Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (7)

=Frankfort-on-the-Main, the Jews of=, burn themselves to escape
persecution, =4=, 109.
charged with child murder, =4=, 299-300.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 417, 696.
confiscation of the books of, by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 429-30, 438.
appeal to Uriel von Gemmingen, =4=, 430.
send a representative to Maximilian I, =4=, 430-1, 436-7.
extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 463.
submit disputes to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
number of, =4=, 694.
antipathy to, =4=, 694-5.
restrictions imposed on, =4=, 695-6, 700.
houses of labeled, =4=, 696.
attacked by Fettmilch, =4=, 697.
flee, =4=, 697-8.
re-admitted, =4=, 699.
celebrate Purim-Vincent, =4=, 700.
protected by Ferdinand II, =4=, 701.
oppose Eibeschütz’s Talmud edition, =5=, 251.
petition for emancipation, =5=, 465-6.
miserable condition of, =5=, 466.
relieved of the poll-tax, =5=, 468.
oppressed, =5=, 503.
freed from the Ghetto, =5=, 504.
new laws for, =5=, 504-5.
emancipation of, =5=, 505.
under restrictions after Napoleon’s fall, =5=, 512, 520.
send deputies to the Congress of Vienna, =5=, 513.
rely on Prussia and Austria, =5=, 520-1.
persecuted, =5=, 529.
purchase political rights, =5=, 541.

=Frankfort-on-the-Main, the senate of=, orders the surrender of
Hebrew books, =4=, 429.
withdraws aid from Pfefferkorn, =4=, 430.
forbids the sale of Hebrew books, =4=, 431.
protects Hebrew books on sale at the Fair, =4=, 438.
directed to return the Hebrew books, =4=, 439.
discusses the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 598.
and circumcision, =5=, 676-7.

=Frankfort-on-the-Oder=, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to
live in Hamburg, =4=, 687.
Jews settle in, =5=, 174.
regulations for the Fair at, =5=, 415.

=Frankfurter, Naphtali=, devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 55.
complains of the scorn for the Talmud, =5=, 56.

=Frankists=, the, Sabbatian sect, origin of, =5=, 274.
opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 274.
charged with dissoluteness, =5=, 275-6.
excommunicated, =5=, 276-7.
the persecution of, sanctioned by Emden, =5=, 278.
handed over to the Inquisition, =5=, 278.
inclined towards Christianity, =5=, 278-9.
attacked by the Talmud Jews, =5=, 279.
charge the Talmud Jews with the blood accusation, =5=, 279.
favored by Bishop Dembowski, =5=, 279-80.
disputations of, with the Talmudists, =5=, 280, 281, 286-7.
confession of faith by, =5=, 280, 285.
persecuted, =5=, 283.
apply for baptism, =5=, 284.
baptized, =5=, 287.
customs of, =5=, 289.
families descended from, =5=, 289.
regard Eibeschütz as the great Gaon, =5=, 289.

=Frankists=, list of:
Chaya, daughter of Elisha Schor,
Krysa, Jehuda Leb
Nachman ben Samuel Levi,
Schor, Elisha
Solomon of Rohatyn.

=Franks, the, the empire of=, independent of the Church, =3=, 37.
Jew hatred introduced into, =3=, 38-9.
extent of, under Charlemagne, =3=, 142.
Jews spread in, =3=, 144.

=Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of=, permitted to carry on the
slave trade, =3=, 34.
not considered a separate race, =3=, 35.
occupations of, =3=, 35-6.
protected by Charlemagne, =3=, 142.
education of, cared for by Charlemagne, =3=, 143.
oath imposed on, =3=, 144.
under Louis the Pious, =3=, 161-70.
have free access to court, =3=, 162.
synagogues of, visited by Christians, =3=, 163.
and Agobard of Lyons, =3=, 164-8.

=Frederick I Barbarossa=, emperor, considers the Jews “servi cameræ,”
=3=, 416-17.
includes Jews in his general peace, =3=, 418.

=Frederick II=, emperor, Jews under, =3=, 516.
introduces the Jew badge into Naples and Sicily, =3=, 518.
Gregory IX the enemy of, =3=, 519.
patron of learning, =3=, 565.
corresponds with a Jewish scholar, =3=, 565-6.
brings Jacob Anatoli to Naples, =3=, 566-7.
reproached with heterodoxy, =3=, 567, 580.
excludes Jews from public offices, =3=, 567.
censures Frederick the Valiant, =3=, 569.
executes the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 569.
lays imposts upon Jewish immigrants, =3=, 569.
forces Innocent IV to retire to Lyons, =3=, 584.
the Jews persecuted after the death of, =3=, 611.

=Frederick III=, emperor, has a Jewish favorite, =4=, 224.
accession of, =4=, 249.
Jews under, =4=, 293-4.
claims the Jews of Ratisbon, =4=, 300, 416.
orders Israel Bruna’s release, =4=, 303.
defers Israel Bruna’s execution, =4=, 304.
protects the Jews of Ratisbon, =4=, 305-6.
recommends the Jews to his son, =4=, 413.
daughter of, =4=, 428.
Reuchlin at the court of, =4=, 433.
ennobles Reuchlin, =4=, 435.

=Frederick V=, of Denmark, and the Eibeschütz controversy, =5=,
265, 269, 271.
wife of, =5=, 267.
reinstates Eibeschütz, =5=, 268.

=Frederick I=, of Prussia, Jews under, =5=, 190-1.
and the Alenu prayer, =5=, 191-2.
exerts himself in behalf of “Judaism Unmasked”, =5=, 192-3.
lays the Midrash Rabba under the ban, =5=, 194-5.
court-Jewess of, =5=, 219.

=Frederick II=, the Great, of Prussia, at war with Austria, =5=, 251.
reputed patron of the Jews, =5=, 251.
the Jews of Berlin under, =5=, 294.
illiberality of, =5=, 296.
poetry of, criticised by Mendelssohn, =5=, 302.
summons Mendelssohn to Sans-Souci, =5=, 302-3.
makes Mendelssohn a “Schutzjude,” =5=, 304.
antipathy of, to Jews, =5=, 304.
objects to Mendelssohn as a member of the Berlin Academy, =5=, 308.
enraged against Voltaire, =5=, 339.
appoints Dohm superintendent of the archives, =5=, 351.
in need of money, =5=, 396.
culture under, =5=, 410-11.
popularizes French literature, =5=, 411.
treatment of the Jews by, =5=, 414, 415.

=Frederick the Valiant, archduke of Austria, Jewish statute of=,
=3=, 567-9.
introduced into a number of countries, =3=, 569, 613-14.
confirmed by Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 635.
confirmed in Poland, =4=, 111.

=Frederick=, elector palatine, corresponds with Abraham Zacuto
Lusitano, =4=, 678.
re-admits the Jews into Worms, =4=, 699.

=Frederick the Wise=, elector of Saxony, patron of Luther, =4=, 469.

=Frederick=, commissioner sent by Louis the Pious to Agobard, =3=,
166.

=Frederick Franz=, duke of Mecklenburg, emancipates the Jews, =5=,
507.

=Frederick William=, elector of Brandenburg, invites Jewish exiles to
his state, =5=, 173-4.

=Frederick William I=, of Prussia, court Jew of, =5=, 219.

=Frederick William II=, of Prussia, and the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 414, 416.
Mirabeau on Prussia under, =5=, 419.
abrogates the poll-tax, =5=, 464.

=Frederick William III=, of Prussia, tutor of, =5=, 372.
attends Herz’s lectures, =5=, 406.
grants some political rights to Jews, =5=, 507, 508.
nullifies the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 524.
interrupts the Reform movement in Berlin, =5=, 563.
forbids Jews to bear Christian names, =5=, 630.

=Free Towns=, the. _See_ Hanse Towns, the.

=Freedom= of Conscience, in the French National Assembly, =5=, 439.

=Freemasons’ Lodge=, the first Jewish, hearth of the Reform
movement, =5=, 674.

=Freiburg, the Jews of=, protected during the Black Death
persecutions, =4=, 106.
burnt, =4=, 107.

=French=, the, in Naples, =4=, 384.

=French literature=, attracts the German Jews, =5=, 411.

=French Revolution=, the, characterized, =5=, 429.
outbreak of, =5=, 435.
excesses of, =5=, 436-7.
progress of, =5=, 441.
Jews take no part in the atrocities of, =5=, 450.
reaction from, =5=, 477-8.

=French translation=, a, of the Bible projected, =5=, 449.

=Frenks=, the. _See_ Frankists, the.

=Fresco, Moses=, rabbi of Constantinople, urges the Jews to study
Turkish, =5=, 664.

=Friedländer, Bärmann=, prominent Königsberg Jew, =5=, 397.

=Friedländer, David= (1750-1834), promotes the revival among
Jews, =5=, 397.
successor to Mendelssohn, =5=, 412.
urges the abolition of the Jewish poll-tax, =5=, 414.
representative of the Berlin Jewish community, =5=, 415.
director of the Berlin Free School, =5=, 416.
mediocrity of, =5=, 417.
deplores the decay of morality among Jews, =5=, 419.
makes overtures to the Church, =5=, 421-2, 426.
children of, baptized, =5=, 422.
leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, =5=, 469.
consulted by Jacobson, =5=, 502.
efforts of for the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 508.
on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, =5=, 534.
influence of, on Heine, =5=, 546.
Heine’s criticism of, =5=, 547.
followers of, criticised by Bernays, =5=, 574-5.
and Mannheimer, =5=, 580.
member of the Society for Culture, =5=, 583.
Jost a disciple of, =5=, 595.

=Friedländer, Meyer=, prominent Königsberg Jew, =5=, 397.

=Friedländer, Wolf=, prominent Königsberg Jew, =5=, 397.

=Friedrichsfeld, David=, one of the Measfim, =5=, 400.
refutes Van Swieden, =5=, 454.

“=Friends= of Reform,” Society of the, =5=, 675-6.

=Fries, J. F.=, attacks the Jews, =5=, 521.

=Friesland, East=, Jews live in, =4=, 665.

=Frohbach=, astronomical work by, =4=, 638.

=Fronto=, guardian of Jerusalem, =2=, 311.

=Fuero juzgo=, Visigothic code, translated, =3=, 594-5.

=Fueros=, Spanish law of custom, grants citizenship to Jews, =3=, 292.

“=Fulfillment= of Prophecy, The,” by Pierre Jurieu, =5=, 176.

=Fulko de Neuilly=, preaches the third crusade, =3=, 405.

=Fulvia=, Roman patrician, proselyte, =2=, 136, 215.

=Funes=, the Jews of, attacked, =4=, 78.

=Furin al-Mizrayim=, Purim of Cairo, =4=, 396.

=Furtado, Abraham=, member of Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432.
a representative French Jew, =5=, 436.
deputy of the French Jews, =5=, 438.
ancestry and youth of, =5=, 483.
rôle played by, during the Revolution, =5=, 483.
president of the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 487.
speech of, in answer to the imperial commissioners, =5=, 489-90.
speeches of, before the Synhedrion, =5=, 495, 497.
view held by, of Judaism, =5=, 496.
informs Napoleon of anti-Jewish agitation, =5=, 498.

=Fürth=, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew
books, =4=, 438.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 17.
Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, =5=, 173.
interdicts Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 331-2.
Talmud school of, closed, =5=, 567.
rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.

=Future life=, the, doctrine of, =1=, 404-6.
in the Mishna, =2=, 473.

=G=

=Gabaot=, Roman camp under Cestius Gallus, =2=, 265-6.

=Gabara=, ordered not to protect Josephus, =2=, 281.
taken by Vespasian, =2=, 286.

=Gabata=, Galilæan fortress, =2=, 56.

=Gabinius, Aulus=, governor of Syria, subdues Alexander, =2=, 70.
divides Judæa into provinces, =2=, 71.
defeats Alexander, =2=, 73.

=Gabriel=, the name of an angel, =1=, 403.
makes revelations to Mahomet, =3=, 71.

=Gad=, Chaldæan god of fortune, =1=, 340.

=Gad=, prophet, joins David, =1=, 100, 113.
orders David to sacrifice on Mt. Moriah, =1=, 138.

=Gad, the tribe of=, asks for land east of the Jordan, =1=, 29-30.
appeals to Samuel for help, =1=, 80.
territory of, taken by Hazael, =1=, 220.
descendants of, in Chaibar, =3=, 437.

=Gadara=, incorporated with Judæa, =2=, 103.

=Gaffarelli, Jacob=, Christian Kabbalist, taught by Leo Modena, =5=,
71.

=Gailan=, emir, persecutes Sabbatians, =5=, 151.
oppresses the Jews, =5=, 168.

=Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim=, addresses Mendelssohn, =5=, 369.

=Galaistes=, governor of Gabata, assists Aristobulus, =2=, 56.

=Galante, Moses=, adherent of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 132.

=Galatia=, a Greek-Christian community in, =2=, 227.

=Galatino=, interested in the Kabbala, =4=, 481, 583.

=Galba=, emperor, short reign of, =3=, 299.

=Galen=, writings of, elaborated by Maimonides, =3=, 473.

=Galerius=, emperor, persecutes Christianity, =2=, 539.

=Galicia, the Jews of=, proscribed by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.
resist the opening of secular schools, =5=, 394.
described by Rohrer, =5=, 472.
taxed, =5=, 508.
oppressed, =5=, 523.
affected by the Reform movement, =5=, 582.
beginnings of culture among, =5=, 611-12.
improvement of, undertaken by the “Israelitische Allianz,”
=5=, 703.

=Galician school=, the, founders of, =5=, 607.
Hebrew style of, =5=, 617.
contribute to the Kerem Chemed, =5=, 621.
inspire the contributors to the Scientific Journal, =5=, 625.

=Galilæan Synod=, the, second assembly of the teachers of the Law at
Usha, =2=, 434.

=Galilæans=, name given to Christians, =2=, 596.

=Galilee=, lake, description of, =1=, 42.

=Galilee=, province, description of, =1=, 45.
Gelil Haggoyim, =1=, 164.
appeals to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 475.
rescued by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 475.
Judæans of, emigrate, =1=, 475.
Judæans of, killed, =1=, 486.
restored to Judæa, =2=, 76.
declares in favor of Antigonus, =2=, 85.
subdued by Herod, =2=, 87.
given to Herod Antipas, =2=, 119.
Roman troops in, to fight Judas the Galilæan, =2=, 126.
under Herod Antipas, =2=, 137.
lack of culture in, =2=, 148.
morality in, =2=, 148.
language of, =2=, 148-9.
Jesus in the towns of, =2=, 157.
a Messiah from, not acceptable, =2=, 161.
given to Agrippa I, =2=, 177.
pilgrims from, murdered, =2=, 243.
under the command of Josephus, =2=, 272, 278-9.
divided into Upper and Lower, =2=, 272.
civil war in, =2=, 282-3.
strength of, broken by Josephus, =2=, 285, 286.
subject to Rome, =2=, 288.
Zealots of, possess three fortified places, =2=, 289.
end of the Roman conquest of, =2=, 290.
fugitives from, in Jerusalem, =2=, 291.
recovers under Jewish governors, =2=, 333.
the seat of the Synhedrion, =2=, 458.
Babylonian students in the academies of, =2=, 511.
first churches in, =2=, 565.
Jews inhabit the cities of, in the sixth century, =3=, 12.
prevalence of mysticism in, =4=, 617.

=Galilee, the Jews of=, join the Persian general, =3=, 19.
join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, =3=, 20.

=Galileo=, teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 75.

=Gallaico, Elisha.= _See_ Elisha Gallaico.

=Gallienus=, emperor with Odenathus, =2=, 528.

=Gallipoli=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Gallus=, emperor, campaign of, against the Persians, =2=, 568.
death of, =2=, 572.

=Gallus, Cestius=, governor of Syria, on the turbulent state of
Judæa, =2=, 250-1.
arranges a demonstration in Jerusalem in 66, =2=, 251-2.
in communication with the Peace party, =2=, 257.
sends a deputy to Jerusalem, =2=, 257.
campaign of, near Jerusalem, =2=, 264-6.
retreats, =2=, 266-7.
losses of, =2=, 267.
death of, =2=, 284.

=Gama, Vasco da=, aided by Joseph Vecinho’s instruments, =4=, 367.

=Gamala=, capital of Gaulanitis, taken by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 45.
birthplace of Judas the Galilæan, =2=, 125.
focus of insurrection in Galilee, =2=, 273.
impregnable position of, =2=, 274.
refuge of the Babylonian Judæans, =2=, 275.
revolts from Agrippa II, =2=, 275.
taken by Vespasian, =2=, 289-90.

=Gamaliel I=, the Elder, grandson of Hillel, president of the
Synhedrion, =2=, 192-3.
gentle reforms of, =2=, 193.
grants heathens the right of gleaning, =2=, 478.

=Gamaliel II=, Patriarch, president of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=,
334.
tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, =2=,
335, 336-8.
humanity of, =2=, 336.
regulates the calendar, =2=, 336, 356.
journeys of, =2=, 336.
character of, misunderstood, =2=, 336.
inquires into the character of students of the Law, =2=, 338-9.
uses excommunication, =2=, 339-40, 347.
contest of, with Joshua ben Chananya, =2=, 340-2.
deposed, =2=, 341.
rejects Moabites and Ammonites as proselytes, =2=, 343.
reconciled with Joshua, =2=, 344-5.
reinstated, =2=, 345.
opposes Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, =2=, 347.
death of, =2=, 350, 404, 479.
introduces set prayers, =2=, 363.
supposed relation of, to the Jewish Christians, =2=, 379.
and Akylas, =2=, 385.
journey of, to Rome, =2=, 387.
and Flavius Clemens, =2=, 387, 389, 391.
influences Nerva, =2=, 392.
funeral of, =2=, 404.
sons of, =2=, 404, 479.

=Gamaliel III=, Patriarch, instructions of his father to, =2=, 466.
recommends trades, =2=, 467.
advises caution in intercourse with the Romans, =2=, 467-8.
and Abba-Areka, =2=, 512.

=Gamaliel IV=, Patriarch, scant knowledge of the Law of, =2=, 532.

=Gamaliel V=, Patriarch, successor to Hillel II, =2=, 612.

=Gamaliel VI= (Batraah, 370-425), last of the Patriarchs, =2=, 612.
dignities bestowed on, =2=, 617-18.
physician, =2=, 618.
last of the house of Hillel, =2=, 618.

=Gans, David.= _See_ David Gans.

=Gans, Edward=, apostate, =5=, 551, 587.
founder of the Society for Culture, =5=, 583.
selfishness of, =5=, 585.
reproaches the Jews, =5=, 586.
desires a professorship, =5=, 587.
compared with Riesser, =5=, 600.
compared with Steinheim, =5=, 607.

=Gaon=, title of the principal of the Sora Academy, =3=, 90-1, 93.
of the principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 93, 177.
of Isaac Ibn-Sakni, =3=, 285.
of the head of the Bagdad college, =3=, 429.
of Samuel ben Ali Halevi, =3=, 438.
of Eibeschütz, =5=, 289.
of Elijah Wilna, =5=, 389.
_See also_ Gaonate, the; Geonim, the; Pumbeditha, the academy of,
principals of; Sora, the academy of, principals of.

=Gaon of Castile=, Isaac Campanton, =4=, 230.

=Gaonate=, the, Anan ben David hostile to, =3=, 130.
European and African Jews independent of, =3=, 208, 210.
decline of, =3=, 231, 253.
_See also_ Gaon; Geonim, the.

=Garcilaso=, Spanish ambassador to Rome, opposes the Portuguese
Marranos, =4=, 379.

=Gascony, the Jews of=, under Henry II, =3=, 409.
banished, =3=, 646.
during the Pastoureaux massacres, =4=, 56.

“=Gate of Heaven=, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, =5=,
54.

=Gates=, the, of the second Temple, =2=, 111.

=Gath=, Philistine city, =1=, 54, 80.
surrendered to the Israelites, =1=, 117.
returned to the Philistines, =1=, 117-18.
conquered by Hazael, =1=, 221.
conquered by Uzziah, =1=, 231.

“=Gatherer=, The,” (Ha-Meassef), a Hebrew journal, =5=, 399.
editors of, =5=, 400.
interest in, =5=, 403, 404.
contributors to, in Berlin, =5=, 411.

=Gatiño, Ezra.= _See_ Ezra Gatiño.

=Gaucelin, de=, lords of Lünel, Jews under, =3=, 396.

=Gaul=, early Jewish settlements in, =3=, 35.

=Gaul, the Jews of=, =3=, 35-40.
names borne by, =3=, 36.
intermarry with Christians, =3=, 36.
obey the dietary laws, =3=, 36.
treated with hostility, =3=, 37-40.

=Gaulanitis= (Gaulonitis), invaded by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 44, 45.
given to Philip, =2=, 119.
given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.
a field in, given to Judah II, =2=, 482.

=Gauls=, body-guard of Cleopatra, given to Herod, =2=, 103.

=Gayo da Rieti.= _See_ Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.

=Gayo, Maëstro.= _See_ Isaac ben Mordecai.

=Gaza=, Philistine port, =1=, 54.
left in possession of the Philistines, =1=, 117.
frontier town of Israel, =1=, 129.
taken by Necho, =1=, 297.
taken by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
battle of, =1=, 417.
Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, =1=, 425.
Jewish prisoners sold at the slave markets of, =2=, 419.
proclaimed the Holy City of the Sabbatians, =5=, 132.
Jews of, flee before Napoleon, =5=, 459.

=Gaza, the district of=, overrun by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 40.
surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 40.
taken by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 41.

=Gazara=, fortified by Bacchides, =1=, 491.
surrenders to Simon Tharsi, =1=, 523.
fortified by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 524.
the son of Simon Tharsi at, =1=, 525.
claimed by Antiochus Sidetes, =2=, 4-5.
a Synhedrion established at, =2=, 71.

=Geba.= _See_ Gibeah.

=Gedaliah=, son of Ahikam, overseer of the Judæan fugitives, =1=,
315.
governor of Judah, disciple of Jeremiah, =1=, 319.
guardian of Zedekiah’s daughters, =1=, 319.
joined by Jeremiah, =1=, 320.
erects a sanctuary at Mizpah, =1=, 321.
informed of Ishmael’s treachery, =1=, 322.
murder of, =1=, 322.
a fast on the anniversary of the murder of, =1=, 325.

=Gedaliah Levi=, quarrels with Vital Calabrese, =5=, 52.

=Gedalya Ibn-Yachya= (of the Italian branch, 1515-1587), historian,
expelled from Ravenna, =4=, 592.
works of, =4=, 616.
consulted by Basnage, =5=, 196.

=Gedalya Ibn-Yachya I= (of the Turkish branch), patron of Jewish
literature, =4=, 609.

=Gedalya Ibn-Yachya II=, patron of Jewish literature, =4=, 609.

=Gehazi=, disciple of Elisha, =1=, 218.
recounts Elisha’s deeds, =1=, 223.

=Ge-henna.= _See_ Hinnom.

=Geiger, Abraham= (1810-1874), scholar, characteristics of, =5=, 626.
attitude of, towards the Talmud, =5=, 626, 669.
devoted to the reform of Judaism, =5=, 626.
journal of, =5=, 626, 632.
at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, =5=, 685.

=Gelasius=, pope, kind to Jews, =3=, 29.

=Geldern, Betty von=, Heine’s mother, =5=, 545.

=Gelil Haggoyim=, =1=, 164. _See_ Galilee.

=Gelimer=, grandson of Genseric, in the triumph of Belisarius, =3=,
26.

=Gemara.= _See_ Talmud, the Babylonian.

=Gemara di Bene Ma’araba.= _See_ Talmud, the Jerusalem.

=Gematria=, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 5.

=Gemmingen, Uriel von=, archbishop of Mayence, the Frankfort Jews
appeal to, =4=, 430.
not friendly to Pfefferkorn, =4=, 430, 431.
appointed commissary, =4=, 437.
and the confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 437, 441.
favors the Jews, =4=, 438.
delays the execution of the judgment against Reuchlin, =4=, 452.

“=General Privilege=” for the Jews, issued by Frederick the
Great, =5=, 304.

=Genesareth.= _See_ Tiberias, lake.

=Genesis=, treatise on, by Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, =3=, 398.

=Geneva=, the lake of, scene of Black Death persecutions, =4=, 103-4.

=Genoa=, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
suffering of the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 362-3.
Judah Leon Abrabanel in, =4=, 384.

=Genoa, the Jews of=, under the Ostrogoths, =3=, 28.
seek permission to repair the synagogue, =3=, 30.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
banished, =4=, 553-4.

=Genseric=, the Vandal, carries the Temple vessels to Africa, =2=,
611.

=Gentz, Frederick von=, on Jewish women, =5=, 413.
immorality of, =5=, 423.
reactionary leader, =5=, 477, 512.

=Geonim=, the, beginning of the epoch of, =3=, 90-1.
history of, dark, =3=, 92.
duties of, =3=, 93.
power of, as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, =3=, 100.
decisions of, binding, =3=, 118-19.
opposed to the Exilarchs, =3=, 137.
literary works of, in the ninth century, =3=, 178-9.
favor scientific pursuits, =3=, 187.
responses of, criticised, =3=, 198.
chronicle of, by Sherira, =3=, 233.
Talmudic work of, surpassed by Spanish Talmudists, =3=, 282.
_See also_ Gaon; Gaonate, the; Pumbeditha, the academy of,
principals of; Sora, the academy of, principals of.

=George II=, of England, ratifies the naturalization of the Jews,
=5=, 337-8.

=George=, of Hesse, forbids the use of a sentence in the Alenu
prayer, =5=, 185.

=George=, bishop of Speyer, tries the Reuchlin-Hoogstraten case,
=4=, 454-5.

=Gepidæ=, the, overrun Rome, =3=, 27.

=Gerasa=, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 45.

=Gere ha-Zedek=, true proselytes, in the daily prayers, =2=, 384.

=Gerizim, Mount=, description of, =1=, 45.
the Samaritan Temple on, =1=, 390.
Temple of, destroyed, =2=, 8.
temple to Jupiter on, =2=, 422.

=Gerlach=, archbishop of Mayence, obtains Jews as “servi cameræ” =4=,
128.

=German-Frankish empire=, the. _See_ Franks, the, the empire of.

=German language=, the, carried to Poland by German Jews, =4=, 421.

=German merchants= antagonize Jews in Poland, =4=, 632.

=German translation of the Bible= by Luther, =4=, 469, 475.
by Sachs, =5=, 693.

=German translation of the Pentateuch by Mendelssohn.= _See under_
Pentateuch, the.

=Germans=, the simplicity of, =4=, 422.
purity of, =4=, 423.

=Germanus, Moses=, proselyte, =5=, 177-8.

=Germany=, Jewish emigrants from, held up in Lombardy, =3=, 638-9.
refuge of the Jews banished from England, =3=, 646.
preferred to Spain by the Asherides, =4=, 90, 96.
re-admits Jews soon after the Black Death, =4=, 127-8.
French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.
exiles from, take refuge in Poland, =4=, 263.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.
professorships for Hebrew instituted in, =4=, 471.
Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, =4=, 497.
Portuguese Marranos perish in, =4=, 509.
religious parties in, =5=, 25.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 160, 228.
Chayim Malach in, =5=, 214.
feeling of solidarity developed in, =5=, 515.
the romantic movement in, =5=, 515-16.
debt of, to Börne and Heine, =5=, 556.
_See also_ Franks, the, the empire of.

=Germany, the Jews of=, in the sixth century, =3=, 40-1.
advanced under Charlemagne, =3=, 141.
yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, =3=, 236.
under the Saxon emperors, =3=, 241, 242-3.
compelled to be tradesmen, =3=, 242-3.
lack of culture among, =3=, 243.
not creative in the eleventh century, =3=, 281.
occupations of, =3=, 281.
compared with the Christians, =3=, 281.
devoted to the study of the Talmud, =3=, 281, 419.
suffer during the crusades, =3=, 297, 351-4.
under Henry IV, =3=, 298.
expect the Messiah, =3=, 298.
dependent on the emperor, =3=, 308.
gloom and bigotry of, =3=, 309.
debts owing to, repudiated by the pope, =3=, 349.
become “servi cameræ,” =3=, 356-7, 416-17, 516, 569.
degradation of, =3=, 357.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 416-21.
protected by the emperors during the crusades, =3=, 416.
privileges of, =3=, 417-18.
massacred under Henry VI, =3=, 418-19.
high morality of, =3=, 419.
little affected by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 516-17.
heavily taxed, =3=, 517.
naïve faith of, =3=, 549.
accused of aiding Jenghis-Khan, =3=, 580-1.
charged with the blood accusation, =3=, 583-5, 635.
persecuted after Frederick II’s death, =3=, 611-12.
address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, =3=, 620.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 624.
piety of, =3=, 625.
determine to emigrate, =3=, 634, 637.
offer to ransom Meïr of Rothenburg, =3=, 639-40.
persecuted by Rindfleisch, =4=, 35-7.
neglect the Talmud in the fourteenth century, =4=, 96.
under Louis IV, =4=, 96-7.
during the Armleder persecutions, =4=, 97-8.
during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 105-111.
intellectual decay among, =4=, 133-4.
effect of persecution on, =4=, 166.
under Sigismund, =4=, 218.
privileges of, confirmed, =4=, 219.
liturgy of, compiled by Maharil, =4=, 225.
fast during the Hussite wars, =4=, 225-6.
neglect the Talmud in the fifteenth century, =4=, 227.
hatred of, increases, =4=, 248; =5=, 528, 532-3.
bear the expenses of the Council of Constance, =4=, 248.
under Albert II, =4=, 249.
terrified by John of Capistrano, =4=, 258.
urged to emigrate to Turkey, =4=, 271-3.
under Frederick III, =4=, 293-4, 413.
influence the Jews of Italy, =4=, 294.
speak a corrupt jargon, =4=, 388-9.
representative of, =4=, 414.
uncertain lot of, under Maximilian I, =4=, 414-15.
find a refuge in Poland, =4=, 418, 420.
carry the German language to Poland, =4=, 421.
expulsion of, proposed, =4=, 427.
ordered to submit their books to Pfefferkorn, =4=, 429.
citizens of the Holy Roman Empire, =4=, 443.
the extermination of, planned, =4=, 462-3.
narrow-mindedness of, =4=, 479.
adherents of Asher Lämmlein, =4=, 483.
suffer through the Protestant Reformation, =4=, 542-3.
submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
submit disputes to the Synod of the Four Countries, =4=, 644.
during the Catholic reaction, =4=, 652, 653.
seek refuge in Amsterdam, =4=, 680.
in the seventeenth century, =4=, 694-5.
under Matthias, =4=, 700-1.
and the Thirty Years’ War, =4=, 701.
help the Jews of Poland, =4=, 707-8; =5=, 16.
intercede for the Jews of Vienna, =5=, 171.
poverty of, =5=, 205.
Dohm’s apology begins the emancipation of, =5=, 356-7.
after Mendelssohn’s death, =5=, 395-6.
attracted to French literature, =5=, 411.
apostasy among, =5=, 420.
decay of morality among, =5=, 422.
emancipated by the French, =5=, 459.
not well thought of, =5=, 461-3.
subject to the poll-tax, =5=, 464.
in the constitution drawn up by Humboldt, =5=, 514.
attacked by J. F. Fries, =5=, 521.
defenders of, =5=, 521-3, 533-4.
the “hep, hep!” persecutions of, =5=, 528-32.
writers among, =5=, 534-5.
rapid advance of, =5=, 557.
under Polish influence, =5=, 558.
estranged from Judaism, =5=, 560.
influenced by Bernays and Mannheimer, =5=, 582.
effect of the July Revolution on, =5=, 598, 600.
forced into reforms, =5=, 628.
and the Damascus affair, =5=, 669.
rupture among, =5=, 672, 674.

=Germany, the Jews of, emancipation of.= _See_ Emancipation of the
German Jews, the.

=Germany, rabbis of=, in sympathy with Solomon Petit, =3=, 627.
insignificance of, =4=, 133.
willing to excommunicate Luzzatto, =5=, 241.
oppose the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, =5=, 682.

=Germany, North=, the Jews of, few in number, =4=, 111.
the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.
Jews tolerated in the towns of, =4=, 686.

=Germany, South, the Jews of=, charged with the blood accusation, =4=,
227.
attacked by Lutheran peasants, =4=, 542.

=Germany, Young=, the creation of Börne and Heine, =5=, 556.
compelled to advocate Jewish emancipation, =5=, 602.

=Gerona=, Serachya Halevi Gerundi persecuted by the Jews of, =3=, 389.
home of the Kabbala, =3=, 556; =4=, 1.
the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 172.

=Geronimo de Santa Fé.= _See_ Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui.

=Gerrick=, commissioner of Louis the Pious to Agobard, =3=, 166.

=Gershom ben Jehuda= (960-1028), disciple of Leontin, founds a Talmud
school at Mayence, =3=, 242, 243.
writes commentaries on the Talmud, =3=, 243-4.
authority of, =3=, 244, 245.
studies the Massora, =3=, 244.
forbids polygamy, =3=, 244.
regulates the carrying of letters, =3=, 244-5.
penitential hymns by, =3=, 246.
son of, an apostate, =3=, 246.
protects repentant apostates, =3=, 246.
memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, =3=, 247.
consults Haï Gaon, =3=, 252.
introduces Talmud study in France and Germany, =3=, 281.
Talmudical work of, supplanted by Rashi’s, =3=, 288.
abrogation of the polygamy ordinance of, =3=, 378.

=Gerson, Christian=, vilifies the Talmud, =5=, 181.

=Gersonides.= _See_ Levi ben Gerson.

=Gerundi.= _See_ En-Vidal Ephraim; Jacob ben Sheshet; Jonah ben
Abraham; Nissim; Serachya Halevi.

=Gerville, Cahier de=, favors the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 444-5.

=Gesenius=, exegete, =5=, 623, 695.

=Gesereth ha-Roïm.= _See_ Pastoureaux.

=Gesereth Mezoraim=, the persecution caused by lepers in France,
=4=, 57-8.

=Ghassanids=, the, Arab tribe, =3=, 67, 68.

=Ghatafan=, the, Arab tribe, induced to make war upon Mahomet, =3=,
79.
distrustful of their allies, =3=, 80.
promise help to the Jews of Chaibar, =3=, 82.

=Ghazati.= _See_ Nathan Benjamin Levi.

=Ghent=, the Jews of, expelled, =4=, 662.

=Ghetto=, Venetian Jew quarter, the first in Italy, =4=, 408.
_See_ Jew’s quarter.

=Ghinucci, Geronimo de=, cardinal, and the Portuguese Inquisition,
=4=, 507, 516, 520.

=Ghirondi=, rabbi of Padua, scholar, =5=, 622.

=Ghuzz=, Turkish tribe, allied with the Jews of Khorasan, =3=, 434.

=Gibbethon=, Danite city, occupied by the Philistines, =1=, 189.
attacked by Elah’s army, =1=, 192.
Omri chosen king at, =1=, 192.

=Gibeah= (Geba), Philistine garrison of, killed by Jonathan, =1=, 85.
Saul’s capital, =1=, 89, 91.
inhabitants of, flee before the Philistines, =1=, 104.

=Gibeon=, Joshua’s victory at, =1=, 34-5.
seat of a high priest, =1=, 120.

=Gibeonites=, the, submit to Joshua, =1=, 34.
massacre of, under Saul, =1=, 94.
murder the descendants of Saul, =1=, 123.
under Ezra, =1=, 367.

=Gibraltar=, the fortress of, asked as a refuge for Marranos, =4=,
282.

=Gideon=, judge, delivers the Israelites from the Midianites,
=1=, 62-3.
the ideal of Oliver Cromwell, =5=, 26.

=Gihon=, river west of Jerusalem, =1=, 114.

=Gilboa=, mount, description of, =1=, 44.
battle of, between Saul and the Philistines, =1=, 103.

=Gilead=, balm of, where found, =1=, 43.
description of, =1=, 50.
first scene of Elijah’s activity, =1=, 200.

=Gilead, the inhabitants of=, prosperity of, =1=, 64.
appeal to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474-5.
emigrate to Judæa, =1=, 476.

=Gilgal=, camp of the Israelites, =1=, 32, 40.
Samuel holds popular assemblies at, =1=, 78.
Saul at, =1=, 85-6.
the tribes pay homage to Saul at, =1=, 90.
Samuel reproves Saul at, =1=, 92-3.
David met at, by the men of Judah, =1=, 146, 147.
an association of prophets at, =1=, 205.
visited by Elijah, =1=, 208.
development of the prophetical school at, =1=, 234.

=Gilion=, Evangels, =2=, 378.

=Gil-Nunjoz=, bishop of Palma, charges the Jews with the blood
accusation, =4=, 246.

=Gilo=, birthplace of Ahithophel, =1=, 123.

=Gimso=, explanation of, =2=, 330.
_See_ Emmaus.

=Ginæa=, murder of Galilæans at, =2=, 243.

=Girgashites=, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3.

=Gischala=, the Judæans of, forced into insurrection, =2=, 272-3.
in possession of the Zealots, =2=, 289.
taken by Titus, =2=, 290.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Giulio=, cardinal, and Reubeni, =4=, 492.

=Giza=, teacher of the Law, flees during Kobad’s persecutions,
=3=, 4.
principal of the Sora academy, =3=, 5.
Saburean, =3=, 6.
commits the Talmud to writing, =3=, 6-7.
successors to, not known, =3=, 7.

=Gladiatorial= combats introduced into Antioch, =1=, 444.

=Glaphyra=, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia, wife of Alexander,
=2=, 112.
second and third husband and son of, =2=, 128.

=Glass-working=, occupation of the Antioch Jews, =3=, 426.

=Gleaning=, the right of, granted to heathens, =2=, 478.

=Gleim=, admires “Phædon,” =5=, 307.

=Gley=, priest, interested in Napoleon’s Synhedrion, =5=, 494.

=Glogau=, the Jews of, massacred, =4=, 111.
Chayon at, =5=, 218.
Jews from, settle in Brandenburg, =5=, 174.

“=Glorious Stone=, or the Image of Nebuchadnezzar, The,” by Manasseh
ben Israel, =5=, 37-8.

“=Glory= to the Virtuous,” drama by Luzzatto, =5=, 242-4.

=Glynn=, Lord Chief Justice, on Cromwell’s commission for the Jewish
question, =5=, 43.

=Gnosis=, the higher knowledge of God, =2=, 374.

=Gnosticism=, spread of, =2=, 374.
sects of, =2=, 375.
system of, =2=, 375-7.
influence of, on Judaism, =2=, 377, 380-1.
Akiba deprecates the influence of, =2=, 382.

=Gnostics=, the, theosophists, =2=, 374-7.
mystic-allegoric language of, =2=, 374.
the God of, =1=, 375-6.
influence Elisha ben Abuya, =2=, 377.
tamper with the Septuagint, =2=, 386.
hostility of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, =2=, 471.

=God=, the name of, not pronounced, =2=, 413.

=Godard=, and the emancipation of the French Jews, =5=, 443.

=God-flesh, Francisco.= _See_ Astruc Raimuch.

=Godfrey=, bishop of Würzburg, grants privileges to the Jews, =4=,
259.
banishes the Jews, =4=, 259-60.

=Godfrey of Bouillon=, takes Jerusalem, =3=, 308.

=Goethe=, admires “Phædon,” =5=, 307.
expresses regard for Solomon Maimon, =5=, 409.
romanticism of, =5=, 423.
prejudices of, against the Jews, =5=, 461, 462.

=Goldberg, Samuel Löb=, founder of the “Kerem Chemed,” =5=, 621.

=Goldbergs=, the, Hebrew style of, =5=, 617.

“=Golden Bull=,” the, issued at the Diet of Nuremberg, =4=, 128.

“=Golden Penny=,” the, tax imposed on the Jews, =4=, 96-7, 166.

=Goldschmidt, Moritz=, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,”
=5=, 703.

=Goldsmid brothers=, the, in the Damascus affair, =5=, 645.

=Golgotha=, the place of skulls, =2=, 165.
temple to Venus on, =2=, 422.

=Goliath=, Philistine champion, =1=, 95.
killed by David, =1=, 97.

=Gomez=, archbishop of Toledo, at the Burgos disputation, =4=, 140.

=Gomez, Antonio Enriquez de.= _See_ Paz, Enrique Enriquez de.

=Gomez, Duarte.= _See_ Usque, Solomon.

=Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa=, Marrano poet, =5=, 113.

=Gonsalvo de Cordova=, viceroy of Naples, employs a Jewish physician,
=4=, 384-5.
descendant of, a Jewish author, =4=, 385, 666; =5=, 54.
opposes the banishment of the Jews, =4=, 385.
dismissal of, =4=, 385.

=Gonzago, Ludovico=, duke, employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 287.

=Gonzago, Vicenzo=, duke of Mantua, permits the use of the expurgated
Talmud, =4=, 659.

=Gonzalez, Luis=, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition, =4=,
329.

=Gonzalo de Santa Maria=, son of Solomon Levi, Benedict XIII’s agent,
=4=, 216, 217.

=Good Friday.= _See_ Eastertide.

“=Good News= of the Messiah for Israel,” by Paul Felgenhauer, =5=,
36.

=Gorgias=, Syrian general, invades Judæa, =1=, 467.
at Emmaus, =1=, 468.
defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 468-9, 476.

=Görres=, romanticist, =5=, 516.

=Goshen=, home of the Israelites in Egypt, =1=, 7.
in the Zohar, =4=, 23.

=Gospels=, the four, translated into Hebrew, =4=, 143.

=Gotha=, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 109.

=Goths=, the, invade the Roman empire, =2=, 527.
in Rome, =3=, 27.

=Göttingen=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.

=Gottschalk=, crusader, and the Jews, =3=, 298.

=Göze=, opponent of Lessing, =5=, 326.

=Gozolas=, name borne by Gallic Jews, =3=, 36.

=Gracian.= _See_ Solomon Gracian.

=Gradis, David=, member of Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432.
representative French Jew, =5=, 436, 438.

=Graes, Ortuin de= (Ortuinus Gratius), inspires anti-Jewish
pamphlets, =4=, 424.
writes the “Mirror for Admonition,” =4=, 425.
helps Pfefferkorn with “The Enemy of the Jews,” =4=, 428.
tool of Hoogstraten, =4=, 450.
“Letters of Obscurantists” directed against, =4=, 461.

=Grammar, a Hebrew=, by Saadiah in Arabic, =3=, 190.
by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, =3=, 204.
by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 261.
by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 262-3.
by Yizchaki, =3=, 273.
by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371.
by David Kimchi, =3=, 394.
by Profiat Duran, =4=, 191.
by Judah ben Yechiel, =4=, 289-90.
by Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 267.
by Reuchlin, =4=, 434.
by Elias Levita, =4=, 472.

=Grammar, Hebrew, the study of=, stimulated by Karaism, =3=, 136.
among the Spanish Jews, =3=, 235, 317; =4=, 91.
decays in the post-Maimunic period, =3=, 561.

=Grammarians and Lexicographers=, Jewish, list of:
Aaron ben Asher,
Abraham de Balmes,
Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus,
Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,
David de Pomis,
David Kimchi,
Dunash ben Labrat,
Elias Levita,
Jacob Tam,
Jehuda Ibn-Balam,
Jehuda Ibn-Daud,
Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,
Jonah Marinus,
Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi,
Judah ben Yechiel,
Lara, David Coen de
Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,
Menachem ben Saruk,
Moses ben Asher,
Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia,
Moses Kimchi,
Musaphia, Benjamin
Nachshon ben Zadok,
Nathan ben Yechiel,
Profiat Duran,
Saadiah,
Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,
Solomon Lurya.

=Granada=, called the city of the Jews, =3=, 42.
the Jews masters of, =3=, 109.
Talmud school of, =3=, 236.
Cordova Jews emigrate to, =3=, 255.
capital of the Berber kingdom, =3=, 256.
home of the descendants of the Exilarchs, =3=, 275.
massacre of the Arabs of, =3=, 276-7.
invaded by Almotassem, =3=, 278.
Mahometan court of, cultured, =3=, 291.
conspiracy against the Mahometans of, =3=, 316.
home of the Ibn-Ezra brothers, =3=, 318.
Talmud school of, destroyed, =3=, 384.
Samuel Ibn-Wakar farms the import duties of, =4=, 80-1.
at war with Castile, =4=, 84-5.
ally of Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 125, 126.
forced converts emigrate to, =4=, 179, 318, 351.
war of Ferdinand and Isabella with, =4=, 344.
Jewish physicians of, =4=, 344.
fall of, =4=, 345-6.
entered by Ferdinand and Isabella, =4=, 345.
Jews disappear from, =4=, 354.
autos-da-fé in, =5=, 91-2.

=Granada, the Jews of=, Samuel Ibn-Nagrela chief of, =3=, 259.
enjoy complete equality, =3=, 261.
Joseph Ibn-Nagrela chief of, =3=, 274.
arouse the hatred of the Berbers, =3=, 275, 278.
persecuted by the Berbers, =3=, 278-80, 281.
Arabic scholars, =4=, 60.
protected by Boabdil’s treaty, =4=, 345.

=Granville=, Lord, English ambassador at Paris, presents Montefiore
at court, =5=, 668.

=Granville, Ranulph de=, courtier of Richard I, protects the
Jews, =3=, 410.

=Grapte=, granddaughter of Helen of Adiabene, erects a palace in
Jerusalem, =2=, 219.

=Grattenauer=, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 468, 472.
refuted, =5=, 470, 471.

=Gratus, Valerius=, fourth procurator of Judæa, =2=, 135, 137.

=Great Assembly= (Keneseth ha-Gedolah), the, under Ezra and
Nehemiah, =1=, 381.
a permanent religious council, =1=, 394.
traditional laws ascribed to, =2=, 19.

“=Great Assembly=, the,” the court of the Exilarch, =3=, 95.

=Greece=, Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Greece, the Jews of=, celebrate two days of the new-moon, =2=, 363.
autonomy of, =3=, 27.
occupations of, =3=, 175.
not permitted to hold office, =3=, 175.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 424-5.
in the sixteenth century, =4=, 406.
molested by the Greek Catholics, =4=, 552-3.

=Greek art=, under John Hyrcanus, =2=, 14.
under Herod, =2=, 118.

=Greek Christian= communities, established by Paul, =2=, 227-8.

=Greek Christians=, the, despise the Judæan Christians, =2=, 231.
differences between, and Judæan Christians, =2=, 232.
_See_ Pagan Christians.

=Greek colonies=, in Judæa, =1=, 419.

=Greek culture=, in Judæa in the third century, =1=, 426, 427-9.
acquired by Jews in the Amoraim period, =2=, 537-8.

=Greek customs=, among the Judæans, =1=, 427, 527.

=Greek games=, introduced into Judæa, =1=, 445.

=Greek islands=, the, the Spanish exiles on, =4=, 363-4.

=Greek Judæans=, the, become Nazarenes, =2=, 219-20, 221.
attack the Law, =2=, 221-2.

=Greek language=, the, spoken by Judæans in Hasmonæan times, =2=, 15.
study of, forbidden by the teachers of the Law under Hadrian, =2=,
400.
acquirement of, permitted by Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=, 494.
spoken by the Jews of Italy in the twelfth century, =3=, 423.

=Greek learning=, the, of the Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 505.

=Greek philosophy=, an aid to Christianity, =2=, 373.

=Greek poems=, by a Samaritan and a Judæan, =1=, 517.

=Greek translation of the Scriptures=, by Akylas, =2=, 385, 386-7.
ordered to be read in the synagogues by Justinian I, =3=, 14-15.
_See also_ Septuagint, the.

=Greek translations= of Hebrew works, =2=, 359.

=Greek words= in the Mishna, =2=, 461.

=Greeks=, the, characteristics of, =1=, 411.
influence of, on the Judæans, =1=, 427-9.
in Judæa, hate the Judæans, =1=, 434; =2=, 246-7.
learn Judaism through the Septuagint, =1=, 512-14.
beyond the Jordan, hostile to Judæa, =2=, 7.
cultured, opposed to Christianity, =2=, 229.
and Jews, contrasted, =5=, 706-8.

=Grégoire=, Abbé, influenced by Ensheim, =5=, 401.
champion of the Jews, =5=, 432.
competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, =5=, 434-5.
in the National Assembly, =5=, 435, 440.
exhorts the Jews to obtain naturalization, =5=, 436.
intercedes for the Alsatian Jews, =5=, 437.
entertains a distorted view of Jewish history, =5=, 593.

=Gregory I=, pope, protects the Jews against forced conversions,
=3=, 25, 33.
forbids Jews to own slaves, =3=, 33, 34.
remits the land-tax of converts, =3=, 33.
praises Reccared for his attitude towards the Jews, =3=, 34, 46.

=Gregory VII= (Hildebrand), pope, on the venality of the clergy, =3=,
287.
and the Jews, =3=, 293, 298.
forbids Jews to hold offices in Christian countries, =3=, 293-4.
tries to arrest the influence of the Jews at the Castilian
court, =3=, 294.

=Gregory IX=, pope, permits the burning of the Talmud, =4=, 460.
hostile to the Jews, =3=, 519, 520.
enforces the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 521.
banishes philosophical writings from the University of Paris, =3=,
528.
establishes the Inquisition in France, =3=, 542.
legate of, in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 542.
re-issues the Jewish constitution of Innocent III, =3=, 564.
reproaches Frederick II with heterodoxy, =3=, 567.
orders a crusade, =3=, 570.
deprecates the compulsory baptism of Jews, =3=, 570.
the Talmud accused before, =3=, 573-4.
orders the confiscation of the Talmud, =3=, 574-5.

=Gregory X=, pope, protects Jews against forcible baptism, =3=, 635.

=Gregory XIII=, pope, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians,
=4=, 653-4.
puts the Jews under the Inquisition, =4=, 654.
orders the confiscation of the Talmud, =4=, 654.
institutes sermons for Jews, =4=, 654-5, 706.

=Gregory=, bishop of Tours, charges a poet to celebrate the
achievements of Avitus, =3=, 39.

=Grimani, Dominico=, cardinal, employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 411.
in the Reuchlin-Hoogstraten case, =4=, 458.

=Grodno=, Mordecai Jafa rabbi at, =4=, 645.

=Groede=, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, =4=, 672.

=Gröningen, Martin von=, translates the “Augenspiegel,” =4=, 460.

=Grotius, Hugo=, studies Hebrew, =5=, 21.
introduced to Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 22.

=Grund, Christian=, advocate of Jewish emancipation, =5=, 463, 465-6.

=Guarini=, work of, translated, =5=, 114.

=Gudeo=, papal legate, presides over the Council of Vienna, =3=, 611.

=Guebres, neo-Persians.= _See_ Sassanides.

=Guglielmo di Portaleone=, Italian physician, =4=, 287.

“=Guide= of the Perplexed, The” (Moréh Nebuchim, Dalalat al Haïrin),
religious philosophical work by Maimonides, =3=, 477-85.
addressed to Joseph Ibn-Aknin, =3=, 478.
connects Judaism and philosophy, =3=, 478-9, 485-6.
explains the Jewish doctrine of the universe, =3=, 479.
on the influence of God on the universe of entities, =3=, 480-1.
on the nature of sin, =3=, 481-2.
on the intellectual and moral powers of man, =3=, 482-3.
on the prophetic faculty and the prophets, =3=, 482-4.
on miracles, =3=, 483.
on Moses, =3=, 483-4.
on revelation, =3=, 484-5.
supplants all other Jewish religious-philosophical systems, =3=,
486; =4=, 479.
effect of, on the Mahometan and Christian world, =3=, 486.
Latin translation of, =3=, 486, 542-3; =4=, 60, 474.
weakness of, =3=, 486-7.
condemned by Mahometans, =3=, 488.
condemned by Abraham ben David, =3=, 490.
Hebrew translation of, =3=, 490-2.
assailed by anti-Maimunists, =3=, 523.
satirized, =3=, 538.
denounced by Solomon Petit, =3=, 626.
studied by the Italian Jews, =3=, 629.
ordered to be burnt at Accho, =3=, 631.
defended by Shem-Tob Falaquera, =3=, 634.
attacked by Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi, =4=, 95.
neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 143.
studied by Moses Isserles, =4=, 638.
studied by Mendelssohn, =5=, 295.
studied by Solomon Maimon, =5=, 407.

=Guido Ubaldo=, duke of Urbino, permits Marranos to live in Pesaro,
=4=, 569, 578.
banishes the Marranos, =4=, 580-1.

=Guidon=, physician, convert to Islam, employed to convert Sabbataï
Zevi, =5=, 153-4.

=Guienne=, the Jews of, under Henry II, =3=, 409.
wells of, poisoned, =4=, 57.

=Guilds=, the, antagonize the Jews in Frankfort, =4=, 695, 696.
antagonize the Jews in Worms, =4=, 698-9.
persecute the Jews in Poland, =5=, 1.
arouse passion against the Jews of Prussia, =5=, 191.

=Guldberg, von=, Danish minister, and Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch
translation, =5=, 333.

=Gumpertz, Aaron Solomon=, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 295.

=Gumprecht=, obtains the emancipation of the Jews of Frankfort, =5=,
505.

=Gunther of Schwarzberg=, at war with Emperor Charles IV, =4=,
109, 110.

=Gustavus Adolphus=, the daughter of. _See_ Christina of Sweden.

=Guttenstein, de=, count, imprisons Pfefferkorn, =4=, 424.

=Gymnasia=, introduced into Jerusalem, =1=, 445.

=H=

=Haaja.= _See_ Haï.

=Haarlem=, Jews not permitted to settle in, =4=, 685.

=Haatakah=, tradition, among the Karaites, =3=, 159.

=Habakkuk=, apocryphal additions to, =2=, 624.

=Habor=, the Ten Tribes colonized in, =1=, 265.

=Habus=, king of Granada, vizir of, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=,
256.
makes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela minister, =3=, 256-7.
poems addressed to, =3=, 257.
parties formed at the death of, =3=, 258.
makes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela chief of the Granada Jews, =3=, 259.
employs Jewish officials, =3=, 319.

=Hadad=, prince of Idumæa, allied with Shishak, =1=, 176.
regains possession of Idumæa, =1=, 176-7.

=Hadadezer=, king of Zobah, ally of the Ammonites, defeated by David,
=1=, 126-7.

=Hadrian=, pope, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 142.

=Hadrian=, emperor, hostile to the Jews, =2=, 350; =5=, 724-5.
rebellions against, =2=, 399.
clemency of, to the rebels, =2=, 400.
deposes and executes Lucius Quietus, =2=, 400-1.
permits the restoration of the Temple, =2=, 401-2.
withdraws the permission, =2=, 402-3.
visits Judæa, =2=, 406.
and Joshua ben Chananya, =2=, 406-7.
coins of, =2=, 407, 419.
projects the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, =2=, 407.
mocks at Judaism, =2=, 407-8.
first action of, against Bar-Cochba, =2=, 411.
concerned about the Bar-Cochba rebellion, =2=, 413-14.
sends Julius Severus to Judæa, =2=, 414.
persecutes Jewish prisoners and fugitives, =2=, 419-20.
taxes the Jews heavily, =2=, 420.
decrees laws against Judaism, =2=, 421, 423-6.
sends Turnus Rufus to Judæa, =2=, 421.
rebuilds Jerusalem, =2=, 421-2.
column in honor of, =2=, 422.
erects heathen temples in Judæa, =2=, 422.
tries to graft paganism on Judaism, =2=, 422.
cruelty of, to the dead, =2=, 430.
persecutes the Christians, =2=, 430-1.
death of, =2=, 432.
decrees of, revoked, =2=, 433.
edict of, revived, =3=, 23.

=Hagadah=, the. _See_ Agada, the.

=Hagenau=, the duke of, Jews of Alsace tributary to, =5=, 348.

=Haggaï=, Jewish name of Robert de Redingge, =3=, 641.

=Haggaï=, prophet, urges the completion of the second Temple, =1=,
359.
extols Zerubbabel, =1=, 360.

=Haggaï.= _See also_ Chaggaï.

=Haggeth=, wife of David, =1=, 135.

=Hagin (Chayim) Denlacres=, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 644.

=Hagiographa=, the, commentaries on, by Solomon ben Yerucham, =3=,
206.
by Joseph Kara, =3=, 346.

=Haï ben David= (890-897), Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 183.

=Haï (Haaja, Haya) ben Sherira= (969-1038), chief judge, =3=,
233, 250.
Gaon of Pumbeditha, =3=, 234, 250.
popularity of, =3=, 234, 250.
authority of, rivaled by Gershom ben Jehuda’s, =3=, 244.
character and attainments of, =3=, 250.
compared with Saadiah, =3=, 250.
consults the Patriarch of the Eastern Christians, =3=, 250.
consults the Koran, =3=, 251.
commentary on the Talmud by, =3=, 251.
denounces mysticism, =3=, 251-2.
consulted by African and European Talmudists, =3=, 252, 260.
the head of Judaism, =3=, 252.
revives the academy of Sora, =3=, 253.
eulogies on, =3=, 253.

=Haï Gaon.= _See_ Haï ben Sherira.

=Haidamaks=, the, ravages of, among Polish Jews, =5=, 8-10,
11-12, 388.
_See_ Cossacks, the.

=Hakim=, Fatimide caliph, decrees the conversion of Jews to
Islam, =3=, 247.
ordains Jew badges, =3=, 247-8.
expels the Jews, =3=, 248.
assassination of, =3=, 248.

=Halacha=, the, oral teaching, =2=, 328, 329.
knowledge of, acquired by pagans, =2=, 384.
cultivated by Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 576, 578.
neglected under Theodosius II, =2=, 623.
_See also_ Law, the oral; Mishna, the.

=Halacha, the, the study of=, scorned by the Nazarenes, =2=, 371.
declines in Judæa, =2=, 540.
new method of, introduced by Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 545.
strengthens the judgment, =2=, 625.

=Halachas=, the, Gamaliel II maintains the authority of, =2=,
338, 339.
arrangement of, by Akiba, =2=, 353, 354.
collected by the half-Tanaites, =2=, 470-1.
_See also_ Law, the oral; Mishna, the.

=Halachic= development, the, of the Law, =5=, 723-4.

“=Halachoth=,” by Alfassi, =3=, 286.

=Halachoth Gedoloth=, by Simon of Cairo, =3=, 179.

=Halachoth Ketuoth=, work by Judah the Blind, =3=, 136.
supplemented by Halachoth Gedoloth, =3=, 179.

=Halah=, the Ten Tribes colonized in, =1=, 265.

=Halberstadt=, the Talmud school of, closed, =5=, 567.

=Haleb.= _See_ Aleppo.

=Halevi, Aaron.= _See_ Aaron Halevi.

=Halevi, Abraham.= _See_ Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi.

=Halevi, Abu Said ben Chalfon.= _See_ Abu Said.

=Halevi, Ali.= _See_ Ali Halevi.

=Halevi, Eleazar ben Joel.= _See_ Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.

=Halevi, Elia=, French Jewish poet, =5=, 460.

=Halevi, Elias.= _See_ Elias Halevi.

=Halevi, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac ben Asher Halevi; Isaac Halevi.

=Halevi, Jacob ben Moses Mölin.= _See_ Jacob ben Moses.

=Halevi, Jehuda.= _See_ Jehuda Halevi.

=Halevi, Jephet Ibn-Ali.= _See_ Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.

=Halevi, Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste.= _See_ Joseph ben Ephraim
Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.

=Halevi, Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash.= _See_ Joseph ben Meïr
Ibn-Migash.

=Halevi, Joseph Amarkala.= _See_ Joseph Amarkala Halevi.

=Halevi, Meïr ben Baruch.= _See_ Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.

=Halevi, Meïr ben Todros.= _See_ Meïr ben Todros Halevi.

=Halevi, Moses Uri.= _See_ Moses Uri Halevi.

=Halevi, Samuel.= _See_ Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï; Samuel ben
Ali Halevi; Samuel Halevi; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

=Halevi, Serachya.= _See_ Serachya Halevi Gerundi; Serachya
Halevi Saladin.

=Halfen=, Azaria and Solomon, rabbis at Damascus, charged with ritual
murder, =5=, 638.
ordered to translate suspicious Talmud passages, =5=, 640.

=Halicz=, Karaites in, =5=, 182.

=Halle, Aaron.= _See_ Wolfsohn, Aaron.

=Halles district=, the, of Paris, opposes the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 445.

=Hamadan= (Fars), center of the Judghanites, =3=, 149-50.
the community of, excommunicated, =3=, 194.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 434.

=Hamath=, the inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, =1=, 285.

=Hamburg=, settlement of Jews in, =4=, 685-8.
the Lutherans of, object to Jews, =4=, 685, 687, 691-3.
refuses permission to German Jews to settle there, =4=, 685-6.
harbors Portuguese Jews as “traders,” =4=, 686-7.
admits Jews under restrictions, =4=, 688.
bank of, supported by Jews, =4=, 689.
synagogues at, =4=, 689-90, 691.
German Jews in, =4=, 691.
posts of honor occupied by Jews in, =4=, 692.
called “little Jerusalem,” =4=, 693.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 78.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 139, 140-1, 150, 151, 155.
stagnation of trade in, =5=, 149.
Jews from, settle in Brandenburg, =5=, 174.
Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, =5=, 205.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 206.
Lessing at, =5=, 319-20.
the Reform movement in, =5=, 563-4.
Talmud school of, closed, =5=, 567.
the Dayanim of, oppose the Reform Temple, =5=, 570, 573.
the “hep, hep!” persecution in, =5=, 573.
Bernays appointed to the rabbinate of, =5=, 576-7.
conflagration in, =5=, 674.
_See also_ Reform Temple Union, the.

=Hamburg, the Jews of=, described by John Miller, =4=, 690.
wish to settle in England, =5=, 18.
emancipated, =5=, 506.

=Ha-Meassef=, a Hebrew journal, =5=, 339. _See_ “Gatherer, The.”

=Hamma=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.

=Hammuna=, friend of Chanina bar Chama, =2=, 456.

=Hamon, Isaac=, physician in Granada, power of, =4=, 344.

=Hamon, Joseph=, physician to Selim I, =4=, 401.

=Hamon, Moses=, physician to Solyman I, patron of Jewish literature,
=4=, 401.
family of, exempt from taxes, =4=, 402.
protector of the Turkish Jews, =4=, 553.
disposes the sultan in favor of the Mendes family, =4=, 575.

=Hanameel=, cousin of Jeremiah, =1=, 290.

=Hananel=, gate, tower at, in Jerusalem, =1=, 231.

=Hanania.= _See_ Chananya.

=Hananiah=, informs Nehemiah of the distress of the Judæans, =1=,
372.
commander of the Birah, =1=, 382.

=Hanau, Solomon=, teacher of Wessely, =5=, 367.

=Hanau=, Jews permitted to settle in, =4=, 695.
rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Handicrafts=, Jews engage in, =3=, 401, 425, 426, 427, 606.
Jews forbidden to engage in, =4=, 203, 205, 216.
discussed by the French Synhedrion, =5=, 497.
_See_ Artisans; Trades.

“=Handspiegel=,” by Pfefferkorn, Reuchlin’s reply to, =4=, 446-8.

=Hanna Bachari Bey=, opponent of the Damascus Jews, =5=, 633, 635.

=Hannah=, mother of Samuel, =1=, 73.

=Hanover=, the flagellants in, =4=, 111.
Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.
Chayon at, =5=, 231.
the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, =5=, 512.

=Hanse Towns=, the, object to the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519.

=Hanse Towns, the, the Jews of=, emancipated under French
influence, =5=, 506.
send a deputy to the Congress of Vienna, =5=, 513.
oppression of, disapproved of, =5=, 514.
deprived of the rights secured by French influence, =5=, 519.

=Hanukkah.= _See_ Chanuka.

=Hanun=, king of the Ammonites, at war with David, =1=, 126-7, 129.

=Haphtarah=, the lesson from the Prophets, =1=, 400.

=Haquinet=, son of Manessier de Vesoul, =4=, 150.

=Hardenberg=, Prussian minister, and the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 507, 527.
disapproves of the oppression of the Jews, =5=, 514.
carelessness of, =5=, 519-20.

=Hariri= of Basra, Arabic poet, imitated by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, =3=,
318.

=Harith Ibn-Abu Shammir=, kills the Jewish chiefs of Yathrib, =3=,
67.
feud of, with Samuel Ibn-Adiya, =3=, 68, 69.

=Harith Ibn-Amru=, Kendite prince, proselyte, =3=, 63.

“=Harmony of Heaven=, The,” by Judah Leon Abrabanel, =4=, 480.

=Haroun Alrashid=, Abbassid caliph, and Charlemagne, =3=, 143.
re-enacts the “covenant of Omar,” =3=, 145.
death of, =3=, 145.

=Harp=, Lake of the. _See_ Tiberias.

=Harrach=, count, patron of Ben-David, =5=, 410.

=Harrison=, General, Jewish spirit of, =5=, 34.

=Hartmann von Deggenburg=, leads a massacre of Jews, =4=, 98.

=Hartmann, Frederick Traugott=, opponent of the Jews, =5=, 359, 361.

=Hasmonæan dynasty=, the, the members of:
Alexander I Jannæus,
Alexander (II),
Antigonus,
Aristobulus I,
Aristobulus II,
Hyrcanus I, John
Hyrcanus II,
Salome Alexandra,
Simon Tharsi.

=Hasmonæan party=, the, leaders of, =1=, 489.
comparison of, with the Assidæans, =1=, 489.
aims of, =1=, 489-90.
attacked by the Bene-Amri, =1=, 491.
defeated by Bacchides, =1=, 491.
fight for Antiochus VI, =1=, 498.

=Hasmonæans=, the, and Greek art, =2=, 14.
palace of, in Jerusalem, =2=, 14.
mausoleum of, =2=, 14.
hated by the Pharisees, =2=, 33.
assume the royal title, =2=, 35.
contrast between the first and the last, =2=, 84.
temporary character of the rule of, =2=, 143.
_See also_ Maccabees, the.

=Hasselbauer=, bishop of Prague, friend of Eibeschütz, =5=, 250.

=Hathor=, an Egyptian goddess, =1=, 9.

=Hatti Sherif=, firman emancipating the Turkish Jews, =5=, 641, 664.

=Hauran= (Havvoth Jair). _See_ Auranitis.

“=Havayot= d’Abayi ve Raba,” =2=, 585.

=Haya.= _See_ Haï ben Sherira.

=Hazael=, of Damascus, at war with Jehoram of Israel, =1=, 210.
gains territory from Jehu, =1=, 220-1.
at war with Jehoahaz and Joash, =1=, 221.

=Hazor=, rallying place of the Canaanites, =1=, 37.

=Heathen=, the, view held by, of Judæans and Judaism, =2=, 203.
adopt Judaism, =2=, 215-19.
disgusted with the deification of human beings, =2=, 228.
Judæans forbidden to deal with, =2=, 270.
join the Bar-Cochba rebellion, =2=, 410.
intercourse with, regulated by the Mishna, =2=, 476-8.
intercourse with, interdicted by Tertullian, =2=, 476-7.
permitted to glean, =2=, 478.
purchases from, permitted by Judah II, =2=, 483-4.
become acquainted with Jewish literature, =2=, 502.
relaxing of the laws against, =2=, 525.

=Heber=, the Kenite, in Charisi’s Tachkemoni, =3=, 559.

=Hebert=, sets up the religion of Reason, =5=, 450.

=Hebrew alphabet=, the, Assyrian characters of, =1=, 395.

“=Hebrew Chrestomathy=,” by Adam Martinet, =5=, 628, 629.

=Hebrew grammar.= _See_ Grammar.