Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (21)

Punctuation was made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise it was not changed.

Variations in hyphenation and spelling, particularly in the use of accent marks, have not been changed unless they clearly referred to the same person and a preferred variation was predominant.

Simple typographical errors were corrected.

Occasional unpaired quotation marks were remedied when the intent was clear; otherwise they were left unchanged.

Some dates and spellings in this book differ from dates given in other sources.

Index references to pages in other volumes of this series have not been checked systematically for spelling, accuracy, or validity. These references were corrected based on examination of the other volumes of this series:

Page 150: “Acra”, volume 1, page 524, referred to page 585.

Page 238: “Cromwell”, volume 5, page 43, referred to volume 4.

Page 275: “Ezra’s opinion of intermarriages”, volume 1, pages
367-8, referred to volume 2.

Page 311: “Havayot”, volume 2, page 585, referred to volume 1.

Page 346: “Jacob, Syrian priest”, volume 5, page 662, referred to
volume 2.

Page 459: “Talmudist, under Moses ben Isaac Alashkar”, volume 4,
page 392, referred to volume 5.

Page 528: “Reïs”, volume 3, page 443, referred to volume 5.

Page 604: “Tiberius, death of”, volume 2, page 174, referred to
volume 3.

=Hebrew Translations and Transliterations=

Page 3: _Beyt Shmuel Acharon_ is the title of a book.

Page 7: _Cheshbon Ha’itim_: An Accounting of the Seasons.

Page 11: _Igeret Tzafon_: Letter to the North.

Page 12: _Igeret Tzafon_: Letter to the North.

Page 13: _Berachot_: Tractate Berachot (“Benedictions”), the first
volume of the Talmud.

Page 16: _Yoter mishe’egel rotzeh linak, haparah rotzah l’hanik_:
Literally, this Talmudic doctrine means, “More than the calf
desires to suck, the cow desires to suckle.” Figuratively it means
that the teacher is more anxious to teach than the pupil is to
learn.

Page 16: _Pesach haba aleynu l’tovah_: Next Passover, may it be for
good. In the original book, the Hebrew text used
character-spanning zargas on pages 16 and 27, indicating
abbreviations. In this eBook, zargas have been replaced by
gershayim (quotation marks), as that is the convention in Modern
Hebrew.

Footnote 6, originally on page 16: _Yoter mimah she’egel rotzeh
linak, haparah rotzah l’hanik_: this is a variant phrasing of the
“More than the calf....” Talmudic doctrine.

Page 18: _Pesach_: Passover.

Page 20: _Sh’eylot_: Questions of Jewish law.

Page 20: _Divrei ervah_: Matters of of ervah (literally
“nakedness”); these are laws regarding physical or sexual
immodesty.

Page 20: _tamei_: Unclean or ritually taboo.

Page 20: _M’tamei_: Resulting in ritual impurity.

Page 23: _Toldot Avot_: Title of a book, meaning “_The History of
the Forefathers_”.

Page 27: _Rifim_: The works of the “Rif”. An acronym for the 11th
Century Talmudist, Rabbi Isaac Al-Fasi. In the original book, the
Hebrew text used a zarga, which has been replaced here as
explained earlier.

Page 27: _Nefilim_: giants.

Page 27: _Rav_: rabbi, particularly one held in great esteem.

Page 30: _Sefer Yetzirah_: the mystical tome, “Book of Creation”.
The Hebrew was misprinted in the 1956 edition from which this
transcription was made, but was printed correctly in the 1898
edition; the correct Hebrew spelling is used in this eBook.

Page 37: _Hatarat hora’ah_: Authorization to issue rabbinic rulings.

Page 65: _tet_: the Hebrew letter _tet_; _kof_: the Hebrew letter
_kof_.

Page 65: _Titus_: Titus; _Kitus_: Quietus.

=Genealogy charts on pages 130 and 134=:

In the original book, some marriages were indicated by “_m._” and
others by “=”. To conserve the width of these charts, some of the
“=” notation has been replaced by “_m._”

This eBook is derived from images at The Internet Archive
(www.archive.org). Some names and dates were missing from those
images because they had been printed too close to the binding to
be scanned. The missing information has been reconstructed by
examining the Chronological Table beginning on page 90 and a
physical copy of an earlier edition of the book.

=Errata and Corrections=

Page xi refers to four maps that were included in the original 1898 edition but not in this 1956 printing.

Page 154: Under “Agrippa II”, Transcriber added a comma between “Varus” and “representative”.

Page 164: “Al-muktadir Billah” was printed with a lower-case “m”.

Page 211: “fixed adopted by Hillel II” was printed without a comma.

Page 382: Under “Judæans”, there are two sub-entries for “repudiate their heathen wives”.

Page 443: “Simon ben Yochaï” is printed as “Simon bar Yochaï” on the referenced page in volume 4.

Page 457: “Morea, the, the Jews of” was printed with two “the”s.

Page 473: “Neriglissar murders Evil-Merodach” was printed as “merodach”, but has been changed here to match how it is printed on the referenced page.

Page 588: In the list of Roman governors of Syria, “Cassius Longinus, Caius” was printed twice in a row.

The other five volumes of this series are available at no charge from Project Gutenberg. Their eBook numbers are 43056, 43057, 43337, 43900, and 45085.