Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (8)

=Hebrew language=, the, cherished by the Babylonian exiles, =1=,
340, 364.
Judæans ignorant of, =1=, 386.
cultivated under the Hasmonæans, =2=, 14-15.
called New-Hebrew (Neo-Hebrew), =2=, 15.
used in the historical writings, =2=, 16.
mispronounced in Galilee, =2=, 149.
of the Mishna, =2=, 461.
spoken in Judæa, =2=, 461-2.
learnt by Origen, =2=, 488.
in the Amoraim period, =2=, 538-9.
interest in, under Theodosius II, =2=, 623, 625.
Jews forbidden to teach Christians, =2=, 624.
revived under Arab influence, =3=, 111-12.
furnished with vowel points, =3=, 112.
neglected in the ninth century, =3=, 157.
studied by Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 224-5.
promoted by the controversy under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=, 226-7.
improvement in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 317.
taught as a means for conversion, =3=, 597, 640-1; =4=, 245.
words of, used by Spanish satirists, =4=, 181.
study of, introduced into Germany by Reuchlin, =4=, 432, 433, 434.
panegyric on, by Reuchlin, =4=, 433-4, 436.
study of, at the German universities advised by Reuchlin, =4=, 443.
studied by Egidio de Viterbo, =4=, 457.
professorships for, instituted, =4=, 471, 473, 474.
studied by Christians, =4=, 471-4, 651.
widely studied in Holland, =5=, 21.
society for the promotion of, =5=, 398-9.
a bond for the Jews of western Europe, =5=, 402.
love of, prevents apostasy, =5=, 420.
importance of, in the Jewish liturgy, =5=, 562.
omission of, from the divine service objected to, =5=, 564.
Portuguese pronunciation of, adopted in Hamburg, =5=, 571.
retained in the Vienna Temple, =5=, 580.
renaissance of, through Erter, =5=, 613, 616.
banishment of, from the liturgy proposed by Holdheim, =5=, 680.
abolition of, in the liturgy discussed, =5=, 685.
_See also_ Grammar, Hebrew; Literature, Jewish.

=Hebrew literature=, allegories in, =1=, 158-9.
under Hezekiah, =1=, 279.
during the Babylonian Captivity, =1=, 334-6, 340-2.
in the Persian period, =1=, 410-11.
translated into Greek, =2=, 359.
_See also_ Literature, Jewish; Judæo-Greek literature; Poetry.

“=Hebrew Physician=, The,” by David de Pomis, =4=, 656-7.

“=Hebrew Rites=, The,” by Leo Modena, =5=, 71-2, 180.

=Hebrew writings.= _See_ Confiscation and burning of Hebrew books.

=Hebron=, king of, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 34-5.
chief city of Judah, =1=, 38, 77.
residence of David, =1=, 109.
David leaves, =1=, 114.
Absalom declared king in, =1=, 139.
owned by Idumæans, =1=, 435, 474.
Jewish prisoners sold at the slave markets of, =2=, 419.
Maimonides in, =3=, 457.
occupations of the Jews of, =4=, 75.
Sabbataï Zevi at, =5=, 128.

=Hechal=, the Holy Place, =1=, 165.

=Hegel=, influence of, on Edward Gans, =5=, 583.
on Young Israel, =5=, 585.

=Heidelberg=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 530-1.

=Heidelberg, the University of=, on the confiscation of Hebrew books,
=4=, 437, 441.
Spinoza offered a professorship at, =5=, 108.

=Heidenheim, Wolf=, one of the Measfim, Massoretic studies
of, =5=, 400.

=Heilmann=, rabbi, opponent of Eibeschütz, =5=, 262, 263, 268, 269.

=Heilperin, Jechiel=, historian, =5=, 202.

=Heine, Heinrich= (1799-1854), as a Jew, =5=, 536, 544.
as a German, =5=, 537.
as poet, =5=, 537.
as a thinker, =5=, 544-5.
character of, =5=, 545, 555-6.
love of, for his mother, =5=, 545.
Jewish education of, =5=, 545-6.
pride of, in his race, =5=, 546.
attitude of, towards Judaism, =5=, 546.
influence of Berlin Jewish society on, =5=, 546.
joins the Society for the Culture of Jews, =5=, 547.
criticises the Jews, =5=, 547-8.
contempt of, for apostates, =5=, 548-9, 551-2.
glorifies Jewish history in the “Rabbi of Bacharach,” =5=, 549-50.
baptism of, =5=, 550-1.
characterizes Judaism and Christianity, =5=, 552.
on Shylock, =5=, 552-3.
on Moses, =5=, 553-5.
inspired by Jewish poetry, =5=, 555, 694.
on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, =5=, 556.
debt of the Jews to, =5=, 556.
debt of Germany to, =5=, 556.
on Isaac Bernays, =5=, 577.
on Moses Moser, =5=, 583.
on the journal of the Society for Culture, =5=, 586.
on Edward Gans’s apostasy, =5=, 587.
compared with Steinheim, =5=, 607.
compared with Erter, =5=, 615-16.
on Hellenism and Judaism, =5=, 688.

=Hejas=, the Jews settle in, =3=, 54.
_See_ Arabia, northern.

=Hejira=, the, Mahomet’s flight from Mecca, =3=, 73.

=Helam=, the battle of, the Aramæans defeated at, =1=, 127.

=Helen=, queen of Adiabene, proselyte, =2=, 216-17.
visits Jerusalem, =2=, 218, 224.
gift of, to the Temple, =2=, 218.
mausoleum of, =2=, 219.

=Helicon=, favorite of Caligula, =2=, 187.

=Heliodorus=, treasurer of Seleucus II, tries to force his way into
the Temple, =1=, 438.
murders Seleucus, =1=, 443.

=Heliopolis= (Onion), district containing the Temple of Onias, =1=,
508.
revenues of, devoted to the Temple, =1=, 508.
called the Arabian province, =1=, 510.

=Helisachar=, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their
step-mother, =3=, 166.

=Helkias=, son of Onias IV, general, sides with Cleopatra, mother of
Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 10, 12.
death of, =2=, 41.

=Hell=, attorney, levies blackmail on the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 349.
prevents debtors from paying Jews, =5=, 350.
banished, =5=, 350.

=Hell=, belief in, derived from Magianism, =1=, 403.

=Hellenism=, the attacks of, accentuate the legal character of
Judaism, =2=, 471.

=Hellenists=, the, aims of, =1=, 435-6.
Onias III opposed to, =1=, 437.
persecute Onias III, =1=, 438-9, 444.
condemned by Jesus Sirach, =1=, 440-1.
invite the interference of Antiochus IV, =1=, 444.
introduce games and gymnasia into Judæa, =1=, 444-6.
refuse to sacrifice to Hercules, =1=, 446.
procure Jason’s dismissal, =1=, 446-7.
disapprove of Menelaus as high priest, =1=, 447.
take refuge in the Acra, =1=, 454.
betray the hiding places of the Chassidim, =1=, 457-8.
appeal to Antiochus V, =1=, 478.
lose favor at the Syrian court, =1=, 480.
oppose Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 480, 482.
fear Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 483.
masters of Palestine, =1=, 488.
called “Traitors of the Covenant,” =1=, 489.
plan to deliver Jonathan and Simon to the Syrians, =1=, 493.
deserted by Bacchides, =1=, 494.
take refuge in Bethzur, =1=, 494.
appeal to Demetrius II, =1=, 497.
driven out of Bethzur, =1=, 498.
secret understanding of, with Diodotus Tryphon, =1=, 500.
driven from their strongholds, =1=, 523.
seek refuge in Egypt, =1=, 523.
end of, =1=, 523-4.

=Heller, Lipmann= (1579-1654), Talmudist, character and attainments
of, =4=, 703.
commentary on the Mishna by, =4=, 704.
rabbi of Vienna and Prague, =4=, 704-6.
apportions the war tax, =4=, 704.
accused and imprisoned, =4=, 705.
fined and deprived of his office, =4=, 706.
relaxes the Jewish marriage law, =5=, 13.
draws up penitential prayers, =5=, 13.

=Heman=, grandson of Samuel, psalmist, =1=, 79, 120-1.

=Hengstenberg=, exegete, =5=, 695.

=Henna.= _See_ Hinnom.

=Hennigs, Augustus von=, Danish state councilor, interested in
Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 333, 334.

=Henrique=, bishop of Ceuta, and the prosecution of Marranos, =4=,
499.

=Henrique=, Infante of Portugal, grand inquisitor, deposition of,
demanded by Paul III, =4=, 521.
sends a list of Marrano delinquencies to Rome, =4=, 523.

=Henry II=, emperor, banishes the Jews from Mayence, =3=, 245-6.

=Henry IV=, emperor, and the Jews of Worms, =3=, 293.
issues a decree in favor of the Jews, =3=, 298.
permits Jews forcibly baptized to return to Judaism, =3=, 306.
grants protection to the Jews, =3=, 308, 416.

=Henry VI=, emperor, Jews massacred under, =3=, 418-19.

=Henry of Anjou= (III of France), candidate for the Polish throne,
=4=, 604, 605.

=Henry II= (de Trastamare), of Castile, rival of Pedro the
Cruel, =4=, 114.
gains allies against Pedro, =4=, 122.
maligns his brother, =4=, 122-3.
begins war with his brother, =4=, 123.
taxes the Jews of Burgos, =4=, 123, 124.
gains Toledo and Seville, =4=, 124.
leaves Spain, =4=, 124.
takes northern Spain, =4=, 124.
refuses to exclude Jews from state offices, =4=, 125.
taxes the Jews, =4=, 125-6.
victorious at Montiel, =4=, 126.
accession of, =4=, 136.
attitude of, towards Jews, =4=, 137, 138.
decrees Jew badges, =4=, 139.
discriminates against Jewish creditors, =4=, 139.
forces Jews into religious debates, =4=, 140.
Jewish courtiers of, =4=, 156.
death of, =4=, 156.
Jews hated under, =4=, 167.

=Henry III=, of Castile, discord early in the reign of, =4=, 167.
regents for, quell the riot against the Jews of Seville, =4=, 168.
confers dignities upon Solomon Levi, =4=, 184.
employs Jewish physicians, =4=, 185, 190.
advised not to employ Jewish officials, =4=, 185.
Jews under, =4=, 193.
death of, =4=, 193, 196.
appoints Solomon Levi executor of his will, =4=, 194.

=Henry IV=, of Castile, the Jews under, =4=, 274-6.
plunders the houses of Jews and Marranos, =4=, 274.
employs Jewish officials, =4=, 275.
forbids the Jews to dress luxuriously, =4=, 275-6.
disproves the charge of child murder against the Jews of
Spain, =4=, 276.
punishes the murderers of the Jews of Medina del Campos, =4=, 278.
statute book of, assigns a low position to the Jews, =4=, 278.
deposed, =4=, 278.
reproached with partiality towards the Jews, =4=, 279-80.
protects the Marranos of Valladolid, =4=, 281.
death of, =4=, 283.
opposes the establishment of the Inquisition, =4=, 310.

=Henry I=, of England, grants privileges to the Jews, =3=, 504.

=Henry II=, of England, the Jews prosperous under, =3=, 409.

=Henry III=, of England, the Jews under, =3=, 570-1, 587-92.
the minority of, =3=, 587-8.
appoints a chief rabbi, =3=, 588.
restrains the intolerance of the Church, =3=, 588.
summons a Jewish Parliament, =3=, 589-90.
refuses the Jews permission to leave England, =3=, 591.
deposes Elias of London, =3=, 591.
protects the Jews of London, =3=, 592.

=Henry VIII=, of England, overthrows Catholicism, =4=, 541.

=Henry II=, of France, Obadiah de Sforno dedicates his works
to, =4=, 411.
treats Neapolitan Jews kindly, =4=, 544.
confiscates the Mendes property, =4=, 574.
refuses to pay the Mendes-Nassi family his debt, =4=, 596, 597.

=Henry III=, of France. _See_ Henry of Anjou.

=Henry IV=, of France, and Manuel Pimentel, =4=, 672.

=Henry of Orange=, well disposed towards Jews, =4=, 678.

=Henry de Trastamare.= _See_ Henry II, of Castile.

=Henry I=, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews during the second
crusade, =3=, 352-3.

=Henry=, bishop of Ratisbon, enforces anti-Jewish restrictions, =4=,
301.
attempts to convert the Jews, =4=, 301.
charges Israel Bruna with child-murder, =4=, 303.
urges an inquiry against the Jews, =4=, 304.

=Henry Julius=, duke of Brunswick, expels the Jews, =4=, 652.

“=Hep, hep!=” cry, the, against the Jews, =5=, 528-32.
Rachel Levin on, =5=, 534.

=“Hep, hep!” persecutions=, the, Börne on, =5=, 542-3.
Heine on, =5=, 556.
in Hamburg, =5=, 573.

=Hephzi-bah=, wife of Hezekiah, =1=, 280.

=Heraclius=, emperor of the East, sues for peace with Chosru
II, =3=, 19.
allies himself with the Jews, =3=, 21-2.
makes peace with the Persians, =3=, 22.
persecutes the Jews of Palestine, =3=, 22-3, 47.
forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, =3=, 23.

=Hercules d’Este I=, duke of Ferrara, patron of Abraham Farissol,
=4=, 412-13.

=Hercules d’Este II=, duke of Ferrara, friend of the Jews, =4=, 544.
protects the Marranos, =4=, 569.
protects Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 575.

=Hercules=, chief of the Jewish community of Arta, =3=, 424.

=Hercules=, demi-god, Jason sacrifices to, =1=, 446.

=Herder=, admires “Phædon,” =5=, 307.
aversion of, to Jews, =5=, 462.

=Heresy=, signs of, enumerated by the Inquisition, =4=, 315-16.

=Hermandad=, the, union of Spanish towns, enforces anti-Jewish
measures, =4=, 251.

=Hermann III=, bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews during the first
crusade, =3=, 304.

=Hermann the Carpenter=, leader of the first crusade in Cologne, =3=,
303, 306.

“=Hermitage=” (Stübel), the Zaddik’s room, =5=, 382.

=Hermon= (Anti-Lebanon), mountain, description of, =1=, 44.
Jesus at, =2=, 158.

=Herod I= (37-3), son of Antipater, governor of Galilee, =2=, 77.
subdues Ezekias, =2=, 77-8.
honored by Sextus Cæsar, =2=, 78.
before the Synhedrion, =2=, 78-9.
governor of Cœlesyria, =2=, 79.
assassinates Malich, =2=, 80.
betrothed to Mariamne, =2=, 81.
tetrarch of Judæa, =2=, 81.
opposed by the Parthians, =2=, 82.
escapes to Rome, =2=, 83, 86.
favored by Antony, =2=, 86.
proclaimed king of Judæa by the Roman Senate, =2=, 86.
struggle of, with Antigonus, =2=, 87.
marries Mariamne, =2=, 87.
besieges Jerusalem, =2=, 87-8.
has Antigonus beheaded, =2=, 89.
policy of, =2=, 89.
kills the Synhedrists, =2=, 89.
appoints Ananel high priest, =2=, 90.
tries to obliterate his Idumæan descent, =2=, 90.
fears Hyrcanus and Aristobulus (III), =2=, 90-1.
brings Hyrcanus to Jerusalem, =2=, 91.
proclaims Aristobulus (III) high priest, =2=, 91.
has him murdered, =2=, 92.
accused before Cleopatra, =2=, 92-3.
orders the murder of Mariamne, =2=, 93.
threatened by a sister of Antigonus, =2=, 94.
at war with Malich, =2=, 94-5.
orders the execution of Hyrcanus II, =2=, 96.
confines Mariamne in Alexandrion, =2=, 96.
appoints Hillel president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 96, 99.
appoints Menahem deputy, =2=, 100.
received with favor by Octavius, =2=, 101-2.
territory of, increased, =2=, 103.
executes Mariamne, =2=, 104.
quells Alexandra’s sedition, =2=, 105.
submits to Augustus, =2=, 105.
ornaments Sebaste and Cæsarea, =2=, 106.
exhausts the people by taxation, =2=, 107.
degrades the high priesthood, =2=, 107.
marries Mariamne II, =2=, 107.
requires an oath of allegiance from his subjects, =2=, 108.
remodels the Temple, =2=, 109-11.
distrustful of his family, =2=, 112.
appoints Antipater his successor, =2=, 112, 113.
executes Mariamne I’s sons, =2=, 113.
conspiracy against, =2=, 113.
appoints Herod Antipas his successor, =2=, 114.
contest of, with the Pharisees, =2=, 114-15.
attempts suicide, =2=, 115-16.
executes Antipater, =2=, 116.
orders executions for the day of his death, =2=, 116.
death of, =2=, 117.
territory added to Judæa by, =2=, 118.
will of, =2=, 119-20.
sends gifts to Athens, =2=, 193.
palace of, stormed by the Zealots, =2=, 260.
palace of, in Galilee destroyed by Josephus, =2=, 279.

=Herod II=, brother of Agrippa I, prætor and prince of Chalcis, =2=,
190.
allied with Agrippa I, =2=, 196.
opposes Cuspius Fadus, =2=, 197.
asks for a truce, =2=, 197.
titular king of Judæa, =2=, 198.
death of, =2=, 199, 235.
widow of, =2=, 235.

=Herod ben Gamala=, partisan of Rome, =2=, 274.

=Herod ben Miar=, partisan of Rome, =2=, 274.

=Herod= (Antipas), son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem and Herod I,
disinherited, =2=, 119.

=Herod= (Philip), son of Mariamne II and Herod I, disinherited, =2=,
119.
wife of, =2=, 173.

=Herod Antipas= (Antipas I), son of Malthace and Herod I, successor
to Herod I, =2=, 114.
ruler of Galilee and Peræa, =2=, 119.
envious of Archelaus, =2=, 120.
builds Tiberias, =2=, 137-8.
character of, =2=, 138.
beheads John the Baptist, =2=, 147.
pursues Jesus, =2=, 160.
abandons his wife to marry Herodias, =2=, 173.
defeated by the Nabathæans, =2=, 173.
assisted by Vitellius, =2=, 173.
procures an office for Agrippa I, =2=, 175.
banished to Lyons, =2=, 177.

=Herod Philip=, son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem. _See_ Philip, tetrarch.

=Herodian dynasty=, the, the members of:
Agrippa I,
Agrippa II,
Archelaus,
Herod I,
Herod II,
Herod Antipas,
Philip.

=Herodian time=, the, characterized, =5=, 723.

=Herodians=, the, appeal to Augustus, =2=, 122.
petition for the removal of obnoxious emblems from the Roman
standard, =2=, 139.
oppose John the Baptist, =2=, 147.
morality of the opponents of, =2=, 151.
immorality of, =2=, 236.

=Herodias=, wife of Herod (Philip), daughter of, =2=, 147.
illegal marriage of, with Herod Antipas, =2=, 173.
appealed to by Cypros, =2=, 175.
envious of Agrippa I, =2=, 177.
banished to Lyons, =2=, 177.

=Herodium=, fortress, burial place of Herod I, =2=, 117.
surrenders to Bassus, =2=, 315.

=Heron=, Syrian commander, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 462.

=Herrera, Abraham (Alonzo) de=, descendant of Gonsalvo de Cordova, in
Amsterdam, =4=, 666.
identifies the Kabbala with Neo-platonism, =5=, 54, 88.

=Herrera, Pedro de.= _See_ Pedro de Herrera.

=Herrera=, prophetess of, burnt, =4=, 494.

=Herschel, Solomon=, rabbi of London, repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s
oath concerning ritual murder, =5=, 654-5.

=Heruli=, the, overrun Rome, =3=, 27.

=Herz Medelsheim.= _See_ Berr, Cerf.

=Herz, Henrietta=, influence of, in Berlin, =5=, 412-13.
salon of, =5=, 413, 422-3, 540.
influence of romanticism on, =5=, 423.
relation of, to Schleiermacher, =5=, 423.
and Dorothea Mendelssohn, =5=, 424.
apostasy of, =5=, 425-6.

=Herz, Leb=, Sabbatian, =5=, 152.

=Herz, Marcus= (1747-1803), physician, translates the “Vindiciæ
Judæorum,” =5=, 362.
youth and education of, =5=, 405.
distinguished by Kant, =5=, 405-6.
as a physician, =5=, 406.
marriage of, =5=, 406.
lectures on Kant’s philosophy, =5=, 406.
influences Berlin Jews, =5=, 407.
house of, a center of culture, =5=, 412.
mediocrity of, =5=, 417.
disapproves of Dorothea Mendelssohn, =5=, 424.

=Heschels, Leb=, rabbi, opposes Eibeschütz, =5=, 262, 263, 268, 269.

=Hesychius=, consular agent, accused by Gamaliel V, =2=, 613.

=Hess, Hermann=, chancellor of the University of Mayence, and the
confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 437.

=Hess, Isaac=, introduces Mendelssohn to Lessing, =5=, 297.

=Hesse, the Jews of=, deprived of civil rights, =5=, 512.
emancipated, =5=, 601.

=Hetman= (Attaman), Cossack chieftain, =5=, 2.

=Hewn-stone Hall=, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Jerusalem, =2=,
239.

=Hexapla=, parallel texts of Bible versions by Origen, =2=, 488-9.

=Hezekiah=, king of Judah, virtues of, =1=, 266-7.
limited power of, =1=, 267-8.
banishes idolatry, =1=, 267.
celebrates the Passover, =1=, 268.
allied with Egypt, =1=, 270.
assures Sennacherib of his submission, =1=, 274.
refuses to surrender to Sennacherib, =1=, 274-5.
illness of, =1=, 276.
recovers, =1=, 277.
honors Merodach-baladan’s embassy, =1=, 278-9.
marriage of, celebrated, =1=, 279.
Hebrew literature under, =1=, 279.
burial of, =1=, 280.

=Hibat-allah.= _See_ Nathaniel.

=Hiel= of Bethel fortifies Jericho, =1=, 201.

=Hieronymus.= _See_ Jerome.

=High priests=, the, seat of, in Shiloh, =1=, 41.
dignity of, raised under Joash, =1=, 219.
heads of the Council of Seventy, =1=, 394.
considered political chiefs, =1=, 418.
installed by the Roman procurator, =2=, 129, 137.
vestments of, kept in the Antonia, =2=, 129.
chosen by the Roman governor, =2=, 172, 197.
chosen by Herod II, =2=, 198.
chosen from certain families, =2=, 237.
feuds among, =2=, 237.
power of, under Agrippa II, =2=, 246.
short terms of, =2=, 249.
deputy to, =2=, 330.
_See also_ Aaronides; Priests.

=High priests=, the, list of:
Aaron,
Abiathar,
Achitub,
Alcimus,
Alexander Jannæus,
Amaziah (Bethel),
Anan, of the family Seth,
Anan, of the family Anan,
Ananel,
Ananias,
Antigonus,
Aristobulus I,
Aristobulus II,
Aristobulus III,
Azariah,
Azariah ben Zadok,
Eleazar,
Eli,
Eliashib,
Elionai,
Hilkiah,
Hyrcanus I, John
Hyrcanus II,
Ishmael II,
Jaddua,
Jason,
Jehoiada,
Jehoiakim,
Joaser,
Johanan, son of Joiada,
Joiada,
Jonathan ben Anan,
Jonathan Haphus,
Joseph, of the house of Camyth,
Joseph Caiaphas,
Joshua, of the family of Phabi,
Joshua, of the family of Sié,
Joshua ben Damnai,
Joshua ben Gamala,
Joshua, son of Jehozedek,
Judas Maccabæus,
Manasseh,
Mathias ben Theophilus,
Menelaus the Benjamite,
Onias I,
Onias II,
Onias III,
Phineas,
Phineas ben Samuel,
Seraiah,
Simon I,
Simon II,
Simon, son of Boëthus,
Simon Tharsi,
Uriah,
Zachariah ben Jehoiada,
Zadok.

=High-roads=, the king’s, built by Solomon, =1=, 171-2.

“=High Tower, The=,” drama by Luzzatto, =5=, 235.

=Hilchetha Gabriatha=, Talmud commentary by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=,
259.

=Hildebrand.= _See_ Gregory VII.

=Hilderic= of Nismes, governor of Septimania, revolts against Wamba,
=3=, 104-5.
promises the Jews religious liberty, =3=, 105.

=Hildesheim=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.
the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, =5=, 512.

=Hildesheimer=, the Frankfort deputy to the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Hilduin=, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their
step-mother, =3=, 166.

=Hilkia=, treasurer of the Temple, envoy to Nero, =2=, 248.

=Hilkiah=, high priest, charged with the repairs of the Temple, =1=,
289.
finds the Book of the Law, =1=, 292.
counsels Josiah, =1=, 293.
ancestor of Ezra, =1=, 365.

=Hillali=, oldest copy of the Bible in Spain, destroyed, =3=, 387.

=Hillel I=, appointed president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 96, 99.
disciple of Shemaya and Abtalion, =2=, 96.
character of, =2=, 96-7.
maxims of, =2=, 97-8.
justifies the oral law, =2=, 98.
justifies new laws, =2=, 99.
enacts the Prosbol, =2=, 100.
followers of, swear allegiance to Herod, =2=, 108.
death of, lamented, =2=, 130.
descendants of, presidents of the Synhedrion, =2=, 130, 192.
spreads the knowledge of the Law in Judæa, =2=, 149.
the model of Jesus, =2=, 149-50.
quoted by Philo, =2=, 213.
compared with Philo, =2=, 214.
followers of, support the Peace party, =2=, 256.
the founder of Talmudic Judaism, =2=, 327.
laws of interpretation by, =2=, 327, 338.
laws of interpretation by, supplemented, =2=, 331, 356.
reverence paid to the house of, =2=, 360.
compared with Abba Areka, =2=, 517.
end of the house of, =2=, 618.

=Hillel, disciples of=, distinguished, =2=, 131.
conception of the Messiah held by, =2=, 144.
morality of, =2=, 151.

=Hillel, the school of=, =2=, 101.
conciliatory, =2=, 131.
disputes with the school of Shammai under Gamaliel II, =2=,
333, 336-8.
deductions of, condemned by Joshua ben Chananya, =2=, 350.
estimation of, by the Nazarenes, =2=, 372.
extends the application of tradition, =2=, 462.

=Hillel II=, brother of Judah II, censured for irreligiousness, =2=,
480.
Agadist, =2=, 487.
maxim of, =2=, 487.
consulted by Origen, =2=, 487.
versed in the Scriptures, =2=, 487, 488.
Patriarch, unselfishness of, =2=, 560.
defamed by Joseph the apostate, =2=, 566.
adopts a fixed calendar, =2=, 572-4.
honored by Julian the Apostate, =2=, 597, 598.

=Hillel ben Samuel= of Verona (1220-1295), Talmudist, founder of
Italian Jewish culture, =3=, 629; =4=, 59.
Maimunist, =3=, 629, 630.
accomplishments of, =3=, 629.
tries to prevent a renewal of the Maimunist controversy, =3=,
631-2.

=Himyar=, ancestor of the Arabs, =3=, 61, 62.

=Himyara=, part of southern Arabia, =3=, 54.

=Himyarite kingdom=, the Jewish, =3=, 62-7.

=Himyarites=, the, conversion of, to Christianity projected, =4=, 298.

=Hinderbach=, bishop of Trent, charges the Jews with child
murder, =4=, 298.

=Hinkmar=, bishop of Rheims, anti-Jewish feelings of, =3=, 171.
favorite of Charles the Bald, =3=, 172.

=Hinnom= (Ge-henna), the vale of, south of Jerusalem, =1=, 115.
tower at the gate of, =1=, 231.
Ahaz sacrifices to Moloch in, =1=, 260-1.
sacrifices in, under Manasseh, =1=, 283.
Moloch worship in, under Jehoiakim, =1=, 300.
gives its name to hell, =1=, 404.

=Hippicus=, tower in the wall of Jerusalem, refuge of the Roman
garrison, =2=, 260.
left undemolished by Titus, =2=, 309.

=Hippodrome=, the, in Jerusalem, occupied during the disturbance by
Sabinus, =2=, 123.

=Hippos=, incorporated with Judæa, =2=, 103.

=Hiram=, of Tyre, allied with David, =1=, 118.
allied with Solomon, =1=, 162.
supplies material for the Temple, =1=, 164.
supplies Solomon with sailors, =1=, 170.

=Hiram=, artist in bronze, employed in the building of the
Temple, =1=, 165.

=Hiram=, brother of Merbal, king of Phœnicia, =1=, 342.

=Hirsch= (Hirschel), Berlin jeweler, excites Voltaire’s animosity,
=5=, 339.

=Hisham=, Ommiyyade caliph, =3=, 239.
releases Jacob Ibn-Jau, =3=, 241.

=Historians, Jewish=, consulted by Basnage, =5=, 196.

=Historians, Jewish=, list of:
Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,
Abraham Zacuto,
Almosnino, Moses
Barrios, Miguel de Baruch,
Conforte, David
David Gans,
Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali,
Ephraim ben Jacob,
Gedalya Ibn-Yachya,
Heilperin, Jechiel
José ben Chalafta,
Joseph ben Joshua Cohen,
Joseph ben Matthias (Josephus),
Josephus, pseudo-
Joseph Ibn-Verga,
Jost, Isaac Marcus
Justus, son of Pistus,
Löwisohn, Solomon
Luzzatto, Samuel David
Profiat Duran,
Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda
Samuel Shulam,
Sherira,
Usque, Samuel
Usque, Solomon.

=Historians of the Jews=, list of:
Adams, Hannah
Basnage, Jacob
Ewald, Heinrich.

=Historical writings= of the Jews, the, carried into the Babylonian
Exile, =1=, 335.
compiled by Baruch, =1=, 336-7.
collected by the Sopherim, =1=, 400.
translated into Greek, =1=, 514.

=History, Jewish=, cultivated in Hasmonæan times, =2=, 15-16.
beginnings of, =4=, 554.
in the “Moniteur,” =5=, 485.
distorted, =5=, 592-3.
by Christians, =5=, 593.
by Jews, =5=, 593-6.
as viewed by Krochmal, =5=, 609-10.
the “Kerem Chemed” devoted to, =5=, 621.
a review of, =5=, 705-31.

“=History= of neo-Hebraic Poetry,” by Franz Delitzsch, =5=, 628-9.

“=History= of the Jews,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, =4=, 616.

“=History= of the People of Israel, The,” by Ewald, =5=, 696.

“=History= of the Religion of the Jews,” by Jacob Basnage, =5=, 197.

“=History= of the World,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, =4=, 616.

=Hittites=, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
suffer under David, =1=, 131.
mercenary troops under David, =1=, 137.
declared bondmen by Solomon, =1=, 163.
king of, hostile to Ben-hadad III, =1=, 221.

=Hivites=, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
submit to Joshua, =1=, 34.
declared bondmen by Solomon, =1=, 163.

=Hochmeister=, title of rabbis in Franconia, =4=, 259.

=Hochstraten.= _See_ Hoogstraten, Jacob.

=Hodges=, English consul-general, services of, in the Damascus affair,
=5=, 653, 659.

=Hodki=, Haidamak leader, =5=, 10.

=Holdheim, Samuel= (1806-1860), Talmudist, at the Brunswick
rabbinical conference, =5=, 678, 681.
opposes Talmudic Judaism, =5=, 678, 680-1.
secular studies of, =5=, 678.
temperament of, =5=, 679.
chief rabbi of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, =5=, 679.
view held by, of Judaism, =5=, 680-1.
compared with Frankel, =5=, 684.
at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, =5=, 685.
preacher of the Berlin Reform Association, =5=, 686.
innovations of, =5=, 686-7.
compared with Sachs, =5=, 687-8, 692.
Sachs’s opinion of, =5=, 691.

=Holland=, soldiers of, in the imperial army against the Hussites,
=4=, 225.
a refuge for Jews, =4=, 661, 676-7, 678.
second Jewish colony of, =4=, 685.
learning in, =5=, 20-1.
war of, with England, and the re-settlement of Jews in England, =5=,
34.
displeased with the efforts to settle Jews in England, =5=, 46.
rabbis of, prepared to excommunicate Luzzatto, =5=, 241.
ambassador of, intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian
Jews, =5=, 253.
funds advanced to, by Isaac Pinto, =5=, 340.
the Measfim in, =5=, 400-1.
_See also_ Amsterdam; Batavian Republic, the.

=Holmes, Nathaniel=, Puritan, attitude of, towards the Jews, =5=, 27.
on the place of the Jews in the Messianic time, =5=, 29-30.

=Holst, Ludwig=, attacks the Jews, =5=, 543.

=Holstein=, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519.

=Holwan=, the Exilarch’s income from, =3=, 96.

=Holy City=, the, beginnings of, =1=, 114. _See_ Jerusalem.

=Holy Days=, the, kept by the Babylonian Judæans, =1=, 364.

=Holy Ghost=, the, dogma of, introduced into Christianity, =2=,
500-1.

=Holy Land=, the. _See_ Palestine.

=Holy of Holies=, the, Debir, =1=, 165.
entered by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 451-2.
entered by Pompey, =2=, 66.
the Romans desecrate, =2=, 124.
entered by Titus, =2=, 308.

=Holy Place=, the, Hechal, =1=, 165.

=Holy Roman Empire=, the, dismembered, =5=, 465. _See_ Rome; Germany.

=Holy Sepulcher=, the, Church of, fear that Jews will gain possession
of, =4=, 272, 274.

=Holy Week.= _See_ Eastertide.

=Homberg, Herz=, assists Mendelssohn in his Pentateuch translation,
=5=, 334.
teacher in an Austrian school, =5=, 369.
one of the Measfim, =5=, 401-2.

=Homel=, the Jews of, massacred, =5=, 10.

=Homem, Gaspar Lopez=, Portuguese Marrano, =4=, 664.

=Homem, Mayor Rodrigues=, Marrano, sends her daughter toHolland,
=4=, 664-5.
emigrates to Holland, =4=, 667.

=Homer=, read by the Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 505.
Greek views of the world in, =2=, 208.

“=Homilies= of the Jews in Divine Worship,” by Zunz, =5=, 620-1.

=Honorius III=, pope, enforces anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 513.
exempts the Toulouse Jews from wearing badges, =3=, 514.
prevents the employment of Jews as diplomats, =3=, 514.

=Honorius IV=, pope, bids the English clergy proceed against the
Jews, =3=, 645.

=Honorius=, emperor of the West, and the Jews, =2=, 616-17, 622.
forbids the collection of the Patriarch’s tax, =2=, 617.
forbids Jews to enter military service, =2=, 617.

=Hooghe, Romein de=, poet, on the Amsterdam synagogue, =5=, 167.

=Hoogstraten, Jacob=, Dominican general in Cologne, =4=, 424.
and the confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 437, 441.
decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, =4=, 444.
proposes the indictment of the Jews, =4=, 444.
accuses Reuchlin of heresy, =4=, 450.
tries Reuchlin and the “Augenspiegel,” =4=, 451.
orders the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” =4=, 451-2.
the examination of, ordered by Leo X, =4=, 454.
fails to appear for trial, =4=, 454.
convicted of slander, =4=, 455.
appeals to Leo X, =4=, 455.
tries to have the Speyer judgment overturned, =4=, 458.
summoned to Rome, =4=, 458.
satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 461.
asks for a decision by council, =4=, 464.
influences Leo X to suspend his case, =4=, 465.
leaves Rome in disgrace, =4=, 465.
life of, endangered, =4=, 465.

=Hoornbeek, John=, anti-Jewish author, =5=, 46.

=Hophni=, son of Eli, character and death of, =1=, 70.

=Hophra.= _See_ Apries.

=Horeb=, mount, scene of the first revelation to Moses, =1=, 15.

=Hormisdas IV=, of Persia, character of, =3=, 7-8.
persecutes the Jews, =3=, 8.
murdered, =3=, 8.

=Hosannas, Day of=, a second Day of Atonement, =4=, 626.

=Hosea= (I), prophet, under Jeroboam II, prophecies of, =1=, 240-2.

=Hosea= (II), prophet, under Hoshea, =1=, 251.

=Hoshea=, son of Elah, murders Pekah, =1=, 260.
king of Israel, =1=, 263.
ally of Egypt and vassal to Shalmaneser, =1=, 263.
withdraws his tribute from Shalmaneser, =1=, 264.
fortifies Samaria, =1=, 264.
imprisoned for life, =1=, 264.

=Hosiander=, probable author of the “Little Book about the Jews,”
=4=, 545.

=Host desecration=, the charge of, believed by Maximilian
I, =4=, 414.

=Host desecration, charged against the Jews= of Röttingen, =4=, 35.
of Deckendorf, =4=, 98.
of Prague, =4=, 164-6.
of Segovia, =4=, 195-6.
of Austria, =4=, 223.
of Silesia, =4=, 261.
of Passau, =4=, 306.
of the Mark of Brandenburg, =4=, 437, 440.
_See also_ Blood accusation, the; Child murder.

=Hosts, God of=, meaning of, =1=, 130-1.

=House of Commons=, the, passes the Statute of Judaism, =3=, 642.

“=House of God=, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, =5=,
54.

“=House of Jacob=,” first Amsterdam synagogue, =4=, 667.

=House of the Forest of Lebanon=, Solomon’s armory, =1=, 108.

=Howan=, the Temple of, Jewish children brought up as Magians
in, =2=, 629.

=Howdon=, Lord, on the Damascus affair, =5=, 656.

=Hubmaier, Balthasar=, Anabaptist, agitates against the Jews,
=4=, 542-3.

=Huesca=, the Jews of, excommunicate the anti-Maimunists, =3=, 537.
the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Huet, Peter Daniel=, and Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 22.

=Huete=, meeting of the deputies of Castile congregations
at, =3=, 617.
the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 170.

=Hufnagel=, translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” =5=, 404.

=Hugh=, chaplain of Toulouse, and the Jews, =3=, 174.

=Hugh Capet=, of France, death of, said to have been caused by the
Jews, =3=, 242.

=Hujej Ibn-Achtab=, chief of the Benu-Nadhir, =3=, 78.
induces Arabian tribes to make war against Mahomet, =3=, 79, 80.
killed, =3=, 81.
daughter of, =3=, 83.

=Hulagu=, Tartar sultan, ravages of, =3=, 606.
founder of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, =3=, 638.

=Huldah=, prophetess under Josiah, =1=, 286, 293.

=Humanists=, the, espouse Reuchlin’s cause, =4=, 456.
courted by Leo X, =4=, 465.
favor Charles V’s election, =4=, 468.

=Humboldt, Wilhelm von=, relation of, to Henrietta Herz, =5=, 423.
draws up a constitution for Germany, =5=, 514.

=Huna=, on the refugees from Sepphoris, =2=, 571.

=Huna= (212-297), Babylonian Amora, chief teacher at Sora, =2=, 545.
agriculturist, =2=, 545.
and Chama ben Anilaï, =2=, 546.
charitableness of, =2=, 546.
presides over the Metibta, =2=, 547-8.
death of, =2=, 548.
and Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 552.
and Chasda, =2=, 553.
and Mar-Sheshet, =2=, 553-4.

=Huna=, Exilarch, buried in Judæa, =2=, 455, 509.

=Huna bar Nathan=, at the court of Jezdijird, =2=, 610.

=Huna ben Chiya=, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, wealth
of, =2=, 576.
opposition to, =2=, 577.
death of, =2=, 577.

=Huna ben Joshua=, teacher at the academy of Nares, =2=, 593-4.

=Huna-Mar= (488-508), Exilarch, Amora, =2=, 631; =3=, 3.

=Huna-Mari=, Exilarch, executed by Firuz, =2=, 629.
learned in the Law, =2=, 631.

=Hunaï=, Gaon of Sora, reforms the divorce law, =3=, 92.

=Hundt, Hartwig=, pamphlet by, against the Jews, =5=, 532.

=Hungary=, adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 569.
Jews invited into, =3=, 613.
Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, =4=, 263.
Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, =4=, 497.
Polish-Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 208.
rabbis of, protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, =5=,
682.

=Hungary, the Jews of=, condition of, in early days, =3=, 520.
possess the right of coinage, =3=, 521.
farmers of salt mines and taxes, =3=, 521.
kindly treated by Andreas, =3=, 521.
the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council enforced against, =3=,
521.
indispensable to the prosperity of the country, =3=, 613.
proscribed by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614-15.
banished by Louis I, =4=, 111.
liturgy of, arranged by Maharil, =4=, 225.
urged to emigrate to Turkey, =4=, 271-2.
Sabbatians, =5=, 149.
modify their divine service, =5=, 582.

=Huns=, the, incursions of, =2=, 604.
aid Kobad, =3=, 2.

=Huozmann.= _See_ Rüdiger.

=Hurwitz, Isaiah= (Sheloh), devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 52, 55.

=Hurwitz, Phineas Levi= (1740-1802), rabbi of Frankfort, opposes
Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 331.
death of, =5=, 566.

=Hurwitz, Sabbataï=, draws up penitential prayers, =5=, 13.

=Hurwitz, Salkind=, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish
question, =5=, 434.
in the National Guards, =5=, 443.

=Hushai=, David’s favorite, =1=, 122.
faithful to David in Absalom’s rebellion, =1=, 141-2.
pretends to submit to Absalom, =1=, 142-3.

=Huss, John=, attacks the papacy, =4=, 221.
condemned to death, =4=, 221-2.

=Hussite war=, the, and the Jews, =4=, 222.
cruelties of, =4=, 224-6.
German Jews in sympathy with, =4=, 226.

=Hussites=, the, hated by Emperor Albert II, =4=, 249.
excite Catholic bigotry, =4=, 258.
protect the Jews of Ratisbon, =4=, 301.
the Dominicans threaten to ally themselves with, =4=, 459.

=Hutten, Ulrich von=, agent at the imperial court, instructed to aid
the Jews, =4=, 431.
espouses Reuchlin’s cause, =4=, 456-7.
supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 462.
enemy of ecclesiastical domination, =4=, 465.
favors Charles V, =4=, 468.
in the pantomime on the Reformation, =4=, 468.

=Hypatia=, killed by monks, =2=, 619.

=Hyrcanion=, fortress, built by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 46.
held by a sister of Antigonus, =2=, 94.

=Hyrcanists=, the, Hyrcanus II’s party, defend the Temple, =2=, 65.

=Hyrcanus I, John=, son of Simon Tharsi, =1=, 520.
lives at Gazara, =1=, 525.
defeats Cendebæus, =1=, 529.
escapes from Ptolemy ben Habub, =1=, 530-1.
mother of, imprisoned, =1=, 531; =2=, 2.
reign of, =2=, 1.
contest of, with Ptolemy ben Habub, =2=, 2-3.
besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, =2=, 3-4.
sends an embassy to Rome, =2=, 4-5.
furnishes Syria troops against Parthia, =2=, 5.
acknowledges Alexander Zabina king of Syria, =2=, 6.
Samaritan campaign of, =2=, 7-8.
destroys the Temple on Gerizim, =2=, 8.
converts the Idumæans forcibly to Judaism, =2=, 8-9.
appeals to Rome, =2=, 9.
besieges Samaria, =2=, 9.
destroys Samaria, =2=, 10.
conquests of, =2=, 11-12.
has coins struck, =2=, 12.
worldly ambition of, =2=, 13.
erects a mausoleum at Modin, =2=, 14.
employs Pharisees and Sadducees, =2=, 31.
offended by the Pharisees, =2=, 32-3.
fills the high offices with Sadducees, =2=, 33.
death of, =2=, 33.
sons of, =2=, 34.

=Hyrcanus I, John, the wife of=, queen, supplanted by Aristobulus
I, =2=, 35.
imprisonment and death of, =2=, 36.

=Hyrcanus II=, son of Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 47.
proclaimed high priest, =2=, 48, 76.
conspiracy against, =2=, 56.
accession and character of, =2=, 57.
defeated at Jericho by Aristobulus, =2=, 58.
deprived of the royal dignity, =2=, 58.
aided by the Nabathæan king, =2=, 59.
refuses to supply the sacrificial lamb during the siege of
Jerusalem, =2=, 60.
summoned to Damascus, =2=, 63.
favored by Pompey, =2=, 64.
made ethnarch, =2=, 66, 76.
leaves Jerusalem, =2=, 70.
petitioned to punish Herod, =2=, 78.
permits the Synhedrion to summon Herod, =2=, 78.
reproved by Shemaya, =2=, 79.
adjourns the Synhedrion, =2=, 79.
takes counsel with Malich, =2=, 80.
mutilated, =2=, 82.
dethroned, =2=, 82-3.
taken captive to Babylon, =2=, 83.
welcomed by the Babylonian Judæans, =2=, 90.
returns to Palestine, =2=, 91.
executed, =2=, 96.
descendants of, in Nahardea, =2=, 551.

=Hyrcanus=, son of Joseph, his father’s representative in Egypt,
=1=, 429-30.
favored by Ptolemy IV, =1=, 430.
rebuked for extravagance, =1=, 430.
successor of his father, =1=, 431-2.
flees to Alexandria, =1=, 432.
in favor with Ptolemy V, =1=, 437.
wealth of, =1=, 437.
betrayed by the Hellenists, =1=, 444.
tax-collector for the king of Egypt, =1=, 444.

=Hyrkania=, Judæans banished to, =1=, 408.

=I=

=Ibbur=, impregnation of the soul, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 621.

=Ibbur=, work on the calendar by Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 283.
_See also_ Calendar.

=Iberia=, early Jewish settlements in, =3=, 35. _See_ Spain.

=Ibleam=, Zechariah, king of Israel, murdered at, =1=, 243.

=Ibn-Abbas.= _See_ Jehuda and Samuel Ibn-Abbas.

=Ibn-Abbas=, plots to depose Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 258.

=Ibn-Abi Musa=, plots to depose Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 258.

=Ibn-Abi Obsaibiya=, physician, colleague of Abraham Maimuni, =3=,
495.

=Ibn-Abitur.= _See_ Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.

=Ibn-Abitur family=, the, opposes Chanoch ben Moses, =3=, 238.

=Ibn-Albalia.= _See_ Baruch Ibn-Albalia; Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.

=Ibn-Albalia family=, the, early settlement of, in Spain, =3=, 43.

=Ibn-Alfachar.= _See_ Abraham Ibn-Alfachar; Jehuda bar Joseph
Ibn-Alfachar.

=Ibn-Alfachar family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=,
235, 537.

=Ibn-Alfara=, Arabic poet, elegy by, =3=, 279.

=Ibn-Aljami.= _See_ Nathaniel.

=Ibn-Alruchi= (Arruchi). _See_ David Alrui.

=Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.= _See_ Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste
Halevi.

=Ibn-Chabib.= _See_ Jacob Ibn-Chabib.

=Ibn-Chasdaï.= _See_ Abraham ben Chasdaï; Samuel ben Abraham
Ibn-Chasdaï.

=Ibn-Daud.= _See_ Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi; Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Chayuj).

=Ibn-Daud family=, the, traces descent from David, =3=, 43.

=Ibn-Daudi=, the, descendants of the last Exilarch, settle in
Spain, =3=, 254.

=Ibn-Ezra.= _See_ Abraham ben Meïr; Abuhajaj Joseph; Abu-Ibrahim
Isaac; Abulhassan Jehuda; Isaac ben Abraham; Jacob;
Jehuda; Moses.

=Ibn-Ezra family=, the, Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut a member of, =3=, 215.
of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 235.

=Ibn-Falyaj family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 236.

=Ibn-Farussal.= _See_ Solomon Ibn-Farussal.

=Ibn-Gebirol.= _See_ Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

=Ibn-Giat.= _See_ Isaac ben Jehuda; Judah.

=Ibn-Giat family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 236.

=Ibn-G’ikatilia.= _See_ Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia; Moses ben Samuel
Ibn-G’ikatilia.

=Ibn-Janach.= _See_ Jonah Marinus.

=Ibn-Jau.= _See_ Jacob Ibn-Jau.

=Ibn-Kamnial.= _See_ Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial.

=Ibn-Labi.= _See_ Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

=Ibn-Migash.= _See_ Joseph ben Meïr; Meïr ben Joseph.

=Ibn-Migash family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 236.

=Ibn-Misha’l=, Jewish diplomat, =3=, 284.

=Ibn-Nagrela.= _See_ Joseph Ibn-Nagrela; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

=Ibn-Raz=, assailant of Rabbinical Judaism in Leo Modena’s work,
=5=, 73-4.

=Ibn-Roshd.= _See_ Averroës.

=Ibn-Rumahis=, Moorish admiral, captures and sells the four
emissaries from Sora, =3=, 203, 208, 209.

=Ibn-Sahal.= _See_ Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.

=Ibn-Sahula= (1245), fabulist, =3=, 560.

=Ibn-Said= (Sid). _See_ Zag Ibn-Said.

=Ibn-Sakbel.= _See_ Solomon Ibn-Sakbel.

=Ibn-Sakviyah=, Karaite writer, opposed by Saadiah, =3=, 192.

=Ibn-Satanas.= _See_ Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.

=Ibn-Shalbib.= _See_ Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib.

=Ibn-Shem Tob.= _See_ Joseph ben Shem Tob; Shem Tob ben Joseph
Ibn-Shem-Tob.

=Ibn-Shoshan.= _See_ Abraham; Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan; Solomon
ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan.

=Ibn-Shoshan family=, the, members of, die from the Black
Death, =4=, 113.

=Ibn-Sina= (Avicenna), Mahometan interpreter of Aristotle, =3=, 478.

=Ibn-Tibbon.= _See_ Jacob ben Machir; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben Saul;
Moses; Samuel.

=Ibn-Verga.= _See_ Joseph; Judah; Solomon.

=Ibn-Vives.= _See_ Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

=Ibn-Wakar.= _See_ Jehuda; Samuel.

=Ibn-Yachya.= _See_ David; David Negro; Gedalya; Gedalya I; Gedalya
II; Joseph; Moses; Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

=Ibn-Yachya family=, the, Turkish branch of, =4=, 609.
Italian branch of, =4=, 616.

=Ibn-Yachya-Negro.= _See_ David; Judah.

=Ibn-Yachya-Negro=, two brothers, favorites of Alfonso V, of
Portugal, =4=, 339.

=Ibn-Yaish=, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI, of Castile, =4=,
84.

=Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj.= _See_ Jehuda Ibn-Daud.

=Ibn-Zadik.= _See_ Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik.

=Ibrahim=, sultan, war of, with Venice, =5=, 119.

=Ibzan=, judge, =1=, 66.

=Icabo=, character in Samuel Usque’s work, =4=, 558, 559, 560.

=Idolatry=, among the Egyptians, =1=, 9-10.
practiced by the Israelites in Egypt, =1=, 11.
among the Israelites in the desert, =1=, 23-4.
of the Israelites at Baal-Peor, =1=, 28.
the Israelites reclaimed from, by Samuel, =1=, 75-6.
under Solomon, =1=, 175.
under Jeroboam, =1=, 186-7.
under Omri, =1=, 195-6.
under Jezebel, =1=, 197-8.
under Joram, =1=, 209.
under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
under Menahem, =1=, 244, 247.
under Ahaz, =1=, 260-1.
removed by Hezekiah, =1=, 268.
under Manasseh, =1=, 282-3.
uprooted by Josiah, =1=, 294-5.
relapse into, under Jehoiakim, =1=, 299-300.
under Jehoiachin, =1=, 306.
practiced by Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 326-7.
among the Babylonian exiles, =1=, 332, 339, 340.
stamped out among the Judæans by the fall of Babylon, =1=, 350.
laws against, inviolate under all circumstances, =2=, 424.
regulations against, in the Mishna, =2=, 476-8.
practiced by the Arabs, =3=, 72.
_See also_ Astarte; Baal, the worship of.

=Idumæa=, urges Zedekiah to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 310.
ruled by procurators, =2=, 137.
Eleazar ben Ananias governor of, =2=, 270.

=Idumæan=, applied to Herod and Rome, =2=, 114-15.

=Idumæans=, the, antagonize the Israelites in the desert, =1=, 27.
characteristics of, =1=, 55.
relations of, to the Israelites, =1=, 56-9.
routed by Othniel, =1=, 60.
attracted to Palestine under Solomon, =1=, 173.
gain independence, =1=, 185.
revolt of, from Judah, =1=, 209.
conquered by Amaziah, =1=, 222-3.
attack Jerusalem under Uzziah, =1=, 226-7.
defeated by Uzziah, =1=, 230.
allies of Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 314.
molest fugitive Judæans, =1=, 318.
appropriate Judæan territory, =1=, 325-6.
settled to the south of Judæa, =1=, 355.
in possession of Judæan territory, =1=, 435.
hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, =1=, 473, 474.
defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474.
hostile to Judæa under John Hyrcanus, =2=, 7.
forcibly converted to Judaism, =2=, 8-9.
colony of, in Samaria, =2=, 9, 10.
expeditions of, against Simon bar Giora, =2=, 293.
help the Zealots against Anan, =2=, 295-6.
disliked by the Zealots and the Moderates, =2=, 296.
allied with the aristocratic party, =2=, 298.
one of the factions in Jerusalem, =2=, 301.
try to make terms with Titus, =2=, 309.

=Ifra-Ormuzd=, mother of Shabur II, leans towards Judaism, =2=,
580, 592-3.
generous towards the Pumbeditha academy, =2=, 581.
protects the Jews, =2=, 592.
assists Raba bar Joseph, =2=, 592.

=Iggaron=, Hebrew lexicon by Saadiah, =3=, 190.

=Iggeret Teman=, by Maimonides, =3=, 462-4.

=Ignatius=, Christian martyr, =2=, 621.

=Ijon=, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.

=Ikkarim=, work by Joseph Albo, =4=, 239.

=Ilai=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.

=Ilhas Perdidas.= _See_ San Thomas.

=Illiberis (Elvira), the Council of=, forbids Christians to trade
with Jews, =2=, 620.
anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 43, 44.

=Illyria=, synagogues of, protected by Arcadius, =2=, 616.
the Jews of, autonomous, =3=, 27.

=Ilpha=, companion of Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=, 493.

=Imam=, founder of the Fatimide dynasty, =3=, 212.

=Imamate=, the, the high priesthood among the Mahometans, =3=, 110.

=Immaculate Conception=, the, dogma of, attacked by Chasdaï
Crescas, =4=, 187.

=Immanuel ben Solomon Romi= (1265-1330), poet, under Maimunist
influence, =3=, 630; =4=, 60.
characterization of, =4=, 63-4.
position of, in the Roman Jewish community, =4=, 64-5.
friend of Dante, =4=, 65.
works of, =4=, 65-7.
place of, in neo-Hebraic poetry, =4=, 67; =5=, 112.
in Fermo, =4=, 68.
on the poets of his time, =4=, 68.

=Immorality=, under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233-4.
under Jotham, =1=, 249-50.
under Ahaz, =1=, 261.
under Jehoiakim, =1=, 300.
under Zerubbabel, =1=, 358.
of the Judæan aristocracy, =2=, 234.
of Judæans under the Roman dominion, =2=, 237-8.
among the Jews of Babylonia, =2=, 516-17, 579.
among the Marranos at Amsterdam, =4=, 680.
among the Jews of Prussia, =5=, 419-20, 422.

=Immortality of the soul=, the dogma of, in the “Guide of the
Perplexed,” =3=, 482, 488.
Maimonides’ treatment of, attacked, =3=, 524.
in the Kabbala, =3=, 554.
doubt cast upon, by the French thinkers, =5=, 305-6.
Mendelssohn tries to restore the belief in, =5=, 306-7.

=Imnestar=, the Jews of, punished for Purim pleasantry, =2=, 621.

=Imrulkais Ibn-Hojr=, Arabic poet, protected by Samuel Ibn-Adiya,
=3=, 68-9.

“=In Praise= and Honor of Emperor Maximilian,” anti-Jewish pamphlet
by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 439.

“=In Refutation= of Anan,” by Saadiah, =3=, 189.

=Incarnation, the dogma of=, refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas,
=4=, 141.
expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=, 182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 187.
criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=, 235.
in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
Jews averse to, =5=, 420.
belief in, threatened, =5=, 682.

=Index expurgatorius=, the, Kabbalistic writings on, =4=, 584.

=India=, trade with, under Solomon, =1=, 170.
Uzziah revives the trade with, =1=, 230.
Jews settle in, =2=, 629-30.
south Arabian Jews trade with, =3=, 54, 57.
under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, =3=, 429.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 435-6.
desire of the Portuguese to reach, =4=, 367.

=Infessura=, chancellor of Rome, on Sixtus IV, =4=, 321.

=Informers=, among the Jewish Christians, =2=, 378-9.
during Hadrian’s persecutions, =2=, 425-6.
under Severus, =2=, 464-5.
against the Jews of Sepphoris, =2=, 570.
the excommunication of, revived, =3=, 378.
decree against, by the Mayence synod, =3=, 517.
against Jews in Spain, =4=, 155-6.

=Innocent II=, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, =3=, 376.

=Innocent III=, pope, persecutes Raymond VI of Toulouse, =3=,
400, 501-2.
preaches the third crusade, =3=, 405.
refuses to sanction Philip Augustus’ marriage, =3=, 406.
baneful influence of, =3=, 496.
protects the Jews against the crusaders, =3=, 496-7.
and Pedro II of Aragon, =3=, 497-8.
reproaches Philip Augustus with disregard of anti-Jewish decrees,
=3=, 498-9.
reprimands Alfonso III of Castile for kindly treatment of
Jews, =3=, 499.
threatens excommunication for intercourse with Jews, =3=, 499.
threatens Count Nevers for favoring the Jews, =3=, 500.
organizes the Albigensian crusade, =3=, 502.
asked to decree a crusade against the Mahometans, =3=, 507.
convokes the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 508-9.
introduces Jew badges, =3=, 511-12.
death of, =3=, 513.
anti-Jewish decrees of, enforced in southern France, =3=, 518.
anti-Jewish decrees of, in Hungary, =3=, 520-1.
degrades the Jews, =3=, 563.
Jewish constitution of, re-issued, =3=, 564.
anti-Jewish decrees of, confirmed, =3=, 611.

=Innocent IV=, pope, appealed to, in behalf of the Talmud, =3=, 579.
condemns the blood accusation, =3=, 583-5, 635.
opposes the forcible baptism of Jews, =4=, 165.

=Innocent VII=, pope, opposes the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 346.

=Innocent VIII=, pope, urges the establishment of the Portuguese
Inquisition, =4=, 368.

=Innocents=, the, legend concerning the slaughter of, =2=, 116.

“=Inquiry= into Light and Truth,” directed against Mendelssohn, =5=,
363.

“=Inquiry= into Probability,” essay by Mendelssohn, =5=, 299.

=Inquisition=, the, established in France, =3=, 542.
meets opposition in Navarre, =4=, 357.
established at Benevento, =4=, 385.
condemns Molcho to the stake, =4=, 506-7.
at Rome authorized, =4=, 525.
burns the Talmud and other Hebrew writings in Italy, =4=, 565.
tries the Marranos of Ancona, =4=, 568, 570.
permits the printing of the Zohar, =4=, 583.
persecutes the Bologna Jews, =4=, 590-1.
in the Netherlands, =4=, 601, 662.
the Jews of Italy put under, =4=, 654.
cruelties of, to Jews, recounted by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 31-2.

=Inquisition, the Portuguese=, commission for the establishment
of, =4=, 365.
planned by João III, =4=, 490.
idea of, abandoned, =4=, 490-1.
plans for, mooted, =4=, 499-500.
establishment of, opposed, =4=, 500, 505.
established by Clement VII, =4=, 507.
inhumanity of, complained of by the Marranos, =4=, 509.
proceedings of, stopped by Clement VII, =4=, 513.
power of, abrogated by Clement VII, =4=, 514.
commission on, =4=, 514-15.
reconsideration of, ordered by Paul III, =4=, 516.
arrested by Paul III, =4=, 517.
sanctioned by Paul III, =4=, 518, 527.
cruelty of, =4=, 519-20.
practically abrogated by Paul III, =4=, 520.
rules of, enforced, =4=, 521.
crippled, =4=, 522.
described by Samuel Usque, =4=, 522.
described by an assembly of cardinals, =4=, 523.
imprisons Marranos, =4=, 670.

=Inquisition, the Spanish=, first germs of, =4=, 167.
deals with Judaizing Marranos, =4=, 256.
and the Jews, =4=, 308.
established by Ferdinand and Isabella, =4=, 309.
views on the establishment of, =4=, 310.
authorized by Sixtus IV, =4=, 311.
commission to frame the statute for, =4=, 312.
statute of, ratified, =4=, 312.
judges of, =4=, 312.
established in Seville, =4=, 312-13.
distrust of, =4=, 313.
orders the surrender of fugitive Marranos, =4=, 313-14.
first victims of, =4=, 314.
publishes the Edict of Grace, =4=, 315.
heresy defined by, =4=, 315-16.
first auto-da-fé ordered by, =4=, 317.
cruelty of, censured by Sixtus IV, =4=, 318-19.
established in Aragon, =4=, 319, 330.
opposition to, in Aragon, =4=, 319, 328-9.
opposition to, in Sicily, =4=, 319-20.
judges of, cannot be Marranos, =4=, 321.
rigors of, modified by Sixtus IV, =4=, 322.
confined at first to the southern part of the country, =4=, 323.
description of, by Samuel Usque, =4=, 324-5.
tribunals of, established by Torquemada, =4=, 325.
in Ferdinand’s hereditary lands, =4=, 325-6.
code of, by Torquemada, =4=, 326-8.
the introduction of, resisted by the northern provinces, =4=, 332.
increase of the victims of, =4=, 332.
established in Barcelona and Majorca, =4=, 332.
described by Isaac Arama, =4=, 332.
in Seville, =4=, 335.
turned against the enemies of the Jews, =4=, 355.
victims of, under Torquemada, =4=, 356.
evil effects of, =4=, 356.
described by Peter Martyr, =4=, 484.
Christian victims of, =4=, 485.
executes Marranos denounced by David Reubeni, =4=, 511.

=Interest=, the charging of, forbidden by the Council of Narbonne,
=3=, 518. _See under_ Usury.

=Intermarriages=, between the heathen and the Israelites, =1=, 56-7.
between the Judæans and the Samaritans, =1=, 361-2, 383.
with Ammonites and Moabites prohibited, =1=, 362.
Ezra on, with the heathen, =1=, 367-9.
law against, expounded by Ezra, =1=, 380.
dissolved by Nehemiah, =1=, 386.
between Jews and Christians forbidden by Constantius, =2=, 567.
forbidden by the Council of Illiberis, =2=, 620.
in Gaul, =3=, 36.
between the Vangioni and Jewish women, =3=, 41.
in Spain in the sixth century, =3=, 44.
prohibited by the Council of Toledo and Reccared, =3=, 46.
between Jews and Arabs, =3=, 56-7.
supposed to be prevented by Jew badges, =3=, 511.
in Hungary, =3=, 521.
in southern Spain, =3=, 527.
denounced by Moses of Coucy, =3=, 546.
prohibited by the code of Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
objected to by the Remonstrants, =4=, 674.
discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 489, 491.
discussed by the French Synhedrion, =5=, 496-7.
permitted in Mecklenburg, =5=, 507.

“=Investigation= into the Evidences of Christianity against
Unbelievers,” by Caspar Bonnet, =5=, 309.

“=Investigation= of Religion, The,” by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 293.

“=Investigation= of Van Swieden’s Work in Reference to the Civil
Rights of the Jews,” by Friedrichsfeld, =5=, 454.

=Ionians=, the, buy Judæans as slaves, =1=, 227.

=Ipsus=, battle of, =1=, 417.

=Irak=, name for Babylonia among the Arabs, =3=, 89.
divided in jurisdiction between Sora and Pumbeditha, =3=, 98.
_See_ Babylonia.

=Isaac=, ambassador from Simon II to Nahar-Pakod, =2=, 443-4.

=Isaac=, father of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, patron of men of letters, =3=,
216, 224.

=Isaac=, the Jew attached to Charlemagne’s embassy to Haroun
Alrashid, =3=, 143.

=Isaac.= _See_ Mar-Isaac.

=Isaac of Accho=, Kabbalist, at the siege of Accho, =3=, 650.
suspicious of the authenticity of the Zohar, =4=, 20.

=Isaac the Blind= (1190-1210), founder of the Kabbala, doctrines and
disciples of, =3=, 547-8.

=Isaac the Elder.= _See_ Isaac ben Samuel.

=Isaac de Leon=, last rabbi of Toledo, disciple of, =4=, 392.

=Isaac of Mayence=, repentant, apostate, =3=, 303.

=Isaac of Salzuflen=, refused the right of settlement in Hamburg,
=4=, 685-6.

=Isaac of Vienna=, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, =3=, 409.

=Isaac the Younger.= _See_ Isaac ben Abraham.

=Isaac ben Joseph=, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, =2=, 567.

=Isaac ben Abba-Mari=, Talmudist, =3=, 399-400.

=Isaac ben Abraham= (Rizba, the Younger), Tossafist, =3=, 408.

=Isaac ben Abraham Akrish= (1489-1575), Spanish exile, wanderings
of, =4=, 386.

=Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Ezra=, accompanies his father on his journeys,
=3=, 369, 375.
apostate to Islam, =3=, 442.

=Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif= (1220-1290), Kabbalist, system
of, =4=, 3-4.

=Isaac ben Abraham Troki= (1533-1596), Karaite writer, antagonizes
Christianity, =4=, 648-9.

=Isaac ben Asher Halevi= (Riba), of Speyer, Tossafist, =3=, 345.

=Isaac ben Baruch Albalia= (1035-1094), descent of, =3=, 282.
at Cordova and Granada, =3=, 283.
works of, =3=, 283.
escapes the massacre of Granada, =3=, 283.
as astronomer, =3=, 283.
chief of the Jews of Seville, =3=, 283-4.
hostility of, to Alfassi, =3=, 313.
descendant of, =3=, 364.

=Isaac ben Eliakim=, rabbi of Würzburg, martyr, =3=, 354.

=Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi= (Alkalaï, 1013-1103), Talmudist, disciple
of Nissim and Chananel, =3=, 282, 285.
originality of, =3=, 285-6.
death of, =3=, 309.
elegies on, =3=, 310, 323.
makes Lucena famous, =3=, 311.
hostility of, to Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 313.
disciples of, distinguished, =3=, 314.
successor of, =3=, 315.
college of, attended by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 322.
commentaries of, annotated by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, =3=, 389.
commentary on the Talmudic work of, by Jonathan of Lünel, =3=, 397.
method of, followed by Nachmani, =3=, 532.
Talmudic decisions by, justified by Nachmani, =3=, 532.

=Isaac ben Jacob Campanton= (1360-1463), Talmudist, =4=, 230.

=Isaac ben Jacob Halaban=, Tossafist, =3=, 421.

=Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat= (1030-1089), poet, philosopher, Talmudist,
=3=, 282, 284.
disciple of, =3=, 314.

=Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil=, author of a religious manual, =3=, 587.

=Isaac ben Joseph Caro=, escapes from Portugal, =4=, 378.

=Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II=, astronomer, =4=, 51.

=Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel= (1437-1509), descent of, =4=,
169, 337.
friend of Yechiel of Pisa, =4=, 286-7.
collects a ransom for Jewish prisoners, =4=, 287, 339.
minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella, =4=, 336-7, 343.
character and ability of, =4=, 337.
financier for Alfonso V of Portugal, =4=, 337-8.
noble and learned friends of, =4=, 338, 341.
instructs the Italian Jews how to receive the Portuguese
embassy, =4=, 340.
family of, =4=, 340, 360, 383-4, 408-10.
flees to Toledo, =4=, 341.
as commentator, =4=, 342-3.
orthodoxy of, =4=, 342.
protects the Castilian Jews, =4=, 343-4.
tries to have the edict of banishment revoked, =4=, 348.
goes to Naples, =4=, 359.
commentary by, on the Books of Kings, =4=, 359.
employed by kings of Naples, =4=, 359, 360.
in Sicily, =4=, 383-4.
in Venice, =4=, 385.
consulted by the Venetian senate, =4=, 385-6.
old age of, =4=, 386.
censures the impure language of the German Jews, =4=, 388-9.
death of, =4=, 409.
condemns free thinkers, =4=, 479.
and Messianic expectations, =4=, 482.

=Isaac ben Leon=, a Granada Jew, supports Balkin, =3=, 258.

=Isaac ben Meïr= of Rameru, grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, =3=,
345, 375.

=Isaac ben Mordecai= (Maëstro Gayo), physician, =3=, 628.

=Isaac ben Moses.= _See_ Profiat Duran.

=Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni=, given the title Gaon at Pumbeditha, =3=,
282, 284-5.
awakens interest in Talmud studies in Bagdad, =3=, 429.

=Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni=, Talmudist and liturgical poet, =3=,
284.

=Isaac ben Samuel= (Ri, the Elder), great-grandson of Rashi,
Tossafist, completes Rashi’s commentary, =3=, 403.
college of, =3=, 403-4.
collects the “old Tossafoth,” =3=, 404.
son of, a martyr, =3=, 404.
forbids Jews to buy confiscated property, =3=, 406-7.