Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (5)

=Colleges=, established in Spain by the law of Avila, =4=, 229.

=Colleges, Rabbinical=, at Metz, =5=, 597-8, 700.
at Padua, =5=, 624, 700.
at Breslau, =5=, 699-700.
at various places, =5=, 700.

=Colleges, Talmudical=, at Narbonne, =3=, 143, 242, 392.
in western countries founded by emissaries from Sora, =3=, 208.
at Cordova, =3=, 209, 228.
in Egypt and the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 210.
at Kairuan, =3=, 210-11, 248.
in Spain, =3=, 236.
at Mayence, =3=, 243, 247.
at Lucena, =3=, 322.
at Toledo, =3=, 338, 362.
in Spain, closed, =3=, 361, 384.
at Dampierre, =3=, 403.
at London, =3=, 409.
at Bagdad, =3=, 429, 633.
in France, closed, =4=, 48.
at Paris, =4=, 133.
at Alcala, =4=, 145.
at Padua, =4=, 410.
in Poland, =4=, 420, 634, 639.
at Cremona, =4=, 582.
at Prague, =5=, 249.
the decay of, =5=, 566-7, 569.
_See also under_ Academies; Schools.

=Collegium Germanicum=, propagandist seminary, =4=, 654.

=Collier, Thomas=, refutes anti-Jewish charges, =5=, 46.

“=Colloquium Middelburgense=,” controversial work, =4=, 691.

=Colmar=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 416.

=Cologna, Abraham Vita di= (1755-1832), deputy to the Assembly of
Jewish Notables, =5=, 488, 490.
second vice-president of the Synhedrion, =5=, 495.
member of the French consistory, =5=, 502.
conservative, =5=, 559.

=Cologne=, fair of, visited by Jews, =3=, 243.
university of, and the confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 437, 441.
theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,”
=4=, 452.

=Cologne, the Dominicans of.= _See_ Dominicans, the, of Cologne.

=Cologne, the Jews of=, privileges of, abolished by Constantine, =2=,
563.
settlement of, =3=, 41.
protected during the first crusade, =3=, 304.
massacred at Neus, =3=, 304-5.
persecuted during the second crusade, =3=, 352.
represented at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
protected during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 106, 108.
banished, =4=, 227, 413.

=Columbus=, aided by Joseph Vecinho, =4=, 368.

=Comet=, a, orbit of, calculated by Joshua ben Chananya, =2=, 349.

=Comino=, the isle of, Abraham Abulafia on =4=, 8.

“=Commentary=,” Talmudical work by Rashi, =3=, 288.

=Commerce=, under Uzziah, =1=, 230.
pursued by Alexandrian Judæans, =1=, 504.
under the Herodians, =2=, 118.
between Jews and Christians forbidden, =2=, 620; =4=, 203, 216.
among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, =3=, 35.
in the hands of Jews in the eighth century, =3=, 142-3.
international, in the hands of Jews, =3=, 162.
in the hands of the Jews under the Saxon emperors, =3=, 242-3.
the, of southern France, carried on by Jews, =3=, 391.
the, of Venice, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
of the Turkish Jews, =4=, 401.
of the Jews in Poland, =4=, 419.
capacity for, an argument for the admission of Jews into England,
=5=, 40-1.
the, of the Jews, described by Simone Luzzatto, =5=, 82-3.
stagnation of, during the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 149.
forbidden partly to the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 348.
the, of Jews under the Napoleonic law, =5=, 524-5.

=Commercial Hall=, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Bethany, =2=,
239.

=Commodus=, emperor, profligacy of, =2=, 447.
death of, =2=, 448, 463.

“=Communities= of the Friends of Light,” Protestant societies, =5=,
682, 683.

“=Compositions=,” grammatical work by Yizchaki, =3=, 273.

“=Concerning= the Jews and their Lies,” by Luther, =4=, 548-9.

“=Concerning= the superstitions of the Jews,” letter addressed to
Louis the Pious, =3=, 167-8.

=Conciliador=, the, by Manasseh ben Israel, translated, =5=, 22.

=Concordance of the Bible=, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, =4=,
234-5.

=Condottieri=, Italian mercenaries, =4=, 286.

=Confederation War=, the, Jews suffer during, =5=, 387-8.

=Confession= of Faith, the, recital of, forbidden, =3=, 15.

=Confessional=, the, discussed by the Jews of France, =3=, 343.

“=Confessions=,” by Heine, =5=, 553-5.

=Confirmation=, the rite of, introduced into German Jewish
communities, =5=, 562, 573.

=Confiscation= and burning, the, of Hebrew books, by the Dominicans,
=3=, 542-3.
by Gregory IX, =3=, 574-6, 578-9.
by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 429-31, 437-8, 441, 444.
under Julius III, =4=, 565.
under Paul IV, =4=, 567, 583, 584-5.
under Pius V, =4=, 590.
under Gregory XIII, =4=, 654.
at Kamieniec, =5=, 282.
_See also under_ Talmud, the.

“=Conflict= of Duties, the, Letter on,” by Solomon Duran I, =4=, 238.

=Conforte, David=, itinerant rabbi and historian, =5=, 202.

=Congress.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Rastadt; Vienna.

=Coniah.= _See_ Jehoiachin.

=Conrad III=, emperor, protects the Jews during the second crusade,
=3=, 351, 416.
joins the second crusade, =3=, 353, 354.

=Conrad of Wintertur=, exculpates the Jews from the charge of well
poisoning, =4=, 106, 108.

=Consistorial organization=, in France, approved by Napoleon, =5=,
498.
established in Westphalia, =5=, 501-2.

“=Consolation= for the Sorrows of Israel,” by Samuel Usque,
=4=, 558-61.

=Constance, the Council of=, and Benedict XIII, =4=, 212, 216.
condemns Ferrer, =4=, 217.
anarchy during, =4=, 218.
elects Martin V pope, =4=, 219.
condemns John Huss to death, =4=, 221.
expenses of, borne by the Jews, =4=, 248.

=Constance (Costnitz), the Jews of=, charged with well poisoning, =4=,
105.
wait on Martin V, =4=, 219.

=Constance= (lake), the cities on, the Jews of, charged with well
poisoning, =4=, 105.

=Constantia=, queen-mother, contends for the regency in Castile, =4=,
52.

=Constantine I=, emperor, puts Judaism on an equality with
Christianity, =2=, 561.
under the influence of Christianity, =2=, 561-2.
abolishes the privileges of the Jews, =2=, 563; =5=, 725.
closes Jerusalem to the Jews, =2=, 564; =3=, 11-12.
protects the Jews against apostates, =2=, 564.
anti-Jewish restrictions of, revived, =3=, 23, 171.

=Constantine VIII= (944-949), Byzantine emperor, and Abdul-Rahman
III, =3=, 218.

=Constantine=, African town, refuge for Spanish Jews, =4=, 197.

=Constantine Dragosses=, last Byzantine emperor, =4=, 267.

=Constantinople=, the Temple vessels in, =3=, 26-7.
Karaite center, =4=, 69, 71, 269.
fall of, =4=, 267.
Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, =4=, 388.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 402-4.
the Mendes-Nassi family in, =4=, 577.
rabbis of, advise the diversion of Jewish trade from Ancona, =4=,
580.
rabbis of, excommunicate Daud, =4=, 599.
description of, by Moses Almosnino, =4=, 608.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 76.
Sabbataï Zevi at, =5=, 145-8.
effect of Sabbataï’s apostasy in, =5=, 157.
Sabbatians excommunicated in, =5=, 157, 159.
Sabbataï Zevi banished to, =5=, 166.
Cardoso at, =5=, 207.
Chayim Malach banished from, =5=, 214.
Chayon at, =5=, 227-8.
rabbis of, espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, =5=, 264.
a rabbi of, accused of using human blood, =5=, 640.
revision of the Rhodes trial at, =5=, 647.

=Constantinople, the Jews of=, inhabit a separate quarter, =3=, 26.
expelled, =3=, 26.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 425.
divided into national groups, =4=, 402, 478.
taxed, =4=, 402.
have a political representative, =4=, 404.
collect a ransom for Polish-Jewish captives, =5=, 8.
appeal to the European Jews, =5=, 651.

=Constantius=, emperor, influence of, on the Church, =2=, 566.
teachers of the Law banished from Judæa under, =2=, 566-7.
hostile to the Jews, =2=, 567-8.
founder of the Christian state, =2=, 568.
re-enacts Hadrian’s edicts against the Jews, =2=, 571.
makes Julian co-emperor, =2=, 595.
law of, with regard to the slaves of Jews revived, =2=, 615.
law of, concerning the Patriarchs re-enacted, =2=, 616.

=Constitutio Judæorum=, issued by Innocent III, =3=, 497.

=Constitution of the Directory=, the, recognizes the emancipation of
the Jews, =5=, 452.

=Constitution, the French=, ratified by Louis XVI, =5=, 447.

“=Constitutions=, The,” code of the Inquisition compiled by
Torquemada, =4=, 326-8.
introduced into Portugal, =4=, 508.

=Conti, Vincent=, prints the Zohar, =4=, 583.

=Contra-Remonstrants=, the, a Dutch sect, =4=, 673.

“=Contrasts= and Greatness of Constantinople,” by Moses Almosnino,
=4=, 608.

=Controversial literature=, in Spain in the fifteenth century,
=4=, 232-8.
_See also_ Polemical works against Christianity.

“=Conversations= and Recollections,” by Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 320.

=Conversion=, the, of the Himyarites, =3=, 56.

=Conversion, the, of the Jews to Christianity=, promoted by
Constantine, =2=, 562, 564.
desired by Theodoric, =3=, 29-30.
hoped by Bernard of Clairvaux, =3=, 353.
means used for, by Raymond de Penyaforte, =3=, 520.
encouraged by Louis IX, =3=, 570.
projected by Benedict XIII, =4=, 206-7.
designed by the Council of Basle, =4=, 245-6.
attempted in Ratisbon, =4=, 301.
measures for, devised by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 425-6.
unpopular, =4=, 426-7.
measures for, devised by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654-5, 706.
hoped for by Cromwell, =5=, 43.
agitated by Charles XI of Sweden, =5=, 182.
agitated by Wagenseil, =5=, 186.
urged by Rühs, =5=, 517.
_See also_ Apostasy; Apostates.

=Conversion, the forced, of Jews to Christianity=, objected to by
Gregory I, =3=, 33.
objected to by Henry IV, =3=, 298.
forbidden by the third Lateran Council, =3=, 421.
deprecated by Gregory IX, =3=, 570.
deprecated by Gregory X, =3=, 635.
advised by Duns Scotus, =3=, 644; =4=, 277.
forbidden by Clement VI, =4=, 103, 173.
deprecated by Innocent IV, =4=, 165.
forbidden by Boniface IX, =4=, 173.
deprecated by Martin V, =4=, 220.
advocated by John of Capistrano, =4=, 277.
condemned by Ferdinand Coutinho, =4=, 375.
attempted by Manoel of Portugal, =4=, 377.
objected to by Paul III, =4=, 517-18.
_See also_ Marranos, the.

=Conversions, forced, of Jews to Christianity=, in Magona, =2=,
619-20.
in Clermont, =3=, 38-9.
under Chilperic, =3=, 39.
under Sisebut, =3=, 48, 49-50.
under Chintila, =3=, 51-2, 101.
under Receswinth, =3=, 102-4.
under Erwig, =3=, 106-7.
under Leo the Isaurian, =3=, 122-3.
under Basilius, =3=, 176.
in Mayence, =3=, 246, 303.
in Treves, =3=, 300.
in Worms, =3=, 301-2.
in Bohemia, =3=, 305, 356.
in Blois, =3=, 380.
in France, =3=, 403, 570; =4=, 48, 56.
in Toulouse, =3=, 514.
during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36.
in Speyer, =4=, 107.
in Strasburg, =4=, 108.
in Hungary, =4=, 111.
in Castile, =4=, 126, 137, 205.
in Seville, =4=, 169.
in Cordova, =4=, 169.
in Toledo, =4=, 170.
in Valencia, =4=, 171.
in Gerona, Barcelona, and Lerida, =4=, 172.
in Aragon, =4=, 206, 214.
in Austria, =4=, 224.
in Palma, =4=, 247.
in Bavaria, =4=, 254.
of children in Breslau, =4=, 262.
in Trent, =4=, 298.
in Spain at the expulsion, =4=, 351.
in Navarre, =4=, 358.
in Genoa, =4=, 363.
in Malaga, =4=, 370.
of children at San Thomas, =4=, 371.
in Portugal, =4=, 374, 375-6, 378.
in the Mark of Brandenburg, =4=, 440.
in Poland, =5=, 7-8.
_See also_ Apostasy; Apostates; Marranos, the.

=Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam=, by Omar, =3=, 120.
decreed by Hakim, =3=, 247-8.
in Morocco, =3=, 358-9.
in northern Africa, =3=, 359-60.
in Lucena, =3=, 311-12, 361.
under Abdulmumen, =3=, 451-6.
in Yemen, =3=, 461.
Maimonides on, =3=, 462-4.
_See also_ Apostasy; Apostates.

=Conversions, forced, of Jews to Magianism=, =2=, 629.

=Conversions to Judaism=, in Babylon, =1=, 338-9.
under Zerubbabel, =1=, 356.
made by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.
among the Romans under Tiberius, =2=, 136-7.
among the heathen, =2=, 215-19, 383-5.
among the Roman soldiers of Titus, =2=, 306.
Tacitus and Josephus on, =2=, 384.
forbidden by Antoninus Pius, =2=, 433.
forbidden by Constantine, =2=, 562.
among slaves forbidden, =2=, 564, 567-8, 615; =3=, 46.
during the Persian occupation of Palestine, =3=, 21.
forbidden by the councils of Orleans, =3=, 37.
among the Arabs, =3=, 61-3.
punishable with death by the code of Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
_See also_ Circumcision; Proselytes.

=Conversions to Paganism= in Alexandria, =2=, 184.

=Converts, forced, to Christianity=, a menace to the Spanish
Jews, =4=, 179.
emigrate from Spain, =4=, 179.
relapse into Jewish ceremonies, =4=, 180.
_See_ Marranos, the.

=Converts, forced, to Judaism=, the Idumæans under John Hyrcanus,
=2=, 8-9.
the Ituræans and Trachonites under Aristobulus I, =2=, 37.

=Converts to Christianity=, cannot return to Judaism, =3=, 49-50,
306, 308.
_See also_ Apostates; Christians, Judaizing; Marranos, the.

=Converts to Judaism.= _See_ Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism;
Proselytes.

=Copenhagen=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 531.

=Copia, Sarah.= _See_ Sullam, Sarah Copia.

=Copia, Simon=, father of Sarah Sullam, =5=, 69.

=Coponius=, first procurator of Judæa, =2=, 129.
administration of, =2=, 135.

=Cordova=, ancient gateway in, =3=, 42.
Jews masters of, =3=, 109.
seat of a Talmud school, =3=, 210, 228, 236.
birthplace of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 255.
taken by Suleiman, =3=, 255, 262.
medical school at, =3=, 261.
home of the Albalias, =3=, 283.
synagogues of, destroyed, =3=, 360.
Talmud school of, destroyed, =3=, 384.
taken by the Almohades, =3=, 447-8.
the Inquisition in, =4=, 325.
Jews disappear from, =4=, 354.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.
disturbance in, caused by the Inquisition, =4=, 484.
autos-da-fé in, =5=, 91, 92.

=Cordova, the Jews of=, ransom Moses ben Chanoch, =3=, 209.
choose him as their rabbi, =3=, 209.
appeal to Abdul-Rahman III, =3=, 209-10.
Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut political chief of, =3=, 217.
prosperity of, =3=, 229.
side against Joseph Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238.
Jacob Ibn-Jau chief of, =3=, 239.
emigrate, =3=, 255.
murdered in 1391, =4=, 169.

=Cordova, the Marranos of=, attacked, =4=, 281-2.
flee to Granada, =4=, 351.

=Corfu=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 363-4.
Isaac Abrabanel at, =4=, 384.
rites of the Jews of, followed in Greece, =4=, 406.
Nathan Ghazati at, =5=, 160.
honors shown to Crémieux in, =5=, 668.

=Corinth=, Judæans in, =2=, 203.
Paul establishes a Christian community in, =2=, 228.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Cornelianus, Atidius=, governor of Syria, defeated by the
Parthians, =2=, 447.

=Cornelius=, Judæan envoy to Claudius, =2=, 197-8.

=Coronel=, baptismal name of Abraham Senior’s family, =4=, 351.

=Coronel, David Senior=, Marrano in Pernambuco, =4=, 693.

=Coronello=, Joseph Nassi’s deputy, =4=, 597.

=Correa, Isabel=, Marrano poetess, =5=, 114.

“=Correction= of the False Teacher,” by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos,
=4=, 234.

=Cosmas=, bishop of Prague, protects the Jews during the first
crusade, =3=, 305, 307.

=Cossacks=, the, origin and independence of, =5=, 2.
efforts to convert, =5=, 2-3.
highly taxed, =5=, 3.
Jews further the enslavement of, =5=, 6.
insurrections of, =5=, 6, 7.
organized into Haidamak troops, =5=, 8.
massacres of the Jews by, =5=, 9-12.
make peace with the Poles, =5=, 12.
attack the Jews, =5=, 14, 15.
second treaty with, =5=, 14.
losses inflicted upon the Jews by, =5=, 15.
persecutions by, influence Judaism, =5=, 16-17.
ravages of, in Poland, =5=, 388.

=Costa, Duarte Nuñes da=, Portuguese agent in Hamburg, =4=, 692.

=Costa, Emanuel da=, Marrano, martyrdom of, =4=, 520-1.

=Costa, Isaac Atias da=, civic honors of, =5=, 458.

=Costa, Joseph da=, and Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 34.

=Costa, Uriel (Gabriel) da= (1590-1640), as a Marrano, =5=, 56.
studies the Scriptures, =5=, 57.
returns to Judaism, =5=, 57.
at odds with Amsterdam Judaism, =5=, 58-9.
excommunicated, =5=, 59.
attacked by Samuel da Silva, =5=, 59.
publishes a work hostile to Judaism, =5=, 59-60.
retracts, =5=, 60-1.
formulates a natural religion, =5=, 61.
fails to conform to Jewish usages, =5=, 62.
restrains Christians from becoming Jews, =5=, 62.
refuses to do penance, =5=, 62.
penance imposed upon, =5=, 63-4.
autobiography of, =5=, 64-5.
suicide of, =5=, 64.
violence of, =5=, 84.
case of, compared with Spinoza’s, =5=, 92, 93, 97.

=Costnitz.= _See_ Constance.

=Costobar=, prevents the escape of fugitives from Jerusalem, =2=, 89.

=Costobar=, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, =2=, 236.
accuses Gessius Florus before Nero, =2=, 268.

=Cotys=, king of Armenia Minor, ally of Agrippa I, =2=, 195.

=Cotys=, Byzantine commander, subdues the Jews of Antioch, =3=, 18.

=Council of Elders=, the, instituted by Moses, =1=, 25-6.

=Council of Seventy=, the. _See_ Council, the Great.

=Council, the Great=, of Seventy, work of, =1=, 394-5.
institutes Chanukah, =1=, 472-3.
informs the Egyptian Judæans of the independence of Judæa, =1=,
522.
composed of Sadducees, =2=, 42.
chief post in, given up to the Pharisees, =2=, 48-9.
reorganized, =2=, 50.
called the Great Synhedrion, =2=, 71.
_See_ Synhedrion, the.

=Council, the Great=, couples at the head of:
José, son of Joëzer. José, son of Johanan.
Joshua, son of Perachia. Matthai of Arbela.
Judah ben Tabbai. Simon ben Shetach.
Shemaya. Abtalion.
Hillel I. Shammai.

=Councils, Church.= _See_ Church Councils.

“=Counsels and Lessons=,” by Santob de Carrion, =4=, 115.

=Couples.= _See_ Council, the Great.

=Courts of justice=, held on Mondays and Thursdays in Judæa, =1=,
394.
restored to the Jews by Alexander Severus, =2=, 482.
purified by Abba-Areka, =2=, 517.
_See also_ Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous.

=Coutinho, Ferdinand=, bishop of Algarve, opposes the forcible
baptism of Jews, =4=, 375.
describes the baptism of Jewish children, =4=, 376.
opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 500.

=Cracow=, Jews massacred in, on the charge of well poisoning, =4=,
111.
the Jews of, number of, =4=, 632.
the German population of, =5=, 3.
Chassidistic writings burned in, =5=, 393.

=Cranganor=, destroyed, =2=, 630.

=Crassus=, member of the first Triumvirate, receives Syria, =2=, 73.
robs the Temple, =2=, 74.
slain, =2=, 74.

=Creation=, Kabbalistic theory of, =3=, 552-3.
theory of, held by Isaac Lurya, =4=, 619.

=Creed=, the, by Albo, =4=, 240.
by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 193.

=Creed, the, by Maimonides=, =3=, 459-60.
effect of, =3=, 469, 470.
objected to, by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 193.

=Creizenach, Michael= (1789-1842), advocate of the Reform movement,
=5=, 674-5.

=Crémieux, Adolf= (1796-1880), espouses the cause of the Damascus
Jews, =5=, 643-4.
acts in conjunction with the English Jews, =5=, 645, 651.
appeals to Louis Philippe, =5=, 645.
announces the faithlessness of Louis Philippe, =5=, 651.
appeal to, from Damascus, =5=, 651.
sent to Egypt, =5=, 652.
at the London meeting, =5=, 653.
hampered by the French ministry, =5=, 658.
sets out for Egypt, =5=, 658.
honors shown to, =5=, 658-9, 667-8.
introduces himself to Mehmet Ali, =5=, 659.
influences the European consuls and Mehmet Ali, =5=, 660.
tries to establish schools in Egypt, =5=, 663, 671.
services of, acknowledged, =5=, 669-72.
declines a medal, =5=, 671.
president of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” =5=, 702.

=Cremona=, the Talmud burnt at, =4=, 582-3.

=Cremona, the Jews of=, number of, =4=, 653.
expelled, =4=, 660.

=Crescas, Barfat=, imprisonment of, =4=, 150.

=Crescas, Chasdaï.= _See_ Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas.

=Crescas Vidal=, opposes the study of science, =4=, 28-9.
reproaches Samuel Sulami for harboring a heretic, =4=, 29.

=Crete= (Candia), the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to
Jerusalem, =2=, 220.
a false Messiah in, =2=, 610-11.
restored to Turkey, =5=, 661.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 363-4, 406.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
Cardoso on, =5=, 207.

=Crimea=, the, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, =3=, 123-4.
the Karaites spread to, =3=, 182.
the land of the Chazars, =3=, 222.
the Karaites in, in the twelfth century, =3=, 435.
Karaites emigrate from, =4=, 269.
Jews of Poland transported to, =5=, 8.

=Crispia.= _See_ Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan.

=Crissa=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

“=Critical History= of the Old Testament, The,” by Richard
Simon, =5=, 179.

=Croatia=, the Jews of, proscribed, =3=, 614.

=Crœsus=, at war with Cyrus, =1=, 343.

=Cromwell, Oliver=, obtains religious liberty for England, =5=, 25-6.
inspired by the Old Testament, =5=, 26, 27.
regards the Jews favorably, =5=, 27.
dissolves the Long Parliament, =5=, 34.
Protector, =5=, 35.
favors the re-settlement of Jews in England, =5=, 35, 42-3.
invites Manasseh ben Israel to England, =5=, 38.
receives Manasseh, =5=, 38-9.
hopes to convert the Jews, =5=, 43.
assembles a commission on the Jewish question, =5=, 43-5.
followers of, favor the admission of Jews, =5=, 44.
reported the Messiah of the Jews, =5=, 45.
dismisses Manasseh honorably, =5=, 49.
acquits the Marrano Robles, =5=, 49.
permits a Jewish burial ground in London, =5=, 49.

=Crossen=, the duchy of, Jews settle in, =5=, 173.

=Crown money.= _See_ Aurum coronarium.

=Crusade=, a, against the Albigenses, =3=, 501-3.
against the Mahometans in Spain, =3=, 507.
preached by order of Gregory IX, =3=, 570.
organized by Louis IX with Jewish money, =3=, 585.

=Crusade, the first=, Jews during, =3=, 298-305, 308, 309.
disgraceful end of, =3=, 306.

=Crusade, the second=, Jews during, =3=, 349-56.

=Crusade, the third=, participators in, =3=, 404, 411, 418.
preached by Fulko de Neuilly, =3=, 405.

=Crusade, the fourth=, and the Jews, =3=, 496-7.

=Crusaders=, fall upon Jews in the English towns, =3=, 412-13.

=Crusades=, the, begin with massacres of the Jews, =4=, 222.

=Crzemieniec=, Jewish children slaughtered in, =5=, 12.

=Ctesiphon= (Ardashir), capital of the Parthians, =2=, 506.
populated with Jews, =2=, 507.
escapes seizure by Julian the Apostate, =2=, 602.

=Cuenca=, the Jews of, under Sancho, =3=, 617.
autos-da-fé in, =5=, 91, 92.

=Cuenqui, Abraham=, Sabbataï Zevi’s biographer, =5=, 212.

=Cumanus= (48-52), procurator of Judæa, =2=, 241.
places a cohort in the Temple, =2=, 242.
punishes the profanation of the Scriptures, =2=, 242-3.
sides with the Samaritans, =2=, 243.
hated in Jerusalem, =2=, 244.
called to Rome to justify himself, =2=, 244.
banished, =2=, 245.

=Curiel, Jacob=, unites the Portuguese congregations of Amsterdam,
=4=, 681.
Portuguese agent in Hamburg, =4=, 692.

=Cuthæans=, the, a mixed population colonized in Samaria, =1=, 285.
_See_ Samaritans, the.

=Cyaxares=, of Media, defeats the Assyrians, =1=, 287.
puts an end to Assyria, =1=, 303.

=Cyclades=, the, Joseph Nassi duke of, =4=, 596.

=Cycle= of Rabbi Nachshon, the, key to the Jewish calendar, =3=, 179.

=Cydonia=, original home of the Philistines, =1=, 54.

=Cypros=, wife of Agrippa I, appeals to Herodias, =2=, 175.
hostage for her husband, =2=, 176.

=Cypros=, wife of Antipater, =2=, 77.

=Cyprus=, refuge of Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 12.
seized by Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 40.
wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, =2=, 218.
the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, =2=, 220.
promised to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 600.
taken by the Turks, =4=, 601.
as a Jewish state, =4=, 611.

=Cyprus, the Jews of=, rebel against Trajan, =2=, 394.
Martius Hurbo sent against, =2=, 398.
join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, =3=, 20.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 424-5.

=Cyrenaica=, the Judæans of, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, =2=, 201.
the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, =2=, 394, 395, 396.

=Cyrene=, Judæans settle in, =1=, 419.
position of the Judæans in, =1=, 503.
given to Ptolemy VII, =1=, 507.
the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, =2=, 220.
Zealots take refuge in, =2=, 317, 318.
Jewish revolt in, =2=, 331.
the Jews of, revolt from Trajan, =2=, 395, 397.

=Cyril=, bishop of Alexandria, ill-treats the Jews, =2=, 618-19;
=3=, 23.

=Cyrus=, of Persia, dethrones the Median king, =1=, 342.
at war with Crœsus, =1=, 343.
called the instrument of God by Isaiah, =1=, 348.
conquers Babylon, =1=, 349-50.
proclaims himself king of Babylon, =1=, 350.
permits the Judæans to return to Palestine, =1=, 351-2.
sends an escort with the returning exiles, =1=, 355.

=Czarnicki=, Polish general, ill-uses the Jews, =5=, 15.

=Czechowic, Martin=, Polish Unitarian, writes against Judaism, =4=,
648.

=Czenstochow=, Frank imprisoned at, =5=, 288, 289.

=Czernigov=, the Jews of, massacred, =5=, 10.

=D=

=Dabaritta=, the Judæans of, plunder Agrippa II’s agent, =2=, 279.

=Dævas=, Persian evil spirits, =1=, 403.

=Dafiera.= _See_ Solomon Dafiera.

“=Dagger= of Faith, The,” anti-Jewish work by Raymund Martin,
=3=, 622-3.

=Dagobert= (629), Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 40.

=Dagon=, Philistine god, =1=, 55.
temple of, burnt, =1=, 496.

=Dâï=, forerunner of the Messiah, =3=, 124.

=Dalalat al Haïrin.= _See_ “Guide of the Perplexed, The.”

=Dalberg, Karl von=, imperial chancellor, aids Breidenbach, =5=, 468.
favors the emancipation of Jews, =5=, 504.
grants civil rights to the Jews of Frankfort, =5=, 505.

=Dalburg=, bishop of Worms, refuses to judge the Reuchlin
case, =4=, 454.

=Dallim= (Ebionim), disciples of Isaiah, =1=, 254.

=Dalmatia=, the Jews of, proscribed, =3=, 614.

=Damascus= (Aram, Syria), belongs to the king of Israel, =1=, 127.
king of, defeated by David, =1=, 127.
taken by Rezon, =1=, 177, 183.
king of, makes a treaty with Rehoboam, =1=, 183.
extended by Tabrimon, =1=, 183.
conquered by Jeroboam II, =1=, 232.
besieged by Tiglath-Pileser, =1=, 259.
subdued by Sennacherib, =1=, 270.
the goddess of love, worshiped in, =1=, 408.
taken by the Hasmonæans, =1=, 498.
number of Judæans in, =2=, 202.
women of, adopt Judaism, =2=, 215.
the Nazarene community in, =2=, 222-3.
the apostle Paul in, =2=, 226, 227.
Jehuda Halevi at, =3=, 342.
captured by Hulagu, =3=, 606.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 399-400.
Chayim Vital Calabrese in, =5=, 52-3.

=Damascus affair=, the, reported in the French journals, =5=, 642.
taken up by Crémieux, =5=, 644.
considered in England, =5=, 645.
the Austrian report on, =5=, 646.
in the hands of Mehmet Ali, =5=, 647.
tried by a court of European consuls, =5=, 648.
trial of, stopped by Thiers, =5=, 649.
in the French Chamber of Deputies, =5=, 649-50.
view of, among Catholics, =5=, 650-1.
in Parliament, =5=, 652-3.
discussed by London Jews, =5=, 653-4.
a Mansion House meeting protests against, =5=, 656-7.
rejoicing at the termination of, =5=, 667, 669.
plans for commemorating, =5=, 669, 670, 671.
account of, by Erter, =5=, 671.
Munk on, =5=, 671-2.

=Damascus, the Jews of=, in an expedition against the Christians of
Tyre, =3=, 20.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 426-7.
liturgy of, changed, =3=, 466.
cause of, espoused by various governments, =5=, 633.
number of, =5=, 634.
suspected of ritual murder, =5=, 635, 636.
arrested and tortured, =5=, 636-7.
houses of, destroyed, =5=, 637.
evidence favoring, suppressed, =5=, 637.
confess under torture, =5=, 638.
pronounced guilty by Ratti Menton, =5=, 640.
appeal to the European Jews, =5=, 642, 651.
torture of, stopped, =5=, 648.
release of, =5=, 660-1.
new crusade against, incited by Catholics, =5=, 662.

=Dan, the tribe of=, late settlement of, =1=, 39.
isolation of, =1=, 51.
attacked by the Philistines, =1=, 64.
oppressed by the Philistines, =1=, 66.
around Nishabur, =3=, 433.

=Dan=, northern frontier town of Israel, =1=, 129.
occupied by Sheba’s followers, =1=, 149-50.
center of idolatry, =1=, 186, 233.
subjugated by Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.

“=Danger= to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the
Jews,” by J. F. Fries, =5=, 521.

“=Dangerous= Courses, The,” by Joseph Penso, =5=, 113.

=Daniel=, the supposed grave of, causes a quarrel, =3=, 434-5.

=Daniel, the Book of=, written during the Maccabæan struggle,
=1=, 465-6.
language of, =1=, 465.
consolations offered by, =1=, 465.
prophesies the end of the Syrian power, =1=, 465-6.
additions to, =2=, 359.
prophecy of, thought to be verified, =2=, 482-3.
explained by Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=, 494-5.
as explained by Christians, =2=, 502.
commentary on, by Porphyry, =2=, 502.
a verse of, applied to Odenathus, =2=, 527.
a prophecy of, applied to Julian the Apostate, =2=, 598.
commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 373.
Nissim Gerundi on, =4=, 120.
Gallipapa on, =4=, 149.
commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 482.
Simone Luzzatto on, =5=, 81.

=Daniel=, friend of Immanuel Romi, =4=, 66.

=Daniel=, Karaite, candidate for the Exilarchate, =3=, 155.

=Daniel ben Saadiah=, anti-Maimunist, =3=, 525-6.
excommunicated, =3=, 526.

=Daniel, son of Solomon= (Chasdaï?, 1165-1175), Exilarch, =3=, 438.
death of, =3=, 439.

=Dante=, friend of Immanuel Romi, =4=, 65.
imitated by Immanuel Romi, =4=, 66, 67.
quoted, =4=, 325.

=Danz=, Frankfort deputy to the Congress of Vienna, objects to the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519.

=Daphne=, Verus Commodus at, =2=, 447.

=Darius=, king of Persia, permits the rebuilding of the Temple, =1=,
359.

=Darius=, commander of Agrippa II’s troops, =2=, 259.

“=Dark Age=,” the Jewish, =4=, 617.

=Darke ha-Talmud=, work by Isaac Campanton, =4=, 230.

=Darmstadt=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 530.

=Daroca=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 206, 214.

=Darshanim=, Jewish preachers, deliver sermons in the vernacular,
under Louis the Pious =3=, 163.

=Daub=, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, =5=, 531.

=Daud=, physician, traduces Joseph Nassi, =4=, 598-9.
banished and excommunicated, =4=, 599.

=Dauphiné=, Jews remain in, after the expulsion by Charles
VI, =4=, 177.

=David=, king, anointed, =1=, 95-6.
poetic talent of, =1=, 96.
under Samuel’s influence, =1=, 96-7.
and Goliath, =1=, 97.
soothes Saul’s melancholy, =1=, 98.
victorious over the Philistines, =1=, 98-9.
attacked by Saul, =1=, 99.
marries Michal, =1=, 100.
outlawed, =1=, 100.
in friendly relations with Ammonites and Philistines, =1=, 100-2.
at Ziklag, =1=, 101-2.
to help the Philistines against Saul, =1=, 102.
routs the Amalekites, =1=, 106-7.
chosen king by Judah, =1=, 107.
ally of Achish, =1=, 107-8.
resides at Hebron, =1=, 109.
and Abner, =1=, 110-12.
rules over the whole kingdom, =1=, 112.
subdues the Jebusites, =1=, 113-14.
resides at Jerusalem, =1=, 114.
at war with the Philistines, =1=, 115-18.
at Adullam, =1=, 116.
saved by Abishai, =1=, 117.
ally of Hiram, =1=, 118.
builds a cedar palace, =1=, 119.
makes Jerusalem the center of religious life, =1=, 119-20.
introduces choral song into the religious service, =1=, 120.
as Psalmist, =1=, 120-1.
as king, =1=, 121.
loyalty to, =1=, 121-2.
army of, =1=, 122.
favorite and councilor of, =1=, 122-3.
surrenders Saul’s descendants to the Gibeonites, =1=, 123.
buries the remains of Saul and Jonathan, =1=, 124.
at war with the Moabites, =1=, 125-6.
at war with the Ammonites, =1=, 126-7.
at war with the Aramæans, =1=, 127.
at war with the Ammonites and Idumæans, =1=, 128-9.
enlarges his territory, =1=, 129-30.
faith of, =1=, 130.
lenient towards conquered races, =1=, 131.
betrays Uriah, =1=, 131-2.
rebuked by Nathan, =1=, 133.
and Absalom, =1=, 134-7.
orders a census, =1=, 137-8.
conspiracy against, =1=, 138-44.
leaves Jerusalem, =1=, 140-1.
faithful followers of, =1=, 141-2, 144.
enemies of, =1=, 142.
victorious over Absalom, =1=, 144.
mourns Absalom, =1=, 145.
invited to Jerusalem by the northern tribes, =1=, 146.
pardons Amasa, =1=, 146.
met by embassies of Benjamites and Judæans, =1=, 146-8.
suppresses Sheba’s revolt, =1=, 148-50.
returns to Jerusalem, =1=, 150.
restrained from building a Temple, =1=, 150-1.
debility of, =1=, 151.
has Solomon acknowledged king, =1=, 153.
death of, =1=, 154.
summary of the reign of, =1=, 154-5.
number of wives of, =1=, 161.
descendants of, the only ones entitled to the crown, =1=, 527-8.
a descendant of, the Messiah, =2=, 143, 144.
descent from, traced by Spanish families, =3=, 43.
Israelites under, settle in northern Arabia, =3=, 54.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.
favorite character of the Puritans, =5=, 26.

=David=, candidate for the Exilarchate, =3=, 439.

=David=, German immigrant in Turkey, =4=, 271.

=David=, principino of the Neapolitan Jews, =3=, 424.

=David of Mosul=, Exilarch in Jerusalem, =3=, 506.
excommunicates Daniel ben Saadiah, =3=, 526.

=David de Pomis= (1525-1588), physician, employed by Christians, =4=,
653.
attainments of, =4=, 656.
defense of Jewish physicians by, =4=, 656-7.
Talmudic dictionary by, =4=, 657.

=David ben Daniel=, Exilarch of Mosul, excommunicates Solomon
Petit, =3=, 632.

=David ben Judah= (825-840), Exilarch, =3=, 155-6.

=David ben Kalonymos=, Tossafist, member of the Mayence synod, =3=,
517.

=David ben Maimun=, brother of Maimonides, =3=, 451, 457.

=David ben Saul=, excommunicates the Maimunists, =3=, 529.
excommunicated, =3=, 530, 536-7.

=David ben Zaccaï= (940), Exilarch, deposes Kohen-Zedek, =3=, 186.
appoints two Geonim of Sora, =3=, 192-3.
excommunicates the congregation of Fars, =3=, 194.
injustice of, =3=, 194-5.
contest of, with Saadiah, =3=, 195-6, 200-1.
cause of, espoused by Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu, =3=, 200.
death of, =3=, 201.
great-grandson of, =3=, 254.

=David Ibn-Abi Zimra= (1470-1573), scholar, Spanish exile in
Cairo, =4=, 393.
rabbi of Cairo, =4=, 394.
abolishes the Seleucidæan era, =4=, 394-5.
reverses the liturgical changes made by Maimonides, =4=, 395.
Kabbalist, =4=, 481.

=David Ibn-Albilla=, philosopher, =4=, 91.

=David Ibn-Yachya=, rabbi at Naples, =4=, 410.

=David Ibn-Yachya Negro=, foresees the expulsion of the Jews from
Portugal, =4=, 339.

=David Abudarham=, a Jew of Castile, =3=, 617.

=David Alrui= (Alroy, Ibn-Alruchi, Menahem ben Solomon), attainments
of, =3=, 430.
summons the Jews of the East to return to Jerusalem, =3=, 431.
imprisoned, =3=, 431-2.
death of, =3=, 433.

=David Bonet Buen-Giorna=, Marrano, persuaded to remain a
Christian, =4=, 188.
epistle to, =4=, 188-90.

=David Gans= (1541-1613), historian and astronomer, works of,
=4=, 638-9.
consulted by Basnage, =5=, 196.
refutes Eibeschütz’s defense, =5=, 270.

=David Kimchi= (1160-1235), grammarian and lexicographer, =3=,
393-4, 561.
grammatical and exegetical work of, =3=, 394.
Maimunist, =3=, 530-1, 540-1.
denounces Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544.
works of, used by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.
commentary of, in the Bomberg Bible, =4=, 476.

=David Maimuni= (1223-1300), grandson of Maimonides, aided by Solomon
ben Adret, =3=, 620.
Nagid of Egypt, friend of the Exilarch Yishaï, =3=, 627.
appealed to by Hillel of Verona, =3=, 631.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 632-3.

=David Negro Ibn-Yachya=, counselor of Ferdinand I of Portugal,
=4=, 159-60.
leaves Lisbon, =4=, 160.
chief rabbi of Castile, =4=, 161, 162.

=David Rafan=, discovers the Zohar to be a forgery, =4=, 20-1.

=David Reubeni=, travels of, in the East, =4=, 491.
description of, =4=, 491-2.
at Rome, =4=, 492, 493.
honored by the Jews, =4=, 493.
received by João III of Portugal, =4=, 493, 498.
considered the forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 494, 497-8.
repulses the Marranos and Solomon Molcho, =4=, 495-6.
opposed by Miguel de Silva, =4=, 498-9.
leaves Portugal, =4=, 499.
prisoner in Spain, =4=, 499.
in Avignon, =4=, 499.
and Molcho, =4=, 504.
and the Venetian senate, =4=, 504.
petitions Charles V, =4=, 509-10.
confined by the Spanish Inquisition, =4=, 511.

=David’s chapel=, Franciscan church on Mount Zion, =4=, 274.

=Daya=, character in “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 324.

=Dayan=, title of the judges in Jewish Babylonia, =3=, 98.
title of Moses ben Chanoch, =3=, 229.

=Dayane-di-Baba=, judges of the gate, in Babylonia, =2=, 547.

=Dayanim=, assistants of the rabbis, =5=, 566, 569.

=Dead Sea=, the, description of, =1=, 43.

=Debir=, the, the Holy of Holies, =1=, 165.

=Debir= (Kirjath-Sepher), taken by the tribe of Judah, =1=, 38.

=Deborah=, judge, inspires resistance to Jabin, =1=, 61.

=Debts owing to Jews=, the interest on, repudiated by Eugenius III,
=3=, 349, 351.
the repudiation of, not permitted by Maria de Molina, =4=, 52.
the repudiation of, urged by Louis the Rich, =4=, 254.

=Decapolis=, league of towns, freed from Judæan rule, =2=, 67.

=Deckendorf= (Deggendorf), the Jews of, massacred, =4=, 98.

“=Declaration=,” by Manasseh ben Israel, concerning the admission of
Jews into England, =5=, 39-42.

“=Defense= of the Rational Worshipers of God,” by Reimarus, =5=, 320.

“=Definitions= and Descriptions,” by Isaac Israeli, =3=, 181.

=Deï Rossi.= _See_ Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi.

=Deity=, the, Israelitish conception of, =1=, 24, 402.

=Delaborde=, Count, on the Turkish Jews, =5=, 649-50.

“=Delight= of all Mankind,” epithet of Titus, =2=, 304.

=Delitzsch, Franz=, admires neo-Hebraic poetry, =5=, 628-9.

=Della Ruvere, Marco=, nuncio in Portugal, =4=, 514.

=Della Volta, Samuel Vita=, physician and scholar, =5=, 622.

=Del Medigo.= _See_ Elias del Medigo.

=Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon= (1591-1655), sceptic, =5=, 56, 75-6.
ancestry and education of, =5=, 75.
wanderings of, =5=, 76-80.
mathematical attainments of, =5=, 76.
among Karaites, =5=, 76-7.
as physician, =5=, 76, 80.
defends the Kabbala, =5=, 78.
at Amsterdam, =5=, 79.
preacher, =5=, 79-80.
end of, =5=, 80.
hypocrisy of, =5=, 84.

=Delmedigo, Judah=, son of Elias, rabbi of Canea, =4=, 406.

=Dembowski, Nicolas=, bishop of Kamieniec, persecutes the
Frankists, =5=, 278.
Frankists make a partial confession of Christianity before, =5=,
279.
favors the Frankists, =5=, 279-80.
consents to disputations between Frankists and Talmudists, =5=,
280, 281-2.
confiscates and burns the Talmud, =5=, 282.
death of, =5=, 282.

=Dembowski=, Frankist family, =5=, 289.

=Demetrius I=, of Syria, sent to Rome as hostage, =1=, 443.
throne of, usurped by Antiochus IV, =1=, 443.
plots to depose Antiochus V, =1=, 481.
escapes from Rome, =1=, 482.
kills Antiochus V, =1=, 482.
appoints Alcimus high priest, =1=, 482.
sends Bacchides to Jerusalem, =1=, 482, 486.
sends Nicanor to Judæa, =1=, 484.
leaves the religious freedom of the Judæans undisturbed, =1=,
488, 491-2.
seeks the friendship of Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 494, 495-6.

=Demetrius II Nicator=, of Syria, contests the throne with Alexander
Balas, =1=, 496.
appealed to by the Hellenists, =1=, 497.
exempts the Judæans from taxation, =1=, 497.
besieged in his palace, =1=, 497.
seeks help with Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 497.
flees from Antioch, =1=, 498.
negotiates with Simon Tharsi, =1=, 521.
acknowledges the independence of Judæa, =1=, 521.
expedition of, against Persia, =1=, 525.
defeated by the Parthians, =2=, 5.
deposed by Alexander Zabina, =2=, 6.
death of, =2=, 6.

=Demetrius=, librarian of Ptolemy II, advises the translation of the
Law, =1=, 514.

=Demetrius=, son of Antigonus, defeated, =1=, 417.

=Demetrius=, son-in-law of Agrippa I, =2=, 235.

=Demiurge=, creator of the world, in the Gnostic system, =2=, 375.

=Demons, exorcism of=, in Galilee, =2=, 148.
by the Essenes, =2=, 151.
by Jesus, =2=, 156-7.
by the disciples of Jesus, =2=, 170.

=Denia=, home of Isaac Albergeloni, =3=, 284.

=Denmark=, the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.
Jews invited to settle in, =4=, 675.
rabbis of, willing to excommunicate Luzzatto, =5=, 241.
favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519, 531.

=Derasha.= _See_ Agada.

=Derbend= (Berdaa), Jews settle in, =3=, 124.
refuge of the Chazars, =3=, 222.

=Derketades=, royal Assyrian house, last member of, =1=, 258.

=Derush.= _See_ Agada.

=Descartes=, philosophy of, studied by Spinoza, =5=, 89.
characteristics of, =5=, 90.

=Desfar, Juan=, governor of Palma, protects the Jews, =4=, 246, 247.

=Dessau=, subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation
in, =5=, 329.

=Deuteronomy, the Book of=, found in the Temple, =1=, 289, 292-3.
_See under_ Law, the.

=Deuterosis=, code of Rabbi Akiba, =2=, 354.

=Deuterotes=, the Tanaites, =2=, 371.

=Deutz, Menahem=, member of the French consistory, =5=, 502.

=Deutz=, the Jews of Cologne take refuge in, =4=, 227.

=De Wette=, exegete, =5=, 623, 695.

=De Witt, John=, friend of Spinoza, =5=, 107, 108.

=Deza=, archbishop of Seville, second inquisitor general, =4=,
356, 484.

=Dhor el-Khedib=, highest peak of Lebanon, =1=, 44.

=Dialoghi d’amore= (“Dialogues of Love”), by Leon Abrabanel,
=4=, 480-1.

=Dias, André=, Marrano, assassin of Henrique Nunes, =4=, 490.

=Dibre Sopherim=, the work of the Council of Seventy, =1=, 395.
traditional Jewish lore, =2=, 19, 472.
_See_ Law, the oral.

=Dictionaries=, Chaldean and Rabbinical, by Elias Levita, =4=, 474.

=Dictionary.= _See_ Aruch; Iggaron; Lexicon; Machbereth.

=Diderot=, praises Pereira’s sign language, =5=, 343.

=Diebitsch, von=, defender of the Jews, =5=, 470.

=Diego de Valencia=, apostate, Spanish satirist, =4=, 181.

=Dietary laws=, the, observed by the Babylonian Judæans, =1=, 364.
observed by the Judæan Christians of Antioch, =2=, 231.
obeyed by the Jews of Gaul, =3=, 36.
observed by the Jews of Arabia, =3=, 58.
made severer by Anan ben David, =3=, 132.
not observed by the “Friends of Reform,” =5=, 675.
declaration against, withdrawn, =5=, 676.

=Dieterich.= _See_ Theodoric of Burgundy.

=Diez=, friend of Dohm, on the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 358-9.

=Dimé=, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, =2=, 567.

=Dimuh=, so-called synagogue of Moses at, =3=, 445.

=Dina d’malchuta dina=, sanctity of the law of the land, =2=, 519.

=Diniz= (1279-1325), of Portugal, Jews under, =3=, 618.

=Dio Cassius=, historian, on the revolt under Bar Cochba, =2=, 411.
on the fall of Bethar, =2=, 418-19.

=Dio Kart=, birthplace of Huna, =2=, 545.

=Diocæsarea.= _See_ Sepphoris.

=Diocletian=, emperor, tolerant, =2=, 533.
accuses Judah III of disloyalty, =2=, 533-4.
and Abbahu, =2=, 538.
persecutes Christianity, =2=, 539.

=Diodorus=, ambassador to Rome, =2=, 4-5.

=Diodotus Tryphon=, general of Alexander Balas, puts the latter’s son
on the throne, =1=, 497-8.
friendly to Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 498.
seeks to make himself king, =1=, 498-9.
takes Jonathan Haphus prisoner, =1=, 499.
negotiates with Simon Tharsi for tribute, =1=, 500-1.
has Jonathan Haphus executed, =1=, 501.
Simon Tharsi hostile to, =1=, 521.
at odds with Antiochus Sidetes, =1=, 525, 528, 529.

=Diogenes=, Sadducee, favorite of Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 42.
advises the crucifixion of Pharisees, =2=, 45.
put to death by the Pharisees, =2=, 55.

=Diokna Kadisha=, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 538.

=Dionysus=, worshiped in Alexandria, =1=, 428.
festival of, in Judæa, =1=, 428, 456-7.

=Dios-Carne.= _See_ Astruc Raimuch.

=Dioscorides=, work of, translated, =3=, 218.

=Diospolis.= _See_ Lydda.

=Dioterich.= _See_ Theodoric.

=Disciples=, meaning of, =2=, 357.
_See_ Law, the, the teachers of.

=Dispersion=, the, of Judæans under Uzziah, =1=, 227.
after the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 317-18.
in the lands of the Seleucidæ and the Ptolemies, =1=, 420-1.
value of, =2=, 200-1.

=Disputation=, between Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria,
=1=, 516-17.
between Donin and four rabbis, =3=, 576-8.
between Pablo Christiani and Nachmani, =3=, 598-604.
at Burgos, =4=, 140.
at Avila, =4=, 140-2.
at Pampeluna, =4=, 142.
at Tortosa, =4=, 207-15.
at Kamieniec, =5=, 280-1.
at Lemberg, =5=, 285-7.

=Disputations=, between Jews and Christians, under Basilius,
=3=, 175-6.
in France in the twelfth century, =3=, 343.
_See under_ Polemical works against Christianity.

“=Distinction=,” anti-Karaite work by Saadiah, =3=, 192.

“=Diversions=,” satire by Joseph ben Sabara, =3=, 559.

=Divine Service=, the. _See_ Liturgy, the.

=Divorce=, abolished by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 124.
bills of, criticised after delivery to the wife, =3=, 378.
discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 489, 491.
discussed by the French Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Divorce law=, the, as formulated by the Pharisees, =2=, 50.
according to the school of Shammai, =2=, 132.
as interpreted by Meïr, =2=, 439.
alleviations of, proposed by Judah II, =2=, 484.
regulated by Abba Areka, =2=, 516-17.
reformed by Hunaï and Mar-Raba, =3=, 92.
changed by Gershom, =3=, 244.
modified by the Troyes synod, =3=, 378.
changed by Menachem of Merseburg, =4=, 228.

=Divorces=, frequent among Kabbalists, =4=, 627; =5=, 210.

=Djabar, the Jews of=, pillaged, =5=, 641.

=Dnieper=, the, colonies of serfs on, =5=, 2.

=Doag=, captain of the guard under Saul, =1=, 91.

=Dob Beer.= _See_ Beer of Mizricz.

=Dohm, Christian William= (1751-1820), friend of Mendelssohn,
=5=, 351-2.
plea by, for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews,
=5=, 352-62.
inspired by Mendelssohn, =5=, 356, 361, 366.
admits the depravity of the Jews, =5=, 361.
criticised by Mendelssohn, =5=, 361-2.
enlists Mirabeau’s sympathies for the Jews, =5=, 366.
fails to impress Frederick the Great, =5=, 414.
helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, =5=, 500.
entertains a distorted view of Jewish history, =5=, 593.

=Dok=, fortress, Simon Tharsi assassinated in, =1=, 530.
Ptolemy ben Habub shut up in, =1=, 531.

=Dolmäh.= _See_ Donmäh.

=Domingo=, founder of the Dominican order, =3=, 519.

=Dominicans=, the, originate in the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509.
persecutions by, in southern France, =3=, 519.
entrusted with the extirpation of the Albigenses, =3=, 542.
interfere in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 542-3.
preach Jew hatred, =3=, 565.
judges of the Talmud, =3=, 575, 602-3.
at Donin’s disputation, =3=, 576.
charge the Jews of England with the blood accusation, =3=, 591.
taught Hebrew and Arabic for conversion purposes, =3=, 597, 621.
in the Barcelona synagogue, =3=, 601.
appeal to Clement IV against Nachmani, =3=, 605.
enforce Jew badges, =3=, 613.
in Hungary, =3=, 614.
and Robert de Redingge’s conversion, =3=, 641.
deliver sermons to the Jews of England, =3=, 643-4.
denounce the Jews of England, =3=, 645.
arouse hatred against the Hussites and the Jews, =4=, 222, 226.
hate the Jews, =4=, 308.
try to convert the Jews of Spain, =4=, 350.
work for the expulsion of the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 486-7.
incite the mob against the Marranos, =4=, 487.
have the Jews of Genoa banished, =4=, 554.
arouse Cremona against the Jews, =4=, 582.

=Dominicans, the, of Cologne=, and their crusade against Judaism,
=4=, 424-6.
wish to confiscate the Talmud, =4=, 425, 426, 428.
devise measures for the conversion of the Jews, =4=, 426.
urge Maximilian I to deliver the Jews to them, =4=, 428-9.
eager to associate Reuchlin with themselves, =4=, 432.
suspect Reuchlin of heresy, =4=, 435-6.
obtain Maximilian’s fourth mandate, =4=, 440-1.
decide upon the burning of the Talmud, =4=, 444.
declare the Hebrew Bible heretical, =4=, 445.
publish a refutation of Reuchlin’s defense, =4=, 445-6.
sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” =4=, 452.
try to overthrow the Speyer decision against Hoogstraten, =4=,
455-6, 458.
hatred of, for the Jews, increases, =4=, 457.
threaten to withdraw allegiance from the papacy, =4=, 459.
abuse Maximilian I, =4=, 459.
rejoice over the University of Paris decision, =4=, 460.
have the “Augenspiegel” translated, =4=, 460.
plan the extermination of the Jews of Germany, =4=, 462-3.
complain of the treatment accorded them, =4=, 465-6.

=Dominicus Haman Epiphanes=, pseudonym of a Jewish champion, =5=, 471.

=Domitia=, empress, Josephus a favorite of, =2=, 389.

=Domitian=, emperor, celebration of the birthday of, =2=, 312.
celebrates his triumph over Judæa, =2=, 314-15.
Jews troubled under, =2=, 345, 384, 388-9.
cousin of, convert to Judaism, =2=, 387.
Josephus a favorite of, =2=, 389.
prosecutes Josephus, =2=, 391.

=Domitilla, Flavia=, convert to Judaism, =2=, 387, 389.

=Domna, Julia=, wife of Severus, =2=, 468.

=Donin= (Nicholas), Talmudist, excommunicated by the French rabbis,
=3=, 572-3.
apostatizes, =3=, 573.
causes the persecution of the Jews of Poitou, =3=, 573.
brings charges against the Talmud, =3=, 573-4.
disputation of, with four rabbis, =3=, 576-8.
and Pablo Christiani, =3=, 598, 599, 602.
charges of, repeated, =4=, 213.
instigates the burning of the Talmud, =4=, 460.

=Donmäh= (Dolmäh), the, followers of Berachya, =5=, 211.
descendants of, in Salonica, =5=, 211.
joined by Chayim Malach, =5=, 214.
address prayers to their leaders, =5=, 274.

=Donnolo.= _See_ Sabbataï Donnolo.

=Dora=, besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, =1=, 528, 529.
Greek youths of, introduce statues into the synagogues, =2=, 193.

=Doria, Andrea=, doge of Genoa, opposed to the expulsion of the
Jews, =4=, 554.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 555.

=Doria, Gianettino=, and Joseph Cohen, =4=, 555.

=Doris=, first wife of Herod, =2=, 112.

=Dormido, David Abrabanel=, petitions Parliament to permit Jews to
settle in England, =5=, 35.

=Dorotheus=, Judæan envoy to Rome, =2=, 197-8.

=Dortmund=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.

=Dortus= of Jerusalem, tries to incite a rebellion against
Cumanus, =2=, 244.

=Dositheus=, companion of Onias IV, espouses Ptolemy VI’s cause, =1=,
506, 507.

=Dossa ben Nachman= (Archinas), teacher of the Law, =2=, 330.

=Dossa ben Saadiah=, author, =3=, 202.
in correspondence with Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=, 217.

“=Doubts= of the Religion of Jesus,” by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, =4=, 235.

=Dowry=, the law of, according to Meïr, =2=, 439.

=Draï=, the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 360.

=Drama=, the, in Jewish literature, =5=, 112.

=Dresden=, Jews permitted to live in, =5=, 509.

=Dresden, the Jews of=, assisted by Mendelssohn, =5=, 344.
present an address to the Synhedrion, =5=, 496.

=Drome=, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Drouth=, under Uzziah, =1=, 229-30.

=Drusilla=, youngest daughter of Agrippa I, affianced to Epiphanes of
Commagene, =2=, 195, 235.
married to Aziz, =2=, 235.
married to Felix, =2=, 235, 245.
envious of Berenice, =2=, 236.

=Drusus=, son of Tiberius, educated with Agrippa I, =2=, 175.

=Drusus=, a tower on the wall of Cæsarea, =2=, 106.

=Dsimma=, Mahometan tax, =3=, 110.

=Duarte de Pinel.= _See_ Usque, Abraham.

=Dubno, Solomon=, writes the commentary to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch
translation, =5=, 329, 332.
alienated from Mendelssohn, =5=, 334.

=Duchan, Jacob Israel=, Sabbatian, =5=, 156.

=Dudaï ben Nachman= (761-764), principal of Pumbeditha, opponent of
Anan ben David, =3=, 129.

=Duelling=, permitted to Jews under Alfonso VI, =3=, 293.

=Du Guesclin, Bertrand=, aids Henry de Trastamare, =4=, 123, 124.
cruelty of, to the Jews of Castile, =4=, 126.
kills Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 126.

=Dulcigno=, Sabbataï Zevi banished to, =5=, 166.

=Dunash ben Labrat= (Adonim, 920-970), poet, founder of Judæo-Spanish
culture, =3=, 215.
introduces meter into the Hebrew language, =3=, 223.
supplements Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 225.
circumstances of, =3=, 226.
criticises Saadiah’s works, =3=, 226.
controversy of, with the disciples of Menachem ben Saruk,
=3=, 226-7.
disciples of, grammarians and poets, =3=, 237.
grammar by, known to Rashi, =3=, 289.

=Dunash ben Tamim= (Abusahal, 900-960), disciple of Isaac Israeli,
=3=, 181, 211-12.
admiration of, for Saadiah, =3=, 192.
physician to a caliph, =3=, 211.
works of, =3=, 211.
and Chasdaï Ibn Shaprut, =3=, 217.

=Dunin.= _See_ Donin.

=Duns Scotus=, scholastic philosopher, counsels compulsory baptism of
Jews, =3=, 644; =4=, 277.

=Duport=, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 441, 447-8.

=Duran.= _See_ Profiat; Simon ben Zemach; Simon (II); Solomon (I).

=Dury, John=, writes against the admission of Jews into England, =5=,
46.

=Düsseldorf=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 530.

“=Duties= of the Heart, The,” by Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, translated, =3=,
397.

=Du Vallié, Antoinette=, mother of the next, =5=, 175.

=Du Vallié, Paul=, apostate, testifies falsely in a blood accusation
case, =5=, 175.

=Dyeing=, trade of the Jews of Jerusalem, =3=, 427, 606.

=Dzalski=, Frankist family, =5=, 289.

=E=

=Earthquake=, under Uzziah, =1=, 229, 236.
under Hyrcanus II, =2=, 61.
under Herod, =2=, 95.
under Hadrian, =2=, 408.
at Lisbon, =4=, 505.
at Ferrara, =4=, 615.

=East=, the, conversions to Judaism in, =2=, 383.

=East, the, the empire of.= _See_ Byzantine Empire, the.

=East, the, the Jews of=, affected by Islam theology, =3=, 148.
persecuted, =3=, 245-8.
poor, =5=, 205.
admire the European Jews, =5=, 662-3.
_See also under_ Abbasside Caliphate, the; Byzantine Empire, the.

=East, the, the Roman governors of.= _See_ Amantius; Bonosus.

=East India Company=, the, Jews interested in, =4=, 677.

=Easter=, the date of, fixed, =2=, 563-4.
to be celebrated before the Passover, =3=, 13.
tax to be paid at, by Jews, =3=, 510.

=Eastertide attacks upon Jews=, in France, =3=, 173-4.
in Béziers, =3=, 394.
in Prague, =4=, 164.
in Majorca, =4=, 246.
in Trent, =4=, 298.

=Eastertide, Jews forbidden to appear in public during=, by the
Councils of Orleans, =3=, 37.
by the Council of Mâcon, =3=, 39, 171.
by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510.
by the Council of Narbonne, =3=, 518.
by the Council of Béziers, =3=, 582.
by the code of Alfonso X, =3=, 595.
in Ratisbon, =3=, 635.
by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
by Henry IV of Castile, =4=, 278.

=Ebal=, mountain, described, =1=, 45.

“=Eben Bochan=,” polemic by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, =4=, 142.

=Eben ha-Ezer=, scene of battles between Israelites and Philistines,
=1=, 70, 78.

=Eberard=, Magister Judæorum, under Louis the Pious, =3=, 161.
and the bishop of Lyons, =3=, 164, 166.

=Eberhard von Cleve=, Dominican provincial, complains of the
treatment of his order, =4=, 465-6.

=Ebionim= (Dallim), disciples of Isaiah, =1=, 254.

=Ebionites= (Ebionim), the, followers of Jesus, =2=, 168, 366.
communists, =2=, 220.
disappearance of, =2=, 373.
use Akylas’ Scripture translation, =2=, 387.
merged into the Catholic Church, =2=, 500.
_See under_ Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the.

=Ecbatana=, taken by Cyrus, =1=, 342.
the goddess of love worshiped in, =1=, 408.

=Ecclesiastes, the Book of=, holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion,
=2=, 343-4.
exposition of, by Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, =3=, 398.
commentary on, by Nathaniel of Bagdad, =3=, 442.

=Ecclesiasticus, the Book of=, by Jesus Sirach, =1=, 439-41.
considered apocryphal, =2=, 344.
translated into Greek, =2=, 359.

=Ecija=, the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 170.

=Eck, Dr. John=, writes against the Jews, =4=, 546-7.
accusations of, repeated by Luther, =4=, 548, 549, 550.

=Eden=, garden of, name applied to Paradise, =1=, 404.

=Edessa=, destroyed, =2=, 398.
the Christians of, persecuted, =2=, 524.
the Jews of, massacred, =2=, 599.
taken by Nureddin, =3=, 349.

=Edict=, banishing the Jews from Spain, =4=, 347-8.

=Edict of Grace=, the, for Marranos, =4=, 315.

=Edles, Samuel=, Talmudist, =4=, 703.

=Edom.= _See_ Idumæans, the.

=Education= among the Jews. _See under_ Academies; Colleges; Law, the;
Schools; Talmud, the; Talmud Torah.

=Edward I=, of England, Jews under, =3=, 640-6.
stops the denunciations of coin counterfeiters, =3=, 643.
and the charge of blasphemy against the Jews, =3=, 643.
permits the Dominicans to preach to the Jews, =3=, 643-4.
erects a house for Jewish converts, =3=, 644.
banishes the Jews, =3=, 645.

=Edward=, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), aids Pedro the Cruel,
=4=, 124, 125.

=Edzardus, Esdras=, Hamburg preacher, and David de Lara, =5=, 115.
and the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 151.

=Efodi.= _See_ Profiat Duran.

=Eger, Akiba=, reverence paid to, =5=, 567.

=Eger, Samuel=, protests against reforms, =5=, 562.

=Egica=, Visigothic king, forbids Jews to hold real estate,
=3=, 107-8.

=Egidio de Viterbo=, cardinal, sides with Reuchlin, =4=, 457.
patron of Elias Levita, =4=, 472, 564.
interested in the Kabbala, =4=, 481, 583.
opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, =4=, 507.

=Egilbert=, bishop of Treves, forcibly baptizes Jews, =3=, 300, 306.

=Eglon=, king of Moab, killed by Ehud, =1=, 60.

=Eglon=, king of, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 34-5.

=Egypt=, priests of, =1=, 10.
allied with Solomon, =1=, 170.
hostile to Ben-hadad III, =1=, 221.
helps the Idumæans against Uzziah, =1=, 226.
allied with Hoshea, =1=, 263.
allied with Hezekiah, =1=, 270.
counsels resistance to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 304, 306, 309.
Judæans take refuge in, =1=, 317, 318, 324.
rebels against Persia, =1=, 407-8.
given to Ptolemy I, =1=, 418.
Judæans settle in, =1=, 419.
taken by Antiochus III and Philip V of Macedon, =1=, 432.
wars of, with Antiochus IV, =1=, 450-1, 452-3.
number of Judæans in, =2=, 201.
Zealots flee to, =2=, 317-18.
study of the Law in, =2=, 359.
succumbs to the Arabs, =3=, 86.
Rabbanites in, in the ninth century, =3=, 180.
Karaites spread to, =3=, 182.
schools founded in, by the emissaries from Sora, =3=, 208, 210.
part of the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 248.
Jehuda Halevi in, =3=, 339-41.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.
Maimonides in, =3=, 445, 457.
Louis IX taken prisoner in, =3=, 585.
in the Zohar, =4=, 23.
Karaites of, inclined to Rabbanism, =4=, 72.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 392-6.
taken by the Turkish sultan, =4=, 393.
Isaac Lurya in, =4=, 618, 622.
conquered by Napoleon, =5=, 459.
Crémieux’s schools in, =5=, 671.

=Egypt, the Jews of=, celebrate two days of the new-moon, =2=, 363.
rebel against Trajan, =2=, 394, 395-8.
hail the Mahometans as liberators, =3=, 88-9.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 443-5.
governed by a Nagid, =3=, 443.
lack of culture of, =3=, 444-5.
pilgrimages of, =3=, 445.
under Saladin, =3=, 461.
liturgy of, changed by Maimonides, =3=, 465-6.
exhorted to establish schools, =5=, 663.

=Egypt, the Judæans of=, practice idolatry, =1=, 326-7.
neglected under Amasis, =1=, 327.
settlement of, encouraged, =1=, 503.
equality of, with the Greeks, =1=, 503.
alliance of, sought by Syrians and Egyptians, =1=, 503-4.
faithful to the Ptolemies, =1=, 504.
occupations of, =1=, 504-5.
Greek learning of, =1=, 505.
espouse the cause of Ptolemy VI, =1=, 507.
recognize Onias IV as ethnarch, =1=, 507.
sacrifice in the Temple of Onias, =1=, 509.
maintain connection with the Temple at Jerusalem, =1=, 509; =2=,
52.
pleased with the Septuagint, =1=, 511-12.
originate the sermon, =1=, 515.
dispute with the Samaritans, =1=, 517.
informed of the independence of Judæa, =1=, 522-3.
urged to celebrate Chanukah, =2=, 6-7.
prosperous under Cleopatra and Ptolemy VIII, =2=, 12.
devoted to the cause of Octavius, =2=, 102.
control the Nile harbors, =2=, 102.
make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, =2=, 220.
go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, =2=, 251.