro jurado=, Jewish-Portuguese sheriff, =4=, 159.

=Porto=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.

=Posen=, the Jewish charter burnt at, =4=, 263.
number of the Jews of, =4=, 632.
the Jews of, protected by Stephen Bathori, =4=, 642.
the German population of, =5=, 3.
Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation forbidden in, =5=, 332.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Posidonius=, Nicanor’s envoy to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484.

=Posidonius=, Stoic philosopher, maligns Judaism, =2=, 178.

=Posquières=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 399.

=Potocki=, Polish general, delivered to the Tartars by the
Cossacks, =5=, 7.

=Potocki, the house of=, controls Cossack colonization, =5=, 3.

=Prague=, Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 80.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 206.
refuses to admit Chayon, =5=, 231.
Eibeschütz as teacher in, =5=, 249.
occupied by Charles VII, =5=, 251.
appoints no rabbi, =5=, 566.
the Talmud school of, closed, =5=, 567.

=Prague, the Jews of=, suffering of, during the first crusade, =3=,
305.
charged with host desecration, =4=, 164-6.
massacred, =4=, 165.
attacked on account of the Alenu prayer, =4=, 178.
plundered, =4=, 417.
lack of rabbinical learning among, =4=, 418.
exiled by Ferdinand I, =4=, 544, 586.
deprived of their prayer books, =4=, 584.
suffer from fire, =4=, 585.
in bad repute, =4=, 585-6.
appeal to Pius IV, =4=, 586.
recalled, =4=, 587.
submit disputes to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
number of, in the seventeenth century, =4=, 694.
accuse Lipmann Heller, =4=, 704-5.
participation of, in the Thirty Years’ War, =4=, 707.
suffering of, on being banished, =5=, 252.
restrictions against, =5=, 253.
welcome Joseph II’s reforms, =5=, 370.
establish a secular school, =5=, 371.
modify their divine service, =5=, 582.

=Prayer=, the order of, introduced by the Sopherim, =1=, 401.
mystical importance of, in the Kabbala, =3=, 553-4.
book, Karaite, =4=, 71.
devotion in, emphasized in Lurya’s Kabbala, =4=, 626.
_See also_ Liturgy, the.

“=Prayer Book= for Israelites,” compiled by the Reform Temple Union
in Hamburg, =5=, 673.
the use of, forbidden by Chacham Bernays, =5=, 673.

=Prayer books.= _See under_ Confiscation; Liturgy.

=Prayers=, penitential, commemorating the Cossack massacres, =5=, 13.

=Prayers for rain=, =2=, 492, 541-2, 579.

=Prayers, set=, introduced by Gamaliel II, =2=, 363.
_See also_ Liturgy, the.

=Press=, the, censorship of, introduced by Caraffa, =4=, 563.

=Prester John=, alluded to, =4=, 368.

=Preteau=, president of the National Assembly, on the emancipation of
the Jews, =5=, 440-1.

=Priesthood=, the, defended by Jesus Sirach, =1=, 440-1.

=Priests=, the, at Shiloh, =1=, 57.
under Samuel, =1=, 79.
under Ahaz abet licentiousness and idolatry, =1=, 261.
recalled to the Temple under Josiah, =1=, 289.
instigate an attack on Jeremiah, =1=, 302-3.
carry the Pentateuch into captivity with them, =1=, 334.
abandon the Temple after the sack of Jerusalem by Apollonius, =1=,
454.
re-instated by the Maccabees, =1=, 473.
members of the Hellenist party, =1=, 489.
fugitive, officiate in the Temple of Onias, =1=, 508.
_See also_ Aaronides, the; High priests, the; Levites, the.

=Primates=, heads of the Jewish communities of Palestine, =2=,
612, 613.

=Primo, Samuel=, private secretary of Sabbataï Zevi, accompanies him
to Smyrna, =5=, 133.
spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, =5=, 137.
wishes to modify the Rabbinical system, =5=, 142.
abolishes the Fast of Tebeth, =5=, 143.
accompanies Sabbataï to Constantinople, =5=, 146.
spreads reports of Sabbataï’s reception at Constantinople,
=5=, 147-8.
accompanies Sabbataï to his Abydos prison, =5=, 148.
proposes capital punishment for the Kofrim, =5=, 150.
abolishes the Fast of Tammuz, =5=, 151.
clings to Sabbataï after his apostasy, =5=, 156.
proves Sabbataï the true Messiah through his conversion, =5=,
157-8.
and Chayim Malach, =5=, 213.
and Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 216.

=Prince=, title of the president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 334.

“=Prince= and the Dervish, The,” moral romance by Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï,
=3=, 388, 560.

=Princes= of the Captivity, the. _See_ Exilarchate, the; Exilarchs,
the.

=Printing=, the art of, among the Jews of Italy in the fifteenth
century, =4=, 289.

=Printing presses, Hebrew=, in Italy, =4=, 289.
in Prague, =4=, 418.
at Isny, =4=, 474.
at Ferrara closed, =4=, 580.
of the Soncin family, =4=, 586.
established by Reyna Nassi, =4=, 628.
in Amsterdam, =4=, 675.
in Altona, =5=, 255.
in Berlin, =5=, 416.

=Priscus=, name borne by Gallic Jews, =3=, 36.

=Procopius=, historian, on the bravery of the Jews of Naples, =3=,
32.

=Procurator=, the, title of the representative of Imperial Rome in
Judæa, =2=, 128.
duties of, =2=, 129.
installs the high priests, =2=, 129.

=Procurators of Judæa=, the, list of:
Ambivius, Marcus
Albinus,
Coponius,
Cumanus,
Fadus, Cuspius
Felix,
Festus,
Florus, Gessius
Gratus, Valerius
Pilate, Pontius
Rufus, Annius
Tiberius Julius Alexander.
_See also_ Judæa, the Roman governors of; Syria, the Roman
governors of.

=Profiat= (Profatius). _See_ Jacob ben Machir Tibbon.

=Profiat Duran= (Isaac ben Moses, Efodi), Marrano, scholar, returns
to Judaism, =4=, 188.
attacks Christianity, =4=, 188-90, 235.
commentaries, mathematical work, and grammar by, =4=, 191.

=Prophecies=, the, before the exile, summed up, =1=, 335.

=Prophecy=, meaning of, =1=, 14-15.
displaced by the written law, =1=, 385.
as explained in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” =3=, 482-3.
in Maimonides’ system, =3=, 523.

“=Prophet= of Samaria,” Elisha, =1=, 218.

=Prophet=, the, of the Captivity, Isaiah the Babylonian, =1=, 345.

=Prophets=, the, activity of, under Jehoiakim, =1=, 301.
characteristics of, =5=, 719.

=Prophets, the associations of=, =1=, 205.
development of, under Jeroboam II, =1=, 234.

=Prophets, the, the writings of=, carried into the Babylonian
exile, =1=, 334.
collected by the Sopherim, =1=, 400.
rejected by the Samaritans, =1=, 400.
Chaldaic translation of, =2=, 131.
translated into Chaldaic by Joseph ben Chiya, =2=, 581-2.
commentaries on, by Joseph Kara, =3=, 346.
contain philosophical doctrines, =3=, 479.

=Prophets=, the, list of:
Ahijah of Shilo,
Amos,
Deborah,
Elijah,
Elisha,
Ezekiel,
Gad,
Habakkuk,
Haggai,
Hosea (I),
Hosea (II),
Huldah,
Isaiah, son of Amoz,
Isaiah the Babylonian,
Jeremiah,
Joel,
Jonah,
Malachi,
Micah (II),
Michaiah (Micah I),
Moses,
Nathan,
Obadiah,
Shemaiah,
Uriah,
Zechariah I,
Zechariah II,
Zephaniah.

“=Prophets= of the Old Testament, The,” by Ewald, =5=, 696.

=Prophets, the Earlier=, four historical books in the Scriptures, =1=,
400.
commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342-3.

=Prophets, the false=, under Ahaz, =1=, 262.
under Manasseh, =1=, 283.
under Jehoiakim, =1=, 300.
instigate an attack upon Jeremiah, =1=, 302-3.
urge Zedekiah to revolt, =1=, 310.

=Prophets, the Later=, fifteen prophetical books in the Scriptures,
=1=, 400.

=Prophets, the Twelve=, commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 373.

“=Proposals= in Favor of the Jews,” pamphlet by Grégoire, =5=, 437.

=Prosbol=, the statute concerning debts, enacted under Hillel, =2=,
100.

=Proselytes=, standing of, according to Ezra, =1=, 367.
various authorities on the admission of, =2=, 384-5.
true, in the daily prayers, =2=, 384.
severely treated by Domitian, =2=, 388-9.
under Nerva, =2=, 391-2.
_See also_ Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism.