Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (9)

=Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat= (Ribash, 1310-1409), Talmudist, =4=,
145-6, 148.
disciple of Solomon ben Adret, =4=, 147.
opposed to the study of science, =4=, 147.
rigid piety of, =4=, 147, 148, 149.
rabbi of Saragossa, =4=, 148.
opposes Chayim ben Gallipapa’s innovations, =4=, 149.
authority of, =4=, 149-50.
imprisonment of, =4=, 150.
appealed to, in a dispute about the French chief rabbinate, =4=,
150, 153.
chief rabbi of Tlemçen, =4=, 198-9.
protects Marrano fugitives, =4=, 199.
attacked by Simon Duran, =4=, 199.

=Isaac ben Simeon=, a Spanish Jew, has the Jewish prayers
compiled, =3=, 178.

=Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I= (845-940), physician, medical author,
and philosopher, =3=, 180-1.
admiration of, for Saadiah, =3=, 192.
influence of, on Jewish science in the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 211.

=Isaac ben Todros=, Kabbalist, disciple of, =4=, 74.

=Isaac Ibn-Albalia.= _See_ Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.

=Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia=, disciple of Menachem ben Saruk, defends
him, =3=, 227.
poet, =3=, 237.
teacher of Ibn-Janach, =3=, 261.

=Isaac Ibn-Sahal=, teacher of Ibn-Janach, =3=, 261.

=Isaac (Zag) Ibn-Said=, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, =4=, 367.

=Isaac Ibn-Sakni.= _See_ Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni.

=Isaac Ibn-Zachin=, commits suicide to avoid baptism, =4=, 376.

=Isaac (I) Abrabanel.= _See_ Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel.

=Isaac (II) Abrabanel=, son of Isaac ben Judah, physician, =4=,
340, 385.

=Isaac (III) Abrabanel=, son of Judah Leon, baptized, =4=, 361.

=Isaac Albalag=, philosopher, mysticism of, =4=, 24.
accused of heresy, =4=, 342.

=Isaac Arama=, on the Inquisition, =4=, 332.

=Isaac Benveniste=, physician, tries to prevent anti-Jewish
legislation, =3=, 508.
has delegates sent to the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509.
tries to have the decree on Jew badges repealed, =3=, 513.
honored by Honorius III, =3=, 515.

=Isaac Bonastruc=, has a tax imposed on Marrano fugitives, =4=, 199.

=Isaac Cohen Shalal=, Nagid of Egypt, wealth and learning
of, =4=, 392.
in Jerusalem, =4=, 398.

=Isaac Halevi=, of Worms, on Rashi, =3=, 287.

=Isaac Hamon.= _See_ Hamon, Isaac.

=Isaac Israeli I.= _See_ Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.

=Isaac Israeli II.= _See_ Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.

=Isaac Lurya Levi= (1534-1572), descent and youth of, =4=, 618.
under the influence of the Zohar, =4=, 618-19.
evolves a system from the Zohar, =4=, 619-22.
considers himself the Messiah of the branch of Joseph, =4=,
622, 624.
goes to Safet, =4=, 622.
glorified by Chayim Vital Calabrese, =4=, 623-4.
disciples of, =4=, 624.
glorified after death, =4=, 624-5.
principles of, taught in Italy, =4=, 625.
harm done by, =4=, 625-7; =5=, 559.
lays stress on devotion in prayer, =4=, 626.
the Sabbath in the system of, =4=, 626.
introduces a second Day of Atonement, =4=, 626.
influence of, on the Judaism of the seventeenth century, =5=, 51-2.
disciples of, spread his Kabbala, =5=, 52.
manuscripts by, =5=, 53-4.
Kabbala of, accepted by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 118, 119.
Messianic speculations in the works of, =5=, 120-1.
works of, studied by Chelebi, =5=, 125.
Jerusalem Jews adherents of, =5=, 125.
writings of, influence Luzzatto, =5=, 236.
prayer book of, used by the Chassidim, =5=, 386-7.

=Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos=, polemic works by, =4=, 234.
Bible concordance by, =4=, 234-5.

=Isaac Pulgar=, refutes the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, =4=, 82.
philosopher, =4=, 91.

=Isaac Sanjari=, converts Bulan to Judaism, =3=, 140.

=Isaac Triest=, Jewish advocate before Maximilian I, =4=, 436-7.

=Isaac Tyrnau=, compiles the customs of various communities, =4=, 134.
orthodoxy of, =4=, 227.

=Isaac Zarfati=, urges the German Jews to emigrate to Turkey,
=4=, 271-3.

=Isaacs=, the five, =3=, 282.

=Isabella I=, the Catholic, of Castile, candidate for the
throne, =4=, 279.
marriage of, =4=, 280.
accession of, =4=, 284.
superstition of, =4=, 310.
hesitates to sanction the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 311.
attitude of, towards the Marranos, =4=, 311-12.
annoyed by opposition to the Inquisition, =4=, 320.
_See also_ Ferdinand and Isabella.

=Isabella II=, of Castile, daughter of the preceding, to marry Manoel
of Portugal, =4=, 373.
hostile to the Jews, =4=, 373, 379-80.
demands the banishment of the Jews, =4=, 374.
cruelty of, =4=, 376.
death of, =4=, 381.

=Isabelle=, countess of Chartres, persecutes the Jews of Blois, =3=,
379.

=Isaiah, the Babylonian=, prophet, describes the suffering of the
exiles, =1=, 344.
oratory of, =1=, 344-5.
consolation given by, =1=, 345-6.
describes Israel as the apostle to the nations, =1=, 346-7.
prophesies the fall of Babylon, =1=, 347-8.

=Isaiah, son of Amoz=, prophet, prophecies of, =1=, 251-3.
wife of, =1=, 251.
disciples of, =1=, 253-4, 279. _See_ Anavim, the.
warns Ahaz against the Assyrian alliance, =1=, 258-9.
advises neutrality between Egypt and Assyria, =1=, 270.
reproves Shebna, =1=, 271.
predicts the doom of Assyria, =1=, 272-3.
predicts Sennacherib’s failure, =1=, 273, 276.
exhorts Hezekiah not to surrender, =1=, 275.
reproves Hezekiah for his reception of Merodach-baladan’s
embassy, =1=, 279.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.

=Isaiah, the Book of=, reading of, forbidden by Justinian I, =3=, 15.
commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 373.

=Isaiah ben Abba-Mari=, authorized to ordain disciples in
France, =4=, 152.
relieves Jochanan of his office as chief rabbi, =4=, 152, 162.
appoints his relations to the French rabbinates, =4=, 153.

=Isaiah Chassid=, Sabbatian leader, =5=, 213, 229.

=Isambert=, French deputy, charges Ratti Menton with cruelty, =5=,
650.

=Isavites=, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 125.

=Iscion=, Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.

=Isebab=, teacher of the Law, clerk of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=,
357.
charitably inclined, =2=, 405.
martyr, =2=, 429.

=Ishbi of Gath=, Philistine champion, =1=, 117.

=Ishbosheth=, son of Saul, made king of the Ten Tribes by
Abner, =1=, 108.
peaceable disposition of, =1=, 109.
deserted by Abner, =1=, 110.
mourns Abner, =1=, 112.
death of, =1=, 112.

=Ishmael=, ancestor of the northern Arabs, =3=, 60.

=Ishmael II=, high priest, appointed by Agrippa II, =2=, 246.
envoy to Nero, =2=, 248.

=Ishmael of Akbara=, founds a Karaite sect, =3=, 157.

=Ishmael ben Elisha=, teacher of the Law, opponent of Akiba’s system,
=2=, 355-6.
martyr, =2=, 356, 427-8.
praises Simon ben Nanos, =2=, 358.
nephew of, =2=, 370.
deprecates Minæan influence on Judaism, =2=, 378.
emigrates to Usha, =2=, 405.
at Lydda, =2=, 423.
counsels religious laxness as a measure of self-preservation, =2=,
424.
Meïr disciple of, =2=, 436.
method of, in southern Judæa, =2=, 442.

=Ishmael ben José= (ben Chalafta), teacher of the Law, ill-treated by
the Samaritans, =2=, 457-8.
denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, =2=, 464-5.
denounced, =2=, 465.

=Ishmael Ibn-Nagrela.= _See_ Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

=Ishmael, son of Nethaniah=, protected by Baalis of Ammon, =1=,
317-18.
treacherous to Gedaliah, =1=, 321-2.
kills Gedaliah, =1=, 322.
takes refuge with the Ammonites, =1=, 322-3.
end of, unknown, =1=, 325.

=Ishmael Almansur Ibnul’Kaim=, Fatimide caliph, patron of Dunash ben
Tamim, =3=, 211.

=Ishmael Chanina=, rabbi of Bologna, steadfastness of, =4=, 591.

=Ishmaelites=, the northern Arabians, =3=, 61.

=Isidore=, archbishop of Seville, presides over the Council of
Toledo, =3=, 49.
writes two books against the Jews, =3=, 50.

=Isidorus=, an Alexandrian actuary, hostile to the Judæans, =2=, 181.
envoy of the Greek Alexandrians to Caligula, =2=, 186.

=Isis=, Egyptian goddess, =1=, 9.

=Islam=, the faith of Mahomet, =3=, 71.
intolerance of, =3=, 87-8.
divided on the election of the fourth caliph, =3=, 90.
among the Chazars, =3=, 139.
champion of, tries to convert Bulan, =3=, 139-40.
philosophy of, called Kalâm, =3=, 146-9.
theology affects the Jews of the East, =3=, 148.
objections of, to Judaism, answered by Saadiah, =3=, 198.
conversion to, decreed by Hakim, =3=, 247.
contest of, with Christianity, =3=, 297.
characterized by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 329, 330.
characterized as idolatry by a Jewish writer, =3=, 453.
_See also_ Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam.

=Isle de France=, the inheritance of the kings of France, =3=, 401.
Jews banished from, by Philip Augustus, =3=, 402-3.
the Jews of, not permitted to move to Champagne, =3=, 406.

=Isny=, Hebrew printing house at, =4=, 474.

=Ispahan=, Armenian Jews colonized in, =2=, 591.
called Jehudia, =2=, 591.

=Ispahan, the Jews of=, persecuted by Firuz, =2=, 629.
adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 124.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 434.

=Ispahanites=, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 125.

=Israel (Ten Tribes), the house of=, renounces allegiance to
David, =1=, 140.
revolts from David, =1=, 148-50.
dislike of, to Judah under Solomon, =1=, 174.

=Israel (Ten Tribes), the kingdom of=, first indications of, =1=, 109.
founded by Jeroboam, =1=, 183.
subjects of, worship at Jerusalem, =1=, 185.
idolatry introduced into, by Jeroboam, =1=, 185-7.
loyalty to monotheism in, under Ahab, =1=, 198-9.
luxury in, =1=, 232.
immorality in, under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
idolatry in, under Menahem, =1=, 244, 247.
invaded by Pul, =1=, 246-7.
power of, under Menahem, =1=, 247.
invaded by Tiglath-Pileser II, =1=, 259-60.
inhabitants of, carried to Assyria, =1=, 260.
debauchery of the nobles of, under Hoshea, =1=, 262-3.
end of, =1=, 264-5.
_See also_ Samaria, etc.

=Israel (Ten Tribes), the kings of=, list of:
Ahab,
Ahaziah,
Baasha,
Elah,
Hoshea,
Jehoahaz,
Jehoash,
Jehoram (Joram),
Jehu,
Jeroboam I,
Jeroboam II,
Menahem,
Nadab,
Omri,
Pekah,
Pekahiah,
Shallum,
Tibni,
Zechariah,
Zimri.

=Israel (whole nation)=, history of, by Baruch, =1=, 336-7.
_See under_ Israelites, the.

=Israel, Young=, under Hegel’s influence, =5=, 585.

=Israel of Enns=, charged with host desecration, =4=, 223.

=Israel of Kozieniza=, leader of the Chassidim, =5=, 393.

=Israel of Miedziboz= (Baal Shem, Besht, 1698-1759), founder of the
new Chassidism, =5=, 375.
early life of, =5=, 376.
intense devoutness of, =5=, 376-7.
visions of, =5=, 377.
occupation of, =5=, 378.
miracles done by, =5=, 378.
followers of, =5=, 378-9.
successor of, =5=, 379.
introduces pilgrimages, =5=, 380.
sayings by, =5=, 393.

=Israel Bruna= (1400-1480), rabbi of Ratisbon, =4=, 300, 302.
calumniated by an apostate, =4=, 302, 303.
misfortunes of, =4=, 302.
opposition to, in Ratisbon, =4=, 302-3.
imprisoned, =4=, 303.
protected by Frederick III, =4=, 303-4.
released, =4=, 304.

=Israel Isserlein=, defends Israel Bruna, =4=, 302.
death of, =4=, 303.

=Israel Najara=, Damascus poet, =4=, 609.

=Israel Saruk=, teaches Lurya’s principles in Italy, =4=, 625.

=Israel Zamosc=, teaches Mendelssohn, =5=, 295.

=Israel, Abraham.= _See_ Abraham Israel.

=Israeli I.= _See_ Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.

=Israeli II.= _See_ Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.

=Israelites=, the (whole nation), entry of, into the Holy Land,
=1=, 1, 32.
claim Canaan, =1=, 4-5.
in Egypt, =1=, 7-18.
influenced by the Egyptians, =1=, 8-9, 10.
Egyptian bondmen, =1=, 11.
degenerate in slavery, =1=, 11-12.
liberation of, =1=, 16-18.
pass through the Red Sea, =1=, 18-19.
at Mount Sinai, =1=, 20-1.
influence of the Sinaitic revelation on, =1=, 22.
worship idols in the desert, =1=, 23-4.
wanderings of, in the desert, =1=, 25-31.
elect judges in the desert, =1=, 26.
wars of, in the desert, =1=, 26-9.
opposed by the Idumæans, =1=, 27.
defeat Sihon, =1=, 27.
practice idolatry at Baal-Peor, =1=, 28.
cross the Jordan, =1=, 31.
defeated at Ai, =1=, 33.
defeat the five kings of Canaan, =1=, 34-5.
conquest of Canaan by, =1=, 39-40.
and the heathen practices of the Canaanites, =1=, 51, 57-9.
relation of, to the neighboring nations, =1=, 53-9.
intermarriages of, with the heathen, =1=, 56-7.
oppressed by the Moabites, =1=, 60.
oppressed by the Philistines, =1=, 61.
oppressed by Jabin, =1=, 61.
oppressed by the Midianites, =1=, 61-3.
attacked by the Philistines, =1=, 70-2.
idolatry of, under Samuel, =1=, 75.
warfare of, with the Philistines and Ammonites, =1=, 80.
demand a king, =1=, 80.
choose a king, =1=, 82-3.
condition of, at the beginning of Saul’s reign, =1=, 84.
defeat the Philistines at Michmash, =1=, 86-9.
defeat the Amalekites, =1=, 91-2.
wage war with Achish, =1=, 102-4.
divided into two kingdoms, =1=, 109.
David king of, =1=, 112.
wage war with the Philistines, =1=, 115-18.
champions of, in the Philistine war, =1=, 117.
at war with Moabites, Ammonites, etc., =1=, 125-9.
enlargement of the territory of, =1=, 129-30.
_See also_ Jews, the; Judæans, the.

=Israelites, the (whole nation), the kings of=, list of:
David,
Rehoboam,
Saul,
Solomon.

“=Israelitische Allianz=,” founders and object of, =5=, 703.

“=Israel’s Hope=,” by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 31-2, 33.

=Issachar, the tribe of=, acquires pasture land in the north,
=1=, 36-7.
relation of, to the Phœnicians, =1=, 53.

=Isserlein, Israel.= _See_ Israel Isserlein.

=Isserles.= _See_ Moses ben Israel Isserles.

=Issor=, a proselyte of Machuza, =2=, 587-8.

=Italy=, loses its importance, =2=, 560.
a province of the Byzantine Empire, =3=, 32.
under the Lombards, =3=, 33.
Talmud scholars of, in the tenth century, =3=, 212.
French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.
Austrian exiles settle in, =4=, 224.
tolerance in, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
German rabbis in, hostile to philosophy, =4=, 293.
Marranos flee to, =4=, 318, 485.
Spanish exiles go to, =4=, 352, 407-10.
ships of, carry Spanish exiles, =4=, 358.
Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 387.
Spanish exiles leaders in, =4=, 389.
professorships for Hebrew instituted in, =4=, 471.
Jewish fugitives in, gather in national groups, =4=, 478.
the Kabbala in, =4=, 481; =5=, 488.
liberty of, defended by Clement VII, =4=, 492.
Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 206.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 209.
congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, =5=, 496.
rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
attitude of, towards the Damascus affair, =5=, 650.
_See also under_ Rome.

=Italy, the Jews of=, in the fifth and sixth centuries, =3=, 27-34.
governed by the decrees of Theodosius I, =3=, 29-30.
and Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.
under Theodoric, =3=, 29-30.
Cassiodorus on, =3=, 31.
support Theodatus, =3=, 31-2.
under the Byzantine rule, =3=, 32.
under the Lombards, =3=, 33.
under Pope Gregory I, =3=, 33-4.
devoted to the Agada in the ninth century, =3=, 160.
banishment of, decreed by Louis II, =3=, 174.
yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, =3=, 236.
uncultured in the eleventh century, =3=, 290.
political position of, favorable, =3=, 290.
culture of, before Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 369.
taught the importance of Hebrew grammar, =3=, 371.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 421-4.
not interested in Talmud study, =3=, 421.
favorable condition of, under Alexander III, =3=, 421.
speak four languages, =3=, 423.
influence of Abraham Ibn-Ezra on, =3=, 423.
address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, =3=, 620.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 624.
refuse to support Solomon Petit, =3=, 627-8.
political condition of, in the thirteenth century, =3=, 628.
influenced by Maimonides’ philosophical works, =3=, 629-30.
culture of, in the fourteenth century, =4=, 59.
Maimonides’ works translated for, =4=, 60.
distress of, during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, =4=, 218.
delegates of, wait on Martin V, =4=, 219.
poetry of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 230.
Eugenius IV’s bull against, =4=, 251.
Nicholas V’s bull against, =4=, 253.
Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, =4=, 254.
privileges of, as financiers, =4=, 286.
as physicians, =4=, 287.
on friendly terms with Christians, =4=, 287-8.
culture of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 289.
as printers, =4=, 289.
participate in the renaissance, =4=, 289, 290.
influence of German immigrants on, =4=, 294.
the clergy arouses ill-will against, =4=, 295-6.
Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, =4=, 296.
instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, =4=, 340.
popes friendly to, =4=, 407.
joined by numerous exiles, =4=, 408.
ruled over by the immigrants, =4=, 408.
adherents of Asher Lämmlein, =4=, 485.
submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
suffer from the Catholic reaction, =4=, 653-5.
under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, =4=, 654.
conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654-5.
bribe the censors, =4=, 659.
poor, =5=, 205.
emancipated by the French, =5=, 459.
send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, =5=, 482, 488.
emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, =5=, 518.
address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, =5=, 527.
influenced by the moderate Reform movement, =5=, 582-3.
_See also under_ Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of; Rome,
the Jews of.

=Italy, Lower=, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, =3=, 33.

=Italy, northern=, the Jews of, number of, =3=, 423-4.

=Italy, southern, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 421-4.
driven away by the Catholic reaction, =4=, 653.

=Itil= (Atel). _See_ Volga, the.

=Itil= (Atel), capital of the Chazars, captured, =3=, 222.

=Ittai=, commander of mercenary troops under David, =1=, 137.
faithful to David in the war with Absalom, =1=, 141.
commander at Mahanaim, =1=, 144.

=Ittur=, Talmudic work by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, =3=, 400.

=Ituræa=, conquest of, planned by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 13.

=Ituræans=, the, converted by Aristobulus I, =2=, 37.

=Itzig, Daniel=, connected by marriage with Friedländer, =5=, 397.
daughter of, =5=, 413.
representative of the Berlin Jewish community, =5=, 415.

=Itzig, Fanny=, holds a salon in Vienna, =5=, 413-14.

=Itzig, Itzig Daniel=, director of the Berlin Free School, =5=, 416.

=Ivan IV=, of Russia, candidate for the Polish throne, =4=, 603.
refuses to permit Jews to trade in Russia, =4=, 633.

=Izates=, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, =2=, 216.
accession of, =2=, 216-17.
arbitrator in Parthia, =2=, 217.
war of, with Abia of Arabia, =2=, 217-18.
sons of, study Hebrew, =2=, 218.
death of, =2=, 218-19.
relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264.

=J=

=Jaabez, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph Jaabez.

=Jaazer=, fortress taken by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474.

=Jabbok=, the, river, description of, =1=, 46.

=Jabesh-Gilead=, besieged by the Ammonites, =1=, 89-90.
the inhabitants of, bury Saul and Jonathan, =1=, 104, 107.

=Jabez.= _See_ Emden, Jacob.

=Jabin=, Canaanite king, oppresses the Israelites, =1=, 61.

=Jabin=, king of Hazor, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 37.

=Jabne.= _See_ Jamnia.

=Jabustrissa=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Jacob=, another name for the tribe of Judah, =1=, 76.

=Jacob=, brother of Jesus. _See_ James.

=Jacob=, the patriarch, buys land near Shechem, =1=, 4.

=Jacob=, Syrian priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus
Jews, =5=, 662.

=Jacob of Belzyce=, controversialist, =4=, 648.

=Jacob of Kephar Samia=, a Jewish Christian, =2=, 370.

=Jacob of London=, Talmudist, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 504.

=Jacob the Minæan=, physician, defends the dogma of the Ascension,
=2=, 539.

=Jacob of Navarre=, shelters a Marrano, =4=, 357-8.

=Jacob of Orleans=, Tossafist, founds a school in London, =3=, 409.
commits suicide, =3=, 411.

=Jacob de Perpignan=, permitted to remain in Bordeaux, =5=, 344.

=Jacob of Segovia=, Kabbalist, =4=, 2.

=Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli= (1200-1250), Maimunist, at
the court of Frederick II, =3=, 566.
as a translator, =3=, 566, 567.
public discourses of, =3=, 566.
influences Italian Jewish culture, =3=, 629.
attacked by the anti-Maimunists, =4=, 32, 39, 40, 41.

=Jacob ben Asheri= (Baal ha-Turim, 1280-1340), Talmudist, piety of,
=4=, 87-8.
poverty and disinterestedness of, =4=, 88.
religious code of, =4=, 88-90, 537, 539.
_See also_ Turim.

=Jacob ben Eleazar=, messenger to the Chazars, =3=, 220.

=Jacob ben Machir Tibbon= (Profiat, 1236-1312), scientist,
attainments of, =4=, 30-1.
chief of the enlightened party, =4=, 31.
appeals to Solomon ben Adret, =4=, 33.
excommunicates the opponents of science, =4=, 40-2.

=Jacob ben Meshullam=, the Nazarite, first promoter of the
Kabbala, =3=, 396.

=Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi= (Maharil, 1365-1427), compiles the
customs of various communities, =4=, 135.
orders a fast during the Hussite wars, =4=, 225-6.
rigid orthodoxy of, =4=, 227.

=Jacob ben Nathaniel Ibn-Alfayumi=, Talmudist of Yemen, =3=, 436.
appeals to Maimonides, =3=, 462, 464.

=Jacob ben Natronaï=, Gaon of Sora, =3=, 184, 185, 186.

=Jacob ben Nissim Ibn-Shahin=, disciple of Chushiel, Talmudist, =3=,
211.
elicits Sherira’s “Letter,” =3=, 233.
disciple of, =3=, 252.

=Jacob ben Samuel=, disciple of Saadiah, defends him, =3=, 204.
Karaite reply to, =3=, 204-5, 206.

=Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi= (1243-1246), Kabbalist, =3=, 556.

=Jacob ben Sosa=, Idumæan leader, helps the Zealots, =2=, 295, 301.

=Jacob ben Yechiel Loans=, physician to Emperor Frederick
III, =4=, 413.
favored by Maximilian I, =4=, 414.
teacher of Reuchlin, =4=, 433.

=Jacob Ibn-Chabib=, scholar, =4=, 405.

=Jacob Ibn-Ezra=, father of the poet Moses, official under
Habus, =3=, 319.

=Jacob Ibn-Jau=, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238, 240.
chief judge of the Andalusian Jews, =3=, 239.
loses his power, =3=, 240-1.
death of, =3=, 241.

=Jacob Ibn-Nuñez=, physician to Henry IV of Castile, =4=, 275.

=Jacob, son of Judas the Galilean=, insurrectionary leader,
crucified, =2=, 199.

=Jacob, son of Zebedee=, disciple of Jesus, =2=, 153.

=Jacob Abbassi=, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, =4=,
60.

=Jacob Abi-Ayub=, physician, executed on a charge of murder, =4=, 553.

=Jacob Almansur=, Almohade leader, at war with Alfonso VIII,
=3=, 386-7.

=Jacob Berab= (1474-1541), Spanish exile, rabbi of Fez, =4=, 390.
in Egypt, =4=, 393.
Talmudist, =4=, 418.
tries to re-introduce the Semichah, =4=, 531-2.
and Levi ben Chabib, =4=, 533-4, 536.
reason adduced by, for the revival of ordination, =4=, 535.
forced to leave Palestine, =4=, 535.
ordains four Talmudists, =4=, 535-6.
death of, =4=, 536.

=Jacob Emden.= _See_ Emden, Jacob.

=Jacob Jehuda Leon.= _See_ Leon.

=Jacob Joshua Falk.= _See_ Falk, Jacob Joshua.

=Jacob Mantin.= _See_ Mantin, Jacob.

=Jacob Pascate=, supposed well poisoner, =4=, 102.

=Jacob Perpignano= (1170), head of the Marseilles Jewish community,
=3=, 400.

=Jacob Polak= (1460-1530), Talmudist, alleged originator of the
Pilpul, =4=, 418.

=Jacob Querido=, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, reverenced by the
Sabbatians, =5=, 209.
declared the Messiah, =5=, 210.
profligacy of, =5=, 210.
accepts Islam, =5=, 211.
death of, =5=, 211.
son of, =5=, 211.
prayers addressed to, =5=, 274.

=Jacob Tam= of Rameru (1100-1171), Tossafist, respected by the king
of France, =3=, 343.
grandson of Rashi, =3=, 345.
attacked by crusaders, =3=, 355.
poem by, on Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 373, 376.
character and life of, =3=, 375-6.
as a grammarian, =3=, 376.
presides over rabbinical synods, =3=, 376-8.
orders mourning for the Jews of Blois, =3=, 380-1.
death of, =3=, 381.
disciples of, in England, =3=, 409.
ancestor of the Ibn-Yachya family, =4=, 609.

=Jacob Tus=, translates the Pentateuch into Persian, =4=, 401.

=Jacob Weil.= _See_ Weil, Jacob.

=Jacobacio=, cardinal, on the commission to examine Paul III’s
Inquisition bull, =4=, 520.

=Jacobi=, accuses Lessing of Spinozism, =5=, 372.

=Jacobson, Israel= (1769-1828), procures the abolition of the poll-tax
in Brunswick Lüneburg, =5=, 467.
character of, =5=, 500-1.
commemorates the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 501.
effects consistorial organization in Westphalia, =5=, 501-2.
president of the consistory, =5=, 501, 502.
foolhardiness of, =5=, 502.
desires reforms, =5=, 502.
influence of Heine on, =5=, 546.
the reforms of, =5=, 561-2.
private synagogue of, in Berlin, =5=, 562-3.
delivers German sermons, =5=, 563.
party of, =5=, 568.
aids the Hamburg Temple, =5=, 568.
enlists the aid of Libermann, =5=, 568, 571.
disciples of the school of, =5=, 578, 595.
and Mannheimer, =5=, 580.
advises the Society for Culture, =5=, 583.

=Jacoby, Joel=, author of the “Plaints of a Jew,” =5=, 631, 632.

=Jacopo, Flavio=, poet, =4=, 610.

=Jaddua=, high priest, and Alexander the Great, =1=, 413.

=Jael=, Kenite woman, murders Sisera, =1=, 61.

=Jaen=, home of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut’s ancestors, =3=, 216.
the Jews of, captives, =4=, 126.
Inquisition tribunals in, =4=, 325.
the Marranos of, flee, =4=, 351.

=Jafa, Mordecai.= _See_ Mordecai Jafa.

=Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger=, only Jew permitted in Venice, =5=, 172.

=Jaffa.= _See_ Joppa.

=Jager, Johann.= _See_ Rubianus, Crotus.

=Jahaz=, the Israelites victorious at, =1=, 27.

=Jakim.= _See_ Alcimus.

=James= (Jacob), brother of Jesus, =2=, 148.
leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes, =2=, 169, 222.
rebukes Peter, =2=, 231.

=Jamnia= (Jabne), conquered by Uzziah, =1=, 231.
occupied by Gorgias, =1=, 476.
revenue from, given to Salome, =2=, 120.
possession of the Roman emperors, =2=, 324.
school established at, =2=, 324-5, 334-5.
Simon II at, =2=, 434.

=Jamnia, the Synhedrion of.= _See_ Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia.

=Jampol=, the blood accusation at, =5=, 279.

=Jannaï=, disciple of Judah I, on the relation between the Jews and
Romans, =2=, 469.
permits the cultivation of the land in the Sabbatical year, =2=,
469.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.

=Jannaï=, neo-Hebraic poet, introduces rhyme, =3=, 116.
poems of, versified Agadas, =3=, 116.
disciple of, =3=, 116.

=Janow, Hirsch= (1750-1785), rabbi of Posen, opposes Mendelssohn’s
Pentateuch translation, =5=, 330.
acuteness and godliness of, =5=, 330-1.

=Japha= (Japhia), taken by Vespasian, =2=, 287.

=Japhet ben Elia=, Talmudist, =3=, 427.

=Jarmuk=, the, description of, =1=, 46.

=Jarmuth=, king of, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 34-5.

=Jaroslav, Aaron=, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation,
=5=, 334.

=Jaroslaw=, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 640,
644; =5=, 3.

=Jason=, brother and son of high priests, Hellenist, =1=, 435.
representative of Onias III, =1=, 439.
buys the high priesthood, =1=, 444.
introduces games and gymnasia into Judæa, =1=, 444-6.
sends ambassadors to Olympian games, =1=, 446.
deposed by Antiochus IV, =1=, 446-7.
takes refuge with Aretas, =1=, 447.
enters Jerusalem with troops, =1=, 451.
death of, =1=, 480-1.

=Jason=, son of Eleazar, Judæan envoy to Rome, =1=, 486.

=Jatape=, daughter of Samsigeramus, wife of Aristobulus, =2=, 195.

=Jayme I=, of Aragon, recommends Isaac Benveniste to the pope, =3=,
515.
exhorted not to employ Jews as diplomats, =3=, 515.
employs a Jewish physician, =3=, 536.
considers the Jews “servi cameræ,” =3=, 596-7.
under the influence of Raymond de Penyaforte, =3=, 597; =4=, 77.
invites Nachmani to a disputation, =3=, 598.
expresses admiration for Nachmani, =3=, 601.
appoints censors for the Talmud, =3=, 602-3.
tries Nachmani on the charge of blasphemy, =3=, 604.
reprimanded by Clement IV, =3=, 605.

=Jean d’Acre.= _See_ Accho.

=Jean de Vendières.= _See_ John of Gorze.

=Jebilé=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=Jebirol.= _See_ Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

=Jebus.= _See_ Jerusalem.

=Jebusites=, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
compact of, with Judah, =1=, 38.
hold territory in the center of Palestine, =1=, 51.
barrier between Ephraim and Judah, =1=, 77.
subdued by David, =1=, 113-14.
occupy Mount Moriah, =1=, 119.
suffer under David, =1=, 131.
declared bondmen by Solomon, =1=, 163.

=Jeconiah.= _See_ Jehoiachin.

=Jedidiah=, name of Solomon, =1=, 133.

=Jeduthun=, psalmist, =1=, 79, 120-1.

=Jehoahaz=, son of Jehu, king of Israel, at war with Syria, =1=, 221.

=Jehoahaz= (Shallum), son of Josiah, king of Judah, deposed by Necho,
=1=, 298-9.

=Jehoash=, king of Judah. _See_ Joash.

=Jehoash= (Joash), son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, defeats Ben-hadad
III, =1=, 221-2.
shows respect for the Law, =1=, 223.
reinstates the Shunamite, =1=, 223-4.
takes Amaziah of Judah prisoner, =1=, 224-5.
ransacks Jerusalem, =1=, 225.
death of, =1=, 225.

=Jehoiachin= (Jeconiah, Coniah), son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah,
opposes Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306, 307.
practices idolatry, =1=, 306.
exiled to Babylonia, =1=, 307.
distinguished by Evil-Merodach, =1=, 331.
son of, =1=, 342.
grandson of, =1=, 351.

=Jehoiada=, high priest, loyal to the house of David, =1=, 214, 215.
anoints Joash king, =1=, 215-16.
removes Baal-worship from Jerusalem, =1=, 216-17.
raises the position of the high priest, =1=, 219-20.
death of, =1=, 220.

=Jehoiakim= (Eliakim), son of Josiah, king of Judah, pays tribute to
Necho, =1=, 299.
idolatry and immorality under, =1=, 299-300.
slays Uriah, the prophet, =1=, 301.
refuses allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 304.
orders Jeremiah to be killed, =1=, 305.
vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306.
rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306.
death of, =1=, 307.

=Jehoiakim=, high priest, leader of the Judæan community after the
exile, =1=, 360, 362.

=Jehoram= (Joram), son of Ahab, king of Israel, accession
of, =1=, 207.
at war with Moab, =1=, 208-9.
at war with Hazael of Damascus, =1=, 210.
killed by Jehu, =1=, 210-11.

=Jehoram=, son of Jehoshaphat. _See_ Joram.

=Jehoshaphat=, king of Judah, ally of Ahab, =1=, 206.
at war with Ben-hadad II, =1=, 206.
at war with Mesa, =1=, 209.
death of, =1=, 209.

=Jehoshebah=, daughter of Joram of Judah, saves Joash from
Athaliah, =1=, 213.
wife of Jehoiada, raises Joash in the Temple, =1=, 215-16.

=Jehozabad=, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, =1=, 221.
anointed, =1=, 210.
kills Jehoram of Israel and Ahab’s other descendants, =1=, 211-12.
homage paid to, =1=, 212.
exterminates Baal-worship in Israel, =1=, 212.
loses territory, =1=, 220-1.
favorite character with the Puritans, =5=, 26.

=Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar=, bears the title prince, =3=, 385.
physician to Ferdinand III of Castile, =3=, 537.
anti-Maimunist, =3=, 540-1.
censured, =3=, 544.

=Jehuda ben Asher I= (1284-1349), Talmudist, piety of, =4=, 87-8.
rabbi of Toledo, authority of, =4=, 90.
disciple and successor of, =4=, 145.

=Jehuda ben Asher II=, great-grandson of Asheri, martyr, =4=, 170.

=Jehuda ben David Melun=, at the disputation with Donin, =3=,
576, 578.

=Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi=, Karaite writer, =3=, 362-3.

=Jehuda ben Isaac ben Sabbataï=, satirist, =3=, 559-60.

=Jehuda ben Isaac Ibn-Wakar=, treasurer to the regent of Castile, =4=,
52.
piety and severity of, =4=, 53.

=Jehuda ben Meïr= (Leon, Leontin), founder of the scientific study of
the Talmud, =3=, 242.
teacher of Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 242, 243.

=Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel= (Leone Romano, 1292), Italian Jewish
scholar, =4=, 60, 68-9.
teacher of Robert of Naples, =4=, 68.
as translator, =4=, 69.

=Jehuda ben Nathan= (Riban), son-in-law of Rashi, Tossafist, =3=, 345.

=Jehuda ben Shamua=, petitions Turnus Rufus, =2=, 432.

=Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi.= _See_ Jehuda Halevi.

=Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka= (1247), Jewish scholar in
correspondence with Frederick II, =3=, 565-6.

=Jehuda Ibn-Abbas=, poet, =3=, 318, 426.
the son of, =3=, 442.

=Jehuda Ibn-Balam= (1070-1100), grammarian, =3=, 290.

=Jehuda Ibn-Daud= (Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj), defends Menachem ben
Saruk, =3=, 227.
recognizes the triliteral root in Hebrew, =3=, 237.
teacher of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 255.
compared with Ibn-Janach, =3=, 262.
grammatical work of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 371.

=Jehuda Ibn-Ezra=, commander of Calatrava, protects the Jews against
the Almohades, =3=, 361-2.
steward of the imperial palace, =3=, 362.
persecutes the Karaites, =3=, 362-3.

=Jehuda Alcharisi=, on Abu Ayub, =3=, 312.
on the Jews of Barcelona, =3=, 387-8.
on Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi, =3=, 388.
translates Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, =3=, 492; =4=, 60.
satirist, =3=, 559.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.

=Jehuda Halevi= (Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 1086-1142),
writes an elegy on Isaac Alfassi, =3=, 310, 323.
elegy by, on Solomon Ibn-Farussal, =3=, 313.
eulogizes Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash, =3=, 315, 322, 323.
on Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 321.
importance of, as a poet, =3=, 321-2; =4=, 67; =5=, 112.
character of, =3=, 322.
student at Lucena, =3=, 322.
early poems of, =3=, 322.
friendship of, with Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 323.
love poems by, =3=, 323.
attainments and occupations of, =3=, 323-4.
theory of, on poetry, =3=, 324.
nature descriptions by, =3=, 325.
religious poems by, =3=, 325.
the national poetry of, =3=, 325-6, 327-8.
religious philosophical system of, =3=, 326-7, 330-6.
philosophical work by, =3=, 327-36.
on philosophy, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, =3=, 328-31.
characterizes Judaism in detail, =3=, 331-6.
compares Talmudic Judaism and Karaism, =3=, 334.
view of, on Israel’s suffering, =3=, 335-6.
view of, on the Holy Land, =3=, 336-7.
longing of, for the Holy Land, =3=, 338.
sets out for Palestine, =3=, 338-9.
journey of, through Spain, =3=, 339.
at sea, =3=, 339.
at Alexandria, =3=, 339-40.
at Cairo, =3=, 340-1.
in Jerusalem, =3=, 342.
at Tyre and Damascus, =3=, 342.
death and epitaph of, =3=, 342.
and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 367.
philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 397.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.
compared with Luzzatto, =5=, 233-4.
glorified by Heine, =5=, 555.
time of, described by Samuel David Luzzatto, =5=, 625.

=Jehuda Leb Krysa.= _See_ Krysa.

=Jehuda.= _See also under_ Judah; Judas.

=Jehudaï.= _See_ Judah the Blind.

=Jehudia=, Ispahan, =2=, 591.

=Jelal Addaulah=, caliph of Bagdad, executes the last Gaon and
Exilarch, =3=, 254.

=Jena=, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to live in
Hamburg, =4=, 687.
battle of, =5=, 495.

=Jenghis-Khan=, the Jews of Germany accused of aiding, =3=, 580-1.

=Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi= (950-990), Karaite, controversialist,
=3=, 205-6.
works, ability, and style of, =3=, 206.
poetry of, =3=, 223.

=Jephthah=, judge, defeats the Ammonites, =1=, 64-5.
humbles the Ephraimites, =1=, 65.
daughter of, =1=, 66.

=Jeremiah=, Palestinian Amora, =2=, 560.

=Jeremiah= (645 or 640-580 or 570), prophet, character of, =1=,
289-90.
style of the prophecies of, =1=, 290-1.
the first prophecy by, =1=, 291.
announces universal ruin, =1=, 296.
lamentation by, for Josiah, =1=, 297.
prophecies of, under Jehoiakim, =1=, 301.
danger of, =1=, 302.
saved by Ahikam, =1=, 303.
has his prophecy read in the Temple, =1=, 304-5.
ordered to be killed, =1=, 305.
protected by the princes, =1=, 306.
counsels submission to Babylonian rule, =1=, 310.
rôle of, during the siege, =1=, 311-12.
reproaches Zedekiah with perjury, =1=, 312.
imprisoned, =1=, 312-13.
taken captive by the Chaldæans, =1=, 314.
lamentations of, over Jerusalem, =1=, 316.
disciple of, =1=, 319.
considerately treated by Nebuzaradan, =1=, 319-20.
joins Gedaliah at Mizpah, =1=, 320.
taken captive by Ishmael, =1=, 322.
rescued, =1=, 323.
advises against emigration to Egypt, =1=, 324.
goes to Egypt, =1=, 325.
rebukes the Egyptian Judæans for idolatry, =1=, 326-7.
end of, =1=, 327-8.
writings of, studied by the Babylonian exiles, =1=, 336.
on the conduct of Jews in foreign lands, =2=, 520.

=Jericho=, taken by Joshua, =1=, 32, 33.
David passes, when fleeing from Absalom, =1=, 142.
fortified by Hiel, =1=, 201.
an association of prophets at, =1=, 205, 234.
visited by Elijah, =1=, 208.
Hyrcanus II defeated at, =2=, 58.
a Synhedrion established at, =2=, 71.
Aristobulus (III) murdered at, =2=, 92.
district of, given to Cleopatra, =2=, 93.
Herod attempts suicide in, =2=, 116.
palace at, burnt, =2=, 125.
some Benu-Nadhir settle in, =3=, 79.

=Jeroboam I=, employed by Solomon as superintendent of buildings, =1=,
174.
incites rebellion against Solomon, =1=, 175-6.
flees to Egypt, =1=, 176.
returns to Palestine, =1=, 180.
leader of the Shechemite rebellion, =1=, 180-2.
chosen king by the Ephraimites, =1=, 182-3.
allied with Shishak, =1=, 184.
fortifies Israelitish towns, =1=, 185.
introduces calf-worship, =1=, 185-7.
rebuked by Ahijah, =1=, 188.
death of, =1=, 189.
end of the house of, =1=, 189.

=Jeroboam II=, king of Israel, at war with the Aramæans, =1=, 225.
in friendly relations with Uzziah, =1=, 231, 232.
conquests and luxuriousness of, =1=, 232.
immorality and idolatry under, =1=, 233-4.
death of, =1=, 234.

=Jerome= (Hieronymus, 331-420), Church Father, taught by Jewish
teachers, =2=, 623-4.
translates the Scriptures into Latin, =2=, 625.
hates the Jews, =2=, 625; =4=, 552.
on the Talmud, =3=, 577.
on a supposed Jewish formula of imprecation, =4=, 83.
exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
pattern of Reuchlin, =4=, 433, 435.

=Jerome Bonaparte=, king of Westphalia, and the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 500, 501.
reprimands Jacobson, =5=, 562.

=Jerubbaal.= _See_ Gideon.

=Jerusalem=, the site of, occupied by the Jebusites, =1=, 3.
king of, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 34-5.
physical features of, =1=, 114-15.
becomes the royal residence, =1=, 114.
fortified and extended, =1=, 118-19.
center of religious life, =1=, 119-20.
prosperity and importance of, under Solomon, =1=, 168-9.
religious center for the northern tribes, =1=, 185.
fortified by Rehoboam, =1=, 185.
Baal-worship at, under Athaliah, =1=, 212.
Jehoiada ends Baal-worship in, =1=, 216-17.
the first conquest of, =1=, 225.
deprived of fortifications, by Jehoash, =1=, 226.
fortified by Uzziah, =1=, 231.
fortified by Jotham, =1=, 249.
besieged by Rezin and Pekah, =1=, 258, 259.
fortified against Sennacherib, =1=, 271.
celebration of the Passover at, under Josiah, =1=, 295.
the nation gathers in, to pray for help against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=,
304.
besieged by generals of Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 307.
fortified by Zedekiah, =1=, 311.
besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 311-12.
siege of, raised, =1=, 312.
siege of, resumed, =1=, 313.
taken by the Chaldæans, =1=, 313-14.
destroyed by Nebuzaradan, =1=, 315.
destruction of, mourned by the Babylonian Jews, =1=, 337-8.
return of exiles to, under Zerubbabel, =1=, 354-6.
arrival of Ezra in, =1=, 366.
attacked by Sanballat, =1=, 371.
taken by Sanballat, =1=, 372.
Nehemiah rebuilds the fortifications of, =1=, 374-5.
settlers invited to, by Nehemiah, =1=, 377-8.
the Law read in, by Ezra, =1=, 378-80.
the walls of, consecrated, =1=, 381-2.
a religious school established in, =1=, 396.
suffering in, under Bagoas, =1=, 409-10.
taken by Ptolemy I, =1=, 416.
the fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, =1=, 417.
improved by Simon the Just, =1=, 421.
entered by Antiochus III, =1=, 432.
taken by Scopas, =1=, 432.
athletic contests introduced in, =1=, 435.
gymnasia introduced in, =1=, 445.
occupied by Sostrates, =1=, 447.
occupied by Jason, =1=, 451.
taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 451.
entered by Apollonius, =1=, 453-4.
entered by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 471.
desolate condition of, after the Syrian depredations, =1=, 471-2.
besieged by Lysias, =1=, 479-80.
occupied by Alcimus, =1=, 487.
fortified by Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 494.
fortified by the Hasmonæans, =1=, 498.
venerated by the Egyptian Judæans, =1=, 509.
celebrated by Philo the Elder, =1=, 517-18.
besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, =2=, 3-4.
taken by Aristobulus II, =2=, 58.
besieged by Aretas, =2=, 60.
siege of, raised at the order of Rome, =2=, 62.
besieged by Pompey, =2=, 64-6.
walls of, razed, =2=, 67.
taken by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, =2=, 70.
a Synhedrion established in, =2=, 71.
entered by Crassus, =2=, 74.
walls of, rebuilt by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
besieged by the Parthians, =2=, 82.
besieged by Herod, =2=, 87-8.
Herod’s buildings in, =2=, 105.
the people of, hate Herod, =2=, 107.
in charge of Quintilius Varus, =2=, 122-3.
Jesus in, =2=, 161-2.
fortified by Agrippa I, =2=, 195.
occupied by Cuspius Fadus, =2=, 197.
foreign synagogues in, =2=, 201.
visited by Helen of Adiabene, =2=, 194, 218.
famine in, =2=, 218.
mausoleum of Helen in, =2=, 219.
annual pilgrimages to, =2=, 220.
the Synhedrion removed from, =2=, 239.
rebels against Cumanus, =2=, 244.
Agrippa II resides in, =2=, 247.
the Passover celebration of 66 in, =2=, 251.
the upper city of, plundered, =2=, 254.
the insurrection against Rome begins in, =2=, 255, 261.
garrisoned with Roman troops, =2=, 255.
conciliated by Agrippa II, =2=, 257-8.
the Roman garrison of, surrenders to the Zealots, =2=, 260.
the walls of, strengthened, =2=, 268.
rallying place of the patriots, =2=, 291-2.
fortifications of, =2=, 292.
undisturbed by Vespasian for two years, =2=, 297.
parties in, =2=, 301.
besieged by Titus, =2=, 301-10.
summoned to surrender, =2=, 302.
attacked from the north, =2=, 303.
famine in, =2=, 304, 305-6.
upper city of, taken, =2=, 309.
remnant in, after the Roman siege, =2=, 311.
the religious center, =2=, 322.
replaced by Jamnia as a religious center, =2=, 325.
rebuilt by Hadrian, =2=, 407, 421-2.
in the hands of the Jews under Bar-Cochba, =2=, 411.
ploughed over, by Turnus Rufus, =2=, 421.
Jews forbidden to enter, =2=, 433, 564; =3=, 23, 87.
permission for Jews to pray at, obtained from Marcus Aurelius,
=2=, 457-8.
Jews permitted by Alexander Severus to enter, =2=, 482.
a Christian city, =2=, 597; =3=, 11.
taken by Sharbarza, =3=, 19.
not given to the Jews by the Persians, =3=, 21.
entered by Heraclius, =3=, 22.
Temple vessels removed to, by Justinian I, =3=, 27.
Arabian Jews pray towards, =3=, 58.
turning towards, in prayer instituted by Mahomet, =3=, 73.
taken by Omar, =3=, 87.
conflict in, between the Karaites and the Rabbanites, =3=, 135.
asceticism of the Karaites in, =3=, 181-2.
Jehuda Halevi at, =3=, 342.
Christian kingdom of, attacked by Nureddin, =3=, 349.
Christian pilgrims permitted by Saladin to enter, =3=, 405.
return to, projected by David Alrui, =3=, 431.
Maimonides in, =3=, 457.
Jews allowed by Saladin to settle in, =3=, 474.
mourning in, for Maimonides, =3=, 492-3.
rabbis of France and England emigrate to, =3=, 505-6.
notable for its illustrious dead, =3=, 506.
devastated by the Tartars, =3=, 605-6.
Nachmani in, =3=, 606.
pilgrims to, in the fourteenth century, =4=, 73-4.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 396-8.
improved morally by the exiles, =4=, 397, 398.
ordinances for the government of, =4=, 398.
subordinated to Safet, =4=, 533.
rabbis of, support Jacob Berab, =4=, 534.
Sabbataï Zevi at, =5=, 126-7.
rabbis of, threaten Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, =5=, 132.
replaced by Gaza as the Sabbatian Holy City, =5=, 132.
Chayim Malach in, =5=, 213-14.
rabbis of, excommunicate Chayon, =5=, 216.

=Jerusalem, the Jews of=, join an expedition against the Christians
of Tyre, =3=, 20.
burnt during the first crusade, =3=, 308.
dyers in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.
banished by Baldwin IV, =3=, 427.
occupations of, =4=, 74-5.
wish to build a synagogue on Mount Zion, =4=, 273-4.
offended by Jacob Berab, =4=, 532.
suffer through the Cossack wars, =5=, 16, 125, 127.
Kabbalists, =5=, 125-6.
credulity of, =5=, 126.
appeal to Chelebi, =5=, 127-8.
adherents of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 132.
oppose Napoleon, =5=, 459-60.

=Jerusalem=, a Babylonian. _See_ Nahardea.

=Jerusalem=, the, of the Occident, =4=, 136.

“=Jerusalem=,” by Mendelssohn, on ecclesiastical power and Judaism,
=5=, 364-6.
praised by Kant, =5=, 365.
effect of, on Michaelis, =5=, 365-6.

=Jerusalem Talmud=, the. _See_ Talmud, the Jerusalem.

=Jesheboam=, one of David’s warriors, =1=, 116.

=Jeshurun, Isaac=, falsely charged with child murder, =5=, 42.

=Jesiba de los Pintos=, Jewish school at Rotterdam, =4=, 685.

=Jesirat-ul-Amar=, the Jews of, well treated by Zenki, =3=, 429.

=Jesse=, father of David, =1=, 96.

=Jesse, Henry=, enthusiast for Israel’s restoration, =5=, 24, 35.

=Jessel, Sir George=, Master of the Rolls, =5=, 699.

=Jesuits=, the, order of, authorized by Paul III, =4=, 524.
welcomed in Portugal, =4=, 525.
influence of, =4=, 650.
instigate persecutions of the Jews in Poland, =5=, 1.
alienate the Cossacks, =5=, 2.
hold intercourse with Eibeschütz, =5=, 250.

=Jesurun, David=, poet, escapes from the Inquisition to Amsterdam,
=4=, 669.

=Jesurun, Rohel= (Paul de Pina), Marrano poet, leans towards
Christianity, =4=, 669.
returns to Judaism, =4=, 670.
festival songs by, =4=, 678-9.

=Jesus of Nazareth= (Galilee), birthplace and family of, =2=, 148-9.
moral purity of, =2=, 149.
religiousness of, =2=, 149-50.
Hillel the model of, =2=, 149-50.
disciple of John the Baptist, =2=, 150.
doctrines of, similar to Essenism, =2=, 150-1.
addresses himself to the lowest classes, =2=, 152.
unsuccessful in Nazareth, =2=, 153.
disciples of, =2=, 153, 157-8.
teachings of, =2=, 154-5.
relation of, to Judaism, =2=, 155-6.
merit of, =2=, 156.
miracles of, =2=, 156-7.
in the towns of Galilee, =2=, 157.
declares himself the Messiah, =2=, 158.
calls himself the “son of man,” =2=, 158-9.
public sentiment against, =2=, 159-60.
followers of, in Bethany, =2=, 160.
in the Temple, =2=, 161.
reception of, in Jerusalem, =2=, 161-2.
betrayed by Judas Iscariot, =2=, 163.
trial of, =2=, 163-6.
declared guilty of blasphemy by the Synhedrion, =2=, 164.
execution of, according to the Roman law, =2=, 164-5.
not mentioned by Judæan historians, =2=, 166.
followers of, after his death, =2=, 166.
resurrection of, =2=, 168.
attitude of the disciples of, to Judaism, =2=, 168.
denied by Simon Peter, =2=, 169.
disciples of, claim miraculous power, =2=, 169-70.
compared with Philo, =2=, 214.
the Messianic character of, held to have annulled the Law, =2=, 221.
followers of, who cling to the Law, not molested, =2=, 222.
the resurrection of, and the apostle Paul, =2=, 225-6.
according to Paul, sets aside the Law, =2=, 230.
appeals to the Jewish peasants, =2=, 364.
as regarded by the Jewish Christians, =2=, 366, 367.
as regarded by the Pagan Christians, =2=, 367.
gradually endowed with divine attributes by the Jewish Christians,
=2=, 370.
said to have been cursed by the Jews three times daily, =2=, 380;
=5=, 185-6.
denial of, demanded of Christians by Bar-Cochba, =2=, 412.
spread of the worship of, counteracted by the Synhedrion, =2=, 413.
called “Lord,” =2=, 413.
Julian the Apostate’s opinion of, =2=, 596.
as viewed by Anan ben David, =3=, 133-4.
in the Talmud, =3=, 574, 577, 578.
Messianic character of, confirmed by the Bible and Talmud according
to Pablo Christiani, =3=, 598, 599.
in the Biblical and rabbinical writings, according to Raymund
Martin, =3=, 622.
the advent of, discussed by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 188.
proved the Messiah from the Talmud by Joseph Lorqui, =4=, 207,
208-9, 211, 212.
dogma of the divinity of, found in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.
said to be alluded to, in the Alenu prayer, =5=, 185.

=Jesus ben Sapphia=, Zealot leader in Tiberias, =2=, 274.
sets fire to a palace in Bethmaon, =2=, 279.
leader of discontented Galileans, =2=, 280.

=Jesus, son of Pantheras=, the Jesus of the Talmud, according to
Yechiel of Paris, =3=, 577.

=Jesus Sirach= (200-176), describes Simon the Just in Ecclesiasticus,
=1=, 421-2.
the book of proverbs by, =1=, 439-41.
defends social pleasures, =1=, 439.
recommends the employment of medical skill, =1=, 439-40.
condemns the Hellenists, =1=, 440-1.
urges obedience to the Law, =1=, 440.
reviews Jewish history, =1=, 440-1.
the proverbs of, considered apocryphal, =2=, 344.
the book of, translated into Greek, =2=, 359.

=Jethro=, father-in-law of Moses, =1=, 26.

=Jew badges=, decreed by Omar I, =3=, 88.
decreed by Haroun Alrashid, =3=, 145.
introduced by Al-Mutavakkil, =3=, 176-7.
ordained by Hakim, =3=, 247-8.
introduced by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 511-12.
supposed to prevent intermarriages, =3=, 511.
decreed by Almohade princes, =3=, 511-12.
the use of, spreads through Europe, =3=, 512.
effect of, on the wearers, =3=, 512-13.
the Jews struggle against, =3=, 513.
enforced in Spain, =3=, 513.
not enforced in southern France and Aragon, =3=, 514-15.
worn by the Jews of England, =3=, 515.
decreed by the Council of Oxford, =3=, 516.
introduced into Naples and Sicily, =3=, 518.
enforced by the Council of Narbonne, =3=, 518.
introduced into Hungary, =3=, 521.
enforced by Frederick II in Sicily and Naples, =3=, 569.
enforced by the Council of Béziers, =3=, 582.
insisted on in England under Henry III, =3=, 590.
ordained in the code of Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
enforced by the Council of Vienna, =3=, 612.
enforced by Louis IX of France, =3=, 612.
abrogated at the instance of the Jews of southern France, =3=, 612.
re-introduced into France by Philip III, =3=, 613.
decreed by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.
not used in Portugal, =3=, 618.
decreed in England by the Statute of Judaism, =3=, 642.
insisted on in Montpellier, =4=, 54.
in France under John the Good, =4=, 131, 133.
decreed for the Jews of Castile under Henry II, =4=, 139.
not worn by the Vesoul family, =4=, 150.
insisted upon in Castile under Juan II, =4=, 203.
enjoined by Benedict XIII’s bull, =4=, 216.
decreed by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245.
decreed by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
enforced by Nicholas de Cusa, =4=, 255.
enforced in Naples, =4=, 258.
decreed by Henry IV of Castile, =4=, 278.
worn in Morocco, =4=, 389.
for the Portuguese Marranos under João III, =4=, 519.
ordered for the Jews of Bohemia, =4=, 545.
enforced by Paul IV, =4=, 566.
enforced by Pius V, =4=, 590.
worn by the Frankfort Jews, =4=, 695.
Jews released from wearing, in Vienna, =4=, 702.
proposed by Rühs, =5=, 517.

=Jew quarters.= _See_ Ghetto; Jew’s quarter, the.

“=Jew-roaster=,” name assumed by German families, =3=, 611.

=Jew streets=, in Austria, =5=, 523.
_See_ Jew’s quarter, the.

=Jewish Christians=, the, antagonized by Tarphon of Lydda, =2=, 357.
condemned by Samuel the Younger, =2=, 358.
observe the Law, =2=, 365-6.
view of Jesus held by, =2=, 366.
called Ebionites, =2=, 366.
as propagandists, =2=, 366.
differ from Pagan Christians, =2=, 367.
hate Paul, =2=, 367, 368.
views of, in the evangels, =2=, 369.
hate Rome, =2=, 369.
relation of, to the Jews, =2=, 369-70.
and the Tanaites, =2=, 370.
gradually endow Jesus with divine attributes, =2=, 370.
sects of, =2=, 370.
separate from the Jews, =2=, 370-2, 431.
merge into the Pagan Christians, =2=, 373.
accused of damaging the Jews with the Roman authorities, =2=, 378.
discussed by the Synhedrion, =2=, 379-80.
inimically treated by Bar-Cochba, =2=, 412.
spy upon the Jews under Hadrian, =2=, 425.
persecuted by Hadrian, =2=, 430-1.
the Mishna not hostile to, =2=, 476.
_See also_ Ebionites, the; Judæan Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.

=Jewish Church=, the German, the founding of, =5=, 682, 686.
and Sachs, =5=, 691.

=Jewish converts.= _See_ Apostates.

“=Jewish Curiosities=,” by Schudt, =5=, 549.

=Jewish history.= _See under_ History.

“=Jewish Letters=,” to Voltaire, by a priest, =5=, 346-7.

=Jewish Literature.= _See under_ Literature.

=Jewish state=, the, restored under Bar-Cochba, =2=, 412.
the restoration of, conditioned on the appearance of the
Messiah, =2=, 600.
Spinoza on, =5=, 103-7.