Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (10)

=Jews=, the, libeled by Manetho, =1=, 511.
kindly treated by Vespasian and Titus, =2=, 331.
the solidarity of, =2=, 367-8; =5=, 632-3.
relation of, to the Jewish Christians, =2=, 369-70.
breach between, and the Jewish Christians, =2=, 370-2.
apostasy among, in the early Christian centuries, =2=, 377.
said to have cursed Jesus three times daily, =2=, 380; =5=, 185-6.
tamper with the Septuagint, =2=, 386.
use Akylas’ translation of Scripture, =2=, 387.
extermination of, decreed by Rome, =2=, 387.
and the Flavian house, =2=, 388.
suffering of, under Domitian, =2=, 388-9.
hate Josephus, =2=, 389, 391.
kindly treated by Nerva, =2=, 391-2.
oppose Trajan, =2=, 393-4.
in rebellion against Hadrian, =2=, 399-401.
attempt the restoration of the Temple, =2=, 401-3.
peaceable disposition of, described by Hadrian, =2=, 407.
outraged by the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, =2=, 407.
prepare for a revolt against Hadrian, =2=, 408.
join the standard of Bar-Cochba, =2=, 410.
obtain possession of Jerusalem under Bar-Cochba, =2=, 411.
the Romans kindly treated by, =2=, 411-12.
heavily taxed by Hadrian, =2=, 420.
spied upon by renegades and Jewish Christians, =2=, 425-6.
forbidden to enter Jerusalem, =2=, 433, 564; =3=, 23, 87.
persecuted under Antoninus Pius, =2=, 446.
persecuted under Verus Commodus, =2=, 447.
enmity between, and the Samaritans, =2=, 457-8, 534.
unkindly treated by Marcus Aurelius, =2=, 463.
cruelly treated by Commodus and Niger, =2=, 463-4.
under Caracalla, =2=, 468-9.
under Elegabalus, =2=, 469-70.
kindly treated by Alexander Severus, =2=, 481-2, 482-3.
permitted to enter Jerusalem, =2=, 482.
consulted by Origen on Bible exegesis, =2=, 488.
hostile to Zenobia, =2=, 529-30.
Diocletian tolerant to, =2=, 533.
weakened by hostility to the Samaritans, =2=, 535.
included in Constantine’s act of toleration, =2=, 561.
dignitaries of, exempt from onerous civic duties, =2=, 561.
aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, =2=, 562.
forbidden to make converts, =2=, 562, 564.
privileges of, abolished by Constantine, =2=, 563.
protected by Constantine against converts, =2=, 564.
hostility to, shown by Constantine, =2=, 566-7.
regarded as atheists under Constantine, =2=, 572.
rescued from oppression by Julian, =2=, 572.
oppressed by Shabur II, =2=, 591.
benevolence of, admired by Julian, =2=, 596-7.
not interested in the rebuilding of the Temple by Julian,
=2=, 599-600.
toleration of, under Valentinian I and Valens, =2=, 603.
antagonized by Ambrosius and Chrysostom, =2=, 613-14.
mock at the Christians, =2=, 620-1.
forbidden to teach Christians Hebrew, =2=, 624.
superiority of, in Scripture studies, =2=, 624.
hated by Jerome and Augustine, =2=, 625.
preserved by the Talmud, =2=, 635.
competent witnesses only in their own cases under Justinian I,
=3=, 12-13.
treated kindly by the popes, =3=, 25.
well treated in Arian countries, =3=, 26.
and the fall of Rome, =3=, 27-8.
suffer persecution from the German tribes, =3=, 28.
Isidore of Seville writes against, =3=, 50.
antagonized by Mahomet, =3=, 75-6.
Mahomet’s revelations against, =3=, 75, 78.
hostility to, in the Koran, =3=, 84.
restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, =3=, 87-8.
freer in Islam than in Christian lands, =3=, 88.
reverence of, for Jewish Babylonia, =3=, 100-1.
of Mahometan countries speak Arabic, =3=, 110-11.
corrupt language of, in the seventh and eighth centuries, =3=, 111.
make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, =3=, 111.
in the eighth century control commerce, =3=, 142-3.
under the Merovingian kings, =3=, 143.
considered the wards of the emperor by Louis the Pious, =3=, 170.
persecutions of, in the eleventh century, =3=, 245-8.
not permitted to hold office in Christian countries, =3=, 293-4.
during the first crusade, =3=, 298-305.
Jehuda Halevi’s view of the suffering of, =3=, 335-6.
superiority of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 347.
treatment of, in Christian and Mahometan countries, =3=, 348.
persecutions of, increase in the twelfth century, =3=, 348-9.
forbidden by a rabbinical synod to purchase Church appurtenances,
=3=, 377.
the morality of, described by Joseph Kimchi, =3=, 393.
forbidden to keep Christian domestics, =3=, 400.
banished from the Isle de France, =3=, 402-3.
debts owing to, repudiated during the third crusade, =3=, 405.
not allowed to live in Mecca and Medinah, =3=, 436.
allowed by Saladin to settle in Jerusalem, =3=, 474.
the position of, affected by the death of Maimonides and the
ascendancy of the papacy, =3=, 494.
protected against the crusaders by Innocent III, =3=, 496-7.
denounced by Innocent III, =3=, 498-501.
decrees against, by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510-11.
isolated in speech and manners by the Jew badge, =3=, 512-13.
mission of, in the Kabbalistic system, =3=, 553.
persecutions of, after the thirteenth century, =3=, 563-4, 610-11.
scholarliness of, =3=, 565.
absorbed in the study of the Talmud in the thirteenth century,
=3=, 571-2.
banished from the hereditary dominions of Louis IX, =3=, 585-6.
exonerated from the blood accusation by Innocent IV, =3=, 635.
protected against forced baptism by Gregory X, =3=, 635.
banished from England, =3=, 645.
permitted in Palestine under the Egyptian Sultans, =4=, 73.
charged with causing the Black Death, =4=, 101.
desolation of, after the Black Death, =4=, 127.
indispensable to the Christians in the fourteenth century,
=4=, 127-8.
restrictions laid upon, by Benedict XIII’s bull, =4=, 215-16.
and the Hussite war, =4=, 222.
accused of supplying Hussites with money, =4=, 222.
appeal to Martin V, =4=, 226.
feared by the papacy in the fifteenth century, =4=, 254.
well received in Italy in the fifteenth century, =4=, 286.
jeopardized by the blood accusation against the Jews of
Trent, =4=, 299.
suffering of, attributed to heresy, =4=, 343.
divided into German speaking and Spanish speaking Jews, =4=, 421.
rights of, advocated by Reuchlin, =4=, 443-4.
indictment of, proposed by Hoogstraten, =4=, 444.
intercourse with, defended by Reuchlin, =4=, 447-8.
in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 461.
Luther on, =4=, 470.
affected by the Protestant Reformation, =4=, 471.
morality of, in the Middle Ages, =4=, 477.
lack spirituality, =4=, 477-8.
split up into national groups, =4=, 478.
narrow-mindedness of, in the Middle Ages, =4=, 479.
suffer through the Reformation, =4=, 540.
hatred of, fed by the Unitarian tendencies of the Reformation, =4=,
542.
attacked by Eck and Luther, =4=, 546-52.
restrictions against, under Pius V, =4=, 590.
persecution of, during the Catholic reaction, =4=, 652.
prospects of the re-settlement of, in England, =4=, 18-19.
_See_ England.
prejudices against, in England, =5=, 19.
favorably regarded by Christian visionaries, =5=, 23.
enthusiasts for the restoration of, =5=, 24-5.
favorably regarded by the Puritans, =5=, 27.
defended by Richard Simon, =5=, 181.
attacked by Christian Hebraists, =5=, 184.
defended by Surenhuysius, =5=, 194.
degradation of, in the seventeenth century, =5=, 199-200, 204-5.
poverty of, =5=, 205-6.
speak a jargon in the eighteenth century, =5=, 300.
artificial studies of, =5=, 300-1.
neglect the Bible, =5=, 328.
slandered by Voltaire, =5=, 340.
condition of, described by Dohm, =5=, 353.
emancipated in the wake of French victories, =5=, 459. _See_
Emancipation.
prejudices of Goethe against, =5=, 461.
Fichte on, =5=, 461-3.
and Napoleon, =5=, 474, 481.
maligned by Bonald, =5=, 478.
the emancipation of, dependent on that of the French Jews, =5=, 480.
in the French wars, =5=, 511.
excluded from Tyrol, =5=, 523.
Heine on, =5=, 547-8, 553-5.
debt of, to Börne and Heine, =5=, 556.
rapid advance of, =5=, 557.
historical mission of, =5=, 576, 718-19.
self-respect of, =5=, 590.
effect of the July revolution on, =5=, 596-8.
criticised by Riesser, =5=, 599-600.
contrasted with the Greeks, =5=, 706-8.
the religion of, =5=, 709.
faults of, =5=, 713-14.
literature of, =5=, 714.
_See also_ Israelites, the; Judæans, the; _and under the various
countries, cities, etc._

“=Jews=, The,” by Lessing, =5=, 297, 320, 360.

“=Jews=, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States,” by
August Krämer, =5=, 522.

=Jews, the, conversion of.= _See under_ Conversion.

=Jews, the, emancipation of.= _See under_ Emancipation.

=Jew’s quarter=, the, in Rome, =2=, 68.
in Constantinople, =3=, 26, 425.
in Speyer, =3=, 298.
at Palermo, =3=, 567.
in Seville, =3=, 593.
of Toledo, =4=, 118.
of Seville, mobbed, =4=, 169.
in Palma, =4=, 171.
Castilian Jews forced into, =4=, 203.
decreed by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245.
decreed by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
decreed by Henry IV of Castile, =4=, 278.
enforced by the cortes of Toledo, =4=, 335.
first, in Italy, =4=, 408.
enforced by Paul IV, =4=, 566.
in Vienna, =4=, 702; =5=, 172.
in Alsace and Metz, =5=, 348.
of Frankfort destroyed, =5=, 503-4.
Roman Jews return to, =5=, 518.
_See also_ Ghetto; Jew street, the; Juderia.

=Jews, secret.= _See_ Christians, Judaizing; Marranos, the.

=Jezaniah=, Judæan emigrant to Egypt, =1=, 324.

=Jezdijird= (400-420), Sassanian king, friendly to the Jews,
=2=, 609-10.

=Jezdijird III= (440-457), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews,
=2=, 627-8.

=Jezebel=, daughter of Ethbaal, marries Ahab, =1=, 194.
character of, =1=, 197.
builds a temple to Baal, =1=, 197.
persecutes Elijah’s disciples, =1=, 201.
has Naboth killed, =1=, 202.
threatens Elijah, =1=, 204.
end of, =1=, 211.

=Jezreel=, son of Hosea, =1=, 240.

=Jezreel=, the plain of, in Canaan, =1=, 36.
description of, =1=, 44.
Philistines encamp in, =1=, 102.
Ahab’s winter palace in, =1=, 201-2.
towns in, restored to Judæa, =2=, 76.

=Jikatilla.= _See_ Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla.

=Joab=, warrior, joins David, =1=, 100.
jealous of Abner, =1=, 109.
ends the civil war, =1=, 110.
kills Abner, =1=, 111.
receives a house at Jerusalem, =1=, 119.
field officer under David, =1=, 122.
conducts the Ammonite war, =1=, 126-7, 128-9.
captures the Water-Town of Rabbath Ammon, =1=, 128.
faith of, =1=, 130.
ordered to expose Uriah the Hittite, =1=, 132.
partisan of Absalom, =1=, 135.
employs the woman of Tekoah to plead for Absalom, =1=, 135-6.
takes up a military census, =1=, 137.
faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, =1=, 141.
commander against Absalom at Mahanaim, =1=, 144.
reproaches David for long mourning over Absalom, =1=, 145.
replaced by Amasa, =1=, 148.
victorious over Sheba, =1=, 149-50.
supporter of Adonijah, =1=, 152.
killed by Benaiah, =1=, 160.
family of, forms a league in Babylon, =1=, 330.
favorite character of the Puritans, =5=, 26.

=Joachim I=, elector of Brandenburg, has thirty Jews burnt, =4=, 440.

=Joachim II=, elector of Brandenburg, alleged to have been poisoned
by a Jew, =4=, 652; =5=, 188.

=Joah=, chancellor, under Josiah, =1=, 292.

=Joan=, pope, satire on, =3=, 169.

=Joanna=, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, proposed as wife to
Manoel of Portugal, =4=, 373.

=Joanna=, queen of Naples, appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of
the Jews, =4=, 258.

=João I=, of Portugal, Grand Master of Avis, rival of Leonora, =4=,
160.
regent of Portugal, =4=, 161.
popularity of, as king, =4=, 173.
promotes conquests on the coast of Africa, =4=, 217-18.
refuses assistance to Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 218.

=João II= (1481-1495), of Portugal, character of, =4=, 340.
executes the Duke of Braganza, =4=, 341.
confiscates the property of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 341.
negotiations with, for the settlement of the Spanish Jews in
Portugal, =4=, 352.
baptizes the son of Judah Leon Abrabanel, =4=, 361.
permits Spanish exiles to settle in Portugal, =4=, 365-6.
summons an astronomical congress, =4=, 367.
delivers Marranos to the Inquisition, =4=, 368.
insists upon the Spanish exiles’ leaving Portugal at the appointed
time, =4=, 368-9.
sells Spanish exiles as slaves, =4=, 370-1.
sends the children of Spanish exiles to San Thomas, =4=, 371.
death of, =4=, 371.
cause of the misfortunes of, =4=, 373.

=João III= (1522-1557), of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos,
=4=, 488-90.
resolves to introduce the Inquisition, =4=, 490.
gives up the plan of establishing the Inquisition, =4=, 490-1.
receives David Reubeni, =4=, 493, 498.
treats the Marranos more kindly, =4=, 493-4.
withdraws his favor from David Reubeni, =4=, 498-9.
urged to introduce the Inquisition, =4=, 499-500.
cupidity of, censured by Pucci, =4=, 505.
chooses Duarte de Paz for a secret mission, =4=, 512.
tries to influence Paul III in favor of the Inquisition, =4=, 515.
disobeys the papal injunction to absolve the Marranos, =4=, 516.
rigor of, towards the Marranos, =4=, 518-19.
enforces the rules of the Inquisition, =4=, 521.
forbids emigration, =4=, 524.
requested by the pope to treat the Marranos mildly, =4=, 527.
tries to make good Catholics of the Marranos, =4=, 528.

=Joaser=, coadjutor of Josephus in Galilee, =2=, 278, 279.

=Joaser=, son of Simon b. Boëthus, high priest, the deposition of,
demanded, =2=, 121.
deposed, =2=, 127.
again installed, =2=, 127.
defends the Roman census, =2=, 134.
deposed by Quirinius, =2=, 135.

=Joash=, king of Israel. _See_ Jehoash.

=Joash=, king of Judah, escapes the slaughter of Athaliah, =1=, 213.
raised in the Temple, =1=, 215-16.
anointed king, =1=, 216.
repairs the Temple, =1=, 218-19.
stones the high priest Zachariah, =1=, 220.
yields to Hazael, =1=, 221.
killed, =1=, 221.

“=Job=,” poem by Jacob Israel Belmonte, =4=, 665.

=Job, the Book of=, composed during the captivity, =1=, 341-2.
expounded by Simon ben Lakish, =2=, 496-7.
commentary on, by Rashi, =3=, 346.
paraphrased by Zarak Barfat, =4=, 140.

=Joceus=, a wealthy Jew of York, takes refuge in the citadel, =3=,
413.
end of, =3=, 415.

=Joceus=, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 588.

=Jochai=, a friend of the Romans, =2=, 440.

=Jochanan=, secretary to Gamaliel I, =2=, 192.

=Jochanan of Alexandria=, the sandal maker, disciple of Akiba, =2=,
433.

=Jochanan bar Moryah=, Amora, =2=, 609.

=Jochanan bar Napacha= (199-279), chief of the Amoraim, =2=, 479.
and Judah II, =2=, 485, 493, 494.
description of the beauty of, =2=, 492-3.
method of, =2=, 493.
at Tiberias, =2=, 493-4.
leniency of, =2=, 494.
explains the prophecy of Daniel, =2=, 494-5.
morality of, =2=, 495.
misfortunes of, =2=, 495.
opponent of, =2=, 495, 497.
restores order in southern Judæa, =2=, 498.
on Abba Areka, =2=, 514.
decisions of, =2=, 515.
and Mar-Samuel, =2=, 522-3.
alarm of, on account of the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 525.
feeling of, against Palmyra, =2=, 529, 530.
disciples of, =2=, 531.
decision of, with regard to the new-moon, =2=, 532.
view of, on the Samaritans, =2=, 534.
permits Jewish women to acquire Greek culture, =2=, 537.
quoted by Abbahu, =2=, 537.

=Jochanan ben Gudgada=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.

=Jochanan ben Mattathiah Provenci=, elected chief rabbi of
France, =4=, 152.
relieved of his office by Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, =4=, 152, 162.
appeals to Spanish authorities, =4=, 153.

=Jochanan ben Nuri=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.
upholds the ordinances of Gamaliel II, =2=, 405.

=Jochanan ben Torta=, opposes Akiba’s Messianic hopes, =2=, 410.

=Jochanan ben Zakkai=, disciple of Hillel, =2=, 131.
abolishes the ritual for cases of suspected adultery, =2=, 238.
abrogates the sin offering for murders, =2=, 239.
leader of the faithful Judæans, =2=, 240.
vice-president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 240.
importance of, =2=, 322-3.
member of the Peace party, =2=, 323.
takes refuge in the camp of Titus, =2=, 323-4.
receives permission to establish a school at Jamnia, =2=, 324.
mourns for the Temple, =2=, 324.
forms a Synhedrion at Jamnia, =2=, 325.
changes made by, =2=, 326.
disciples of, =2=, 326.
proficient in the oral Law, =2=, 328.
lectures by, =2=, 328-9.
on the advantages of peace, =2=, 329.
intercourse of, with pagans, =2=, 329, 331.
gentle character of, =2=, 331-2.
description of Israel in mourning by, =2=, 332.
compared with Jeremiah and Zerubbabel, =2=, 333.
death of, =2=, 333.
maxim of, with regard to the study of the Law, =2=, 338-9.
on Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, =2=, 346.

=Jochanan Aleman.= _See_ Aleman.

=Jochanan.= _See also_ Johanan; John; Jonathan.

=Joel=, prophet, exhortations of, under Uzziah, =1=, 230.
under Jeroboam II, =1=, 237-40.

=Joel=, son of Samuel, acts as judge in Beersheba, =1=, 79.

=Joel, Emanuel=, founder of the Breslau seminary, =5=, 700.

=Johanan=, father of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.

=Johanan=, son of Joiada, high priest, slays his brother in the
Temple, =1=, 409.

=Johanan=, son of Kareah, chief of the Judæans in Palestine after the
fall of Jerusalem, =1=, 318.
submits to Gedaliah, =1=, 321.
informs Gedaliah of Ishmael’s treachery, =1=, 322.
pursues Ishmael, =1=, 322-3.

=Johanan=, son of Simon Tharsi. _See_ Hyrcanus I, John.

=Johanan Gadi=, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.
leader of the Hasmonæan party, =1=, 489.
killed by the Bene Amri, =1=, 491.

=Johanan.= _See also_ Jochanan; John; Jonathan.

=Johannsen=, bishop of Speyer, protects the Jews during the first
crusade, =3=, 300-1.

=John XXII=, pope, opposes a crusade, =4=, 35.
sister of, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 61.

=John XXIII=, pope, vices of, =4=, 201.

=John II=, of Aragon. _See_ Juan II, of Aragon.

=John II=, of Brabant, protects the Jews of Brussels, =4=, 112.

=John=, of England, the Jews under, =3=, 416, 504-5.
pretends friendship for the Jews, =3=, 504.
appoints Jacob of London chief rabbi, =3=, 504.
protects the Jews of London, =3=, 505.
imprisons the English Jews, =3=, 505.

=John=, the Good, of France, captivity of, =4=, 128-9.
permits the Jews to return to France, =4=, 129.
curtails the privileges of the Jews, =4=, 131.

=John=, author of the Apocalypse, hates Rome, =2=, 369.

=John=, the Baptist, Essene, beliefs of, =2=, 145-6.
influence of, on the Judæan poor and the aristocracy, =2=, 146-7.
imprisoned and beheaded, =2=, 147.
Jesus the disciple of, =2=, 150.
the work of, continued by Jesus, =2=, 151.
identified with Elijah, =2=, 158.

=John=, Judæan envoy to emperor Claudius, =2=, 197-8.

=John=, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, =2=, 295.

=John of Capistrano=, Franciscan, hostile to the Jews, =4=,
249, 258-63.
executes Nicholas V’s anti-Jewish bull, =4=, 253.
characteristics of, =4=, 257.
used by the popes to restore their authority, =4=, 257-8.
inquisitor of the Jews, =4=, 258.
in Germany, =4=, 258-60.
in Bavaria, =4=, 258-9.
in Franconia, =4=, 259-60.
in Silesia, =4=, 260-3.
in Poland, =4=, 263, 265-6, 418.
preaches a crusade against the Turks, =4=, 268.
advocates the baptism of Jewish children, =4=, 277.
exalted by Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=, 296.

=John of Gischala.= _See_ John ben Levi.

=John of Gorze= (Jean de Vendières), ambassador from Otho I to
Abdul-Rahman III, =3=, 219.

=John of Valladolid=, apostate, in religious disputations with Jews,
=4=, 140, 141, 209.

=John ben Levi=, of Gischala, leader of the insurrection in Upper
Galilee, =2=, 273.
troops of, =2=, 273.
repugnant to Josephus, =2=, 279-81.
accuses Josephus before the Synhedrion, =2=, 281.
escapes to Jerusalem, =2=, 290.
helps the Zealots of Jerusalem, =2=, 295.
heroism of, =2=, 296-7.
leader of the Galilean Zealots in Jerusalem, =2=, 301.
destroys Roman works, =2=, 304.
hopefulness of, =2=, 305.
refuses to lay down arms, =2=, 309.
in Titus’ triumph, =2=, 313.
in a Roman dungeon, =2=, 314.

=John, son of Zebedee=, disciple of Jesus, =2=, 153.
leader of the early Christians, =2=, 169, 222.

=John.= _See also_ Jochanan; Johanan; Jonathan; Juan.

=John Albert= of Poland, hostile to the Jews, =4=, 419.

=John Casimir=, of Poland, permits forced converts to return to
Judaism, =5=, 13.
guards the rights of Jews in making a treaty, =5=, 14.

=John Chrysostom=, bishop of Antioch, preaches against Jewish
institutions, =2=, 613-14.

=John George=, elector of Brandenburg, accuses Lippold of poisoning
Joachim II, =4=, 652.
expulsion of the Jews by, =5=, 173.

=John Hyrcanus.= _See_ Hyrcanus I, John.

=John Maurice=, of Nassau, stadtholder of Brazil, assisted by
Marranos, =4=, 693.

=John Sobieski=, of Poland, scatters the Karaites, =5=, 182.

=Joiada=, high priest, under Nehemiah, =1=, 386.
sons of, =1=, 409.

=Joigny=, represented at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Jokthel=, name of Petra changed into, =1=, 223.

=Jollivet=, French government commissioner, protests against the
imposition of a poll-tax on French Jews in Germany, =5=, 465.

=Jonadab=, son of Rechab, a Nazarite, =1=, 200; =3=, 55.
helps Jehu to exterminate Baal-worship, =1=, 212.

=Jonah=, fisherman, sons of, disciples of Jesus, =2=, 153.

=Jonah II=, Palestinian Amora, =2=, 560.
member of the last Synhedrion, =2=, 567.
permits bread baking on the Sabbath for the Roman army, =2=, 568.

=Jonah=, prophet, encourages war with the Aramæans, =1=, 225.

=Jonah=, rabbi of Vienna, counsels self-destruction to escape the
Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.

=Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi= the Elder, excommunicates the
Maimunists, =3=, 529.
excommunicated, =3=, 530, 536-7.
aided by Nachmani, =3=, 536.
refers the Maimunist controversy to the Dominicans, =3=, 542-3.
repents of his persecution of Maimonides’ works, =3=, 579-80, 624.
makes public confession, =3=, 580.
author of Talmudical works, =3=, 580.
disciple of, a Maimunist, =3=, 629.

=Jonah Marinus= (Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach, 995-1050), grammarian,
=3=, 261-4.
teachers of, =3=, 261.
as a poet, =3=, 261-2.
studies medicine, =3=, 261, 262.
hostile to Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 262, 313.
creator of Hebrew syntax, =3=, 263.
works of, =3=, 263.
calmness and clearness of, =3=, 263-4.
and Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 264.
adversely criticised by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371.
works of, translated into Hebrew, =3=, 397.

=Jonathan=, keeper of the lists, jailer of Jeremiah, =1=, 313.

=Jonathan=, nephew of David, Israelite champion, =1=, 117.

=Jonathan=, priest, messenger from Hushai to David, =1=, 143.

=Jonathan=, Sadducee leader, friend of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 31.
estranges Hyrcanus from the Pharisees, =2=, 33.

=Jonathan=, tax-gatherer, deputy of the Judæans of Cæsarea, =2=, 253.

=Jonathan=, teacher of the Law, in the south of Judæa, =2=, 442.

=Jonathan=, Zealot leader, accuses Josephus of disloyalty to
Rome, =2=, 318.

=Jonathan ben Absalom=, general under Simon Tharsi, =1=, 500.

=Jonathan ben Amram=, disciple of Judah I, rebukes him, =2=, 451.

=Jonathan ben Anan=, high priest, appointed by Vitellius, =2=, 172.
former high priest, envoy to Rome, =2=, 244.
seeks the appointment of Felix as procurator of Judæa, =2=, 245.
assassinated, =2=, 246.

=Jonathan ben Nachman= (Archinas), teacher of the Law at the fall of
Jerusalem, =2=, 330.

=Jonathan ben Uziel=, disciple of Hillel, =2=, 131.

=Jonathan, son of Saul=, qualities of, =1=, 84.
destroys the Philistine garrison at Gibeah, =1=, 85.
defeats the Philistines at Michmash, =1=, 86-8.
condemned to death by Saul, =1=, 88-9.
friendship of, with David, =1=, 97, 98.
death of, =1=, 103.
body of, dishonored, =1=, 104.
remains of, buried, =1=, 124.

=Jonathan, son of Simon Tharsi.= _See_ Hyrcanus I, John.

=Jonathan Cohen=, of Lünel, writes a commentary on Alfassi’s
Talmudical work, =3=, 397.
advocates the study of science by Jews, =3=, 397.
reverence of, for Maimonides, =3=, 489, 526.
emigrates to Jerusalem, =3=, 505, 506.

=Jonathan Eibeschütz.= _See_ Eibeschütz, Jonathan.

=Jonathan Haphus=, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.
in command beyond the Jordan, =1=, 475.
leader of the Hasmonæan party, =1=, 489.
made the leader of the people, =1=, 490.
weakness of the forces of, =1=, 491.
strengthens his defences, =1=, 492-3.
authority of, =1=, 493.
defends Bethhagla, =1=, 493.
makes a truce with Bacchides, =1=, 493-4.
friendship of, sued for by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas,
=1=, 494-5.
officiates as high priest on the Feast of Tabernacles, =1=, 495.
ally of Alexander Balas, =1=, 494, 496.
entertained by Ptolemy VI and Alexander Balas, =1=, 496.
loyal to Alexander Balas, =1=, 496.
receives Ekron, =1=, 496.
besieges the Acra, =1=, 496.
compact of, with Demetrius II, =1=, 497.
espouses the cause of Antiochus VI, =1=, 497-8, 499.
distinguished by Diodotus Tryphon, =1=, 498.
taken prisoner, =1=, 499.
executed, =1=, 501.
burial of, at Modin, =1=, 501.
achievements of, =1=, 501-2.
ancestor of Flavius Josephus, =1=, 502.
state of Judæa after the death of, =1=, 501-2, 519-20.

=Jonathan Levi Zion=, advocate of the Jews before Maximilian I,
=4=, 436-7.

=Jonathan.= _See also_ Jochanan; John; Jonathan.

=Jonghe, Isaac de=, zealous for the emancipation of the Jews, =5=,
455.

=Jonghe, Lublink de=, objects to the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 455-6.

=Joppa= (Jaffa), fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, =1=, 417.
taken by Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 496.
Simon Tharsi sends a detachment to, =1=, 500.
taken by Simon Tharsi, =1=, 524.
claimed by Antiochus Sidetes, =1=, 529.
in the possession of Antiochus Sidetes, =2=, 4-5.
in the possession of Antiochus IX, =2=, 9.
taken by Vespasian, =2=, 288.

=Joram=, son of Ahab. _See_ Jehoram.

=Joram= (Jehoram), son of Jehoshaphat, marries Athaliah, =1=, 206.
king of Judah, introduces idolatry, =1=, 209.
death of, =1=, 211.

=Joram=, son of Tôi, king of Hamath, congratulates David on his
victories, =1=, 127.

=Jordan=, the, Israelites cross, =1=, 29, 32.
description of, =1=, 42, 46.

=José= (471-520), Amora, principal of the Pumbeditha school,
completes the Babylonian Talmud, =2=, 630-1.

=José=, brother of Jesus, =2=, 148.

=José=, the Galilean, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.
at Lydda, =2=, 423.

=José=, Palestinian Amora, =2=, 560.
member of the last Synhedrion, =2=, 567.
permits bread baking on the Sabbath for the Roman army, =2=, 568.
on the second day of the festivals, =2=, 573.

=José of Phaeno=, servant of Judah I, =2=, 466.

=José bar José Hayathom=, the first poetan., poems of, =3=, 114-15.
artificiality of the works of, =3=, 115.
founder of neo-Hebraic poetry, =4=, 67.

=José ben Chalafta=, disciple of Akiba, =2=, 433.
on Meïr, =2=, 437.
artisan, =2=, 442.
historian, =2=, 442.
on Meïr and Nathan, =2=, 446.
on the Romans, =2=, 448.
banished to Laodicea, =2=, 448.
son of, in Rome, =2=, 449.

=José, son of Joëzer=, opponent of the Hellenists, =1=, 436.
probable end of, =1=, 483.

=José, son of Johanan=, opponent of the Hellenists, =1=, 436.

=José Barnabas= of Cyprus, proselytizes among the heathen, =2=, 219.
disciple of the apostle Paul, =2=, 227.
observes the dietary laws, =2=, 231.

=José.= _See also under_ Joseph.

=Joseph I=, emperor, refuses to remove the ban from “Judaism
Unmasked,” =5=, 193.

=Joseph II=, emperor, improves the condition of the Jews, =5=, 357-8.
forbids the circulation of an anti-Jewish work, =5=, 359.
hymn to, by Wessely, =5=, 368.
reforms of, opposed by the pious, =5=, 369.
reforms of, welcomed by the cultured, =5=, 370.
reforms of, resisted in Galicia, =5=, 394.
abolishes the poll-tax on Jews, =5=, 415, 464.
the Jewish regulations of, disregarded by Francis I, =5=, 523.

=Joseph=, Jewish king of the Chazars, addressed by Chasdaï
Ibn-Shaprut, =3=, 220-1, 222.
residence of, =3=, 221.
answers Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=, 221-2.

=Joseph=, duke of Mantua, banishes rabbis, =4=, 295.

=Joseph=, the tribes of, claim the central lands of Canaan,
=1=, 35-6.

=Joseph=, apostate under Constantine, persecutes the Palestinian Jews,
=2=, 564-5.
made comes, =2=, 565.
builds churches in Galilee, =2=, 565.
defames Hillel II, =2=, 566.
possible connection of, with Constantine’s persecution of the
Jews, =2=, 567.

=Joseph=, brother of Herod, guardian of Mariamne, =2=, 83.
besieged in Masada, =2=, 87.

=Joseph=, brother-in-law of Herod, ordered to murder Mariamne in case
of his death, =2=, 93.
calumniated by his wife, =2=, 93.
beheaded, =2=, 94.

=Joseph=, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, =4=, 269.

=Joseph=, of the house of Camyth, high priest under Herod
II, =2=, 198.

=Joseph of Arimathea=, disciple of Jesus, =2=, 160.

=Joseph of Arli=, Kabbalist, hopes in the Messiah as announced by
Molcho, =4=, 511-12.

=Joseph de Avila=, discovers the Zohar to be a forgery, =4=, 20-1.

=Joseph of Ecija.= _See_ Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.

=Joseph of Gamala=, Zealot leader, =2=, 289.
death of, =2=, 290.

=Joseph of Nazareth=, father of Jesus, =2=, 148.

=Joseph de Vesoul=, apostate, =4=, 150.

=Joseph bar Abba= (814), mystic, principal of the Pumbeditha
academy, =3=, 154.

=Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla=, Kabbalist, =4=, 3, 6.
writings of, =4=, 10.
works of, used by Reuchlin, =4=, 466.

=Joseph ben Chasdaï=, a Cordova poet, eulogizes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela,
=3=, 273.
son of, =3=, 274, 280.

=Joseph ben Chiya= (270-333), refuses the Pumbeditha principalship,
=2=, 577-8.
superstition of, =2=, 578.
flees from Pumbeditha, =2=, 580.
principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =2=, 581.
characteristics of, =2=, 581.
method of, =2=, 581.
devotes himself to the Targum, =2=, 581-2.
severity of, =2=, 582.
death of, =2=, 583.

=Joseph ben Chiya= (828-833), principal of the Pumbeditha
academy, =3=, 155.
resigns, =3=, 156.
re-installed, =3=, 156.

=Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi=, of Ecija, prominent at
the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, =4=, 76, 79.
attack on, in Valladolid, =4=, 79.
jealous of Samuel Ibn-Wakar, =4=, 80, 81.
patron of Gonzalo Martinez, =4=, 83.
end of, =4=, 84.

=Joseph ben Gershom Loans= (Joslin, Josselman of Rosheim, 1480-1555),
representative of the German Jews, =4=, 414.
warns Molcho and Reubeni against petitioning Charles V, =4=, 510.

=Joseph ben Gorion=, a moderate zealot, =2=, 271.

“=Joseph ben Gorion.=” _See_ Josippon.

=Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur= (Ibn-Satanas or Santas), candidate for
the Cordova rabbinate, =3=, 229-30, 238.
liturgical poetry of, =3=, 236.
translates the Mishna into Arabic, =3=, 237.
excommunicated, =3=, 238.
appeals to Alhakem, =3=, 238.
refuses the Cordova rabbinate, =3=, 240.

=Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi= (1150-1170), introduces Spanish culture
into southern France, =3=, 392.
polemical work by, against Christianity, =3=, 392-3.

=Joseph ben Israel=, father of Manasseh, Marrano, emigrates to the
Netherlands, =4=, 671.

=Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal= (1070-1121), rabbi of Cordova, poetry
of, =3=, 314.

=Joseph ben Joshua Cohen= (1496-1575), historian and physician,
dazzled by Molcho, =4=, 511.
expelled from Genoa, =4=, 544, 555.
historical works by, =4=, 555-6, 560, 590, 608.
style of, =4=, 556, 557.

=Joseph ben Kisma=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.
counsels subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, =2=, 426-7.

=Joseph ben Matthias= (Flavius Josephus, 38-95), historian,
descendant of Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 502.
does not mention Jesus in his works, =2=, 166.
a moderate Zealot, =2=, 271.
governor of Galilee, =2=, 272, 275-6.
education of, =2=, 276.
at Rome in his youth, =2=, 276-7.
secretly a Roman partisan, =2=, 277-8.
relation of, to Agrippa II, =2=, 278.
administration of, =2=, 278-9.
opposed by Jesus ben Sapphia, =2=, 279.
relation of, to John of Gischala, =2=, 279-81.
duplicity of, =2=, 280-1.
deposed by the Synhedrion, =2=, 281.
deceives the envoys of the Synhedrion, =2=, 282.
wins credulous Galileans to his side, =2=, 282-3.
re-instated, =2=, 283.
breaks the strength of Galilee, =2=, 283-4.
defeated by Vespasian, =2=, 285.
appeals to the Synhedrion for aid, =2=, 286.
at Jotapata, =2=, 287-8.
gives himself up to the Romans, =2=, 288.
execrated by the Judæans, =2=, 293, 389, 391.
made commander of Titus’ body-guard, =2=, 302.
tries to persuade Jerusalem to surrender, =2=, 304.
witness of Titus’ triumph in Rome, =2=, 314.
rewarded by Vespasian and Titus, =2=, 317.
given the name Flavius Josephus, =2=, 317.
as an historian, =2=, 319.
on Jewish customs observed by pagans, =2=, 384.
considers circumcision optional with proselytes, =2=, 385.
favorite of Domitian, =2=, 389.
and Flavius Clemens, =2=, 389, 391.
completes his Jewish history, =2=, 389-90.
vindicates himself against the attacks of Justus of Tiberias, =2=,
390.
vindicates his race against Apion, =2=, 390.
prosecuted by Domitian, =2=, 391.
death of, =2=, 391.
immortalizes the war of the Zealots, =2=, 415.
works of, read at the court of Louis the Pious, =3=, 162.
history of, the basis of Josippon, =3=, 180.
the work of, against Apion, translated, =4=, 608.
the works of, connected with the Talmud by Azarya deï Rossi, =4=,
614.
a work of, translated by Arias, =5=, 113.
the history of, continued by Basnage, =5=, 195.
the works of, studied by Frankel, =5=, 684.

=Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi= (1077-1144), Talmudist, eulogized
by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 315, 322, 323.
successor to Alfassi, =3=, 315-16, 323.
respect for, =3=, 316.
condemns a traitor to be stoned, =3=, 317.
son and disciples of, =3=, 317, 447.

=Joseph ben Pilat=, Talmudist in Damascus, =3=, 426.

=Joseph ben Sahara=, satirist and physician, =3=, 559.

=Joseph ben Satia=, Gaon of Sora, =3=, 196.
successor to Saadiah, =3=, 202.
abandons the academy of Sora, =3=, 202.

=Joseph ben Shem Tob Ibn-Shem Tob= (1400-1460), philosopher and
preacher, dignitary at the Castilian court, =4=, 228-9.
polemic works of, =4=, 235.
opposed to his father’s views, =4=, 243.
religio-philosophical system of, =4=, 244.

=Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan= (1135-1204-5), favorite of Alfonso
VIII of Castile, =3=, 384.
erects a synagogue in Toledo, =3=, 384.
encourages the study of the Talmud, =3=, 384, 385-6.
poem on, =3=, 388.

=Joseph ben Solomon Kolon= (1460-1490), rabbi of Mantua, wanderings
of, =4=, 294.
authority of, =4=, 294-5.
controversies of, =4=, 295.
rabbi of Pavia, =4=, 295.

=Joseph ben Todros Abulafia=, Kabbalist, =4=, 2.

=Joseph Ibn-Aknin=, disciple of Maimonides, attacked by Mar-Sacharya,
=3=, 477.
“The Guide of the Perplexed” addressed to, =3=, 478.
cautioned by Maimonides against letting his book fall into the
hands of the Mahometans, =3=, 486.
finds Maimonides’ system inconsistent with Judaism, =3=, 487.
urges the excommunication of Daniel ben Saadiah, =3=, 526.

=Joseph Ibn-Alfual=, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, =4=,
60.

=Joseph Ibn-Jau=, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238, 239.

=Joseph Ibn-Migash=, supports Balkin, =3=, 258.
leaves Granada, =3=, 258.
occupies a high office in Seville, =3=, 280.

=Joseph Ibn-Nagrela= (1031-1066), eulogized by Joseph ben
Chasdaï, =3=, 273.
vizir and Nagid, =3=, 274, 275.
secretary to Balkin, =3=, 274.
wife of, =3=, 274.
protects the sons of the last Gaon, =3=, 275.
as Talmudist, =3=, 275.
accused of poisoning Balkin, =3=, 275.
opposes the massacre of the Granada Arabs, =3=, 276-7.
loses the favor of Badis, =3=, 277.
accused of treason, =3=, 278.
killed, =3=, 278.
wife and son of, flee to Lucena, =3=, 279.
library of, =3=, 279.
elegy on, =3=, 279.
patron of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 283.
patron of Isaac Ibn-Giat, =3=, 284.

=Joseph Ibn-Verga=, historian, =4=, 555.
ancestors of, =4=, 556.
historical work of, =4=, 557.
style of, =4=, 557.
arraignment of the Jews by, =4=, 557.

=Joseph Ibn-Yachya=, at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=, 208.

=Joseph Ibn-Yachya=, pleads with the Portuguese Jews for the Spanish
exiles, =4=, 366.

=Joseph, son of Tobiah=, leader of the Judæans, =1=, 423-4.
flatters the Egyptian ambassador, =1=, 424.
at the court of Ptolemy III, =1=, 424-5.
tax-gatherer of Cœlesyria and Phœnicia, =1=, 425.
favorite of Ptolemy IV, =1=, 425-6.
wealth of, enriches Judæa, =1=, 426-7.
introduces Dionysian festivals into Judæa, =1=, 428.
son of, his representative, =1=, 429-30.
death of, =1=, 431.
descendants of, called Tobiades, =1=, 432.

=Joseph, son of Zachariah=, general of Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 476.

=Joseph Albo= (1380-1444), at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=,
208, 233.
holds the Agada to be authoritative, =4=, 214.
refuses to accept baptism, =4=, 215.
writes an account of a religious controversy, =4=, 234.
physician and philosopher, =4=, 239.
on freedom of inquiry, =4=, 240.
on the articles of the creed, =4=, 240.
style of, =4=, 240.
religio-philosophical system of, =4=, 240-3.
on salvation of the soul, =4=, 240, 243.

=Joseph Al-Kabri= persecutes the Karaites in Spain, =3=, 362.

=Joseph Amarkala Halevi=, prince of the Jews about Nishabur, =3=, 433.

=Joseph Barihan Alfalach=, representative of the Mosul congregation,
and David Alrui, =3=, 433.

=Joseph Caiaphas=, high priest, president of the tribunal that tried
Jesus, =2=, 163, 164.
removed from office, =2=, 172.

=Joseph Ezobi ben Chanan= (1230-1250), poet, works of, translated,
=3=, 561.
advice of, to his son, =3=, 561.

=Joseph Hamon.= _See_ Hamon, Joseph.

=Joseph Jaabez=, attributes the suffering of the Jews to their heresy,
=4=, 343, 479.

=Joseph Kara=, Bible exegete, =3=, 345-6.
writes commentaries on the Prophets and the Hagiographa, =3=, 346.

=Joseph Karo= (1488-1575), infected with Messianic enthusiasm by
Molcho, =4=, 496-7, 537.
longing of, for martyrdom, =4=, 511.
ordained by Jacob Berab, =4=, 536, 538.
learning and wanderings of, =4=, 537.
elaborates Jacob Asheri’s code, =4=, 537, 539.
visions of, =4=, 537-8.
among the Kabbalists, =4=, 538.
Messianic dreams of, =4=, 538-9.
code by, intended to bring about religious unity, =4=, 539, 612.
chief rabbi of Safet, =4=, 540.
appealed to on the question of trade with Ancona, =4=, 580.
excommunicates Daud, =4=, 599.
publishes the “Shulchan Aruch,” =4=, 612.
Spanish tendencies of the code of, =4=, 613.
orders Azarya deï Rossi’s works to be burned, =4=, 616.
code of, commented upon by Moses Isserles, =4=, 637.
the highest Jewish authority in the seventeenth century, =5=, 51.
_See also_ Shulchan Aruch, the.

=Joseph Kaspi=, philosopher, =4=, 87, 91.

=Joseph Orabuena=, physician, chief rabbi of Navarre, =4=, 184-5.

=Joseph Pichon=, receiver general of taxes under Henry II of
Castile, =4=, 138.
denounced by Jewish courtiers, =4=, 156.
condemned as a traitor, =4=, 156.
beheaded by the Jews, =4=, 156.
the execution of, arouses excitement against the Jews, =4=,
157-8, 167.

=Joseph Rabban=, leader of the Jews in India, =2=, 629-30.
special rights conferred on, =2=, 630.

=Joseph Saragossi=, Kabbalist, disciple of, =4=, 393.
reforms life in Safet, =4=, 399.
introduces the Kabbala into Safet, =4=, 399.

=Joseph Tob-Elem=, writes a commentary on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s
Pentateuch commentary, =4=, 144.

=Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego=, traveler, employed by João II of
Portugal, =4=, 368.

=Joseph Zevi=, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 145.

=Josephus, Flavius.= _See_ Joseph ben Matthias.

=Josephus=, pseudo-. _See_ Josippon.

=Joshua=, father of Narboni, =4=, 94.

=Joshua=, leader of the Israelites, =1=, 31, 32-3.
victory of, at Gibeon, =1=, 34-5.
contest of, with the tribes of Joseph, =1=, 36.
defeats Jabin, =1=, 37.
dwells among the Ephraimites, =1=, 41.
declining years of, =1=, 50.
death of, =1=, 52.
Israelites under, settle in Arabia, =3=, 54.

=Joshua=, of the family of Phabi, made high priest, =2=, 107.

=Joshua=, of the family of Sié, made high priest, =2=, 127.

=Joshua deï Cantori=, defames the Talmud, =4=, 583.

=Joshua ben Chananya=, teacher of the Law, disciple of Jochanan ben
Zakkai, =2=, 324, 326.
contemporary of Gamaliel II, =2=, 335.
opposes decisions by the Bath-Kol, =2=, 337.
dispute of, with Gamaliel II, =2=, 340-2.
on the admission of proselytes, =2=, 343, 384.
reconciled with Gamaliel II, =2=, 344-5.
artisan, =2=, 344, 348, 442.
character of, =2=, 348.
popularity and homeliness of, =2=, 349.
astronomical knowledge of, =2=, 349.
condemns Shammai’s rules, =2=, 349-50.
conciliatory intercourse of, with the Roman rulers, =2=, 350.
removes the ban from Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, =2=, 350.
obtains lucrative posts for poor scholars, =2=, 345, 357.
nephew of, =2=, 370, 443.
and Akylas, =2=, 385.
journey of, to Rome, =2=, 387.
and Flavius Clemens, =2=, 387, 389, 391.
influence of, on Nerva, =2=, 392.
advises against the rebellion against Hadrian, =2=, 403-4.
leader of the people under Hadrian, =2=, 404.
mourns for Gamaliel II, =2=, 404.
president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 404.
and Hadrian, =2=, 406-7.
tries to induce Hadrian not to rebuild Jerusalem, =2=, 407-8.
death of, =2=, 408.
disciples of, discard the Jewish garb, =2=, 424.
praises the Halachic knowledge of Bruria, =2=, 436.

=Joshua ben Damnai=, high priest, =2=, 249.

=Joshua ben Gamala=, high priest, obtains his office through
bribery, =2=, 249.
improves the educational system of Judæa, =2=, 249.
procures the governorship of Galilee for Josephus, =2=, 277-8.
suspected of Roman proclivities, =2=, 294.
executed by the Zealots, =2=, 296.

=Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui= (Geronimo de Santa Fé),
epistle of, attacking Christian dogmas, =4=, 186-7.
physician to Benedict XIII, =4=, 200.
instrument for the conversion of the Jews of Spain, =4=, 206,
231-2.
champion of Christianity at the disputation of Tortosa, =4=, 207.
proves the Messiahship of Jesus from the Talmud, =4=, 208-9, 211,
212.
accuses the Talmud of blasphemy, =4=, 213-14.
end of, unknown, =4=, 217.
charges of, refuted, =4=, 232, 238.
leaves the Marranos unconvinced, =4=, 256.

=Joshua ben Karcha=, denounces Eleazar ben Simon, =2=, 465.

=Joshua ben Levi=, teacher of the Law, collects the Patriarch’s tax
in Rome, =2=, 486, 498.
accompanies Chanina bar Chama to Cæsarea, =2=, 491.
prays for rain, =2=, 492.
reputation of, =2=, 497.
restores order in southern Judæa, =2=, 498.
legends about, =2=, 498.
and Ulla bar Kosher, =2=, 530.

=Joshua, son of Jehozedek=, high priest, leader of the exiles
returning under Cyrus, =1=, 352.
erects an altar on the site of the Temple, =1=, 356.
urges the completion of the second Temple, =1=, 359.
sole leader of the Judæan community, =1=, 360.

=Joshua, son of Joiada=, slain by his brother, =1=, 409.

=Joshua, son of Perachia=, Pharisee leader, maxim of, =2=, 20.

=Joshua Falk Cohen.= _See_ Cohen, Joshua Falk.

=Joshua Lorqui.= _See_ Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui.

=Joshua Sirach.= _See_ Jesus Sirach.

=Josiah=, son of Amon (638-608), king of Judah, minority of, =1=, 286.
averts the capture of Jerusalem by the Scythians, =1=, 288.
fears to suppress idolatry, =1=, 288.
repairs the Temple, =1=, 288-9.
under the influence of Jeremiah, =1=, 289.
receives the Book of the Law found in the Temple, =1=, 292, 293.
has the Book of the Law read to the people, =1=, 294.
uproots idolatry, =1=, 294-5.
desecrates the idolatrous altar at Bethel, =1=, 295.
summons the nation to celebrate Passover at Jerusalem, =1=, 295.
social conditions under, =1=, 296.
mortally wounded at Megiddo, =1=, 297.
sons of, =1=, 298.

=Josiah=, teacher of the Law, in the south of Judæa, =2=, 442.

=Josiah Hassan=, appointed Exilarch by Saadiah, =3=, 195, 196.
banished to Khorasan, =3=, 196.

=Josippon= (“Joseph ben Gorion,” pseudo-Josephus), history of the
Jews between the destruction of the first and the second Temple,
=3=, 179-80.

=Joslin of Rosheim.= _See_ Joseph ben Gershom Loans.

=Josselman Rosheim.= _See_ Joseph ben Gershom Loans.

=Jost, Isaac Marcus= (1793-1860), historian, basis of the history by,
=5=, 594-5.
service rendered by, =5=, 595.
objections to the work of, =5=, 595-6.
limitations of, =5=, 609, 610.
compared with Rapoport, =5=, 619.

=Jotapata=, resistance of, to Vespasian, =2=, 285-6, 286-7.
fall of, =2=, 287.

=Jotham=, son of Uzziah, regent of Judah, =1=, 246.
king, ally of Pekah and Rezin, =1=, 248.
state of the kingdom under, =1=, 248-50.
death of, =1=, 257.

=Jotham=, brother of Abimelech, parable of, =1=, 63.

=Jourdan=, French general, frees the Jews from the Frankfort Ghetto,
=5=, 503-4.

=Journals=, Jewish, list of:
Ha-Meassef, =5=, 399-400.
Journal for the Science of Judaism, =5=, 585.
Kerem Chemed, =5=, 621, 625.
Orient, The, =5=, 693.
Scientific Journal, The, =5=, 625.
Zion, =5=, 693.

=Jovianus=, emperor, concludes peace with Shabur II, =2=, 602.
religious toleration under, =2=, 602.

=Jozachar=, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, =1=, 221.

=Juan I=, of Aragon, Jews under, =4=, 145, 170.
Chasdaï Crescas at the court of, =4=, 146.

=Juan II=, of Aragon, the Jews under, =4=, 274, 275.

=Juan I=, of Castile, coronation of, =4=, 156.
punishes Fernan Martin, =4=, 157.
deprives the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, =4=, 157.
confirms anti-Jewish restrictions, =4=, 158.
possible heir to Portugal, =4=, 158.
regent of Portugal, =4=, 160-1.
makes David Negro chief rabbi of Castile, =4=, 161.
gives up Portugal, =4=, 162.
death of, =4=, 167.

=Juan II=, of Castile, Jews under, during his minority, =4=, 193-4.
anti-Jewish edict issued in the name of, =4=, 203-4.
issues a second edict concerning the Jews, =4=, 205-6.
admits Jews to state affairs, =4=, 228-9.
confirms the law of Avila, =4=, 229.
refuses consent to anti-Jewish bulls, =4=, 251.
protects the Jews, =4=, 251-2.
weakness of, =4=, 252-3.
complains of the backsliding Marranos, =4=, 256.

=Juan de Abadia=, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition, =4=,
329.
hires an assassin to kill Pedro Arbues, =4=, 329-30.
suicide of, =4=, 331.

=Juan de España= (the Old), apostate, Christian propagandist, =4=,
233.

=Juan de Lucena=, minister to Aragon, urges the expulsion of the Jews,
=4=, 348-9.
brother of, persecuted by the Marranos, =4=, 355.

=Juan de Sevilla.= _See_ Samuel Abrabanel.

=Juan de Seville=, intercedes for the Marranos, =4=, 322-3.
circulates Sixtus IV’s bull against the Inquisition, =4=, 323.

=Juan Alfonso=, governor of Seville, threatened by a mob, =4=, 168.

=Juan Alfonso de Albuquerque=, minister to Pedro the Cruel,
recommends a Jew as minister of finance, =4=, 115-16.
falls into disgrace, =4=, 117.

=Juan Arias=, bishop of Avila, delivers up the Jews of Sepulveda to
butchery, =4=, 279.

=Juan Emanuel=, regent for Alfonso XI of Castile, the Jews under,
=4=, 52-3.

=Juba=, king of Numidia, marries Glaphyra, =2=, 128.

=Jubilee=, the year of, ceases to exist as a year of release, =1=,
393.

=Judæa=, under Gedaliah, =1=, 319-23.
depopulated by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 325.
becomes a Persian dependency, =1=, 351.
part of Cœlesyria under Macedonian rule, =1=, 414.
conquered by Ptolemy I, =1=, 416.
falls to Ptolemy I after the battle of Ipsus, =1=, 418.
revolts from Ptolemy II, =1=, 423.
Dionysian festivals introduced into, =1=, 428.
at peace under Joseph, son of Tobiah, =1=, 430.
under Seleucidæan kings, =1=, 432.
ravaged by the Syrians, =1=, 433.
invaded by Gorgias, =1=, 467.
invaded by Lysias, =1=, 469.
reduced by Bacchides, =1=, 491.
the army of, under Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 498.
after the death of Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 501-2, 519-20.
independent under Simon Tharsi, =1=, 520.
independence of, acknowledged by Demetrius II, =1=, 521.
the Judæans in Egypt apprised of the independence of, =1=, 522-3.
allied with Rome, =1=, 526.
a monarchy under Simon Tharsi, =1=, 526.
under John Hyrcanus, =2=, 1, 11-12.
extent of, under Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.
prosperity of, under Salome Alexandra, =2=, 48.
one of the conquered provinces of Rome, =2=, 67.
divided into five provinces, =2=, 71.
burdens of, lessened by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
forced to pay a money contribution to Cassius Longinus, =2=, 80.
free from foreign soldiery under Antigonus, =2=, 83.
pays a tax to Rome, =2=, 87.
invaded by Sosius, =2=, 88.
extent of, under Herod, =2=, 103.
extent of, under the Herodians, =2=, 118.
towns of, adorned with Greek art, =2=, 118.
given to Archelaus by Herod’s will, =2=, 119.
made an ethnarchy by Augustus, =2=, 127.
wholly subject to Rome, =2=, 128.
ruled by procurators, =2=, 137.
compared with Galilee, =2=, 148.
given to Agrippa I by Claudius, =2=, 190.
the kingdom of, at its greatest extent, =2=, 190.
prosperity of, under Agrippa I, =2=, 191.
a Roman province on Agrippa I’s death, =2=, 197.
the governor of, independent of the governor of Syria, =2=, 197.
Roman dominion oppressive in, =2=, 233.
aristocracy of, immoral, =2=, 234.
severity of the Roman governors of, =2=, 241.
under Cumanus, =2=, 242.
under Felix, =2=, 245-7.
turbulent state of, under Gessius Florus, =2=, 250-1.
aroused against Rome, =2=, 262.
aided against Rome by foreign Judæans, =2=, 264.
the property of Vespasian, =2=, 312.
triumph over, celebrated at Rome, =2=, 314-15.
fortresses of, in arms, =2=, 315.
after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, =2=, 321.
under Roman governors, =2=, 333.
in rebellion against Trajan, =2=, 394-5.
in rebellion against Hadrian, =2=, 399-400, 403, 408.
visit of Hadrian to, =2=, 406.
desolate condition of, under Hadrian, =2=, 431.
revolution in, under Antoninus Pius, =2=, 447.
sanctity of, =2=, 458.
Hebrew spoken in, =2=, 461-2.
Marcus Aurelius in, =2=, 463.
under Commodus, =2=, 463.
falls into the background, =2=, 503, 531.
compared with Babylonia, =2=, 505.
educational institutions of, investigated by Judah III, =2=, 532.
youths of, go to Babylonia for study, =2=, 537.
Babylonia independent of, =2=, 548.
burials in, =2=, 548.
scene of the coming of the Messiah, =2=, 548-9.
decline of, =2=, 557, 560.
teachers of the Law banished from, =2=, 566-7.
dialectics unknown in, =2=, 591.
the head of the Jewish communities in the Roman empire, =2=, 611.
last Halachic authorities of, =2=, 612.
Biblical studies in, under Theodosius II, =2=, 623-5.
_See also_ Canaan; Israel, the kingdom of; Judah; Palestine.

=Judæa, the Roman governors of=, list of:
Bassus,
Quietus, Lucius
Rufus, Tinnius
Silva.
_See also_ Procurators, the, of Judæa; Syria, the Roman
governors of.

=Judæan Christians=, the, the early Christians, =2=, 168.
customs of, =2=, 168.
displeased with Paul, =2=, 230, 231.
declare the Law binding, =2=, 231.
differences between, and pagan Christians, =2=, 232.
_See also_ Ebionites, the; Jewish Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.

=Judæans=, the, deported to Babylonia, =1=, 307.
banished, urge war against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 309.
flee to Egypt, =1=, 317, 318.
fugitive, molested after the fall of Jerusalem, =1=, 318.
remain in Judah, =1=, 318-19, 321.
return to Jerusalem from the countries about, =1=, 356.
moral degeneracy of, under Zerubbabel, =1=, 358.
accused of disloyalty to Persia, =1=, 361.
intermarry with the Samaritans, =1=, 361-3.
neglect the Law, =1=, 366.
receive Ezra with respect, =1=, 367.
repudiate their heathen wives, =1=, 368-9.
in part opposed to Ezra’s severity, =1=, 370.
appeal to Nehemiah for aid, =1=, 372.
intrigue with Tobiah against Nehemiah, =1=, 376.
swear not to enslave the poor, =1=, 377.
listen to Ezra’s reading of the Law, =1=, 378-80.
repudiate their heathen wives, =1=, 380.
swear to observe the Law, =1=, 380-1.
consecrate the walls of Jerusalem, =1=, 381-2.
disregard Nehemiah’s injunctions, =1=, 383-4.
dissensions among, =1=, 384.
reforms among, introduced by Nehemiah on his second visit,
=1=, 385-8.
hostility of, to the Samaritans, =1=, 392.
influence of the Samaritan sect on, =1=, 392-3.
cultivate the Law, =1=, 393-7.
cruelly treated under Artaxerxes II and III, =1=, 408-9.
taxed by Bagoas, =1=, 409-10.
hostility of the Samaritans to, =1=, 410.
legends about, and Alexander the Great, =1=, 412-13.
taxed by the Macedonians, =1=, 413.
favored by Alexander the Great, =1=, 414-15.
refuse to help in rebuilding the temple to Bel, =1=, 415.
taken captive by Ptolemy I, =1=, 416.
pay tribute to the Egypto-Macedonian court, =1=, 418.
settle in Alexandria, =1=, 418.
settle in Antioch, =1=, 419.
colonies of, in the Græco-Macedonian countries, =1=, 418-19.
dispersed in the lands of the Ptolemies and Seleucidæ, =1=, 420-1.
choose Joseph as their leader, =1=, 424.
under Greek influence, =1=, 426, 427-9.
well treated by Antiochus III, =1=, 433.
hated by surrounding nations, =1=, 434-5.
split up into Hellenists and Chassidim, =1=, 435-6.
trained in Greek athletics, =1=, 445-6.
at the Olympian games at Tyre, =1=, 446.
dissatisfied with Menelaus as high priest, =1=, 447.
kill Lysimachus, =1=, 449.
accused of partisanship for Egypt, =1=, 449.
national party of, favored at the Egyptian court, =1=, 451.
cruelly treated by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 453.
commanded to sacrifice to the Greek gods, =1=, 454-5.
persecuted by the overseers of Antiochus IV, =1=, 456-7.
extermination of, planned by Antiochus IV, =1=, 463-4.
defended by Ptolemy Macron, =1=, 476-7, 478.
granted religious freedom by Antiochus V, =1=, 480, 488.
split up into parties, =1=, 489.
alliance with, sought by Demetrius I, =1=, 495.
exempted from taxation, =1=, 497.
destroy a portion of Antioch, =1=, 497.
defeat Diodotus Tryphon, =1=, 499.
regret the existence of the Temple of Onias, =1=, 509.
object to the Greek translation of the Law, =1=, 512.
count from the date of Simon Tharsi’s accession, =1=, 522.
in the army of Antiochus Sidetes celebrate the Sabbath and the
holidays, =2=, 5.
permitted to ship goods duty free from their ports, =2=, 9.
development of, under John Hyrcanus, =2=, 13-15.
Greek art among, =2=, 14.
cultivate the Hebrew language, =2=, 14-15.
literature of, under the Hasmonæans, =2=, 15-16.
religion of, divided into sects, =2=, 16-31.
make the half-Shekel collections in spring, =2=, 52.
flee to Egypt during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, =2=, 60.
with republican views appeal to Pompey, =2=, 63-4.
oppose Cæsar, =2=, 77.
present their grievances to Archelaus, =2=, 120-1.
appeal to Augustus to make Judæa a Roman province, =2=, 126-7.
petition for the removal of obnoxious emblems from the Roman
standard, =2=, 139.
influenced by John the Baptist, =2=, 146-7.
morality of the middle class of, =2=, 151.
complain of Pontius Pilate’s cruelty, =2=, 172.
leniently treated under Tiberius, =2=, 172-3.
object to the images of the emperors on the Roman standards, =2=,
173.
dispersed in the Roman and Parthian empires, =2=, 200-3.
of the dispersion visit the Temple, =2=, 201.
as regarded by the heathen, =2=, 203.
view held by, of paganism, =2=, 204.
manifest proselytizing tendencies, =2=, 215-19.
in Greek cities proselytized by Nazarenes, =2=, 222.
displeased with the apostle Paul, =2=, 229, 230.
hindered by Rome, in the free exercise of religion, =2=, 234.
immorality of, under the Roman dominion, =2=, 237-8.
resent the presence of a Roman cohort in the Temple, =2=, 242.
hated by the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Judæa, =2=, 246-7.
deprived by Nero of civil rights in Cæsarea, =2=, 247.
well treated by Nero and Poppea Sabina, =2=, 248.
number of, in Jerusalem at Passover 66, =2=, 251.
quarrel with the heathen in Cæsarea, =2=, 252-3.
parties among, =2=, 256.
aroused by the treatment of the Cæsareans, =2=, 262.
loyalty of, defended before Nero, =2=, 268.
joined by the Samaritans against Rome, =2=, 268.
massacre of, by the heathen, =2=, 269.
forbidden to buy articles of food from the heathen, =2=, 270.
after the destruction of Jerusalem, =2=, 311-12, 321-2.
friendly to Rome, rewarded by Vespasian, =2=, 316-17.
_See also_ Israelites, the; Jews, the; Judæans, the, _of various
cities and countries_.

=Judæo-Alexandrian school=, the, of Allegorists, =2=, 208-9, 329.
combat paganism, =2=, 214-15.

=Judæo-Greek literature=, among the Judæans in Egypt, =1=, 515-16;
=2=, 204-8.

=Judæo-Greek writers=, spread Judæan doctrines, =2=, 204-8.

=Judah, the house of=, renounces allegiance to David, =1=, 140.

=Judah, the kingdom of=, first indications of, =1=, 109.
dislike of, to Israel, under Solomon, =1=, 174.
founded, =1=, 183.
religious conditions in, under Rehoboam, =1=, 188-9.
subjects of, sold as slaves under Uzziah, =1=, 227.
weakness of, at the beginning of Uzziah’s reign, =1=, 237.
licentiousness of the princes of, under Jotham, =1=, 249-50.
Assyrian idols introduced into, =1=, 260-1.
degradation of the nobles of, under Ahaz, =1=, 261.
freed from idolatry by Hezekiah, =1=, 268.
fortified towns of, taken by Sennacherib, =1=, 272.
golden age of, under Hezekiah, =1=, 279.
idolatry in, under Manasseh, =1=, 282-3.
ravaged by the Scythians, =1=, 287.
end of, =1=, 305.
taken by Nebuchadnezzar’s army, =1=, 307.
importance of, =1=, 308.
power of the nobles of, =1=, 308-9.

=Judah, the kings of=, list of:
Abijam,
Ahaziah,
Amaziah,
Amon,
Asa,
Jehoahaz (Shallum),
Jehoiachin (Jeconiah),
Jehoiakim (Eliakim),
Jehoshaphat,
Joash,
Joram (Jehoram),
Josiah,
Manasseh,
Rehoboam,
Uzziah,
Zedekiah (Mattaniah).

=Judah, the tribe of=, successful warriors in the desert, =1=, 26.
war of, for territory, =1=, 38.
description of the land of, =1=, 45.
isolation of, =1=, 51, 76-7, 109.
delivered by Othniel, =1=, 60.
attacked by the Ammonites and Philistines, =1=, 64.
enters national life, =1=, 77.
virtues of, =1=, 77.
chooses David as king, =1=, 107.
hesitates to recall David after Absalom’s revolt, =1=, 146.
sends an embassy to meet David, =1=, 146-7.
quarrels with the northern tribes, =1=, 148.
loyal to Rehoboam, =1=, 182.
members of, return under Zerubbabel, =1=, 352.

=Judah=, brother of Jesus, =2=, 148.

=Judah=, chief rabbi of Portugal and minister of finance, =3=, 618.

=Judah=, coadjutor of Josephus in Galilee, =2=, 278, 279.

=Judah=, Essene seer, =2=, 38.

=Judah=, father of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 265.

=Judah=, favorite of Charles the Bald, =3=, 170.