Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (12)

=Leopold I=, emperor, decrees the banishment of the Jews, =5=, 170.
refuses to revoke the decree of banishment, =5=, 171-2.
re-admits Jews into Vienna, =5=, 189.
decrees the suppression of “Judaism Unmasked,” =5=, 190.
appealed to, in behalf of Eisenmenger’s book, =5=, 192-3.

=Leopold II=, of Austria, imposes new restrictions on the
Jews, =5=, 508.

=Leopold=, duke of Austria, Jewish treasurer of, =3=, 418.

=Leopoldstadt=, assigned to the Jews of Vienna, =4=, 702; =5=, 172.

=Lepanto=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Lepers=, the, at Bethany, =2=, 160.
treatment of, in the Middle Ages, =4=, 57.

=Lepidus=, member of the second triumvirate, =2=, 81.

=Lerida=, resists the introduction of the Inquisition, =4=, 332.

=Lerida, the Jews of=, excommunicate the anti-Maimunists, =3=, 537.
persecuted in 1391, =4=, 172.
converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 214.

=Lerin=, count of, receives the Spanish exiles, =4=, 358.

=Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim=, liberality of, =5=, 296.
becomes acquainted with Mendelssohn, =5=, 297.
attitude of, towards Jews, =5=, 297, 336.
admiration of, for Mendelssohn, =5=, 298, 302.
has Mendelssohn’s first work printed, =5=, 299.
on the Lavater controversy, =5=, 319.
becomes acquainted with the Reimarus family, =5=, 319-20.
publishes the “Fragments of an Unknown,” =5=, 320-1.
attacked on account of the “Fragments,” =5=, 322-3.
writes his “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 323-7.
aided by Moses Wessely, =5=, 326.
loses caste through “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 326.
death of, =5=, 326, 327.
accused of Spinozism, =5=, 372.
influence of, on German Jews, =5=, 412.

“=Letter= of Aristas,” translated by Azarya deï Rossi, =4=, 615.

“=Letter=” of Gaon Sherira, on Jewish history, =3=, 232-3.

“=Letter= of Warning, The,” by Solomon Alami, quoted, =4=, 154-5.

“=Letter= of Zeal,” by Eibeschütz, =5=, 261.

=Letters=, the carrying of, regulated by Gershom ben Jehuda,
=3=, 244-5.

“=Letters of Obscurantists=, The,” by Crotus Rubianus, a Reuchlinist
work, =4=, 461-2.
on the Jews and the Talmud, =4=, 461.
effect of, =4=, 462.
attributed to various authors, =4=, 462.
compared with Perl’s attacks on Chassidism, =5=, 612.

=Levelers=, the, Jewish spirit among, =5=, 28. _See_ Puritans, the.

=Leven, Narcisse=, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, =5=,
701.

=Levi, the tribe of=, learns from the Egyptians how to write, =1=, 8.
free from Egyptian idolatrous practices, =1=, 12.
faithful to Moses, =1=, 18.
_See_ Levites, the; Priests, the.

=Levi= (Matthew), publican, follower of Jesus, =2=, 153.

=Levi bar Sissi=, teacher of the Law in Simonias, =2=, 454.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.
son of, =2=, 497.
on the neo-Persians, =2=, 525.

=Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim=, of Villefranche (1240-1315),
allegorist, system of, =4=, 24-5.
at Perpignan, =4=, 25.
opposed by Abba-Mari, =4=, 28.
forced to leave Samuel Sulami’s house, =4=, 29.
ancestor of Gersonides, =4=, 91.

=Levi ben Gerson= (Ralbag, Gersonides, Leon de Bagnols, Leo the
Hebrew, 1288-1345), philosopher, =4=, 87, 91.
scientific education of, =4=, 91.
as astronomer, =4=, 91-2.
life of, =4=, 92.
religious philosophy of, =4=, 92-3.
fearlessness of, =4=, 92.
denounced as a heretic, =4=, 93.
astronomical treatise of, translated into Latin, =4=, 93, 103.
predicts the beginning of the Messianic period, =4=, 120.
authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 146.
Isaac ben Sheshet’s view of, =4=, 147.
accused of heresy by Shem Tob ben Joseph, =4=, 197.
adversely criticised by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 342.
exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 442.
commentary of, published in the Bomberg Bible, =4=, 476.

=Levi ben Jacob Chabib=, rabbi of Jerusalem, Talmudist, forced
baptism of, =4=, 378, 532-3.
attainments of, =4=, 533.
relation of, to Jacob Berab, =4=, 533-4.
ordained by Jacob Berab, =4=, 534.
antagonizes Jacob Berab, =4=, 534, 535, 536.
confesses his forced baptism, =4=, 536.

=Levi ben Shem Tob=, apostate, advises the baptism of Jewish
children, =4=, 375.

=Levi ben Todros Abulafia=, Kabbalist, =4=, 2.

=Levi, Aaron.= _See_ Montezinos, Antonio de.

=Levi, Abraham.= _See_ Abraham Levi.

=Levi, Astruc.= _See_ Astruc Levi.

=Levi, David= (Ture Zahab), Talmudist, =5=, 152.

=Levi, Elisha=, Palestinian emissary, father of Nathan Ghazati, =5=,
130.

=Levi, Gedaliah.= _See_ Gedaliah Levi.

=Levi, Isaac Lurya.= _See_ Isaac Lurya Levi.

=Levi, Isaiah=, Sabbatian, =5=, 152.

=Levi, Nathan Benjamin.= _See_ Nathan Benjamin Levi.

=Levi, Raphael=, charged with the blood accusation, =5=, 175-6.
guilt of, believed in by Eisenmenger, =5=, 188.

=Levi, Solomon.= _See_ Solomon Levi.

=Levi, Wolf=, apostate, =5=, 213.

=Levin (Varnhagen), Rachel=, characteristics of, =5=, 413.
on the “hep, hep!” persecution, =5=, 534.
influence of the salon of, on Heine, =5=, 546.

=Levirate marriage=, the, regulated by the synod of Mayence, =3=, 518.

=Levita, Elias.= _See_ Elias Levita.

=Levite=, a, author of the books of Chronicles, =1=, 411.

=Levites=, the, punish the idolatrous Israelites in the desert, =1=,
24.
left without territory, =1=, 40.
reside at Shiloh, =1=, 41, 69.
opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, =1=, 56.
dispersed among the tribes, =1=, 57.
reprove the people for idolatry, =1=, 58.
scattered from Shiloh, =1=, 72.
join Samuel in a guild, =1=, 76.
assist Samuel, =1=, 78.
faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, =1=, 141.
service of, in the Temple, =1=, 167-8.
settle in Judah to escape idol worship, =1=, 187.
recalled to the Temple under Josiah, =1=, 289.
carry the Psalms into the Babylonian exile, =1=, 334.
return from the Captivity under Zerubbabel, =1=, 352.
leave Jerusalem, =1=, 372.
lack of, in Jerusalem under Nehemiah, =1=, 377.
explain the Law as read by Ezra, =1=, 378-9.
at the consecration of the walls of Jerusalem, =1=, 381-2.
tithes for, collected under Ezra, =1=, 382.
lose their income, =1=, 383.
return to the Temple, =1=, 386.
abandon the Temple under Apollonius, =1=, 454.
re-instated by the Maccabees, =1=, 473.
officiate in the Temple of Onias, =1=, 508.
_See also_ Levi, the tribe of; Priests, the.

=Levy, Maurice=, acquaints Napoleon with the anti-Jewish agitation,
=5=, 498.

=Lewin, Hirschel=, rabbi of Berlin, and Mendelssohn, =5=, 317.

=Lexicon, Hebrew= (Aruch, Dictionary, Iggaron, Machbereth), by
Saadiah, =3=, 190.
by Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 225, 226.
by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 263.
by Solomon ben Abraham Parchon, =3=, 423.

=Lexicon, Talmudical=, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, =3=, 179.
by Nachshon ben Zadok, =3=, 179.
by Nathan ben Yechiel, =3=, 290.
by David de Pomis, =4=, 657.
_See also_ Aruch.

=Lexicons, Talmudical=, revised, =5=, 115.

=Libanius=, teacher of Julian the Apostate, =2=, 595.

=Libermann, Eleazar=, aids the Reform movement, =5=, 568, 569, 571.

=Libertini=, the, synagogues of, =2=, 103, 201.

=Libertinus=, prefect of Sicily, razes a synagogue to the
ground, =3=, 34.

“=Library= of the Fine Arts, The,” Mendelssohn contributes
to, =5=, 300.

=Liebmann, Jost=, court jeweler, favorite of Frederick I of
Prussia, =5=, 190.
wife of, =5=, 190, 219.
permitted to have a private synagogue, =5=, 191.
son-in-law of, =5=, 219.

=Liegnitz=, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, =4=, 261.

“=Light= of the Exile, The,” Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 243.

“=Light= of the Eyes,” by Azarya deï Rossi, =4=, 615.
declared heretical, =4=, 616.
fate of, among Jews and Christians, =4=, 616-17.

=Lima, David de=, builds the third synagogue at Hamburg, =4=, 691.

=Limpo, Balthasar=, bishop, abuses Paul III before the Council of
Trent, =4=, 525-6.

=Lincoln, the Jews of=, protected against the crusaders, =3=, 413.

=Lindau=, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, =4=, 105.
burnt on the blood accusation, =4=, 227.

=Lipmann= (Tab-Yomi) of Mühlhausen, defends the Alenu prayer, =4=,
178.

=Lipmann, Solomon=, temporary chairman of the Assembly of Jewish
Notables, =5=, 487.

=Lippe=, Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.

=Lippe-Schaumburg=, the Prince of, honors Mendelssohn, =5=, 308.

=Lippold=, physician, accused of poisoning Elector Joachim
II, =4=, 652.

=Lisbon, the Jews of=, agitation against, =4=, 160.
ransom Jewish captives, =4=, 339.
port open to the Jews on their banishment from Portugal, =4=,
374, 376-7.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.
earthquake at, =4=, 505.
tribunal of the Inquisition in, =5=, 508.
autos-da-fé in, =5=, 32, 91.

=Lisbon, the Marranos of=, worship at a synagogue, =4=, 485.
massacre of, =4=, 487.
life of, inquired into, =4=, 489.
spied upon by Henrique Nunes, =4=, 490.

=Lisbona, Samuel=, father-in-law of Nathan Ghazati, =5=, 130.

=Lissa, Jacob=, leader of the orthodox party, =5=, 567.

=Lissa=, Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation forbidden in, =5=, 332.
the Jews of, burn Wessely’s letter, =5=, 370.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Literature, Jewish=, in Hasmonæan times, =2=, 15-16.
becomes known to the heathen, =2=, 502.
Reuchlin on, =4=, 441-3.
attractive to Christians, =5=, 178, 179.
_See under_ Hebrew literature; Judæo-Greek literature; Rabbinical
literature; Poetry.

=Literature, Jewish mediæval=, treated by Sachs, =5=, 693-4.
by Zunz, =5=, 694.

=Lithuania=, a refuge for exiled Jews, =4=, 418-19.
rabbinical schools established in, =4=, 420.
united with Poland, =4=, 631.
the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 646-7.
Karaites in, =5=, 182-3.
the Chassidim in, =5=, 388.

=Lithuania, the Jews of=, the blood accusation launched against, =4=,
642.
represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, =4=, 644.
suffer from the Cossacks, =5=, 14.

“=Little Book= about the Jews, The,” disproves the blood accusation,
=4=, 545-6.

=Liturgical poetry=, introduced, =3=, 113-14, 117-18.
cultivated by the Jewish Andalusian school, =3=, 224.
by minor poets, =3=, 236, 259-60, 367, 376, 419.
by Simon ben Abun, =3=, 245.
by Moses Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 320.
_See under_ Neo-Hebraic poetry; Piyutim; Poetanim; Poetry; Poets.

=Liturgy=, the, arranged by the Sopherim, =1=, 398-400.
Gamaliel II introduces the Berachoth into, =2=, 363.
amplification of, by poetanic compositions, =3=, 113-14, 117-18.
of the Karaites, =3=, 132; =4=, 71, 73-4.
of the European Jews, compiled by Mar Amram ben Sheshna, =3=, 178.
arranged by Saadiah, =3=, 196.
Sephardic, adopted in northern Africa, =4=, 198.
German, compiled by Maharil, =4=, 225.
affected by the Kabbala, =4=, 481.
of the Chassidim, =5=, 386-7.

=Liturgy, the changes in=, made by Maimonides, =3=, 466.
made by Abi Zimra, =4=, 395.
in Amsterdam, =5=, 457.
made by Jacobson, =5=, 562.
made by Kley, =5=, 564.
approved by some authorities, =5=, 569.
in Vienna, =5=, 580, 581-2.
made by the Hamburg Temple Reform Union, =5=, 673.
in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, =5=, 679.

=Livia=, empress, heiress of Salome, sister of Herod, =2=, 128.

=Livia.= _See_ Beth-Ramatha.

=Livorno.= _See_ Leghorn.

=Loans.= _See_ Jacob ben Yechiel; Joseph ben Gershom.

=Lobato, Diego Gomez=, and Paul de Pina, =4=, 669-70.

=Löbele Prossnitz=, Sabbatian, supporter of Chayon, =5=, 219.
denounced, =5=, 229.
in intercourse with Eibeschütz, =5=, 248, 249.

=Lodi, the Jews of=, number of, in the sixteenth century, =4=, 653.
expelled, =4=, 660.

=Lodomeria=, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.

=Logos=, the, in Philo’s philosophy, =2=, 213.
in the Church, =2=, 500, 501.

=Logrono=, the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 170.

=Lombards=, the, usury practiced by, =3=, 510.

=Lombardy=, German Jewish immigrants held up in, =3=, 638.

=London=, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 373-4.
Jews secretly domiciled in, =5=, 38.
excitement in, about the admission of Jews, =5=, 44.
Jewish burial ground in, =5=, 49.
first synagogue in, =5=, 50.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 141.
the Mansion House meeting in, =5=, 655-7.
celebration of Montefiore’s return to, =5=, 670.
rabbinical college at, =5=, 700.

=London, the Jews of=, prosperous under Henry II, =3=, 409.
attacked by a mob at Richard I’s coronation, =3=, 410-11.
protected by John, =3=, 505.
attacked, =3=, 591-2, 643.
protected by Henry III, =3=, 592.
hold a meeting on the Damascus affair, =5=, 653-4.

=London, the Portuguese Jews of=, wealthy, =5=, 205.
hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, =5=, 264.

=Longinus=, rhetorician, at the court of Zenobia, =2=, 529.

=Longobard code=, the, no mention of Jews in, =3=, 33.

=Lope de Vega=, dramatist, =5=, 112.

=Lopes de Almeida=, Portuguese ambassador to Rome, =4=, 340.

=Lopes-Dubec=, member of Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432.
deputy of the French Jews, =5=, 438.

=Lopez=, Portuguese Marrano, protected by Sixtus V, =4=, 655.

=Lopez, Balthasar=, Marrano, burnt at the stake, =5=, 91-2.

=Lopez, Juan, del Barco=, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, =4=, 312.

=Lopez, Pedro, de Ayala=, poet, on the Jews of Castile, =4=,
121, 122.

=Lorch=, the Jews of, the murderers of, punished, =3=, 635.

=Lord Mayor=, office of, held by Jews, =5=, 698.

=Lord’s Supper=, the. _See_ Transubstantiation.

=Lorqui.= _See_ Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

=Lorraine=, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Lorraine, the Jews of=, petition for alleviation, =5=, 431.
representatives of, in Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 431.
number of, =5=, 435.
complain to the National Assembly, =5=, 436.
send a delegate to the National Assembly, =5=, 438.
emancipation of, opposed by the Duc de Broglie, =5=, 447.

“=Los Rumbos peligrosos=,” novels by Joseph Penso, =5=, 113.

=Lost Islands=, the. _See_ San Thomas.

=Louis the Pious= (814-840), emperor, the Jews under, =3=, 161-70.
wife of, =3=, 162.
refuses to countenance Agobard’s anti-Jewish proceedings,
=3=, 165-6.
sons of, excited against his wife, =3=, 166, 168.
heresy of, in protecting the Jews, =3=, 167.
letter addressed to, by the bishops assembled at Lyons, =3=, 167-8.
and the conversion of Bishop Bodo, =3=, 168-70.
originates the theory that the Jews are the emperor’s wards, =3=,
170.

=Louis II= (855), emperor, decrees the banishment of the Italian
Jews, =3=, 174.

=Louis the German=, king of Germany, Bible commentary dedicated
to, =3=, 163.

=Louis IV=, the Bavarian, emperor, imposes a tax on the Jews,
=4=, 96-7.
tries to protect the Jews during the Armleder persecutions, =4=,
98.
sons of, deliver the Jews to the mob, =4=, 110.

=Louis VI=, of France, the Jews prosperous under, =3=, 343.

=Louis VII=, of France, the Jews prosperous under, =3=, 343.
joins the second crusade, =3=, 349.
roused against the Jews by Peter the Venerable, =3=, 349-50.
permits the repudiation of debts owing to Jews, =3=, 351.
friendly to Jews, =3=, 400-1.
resists the anti-Jewish decrees of the third Lateran Council, =3=,
508.

=Louis IX=, of France, has the Talmud burnt, =4=, 460, 578-9.
hostile to the Jews, =3=, 519.
encourages the conversion of Jews, =3=, 570.
fixes the rate of interest, =3=, 571.
orders a disputation on the Talmud, =3=, 576.
brother of, =3=, 583.
confiscates the property of Jews to organize a crusade, =3=, 585.
taken prisoner, =3=, 585.
banishes the Jews from his hereditary dominions, =3=, 585-6.
insists upon the Jew badge, =3=, 612.

=Louis X=, of France, recalls the Jews, =4=, 53-4.

=Louis XII=, of France, influenced against Reuchlin, =4=, 459, 464.
confessor of, patron of Hebrew literature, =4=, 473.

=Louis XIV=, of France, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, =5=, 110.
renews the privileges of the Jews of Metz, =5=, 174.
orders criminal charges against the Jews to be tried by the royal
council, =5=, 176.
presents the Jews of Metz to the house of Brancas, =5=, 348, 446.

=Louis XV=, of France, confirms the right of the Portuguese to expel
German Jews from Bordeaux, =5=, 342, 343.

=Louis XVI=, of France, implored to expel the Jews from Alsace, =5=,
350.
orders lawsuits against usurers to be decided by the state
councilor, =5=, 350-1.
abolishes the poll-tax on Jews, =5=, 415, 432.
government of, helped by Cerf Berr, =5=, 430.
grants privileges to Cerf Berr, =5=, 431.
disposed to ameliorate the condition of the Jews, =5=, 431.
approves of the emancipation of the Portuguese Jews, =5=, 442.
grants special protection to Alsatian Jews, =5=, 446.
removes taxes from the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 446.
ratifies the Constitution, =5=, 447.
confirms the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 448.

=Louis XVIII=, of France, reactionary court of, =5=, 512.
government of, does not renew the anti-Jewish restrictions,
=5=, 524-5.
the emancipation of the Jews under, =5=, 596.

=Louis I=, of Hungary and Poland, banishes the Jews, =4=, 111.

=Louis=, duke of Anjou, regent of France, confirms the privileges of
the French Jews, =4=, 50.
protects the Jews of Paris, =4=, 151, 152.

=Louis the Rich=, duke of Bavaria, plunders and expels the Jews,
=4=, 253-4.
under the influence of John of Capistrano, =4=, 258.

=Louis=, duke of Bavaria-Landshut, claims the Jews of Ratisbon, =4=,
300.
attempts to convert the Jews, =4=, 301.

=Louis of Brandenburg=, orders the Jews of Königsberg to be burnt,
=4=, 110-11.

=Louis=, count of Darmstadt, protects the Jewish exiles from
Worms, =4=, 699.

=Louis Philippe=, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under,
=5=, 596-7.
ratifies the law making rabbis state officers, =5=, 597.
supports Mehmet Ali, =5=, 633, 634.
appealed to on the Damascus affair, =5=, 645.
struggle of, with Thiers, =5=, 648.
deceives the hopes of the French Jews, =5=, 651, 658.
ambiguous attitude of, =5=, 668.
receives Montefiore, =5=, 668.

=Louise=, of Prussia, death of, mourned by the Berlin Jews, =5=, 508.

=Louvain=, the university of, sanctions the burning of the
“Augenspiegel,” =4=, 452.

=Löwe, Joel=, editor of the Meassef, =5=, 400.
mediocrity of, =5=, 417.

=Löwisohn, Solomon= (1789-1822), Jewish historian, =5=, 594.

=Löwy, Albert=, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” =5=, 703.

=Loyola, Ignatius=, power of, over Paul III, =4=, 525.
efforts of, to re-establish the supremacy of the papacy, =4=, 562.

=Lübeck=, objects to Jewish inhabitants, =5=, 506.
Jews admitted into, =5=, 506.

=Lübeck, the Jews of=, threatened with banishment, =5=, 512.
banished, =5=, 520.

=Lubienski, Wratislaw=, archbishop of Lemberg, Frankist petition to,
=5=, 284-5.

=Lublin=, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 640.
meeting place of the Synod of the Four countries, =4=, 644,
645; =5=, 3.
the German population of, =5=, 3.
synod of, relaxes the Jewish marriage laws, =5=, 13.

=Lucca=, home of the Kalonymos family, =3=, 143.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 371-3.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Lucena= (city), the Talmud school of, famous, =3=, 236.
refuge of the Jews of Granada, =3=, 279.
a Jew of, threatens to betray his coreligionists, =3=, 317.
Jehuda Halevi studies at, =3=, 322, 323.
the school of, closed by the Almohades, =3=, 361, 384.
Jews disappear from, =4=, 354.

=Lucena, the Jews of=, correspond in Arabic with the Gaon of
Sora, =3=, 178.
famous through Alfassi, =3=, 311.
Islam forced on, =3=, 311-12.
pretend to accept Islam, =3=, 361.

=Lucena= (district), early settlement of Jews in, =3=, 43.

=Lucero, Diego Rodriguez=, hangman in Cordova, cruelty of, =4=, 484.
disciple of, =4=, 489.

=Lucilla=, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, cured by Simon ben
Yochaï, =2=, 449.

=Lucuas= (Andreias), leader of the Jews of Cyrene against
Trajan, =2=, 395.

=Lucullus=, Roman commander, attacks Tigranes, of Armenia, =2=, 56.

=Luna, Alvaro de=, favorite of Juan II of Castile, invites the aid of
Jews, =4=, 228.
protects the Jews, =4=, 251-2.
complains of the backsliding of the Marranos, =4=, 256.
confessor of, =4=, 277.

=Luna, Pedro de.= _See_ Benedict XIII.

=Lünel=, Serachya Halevi Gerundi at, =3=, 389.
letter to the wise men of, by Meïr Abulafia, =3=, 524.
synagogue of, sold, =4=, 48.

=Lünel, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 396-8.
learning of, =3=, 396.
scientific tendency of, =3=, 397.
letter to, from Maimonides, =3=, 489.
ask Maimonides to translate his “Guide of the Perplexed” into
Hebrew, =3=, 491-2.
exhorted by Maimonides to study the Talmud scientifically, =3=, 492.
excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530.
oppose the study of science, =4=, 33.
accused of outraging the image of Jesus, =4=, 55.

=Luneville=, deputies from, to the National Assembly, and Isaac
Berr, =5=, 438.
the peace of, =5=, 464, 465.

=Lupus=, governor of Alexandria, executes fugitive Zealots, =2=, 318.

=Lupus=, Trajan’s general in Egypt, =2=, 395.

=Lurya.= _See_ Isaac Lurya Levi; Solomon.

=Lusitano.= _See_ Abraham Zacuto Lusitano.

=Lusitanus, Amatus.= _See_ Amatus Lusitanus.

=Luther, Martin=, character of, =4=, 467.
in the pantomime on the Protestant Reformation, =4=, 468.
at the diet of Worms, =4=, 469.
on the Wartburg, =4=, 469.
translates the Bible, =4=, 469.
on the Jews, =4=, 470-1, 547-52.
learns Hebrew, =4=, 473, 475.
encourages the study of the Bible, =4=, 474.
pamphlet by, =4=, 548.
proves the Messiahship of Jesus, =4=, 548.
reviews the suffering of the Jews, =4=, 549.
attacks the Talmud, =4=, 549-50.
treatment of Jews proposed by, =4=, 550-1.
advises the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 551-2.

=Lutherans=, the, in Spain, persecuted by the Inquisition, =4=, 485.
the meetings of, in Poland, the model of the Synod of the Four
Countries, =4=, 645.

=Luzk=, the Karaites of, =4=, 265; =5=, 182.

=Luzzatto, Moses Chayim= (1707-1747), dramatic poet, =5=, 203-4.
a prey to Kabbalistic influences, =5=, 233.
ancestry and early education of, =5=, 233.
poetic gifts of, =5=, 233-4.
studies in Hebrew meter by, =5=, 234.
composes a drama on Samson, =5=, 234.
style of, =5=, 234.
imitation of the psalter by, =5=, 234.
a second drama by, =5=, 235.
imitates the style of the Zohar, =5=, 235.
devoted to the Kabbala, =5=, 236.
writes a second Zohar, =5=, 237.
communicates his Kabbala to disciples, =5=, 237-8.
opposed by Moses Chages, =5=, 238.
refuses to justify himself, =5=, 238.
promises not to teach Kabbala in Europe, =5=, 239.
surrenders his writings to Bassan, =5=, 239.
publishes Kabbalistic writings, =5=, 239.
offends the Venetian rabbinate, =5=, 239-40.
accusations against, =5=, 240.
excommunicated by the Venetian rabbinate, =5=, 240, 242.
promises to give up Kabbala, =5=, 241.
received kindly at Amsterdam, =5=, 242.
supports himself by polishing lenses, =5=, 242.
publishes a drama, =5=, 242-4.
influence of, on the modern time, =5=, 244.
goes to Safet, =5=, 244.
death of, =5=, 244-5.
model of Bresselau, =5=, 398.
disciple of, =5=, 401.

=Luzzatto, Samuel David= (1800-1865), scholar, disinterestedness and
enthusiasm of, =5=, 622-23.
gifts of, =5=, 623.
poetry of, =5=, 623.
devotes himself to Biblical exegesis, =5=, 623.
view held by, of the Massora, =5=, 624.
historical studies of, =5=, 624-5.
as exegete, =5=, 695, 699.

=Luzzatto, Simone= (Simcha, 1590-1663), on usury, =5=, 41.
sceptic, =5=, 56.
member of the Venice rabbinate, =5=, 67.
attainments of, =5=, 80.
on the relation of faith to science, =5=, 80-1.
sobriety of, =5=, 81.
on Jewish rites, =5=, 81.
defends Judaism and the Jews, =5=, 81-4.
on the Talmud and Kabbala, =5=, 84.
moderation of, =5=, 84.

=Lybia=, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, =2=, 394, 396.

=Lydda= (Diospolis), taken by the Samaritans, =1=, 410.
besieged by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 45.
center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, =2=,
335, 346.
restored to Judæa by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
meeting place of the teachers of the Law after the fall of
Bethar, =2=, 423.
the inhabitants of, praised by Chanina bar Chama, =2=, 492.
seat of Joshua ben Levi’s academy, =2=, 497.
birthplace of Simlaï, =2=, 498.
refuge of Ulla bar Kosher, =2=, 530.
seat of a Jewish revolt against Rome, =2=, 570.
partially destroyed, =2=, 570.
the original text of the Bible studied at, =2=, 623.

=Lydia.= _See_ Crœsus.

=Lynn=, the Jews of, massacre of, =3=, 411-12.

=Lyons=, the Council of, to humble the Jews, =3=, 167-8.
rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.
Innocent IV at, =3=, 584.

=Lyons, the Jews of=, ill-treated by Agobard, =3=, 164-5.
under the protection of Louis the Pious, =3=, 165-6.

=Lysanias=, son of Ptolemy of Chalcis, incites the Parthians against
Herod and Phasael, =2=, 82.

=Lysias=, Syrian commander, lieutenant of the country between Egypt
and the Euphrates, =1=, 463.
commissioned to march against Judæa, =1=, 464.
chooses his subaltern officers, =1=, 466-7.
defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 469-70.
guardian of Antiochus V, =1=, 477.
invades Judæa, =1=, 478-80.
takes Bethzur, =1=, 479.
forces Judas Maccabæus to retreat, =1=, 479.
besieges the Temple, =1=, 479.
razes the fortifications of the Temple, =1=, 480.
executes Menelaus, =1=, 480.
disobeys Rome, =1=, 481.
death of, =1=, 482.

=Lysimachus=, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, =1=, 417.

=Lysimachus=, the Benjamite, Hellenist, opposed to Onias III, =1=,
437.
Jerusalem left in charge of, =1=, 448.
spoils the Temple, =1=, 448.
killed, =1=, 449.

=Lysimachus, Alexander.= _See_ Alexander Lysimachus.

=M=

=Maachah=, wife of Rehoboam, worships Astarte, =1=, 188-9.
regent for Asa, =1=, 189.
idolatry of, hateful to the people of Judah, =1=, 190.

=Maamad=, public sittings of the rabbis of Amsterdam, =4=, 684.

=Maasé Efod=, Hebrew grammar by Profiat Duran, =4=, 191.

=Maasseiah=, governor of Jerusalem, appointed over the Temple
funds, =1=, 292.

=Maccabæus.= _See_ Judas Maccabæus.

=Maccabæan time=, the, characterized, =5=, 722-3.

“=Maccabee=, The,” by Miguel Silveyra, =5=, 111.

=Maccabees=, the, father and five sons, =1=, 458-9.
re-consecrate the Temple, =1=, 472-3.
_See_ Hasmonæans, the.

=Maccabees, the first Book of=, originally written in Hebrew, =2=,
16.
considered apocryphal, =2=, 344.

“=Maccabees=, the, History of.” _See_ Josippon.

=Macedonia=, dissolution of the kingdom of, =1=, 416.
Paul establishes Greek-Christian communities in, =2=, 227.

=Macedonia, the Jews of=, autonomy of, =3=, 27.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Machærus=, Judæan fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, =2=, 46.
surrenders to the Romans, =2=, 73.
surrenders to Bassus, =2=, 315.

=Machault, Denys=, apostate, disappearance of, =4=, 175.

=Machbereth=, Hebrew dictionary by Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 225.
criticised by Dunash Ibn-Labrat, =3=, 226.

“=Machbi=,” device on Molcho’s banner, =4=, 510.

=Machir=, assists David in the war with Absalom, =1=, 144.

=Machir=, a learned Jew, head of the Narbonne congregation, =3=, 143.
ancestor of Kalonymos ben Todros, =3=, 392.

=Machpelah=, cave of, acquired by Abraham, =1=, 4.

=Machuza= (Maoga-Malka), a city of Babylonia, description of,
=2=, 506-8.
inhabited by Jews, =2=, 507.
the Persian army stationed at, =2=, 591.
destroyed by Julian the Apostate, =2=, 602.
capital of a Jewish state, =3=, 4.

=Machuza=, the academy of, under Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, =2=, 571,
584-5, 590.
produces the Talmud, =2=, 591.
decline of, =2=, 593.

=Machuza, the Jews of=, descended from proselytes, =2=, 507, 586.
luxurious habits of, =2=, 507.
peculiarities of, =2=, 586.
marriages of, =2=, 586-7.
made captives by Kobad, =3=, 4.
put to death by Mebodes, =3=, 9.

=Machuza=, a district of Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 505.

=Mâcon=, the Council of, passes anti-Jewish resolutions, =3=, 39.

=Madaba.= _See_ Medaba.

=Madain=, the Jews of, silence a Mahometan crier, =3=, 428.

=Madrid=, the Jews of, under Sancho, =3=, 617.

=Madrid, the cortes of=, petition Alfonso XI concerning usury, =4=,
80.
ask for anti-Jewish laws, =4=, 80.

=Maella=, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 214.

=Mæsa=, grandmother of Elegabalus, =2=, 469.

=Maëstro Gayo.= _See_ Isaac ben Mordecai.

=Magdala= (Tarichæa), Judæan troops surrender to the Romans
at, =2=, 75.
Jesus in, =2=, 154, 157.
rebels against Josephus, =2=, 280.
Jewish stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, =2=, 414.
fall of, =2=, 416.
dissatisfied with a decision by Simon ben Yochaï, =2=, 449.

=Magdeburg=, Jews in, in the ninth century, =3=, 144.
a church at, granted the revenue derived from Jews, =3=, 243.

=Magdeburg, the Jews of=, persecuted in the thirteenth century, =3=,
611.
banished, =4=, 416.
suffer during the Black Death persecution, =4=, 111.

=Maggid=, the dream-interpreter, of Solomon Molcho, =4=, 496.
of Joseph Karo, =4=, 497, 537-8.
of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 236, 237.

=Maghariyites=, a Karaite sect, =3=, 151.

=Maghreb.= _See_ Kairuan.

=Magi=, the, practices of, forbidden by Rab, =2=, 521.
recover credit under Ardashir, =2=, 524.
persecute the Christians, =2=, 524.
molest the Jews of Babylonia, =2=, 524-5.
fanaticism of, diminishes, =2=, 525-6.
and Ashi, =2=, 605.
and Jezdijird, =2=, 609-10.
influence of, over the Sassanian monarchs, =2=, 627.
and the Jews of Ispahan, =2=, 629.
religion of, reformed by Mazdak, =3=, 1-2.
cause a persecution of the Jews, =3=, 8.

=Magian= influence on Judaism, =1=, 402-5.

=Magister Judæorum=, officer in the Frankish empire, =3=, 161.

=Magisterial offices=, certain classes of Jews exempt from, under
Constantine, =2=, 561, 563, 616.
Jewish exemption from, abolished by Theodosius I, =2=, 615.
Jews exempt from, under Arcadius, =2=, 616.
Jews forced to assume, by Justinian, =3=, 13.
Jews excluded from, by the Council of Paris, =3=, 40.
Jews exempt from, in Cologne, =3=, 41.
_See_ Civil offices.

=Magnus, Marcus=, court Jew of Frederick William I, =5=, 219.

=Magona=, the Jews of, forced into Christianity, =2=, 619-20.

=Magyars=, the, made intolerant by the papacy, =3=, 614.

=Mahadia.= _See_ Kairuan.

=Mahanaim=, seat of Saul’s family after his death, =1=, 108, 110.
battle of, in the war with Absalom, =1=, 144.
David welcomed at, =1=, 144.

=Maharil.= _See_ Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.

=Mahdi=, the founder of the Fatimide dynasty, =3=, 212.

=Maher-Shalal-Chash-Baz=, son of Isaiah, =1=, 259.

=Mahomet=, inspired by Judaism, =3=, 71-2.
revelations to, from Gabriel, =3=, 71.
declaims against idolatry and immorality, =3=, 72.
tries to win over the Jews of Yathrib, =3=, 73.
character of, =3=, 74.
Jewish opponents of, =3=, 74-5.
gives up Jewish ceremonies, =3=, 75-6.
antagonism of, to Jews, =3=, 76.
victorious at Bedr, =3=, 76.
drives the Benu-Kainukaa from Arabia, =3=, 76-8.
victorious over the Benu-Nadhir, =3=, 78-80.
exterminates the Benu-Kuraiza, =3=, 80-1.
victorious over the Jews of Chaibar, =3=, 81-3.
attempt to poison, =3=, 83-4.
the Jews of Medina intrigue against, =3=, 84.
death of, =3=, 84.
acknowledged as the prophet by conquered nations, =3=, 86.
as viewed by Anan ben David, =3=, 134.

=Mahomet II=, Turkish conqueror of the Byzantine empire, threatens
Christendom, =4=, 267.
friendly to the Jews, =4=, 268.

=Mahomet IV=, sultan, influence of Jewish women under, =4=, 629.
considers the case of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 153.
receives Sabbataï into Islam, =5=, 154.

=Mahomet Alemin=, son of Haroun-Alrashid, war of, with his
brother, =3=, 145.
death of, =3=, 146.

=Mahomet Almansur=, Hajib of Hisham, and Jacob Ibn-Jau, =3=,
239, 240-1.

=Mahomet Almuktafi=, Abbasside Caliph, revives the Exilarchate, =3=,
428.

=Mahomet Bey=, vizir, attacks Achmed Shaitan, =4=, 396.

=Mahomet Sokolli=, vizir, antagonizes Joseph Nassi, =4=, 596, 599,
602.
favorable to Venice, =4=, 600.
employs a Jewish agent, =4=, 603, 605.
supplants Joseph Nassi, =4=, 627.
advises the confiscation of Joseph Nassi’s property, =4=, 628.

=Mahometan (pseudo) Jews=, despair of, =3=, 452.
exhorted to remain true to Judaism, =3=, 452.
condemned as apostates and idolaters, =3=, 453-4.
defended by Maimonides, =3=, 454-6.

=Mahometans=, the, looked upon by the Jews as liberators from the
Christian yoke, =3=, 88-9.
conspire with the Jews to overthrow the Visigothic-Spanish
empire, =3=, 108.
conquer Visigothic Spain, =3=, 109.
culture of, in Spain under the Ommiyyade caliphs, =3=, 214.
traditions of, used by Haï Gaon, =3=, 251.
in Spain, crusade against, =3=, 507.
condition of, in Hungary, =3=, 520-1.
proscribed in Hungary, =3=, 615.
distrusted by Argun, khan of Persia, =3=, 647.
intrigue against Saad-Addaula, =3=, 648-9.
usurers in Castile, =4=, 80.
the crusades against, begin with massacres of Jews, =4=, 222.
placed under restrictions by Eugenius IV, =4=, 250.
persecuted, =4=, 251.
protected by Juan II of Castile, =4=, 252.
the Jews under, =5=, 726-7.

=Mahon.= _See_ Magona.

=Maillotins=, the, attack the Jews of France, =4=, 152.

=Maimaran, Joseph=, adviser of Muley Ismail, =5=, 168.

=Maimi, Simon.= _See_ Simon Maimi.

=Maimon, Solomon= (1753-1800), on Hirsch Janow, =5=, 331.
philosophical thinker, =5=, 405, 407-9.
character and studies of, =5=, 407, 408.
goes to Germany, =5=, 407-8.
wanderings of, =5=, 408.
autobiography of, =5=, 409.
fame of, =5=, 409.

=Maimonides, Moses.= _See_ Moses ben Maimun.

=Maimun ben Joseph=, father of Maimonides, Talmudist and scientist,
disciple of Joseph Ibn-Migash, =3=, 317, 447.
influence of, on his son, =3=, 447.
a fugitive from the Almohades, =3=, 448.
teacher of his son, =3=, 448.
emigrates to Fez, =3=, 451.
family of, assumes Islam, =3=, 451.
exhorts the pseudo-Mahometan Jews to remain true to Judaism, =3=,
452.
emigrates to Palestine and Egypt, =3=, 456-7.
death of, =3=, 457.

=Maimun Asha=, Arabic poet, protected by Shoraich, =3=, 70.

=Maimuni.= _See_ Abraham (Almeni) Maimuni; Abraham Maimuni II; David
ben Maimun; David Maimuni; Moses ben Maimun.

=Maimunist controversy=, the, =3=, 530.
in verses, =3=, 538, 544.
compromise in, proposed by Nachmani, =3=, 539-40.
taken up by the Dominicans, =3=, 542-3.
causes a division in Judaism, =3=, 546-7.
causes the neglect of poetry, =3=, 558-9.
allayed by the burning of the Talmud, =3=, 579-80.
breaks out anew in the time of Solomon ben Adret, =3=, 623-4.
in Germany, Italy, and Palestine, =3=, 624-34.
in Accho, =3=, 631, 632-3.
solution of, proposed by Hillel of Verona, =3=, 631-2.
revived by the Tibbonide party in Montpellier, =4=, 32-3, 42.
=See also= Anti-Maimunists, the; Maimunists, the.

=Maimunists=, the, partisans of Moses ben Maimun, =3=, 523; =5=, 728.
war declared against, by Solomon ben Abraham, =3=, 527.
excommunicated by Solomon ben Abraham, =3=, 528-9.
excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530.
try to alienate the French rabbis from Solomon of Montpellier, =3=,
539.
denounce Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 543-4.
opposed to the Kabbalists in the explanation of ceremonies, =3=,
554.
break away from the Talmud, =3=, 557-8.
in Perpignan, =4=, 25.
in Montpellier, =4=, 32-3.
_See also_ Anti-Maimunists, the; Maimunist controversy, the.

=Maimunists=, list of:
Aaron ben Meshullam,
Abraham ben Chasdaï,
Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini,
David ben Daniel,
David Kimchi,
Hillel ben Samuel of Verona,
Jacob ben Abba-Mari ben Simon Anatoli,
Jonathan Cohen of Lünel,
Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim,
Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,
Moses ben Jehuda Cohen,
Samuel ben Abraham Saporta,
Samuel Cohen ben Daniel,
Yishaï ben Chiskiya.

=Main(e) district, the, the Jews of=, under Henry II, =3=, 409.
emigrate, =3=, 638.
find a refuge in Poland, =4=, 420.

=Maiora=, martyr, =4=, 570.

=Majorca=, French Jews emigrate to, =4=, 49.
quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, =4=, 162.
forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, =4=, 180.
Marranos from, in Algiers, =4=, 199.
the Inquisition established on, =4=, 332.

=Majorca, the Jews of=, persecuted, =4=, 77, 171.
take refuge in northern Africa, =4=, 198.
converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 206.
extermination of, =4=, 246-7.

=Makariyites=, a Karaite sect, =3=, 151.

=Maksen=, leader of the Sinhajas, =3=, 256.

=Malabar=, the coast of, Jews emigrate to, =2=, 630.

=Malach, Chayim.= _See_ Chayim Malach.

=Malach ham-Maveth=, angel of death, =1=, 403.

=Malache Chabalah=, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from
Magianism, =1=, 403.

=Malachi=, last of prophets, =1=, 384-5.

=Malaga=, Jews masters of, =3=, 109.
Samuel Ibn-Nagrela at, =3=, 255.
Berber city, =3=, 256.
family of Ibn-Gebirol emigrate to, =3=, 268.
suffering of the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 369-70.

=Malchishua=, son of Saul, death of, =1=, 103.

=Malchus.= _See_ Porphyry.

=Malchuth Shamayim.= _See_ Kingdom of Heaven, the.

=Malcom.= _See_ Milcom.

=Malesherbes=, institutes a Jewish commission to ameliorate the
condition of the Jews, =5=, 431.

=Malich=, king of the Nabathæans, at war with Herod, =2=, 94-5.
vassal of Herod, =2=, 95.

=Malich=, counselor of Hyrcanus II, poisons Antipater, =2=, 80.
assassinated by Herod, =2=, 80.

=Malka bar Acha= (771-773), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, =3=,
37.

=Malka Kadisha=, Kabbalistic term, the Messiah, =5=, 143.

=Mallo=, Portuguese inquisitor, =4=, 521.

=Malmed=, collection of sermons by Jacob Anatoli, =3=, 566.
attacked by the party of Abba-Mari, =4=, 32.
read by the Tibbonides, =4=, 39.
falls under the ban, =4=, 40.

=Malshim= (Malsin), traitors, =4=, 156.

=Malta=, Marranos transported to, =4=, 570.

=Malta, the Knights of=, attack Jewish exiles, =4=, 592.
forbidden to make slaves of Jews, =4=, 656.

=Malthace=, the Samaritan, wife of Herod, =2=, 119.

=Mamal= (Mamala), city of Galilee, inhabitants of, of the family of
Eli, =2=, 575.

=Mammæa=, mother of Alexander Severus, admires Christianity, =2=, 481.

=Mammon, scorn of=, taught by the Essenes, =2=, 145.
taught by Jesus, =2=, 150.

=Mamson=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Manasseh=, king of Judah, son of Hezekiah, =1=, 280.
state of the kingdom under, =1=, 281-4.
idolatry introduced under, =1=, 282-3.
taken prisoner by Esarhaddon, =1=, 285.
death of, =1=, 285.

=Manasseh, the tribe of=, claims the central lands of Canaan,
=1=, 35-6.
holds assemblies at Shiloh, =1=, 41.
opposed to intermarriage with the heathen, =1=, 56.
members of, join Gideon, =1=, 62.
in conflict with Ephraim, =1=, 63.
appeals to Samuel for help against Ammon, =1=, 80.
territory of, taken by Hazael, =1=, 220.
descendants of, in Chaibar, =3=, 437.

=Manasseh=, member of Eliashib’s household, marries a daughter of
Sanballat, =1=, 383.
banished by Nehemiah, =1=, 386.

=Manasseh=, relative of Simon the Just, acts as high priest, =1=, 423.

=Manasseh ben Israel= (1604-1657), emigrates to the Netherlands, =4=,
671.
member of the Amsterdam rabbinical college, =4=, 682.
characterized by Antonio Vieira, =4=, 683.
education of, =4=, 683.
characterization of, =4=, 683-4.
qualifications of, for effecting the re-settlement of Jews in
England, =5=, 19-20.
attainments of, =5=, 20.
as a preacher, =5=, 20.
esteemed by Jews and Christians, =5=, 20.
treatises of, welcomed by Christian scholars, =5=, 22.
consulted by Christian scholars, =5=, 22-3.
sought by Christian visionaries, =5=, 23-5.
and Messianic expectations, =5=, 24.
reasons adduced by, for the re-settlement of Jews in England, =5=,
28, 39-42.
encouraged by English writings, =5=, 28-30.
on the fortunes of the Ten Tribes, =5=, 30-3.
publishes “Israel’s Hope,” =5=, 31-2.
describes the terrors of the Inquisition, =5=, 31-2.
submits “Israel’s Hope” to Parliament, =5=, 33.
negotiations of, interrupted, =5=, 34.
receives a safe-conduct to London from the Short Parliament,
=5=, 34-5.
war delays the departure of, =5=, 35.
petitions Parliament to permit Jews to settle in England, =5=, 35.
the Messianic work by Felgenhauer dedicated to, =5=, 36-7.
expounds Jewish Messianic ideas, =5=, 37-8.
invited to England by Cromwell, =5=, 38.
petition presented by, to Cromwell, =5=, 38-9.
acts as the representative of European Jews, =5=, 39.
on the trade of the Jews, =5=, 40-1.
defends the Jews against three charges, =5=, 41-2.
proposal by, for the admission of Jews into England, =5=, 44.
refutes theological objections to the admission of Jews, =5=, 45.
defends his course before the Dutch government, =5=, 46.
disappointment of, =5=, 46-7.
defends the Jews against the blood accusation, =5=, 47-9.
honorably dismissed by Cromwell, =5=, 49.
death of, =5=, 50.
devotee of the Kabbala, =5=, 55.
teacher of Spinoza, =5=, 86, 87.
outlines a history of the Jews, =5=, 202.
work by, translated by Marcus Herz, =5=, 362.
oath of, concerning the blood accusation taken by the London
rabbis, =5=, 655.

=Manchester=, the Jews of, hold meetings for the Damascus affair, =5=,
654, 657.

=Manessier de Vesoul=, negotiates the return of the Jews to
France, =4=, 129.
appointed receiver-general, =4=, 130-1, 132, 133.
active in behalf of the Jews, =4=, 132.
death of, =4=, 150.
sons of, =4=, 150, 151, 152.

=Manetho=, an Egyptian priest, libels the Jews, =1=, 511.

=Manichæans=, persecuted by Jezdijird III, =2=, 627.

=Manna=, description of, =1=, 20.

=Mannheim=, Moses Meïr Kamenker in, =5=, 229.

=Mannheimer, Isaac Noah= (1793-1864), intellectual qualities
of, =5=, 578.
attractiveness of, =5=, 578.
dignity of, =5=, 579.
fitted for his work in Vienna, =5=, 580.
attitude of, towards Reform Judaism, =5=, 580.
changes sanctioned by, =5=, 580.
as a pulpit orator, =5=, 581.
personality of, =5=, 582.
influence of, in Germany, =5=, 582.
compared with Sachs, =5=, 690.
helps to reorganize Austria, =5=, 697.

=Manoel the Great=, of Portugal, releases the Spanish exiles, =4=,
372.
employs Abraham Zacuto, =4=, 372.
kindly disposed towards the Jews, =4=, 372.
sues for the hand of Isabella II of Castile, =4=, 372-3.
banishes the Jews, =4=, 374.
orders Jewish children to be baptized, =4=, 375-6.
cruelty of, =4=, 376.
limits the Jews to one port of departure, =4=, 376.
tries to force the Jews into Christianity, =4=, 377.
adopts milder measures towards the Portuguese Marranos, =4=, 379.
delivers Spanish Marranos to the Inquisition, =4=, 379-80.
permits the last Jews to leave Portugal, =4=, 380-1.
grants freedom from molestation to the Jews for a term, =4=, 485.
checks the emigration of Marranos, =4=, 485-6.
forbids the use of insulting names for Marranos, =4=, 486.
orders of, concerning Marranos, =4=, 488.
counselors of, protect the Marranos, =4=, 488.

=Manrique, Inigo=, chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, =4=, 320.

=Mansfeld=, general, plunders the Jews, =4=, 701.

=Mantin, Jacob= (1490-1549), physician and scholar, ambition
of, =4=, 411.
instructs Christians in Hebrew, =4=, 473.
persecutes Molcho, =4=, 506-7.
physician to Paul III, =4=, 515.

=Mantua=, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 371.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, =4=, 592.
rabbis of, forbid young men to read Azarya deï Rossi’s works, =4=,
616.
Jews beg for shelter in, =4=, 660.
the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Mantua, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
in the seventeenth century, =4=, 653.
appeal for permission to own the Talmud, =4=, 658.

=Maoga-Malka.= _See_ Machuza.

=Maonites=, the, subjugated by Uzziah, =1=, 230.

=Maor=, Talmudical work by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, =3=, 389.

“=Mappa=,” Moses Isserles’ commentary on Karo’s code, =4=, 637.

=Mar-Aaron ben Samuel=, candidate for the principalship of the
Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 154.

=Mar-Abraham ben Sherira= (816-828), mystic, principal of the
Pumbeditha academy, =3=, 154-5.
deposed, =3=, 155.
re-instated, =3=, 156.
death of, =3=, 156.

=Mar-Amram ben Sheshna= (869-881), Gaon of Sora, compiler of the
liturgy of European Jews, =3=, 178.

=Mar bar Ashi= (Tabyome), Amora, principal of the Sora academy,
=2=, 626-7.
finishes the compilation of the Talmud, =2=, 628.
conscientiousness of, =2=, 628.
death of, =2=, 628.

=Mar bar Huna= (609-620), principal of the Sora academy, =3=, 10.

=Marburg=, the university of, appealed to in the contest between the
Senate and the Jews of Frankfort, =5=, 520.

=Marcellus II=, pope, reactionary, =4=, 566.

=Mar-Chanina=, effects Mar-Zutra II’s investiture as Exilarch,
=3=, 3.
executed, =3=, 4.

=Marcus Aurelius Antoninus=, emperor, war with Parthia under, =2=,
447.
and Simon ben Yochaï, =2=, 449.
appealed to by Jews and Christians, =2=, 449.
famine and plague under, =2=, 451.
permission of, required to pray at Jerusalem, =2=, 458.
hostility of, to the Jews, =2=, 463.

=Mardeliar=, chief of the Jews of India, =2=, 630.

=Mardochai, Francis=, Egyptian tax farmer, =4=, 618.

=Mar-Elia I=, Patriarch of the Eastern Christians, consulted by Haï
Gaon, =3=, 250.

=Mareshah= (Marissa), scene of Asa’s victory over an Ethiopian
army, =1=, 190.
Idumæan fortress, demolished, =2=, 8.

=Margalita, Aaron=, apostate, reviles the Agada, =5=, 194.

=Margaret=, empress, has the Jews of Vienna banished, =5=, 170.

=Margaritha, Anton=, apostate, writes against the Jews, =4=, 551.

=Marhab=, a Himyarite, hero in the Chaibar war, =3=, 82.
beaten and killed by Ali, =3=, 82.
sister of, tries to poison Mahomet, =3=, 83-4.

=Mar-Huna=, Exilarch. _See_ Huna.

=Mari bar Mar=, founds an academy at Firuz-Shabur, =3=, 8, 9.

=Maria= of the Netherlands, patroness of Joseph Nassi, =4=, 572.

=Maria=, Infanta of Spain, empress, Marrano confessor of, =5=, 109.

=Maria=, wife of Alfonso XI, ill-treated by her husband, =4=, 114.

=Maria de Molina=, queen of Castile, employs a Jewish physician,
=4=, 2.
dowager queen, antagonizes the Jewish treasurer, =4=, 51-2.
protects the Jews of Castile, =4=, 52.

=Maria de Medici=, employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 673.

=Maria de Padilla=, supposed wife of Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 116.
party of, =4=, 117.
acknowledged as the wife of Pedro, =4=, 122.
said to be a Jewess, =4=, 123.

=Maria Anna=, of Austria, banishes the last remnant of Jews from the
Spanish provinces, =5=, 169.

=Maria Juliana=, queen of Denmark, interested in Eibeschütz,
=5=, 267-8.

=Maria Theresa=, empress, at war with Prussia, =5=, 251.
revokes the decree against the Jews of Moravia, =5=, 252.
banishes the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, =5=, 252.
revokes the decree of banishment, =5=, 253.

=Mariamne=, daughter of Agrippa I, immorality of, =2=, 235.

=Mariamne=, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II, betrothed to Herod, =2=,
81.
under the guardianship of Herod’s brother, =2=, 83.
married to Herod at Samaria, =2=, 87.
under the guardianship of Herod’s brother-in-law, =2=, 93.
calumniated by Salome, =2=, 93-4.
confined in Alexandrion, =2=, 96.
murder of, =2=, 104-5.
sons and daughters of, =2=, 112-13.

=Mariamne=, Herod’s second wife of that name, =2=, 107.
son of, disinherited, =2=, 119.

=Mariamne, tower of=, retreat of the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, =2=,
260.
left undemolished by Titus, =2=, 309.

=Mariba=, trading station under the kings of Judah, =3=, 54.

=Marini, Israel=, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 237.

=Mar-Isaac=, head of a college at Firuz-Shabur, does homage to
Ali, =3=, 90.
Gaon of Sora, =3=, 90, 92.

=Mar-Isaac=, Jew of Cologne, martyr, =3=, 304.

=Mar-Isaac=, principal of a Babylonian academy, the murder
of, =3=, 3.

=Marissa.= _See_ Mareshah.

=Mar-Kahana=, Exilarch, subordinates himself to Ashi, =2=, 606.

“=Mar Mar Jesu=,” anti-Christian work forbidden by Benedict
XIII, =4=, 215.

=Mar-Raba= (670-680), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, reforms
the divorce laws, =3=, 92.

=Marranos=, the, or new-Christians, origin of, =4=, 179-80; =5=, 729.
meaning of, =4=, 180.
secretly Jews, =4=, 180.
in Sicily, protected by the people, =4=, 319-20.
protected in Tudela, =4=, 357.
permitted to settle in Ancona, =4=, 408.
flee from Spain and Portugal, =4=, 529.
return of, to Judaism, reason for the revival of a Synhedrion, =4=,
535.
of Naples threatened with the Inquisition, =4=, 543.
of Marseilles aid the Neapolitan Jews, =4=, 544.
of Ferrara consoled by Samuel Usque, =4=, 558, 560.
of Ancona protected by the popes, =4=, 568.
of Ancona, persecuted by Paul IV, =4=, 568-9, 570-1.
at Pesaro and Ferrara, =4=, 569, 578-81.
persecuted by Paul IV, =4=, 581-2.
victims of the Italian Inquisition, =4=, 654.
deprived of Ferrara as a refuge, =4=, 661.
England designed as an asylum for, =5=, 46.
condemned to the stake in the seventeenth century, =5=, 91-2.
_See also_ Spanish exiles; Inquisition, the.

=Marranos, the Portuguese=, buy the favor of Alexander VI, =4=,
378-9.
milder measures towards, adopted by Manoel, =4=, 379.
Samuel Usque on, =4=, 380.
descendants of, in Africa, =4=, 381.
the Inquisition established for, at Benevento, =4=, 385.
manufacture fire-arms and ammunition in Turkey, =4=, 401.
suffering of, =4=, 483.
follow Jewish observances openly, =4=, 485.
instruct their children in Judaism, =4=, 485.
emigration of, checked by Manoel, =4=, 485-6.
hated by the Christians, =4=, 486.
accused of causing scarcity of grain, =4=, 486.
ruin of, determined by the Dominicans, =4=, 486-7.
Manoel’s orders concerning, =4=, 488.
protected by Manoel’s counselors, =4=, 488.
usefulness of, =4=, 488.
life of, inquired into by João III, =4=, 489.
observe Jewish and Christian rites, =4=, 489.
spied upon by Henrique Nunes, =4=, 489.
treatment of, improves with Reubeni’s appearance, =4=, 493-4.
consider Reubeni the forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 494, 497-8.
not encouraged by Reubeni to acknowledge Judaism, =4=, 495.
burnt by the Bishop of Ceuta, =4=, 499.
defended by the Bishop of Algarve, =4=, 500.
defended by Lorenzo Pucci, =4=, 505.
suffering of, at the introduction of the Inquisition, =4=, 508-9.
complain of the inhumanity of the Inquisition, =4=, 509.
represented at Rome by Duarte de Paz, =4=, 512.
absolved for defection from the Church, =4=, 513-14.
protected by Clement VII, =4=, 514.
absolution of, enforced by Paul III, =4=, 516.
protected by a bull of Paul III, =4=, 516, 517.
unable to pay the bribes promised by Duarte de Paz, =4=, 518.
gentle measures towards, recommended by Paul III, =4=, 518.
steadfastness of, =4=, 519, 528.
try to have the Inquisition revoked, =4=, 519.
complain to Paul III of the cruelty of the Inquisition, =4=, 519-20.
protected by Paul III, =4=, 520.
endangered by Emanuel da Costa, =4=, 521.
granted the right of appeal to the pope, =4=, 521.
suffering of, from the Inquisition, =4=, 522-3.
delinquencies of, reported to the pope, =4=, 523.
draw up a memorial to the pope, =4=, 524.
forbidden to emigrate, =4=, 524.
right of, to emigrate defended before the Council of Trent, =4=,
526.
liberated from the Inquisition prisons, =4=, 527.
forced to abjure their Judaizing tendencies, =4=, 527.
mild treatment of, requested by Paul III, =4=, 527.
a profitable population to Portugal, =4=, 527-8.
absolution granted to, by popes, =4=, 528.
look to the Netherlands as a refuge, =4=, 662-3.
admission of, into Zealand opposed, =4=, 663.
first to emigrate to the Netherlands, =4=, 664-5.
in Amsterdam, =4=, 665.
taken to Holland by the Earl of Essex, =4=, 665.
capital of, acceptable to the Netherlands, =4=, 667-8.
revert to Judaism, =4=, 669.
suffering of, from the Inquisition, =4=, 670.
Philip III debtor of, =4=, 670.
granted absolution by Clement VIII, =4=, 671.
emigrate to the Netherlands, =4=, 671.
invited by Christian princes to settle in their countries, =4=, 675.
devotion of, to Judaism, =4=, 678-9.
Catholic tendencies of, =4=, 679-80.
in Hamburg as “traders,” =4=, 686-7.
objected to by Lutherans, =4=, 686, 687.
admitted into Hamburg as Jews, =4=, 688.
importance of, for trade, =4=, 689.
transported to Brazil, =4=, 693.
refused permission to settle in Frankfort-on-the-Main, =4=, 695.
culture of, =5=, 109-18.
in Bordeaux, =5=, 341-2.
_See also under_ Amsterdam; Inquisition, the.

=Marranos, the Spanish=, hated by the populace, =4=, 180.
endanger the existence of the Spanish Jews, =4=, 180-1.
propagandists for Christianity, =4=, 181-2.
take refuge in northern Africa, =4=, 197.
protected by Saul Astruc Cohen and Isaac ben Sheshet, =4=, 199.
the Christian confession extorted from, by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 202.
troublesome to the Church, =4=, 255-6.
true to Judaism in secret, =4=, 256.
inquisitors appointed for, =4=, 256.
equal rights denied to, =4=, 256-7.
plundered under Henry IV of Castile, =4=, 274.
return to Judaism under Henry IV, =4=, 276.
promoted to the highest offices in Castile, =4=, 280.
attacked at Valladolid, =4=, 280-1.
accused of Judaizing, =4=, 281.
attacks upon, grow frequent, =4=, 281-3.
high positions and character of, =4=, 309.
Judaizing tendencies of, =4=, 309.
the Inquisition for, proposed, =4=, 310.
catechism for, =4=, 311.
lose favor with Isabella, =4=, 311-12.
the Inquisition for, established in Seville, =4=, 312.
adopt measures of defense against the Inquisition, =4=, 313.
fugitive, burnt by the Inquisition, =4=, 314.
the Edict of Grace issued for, =4=, 315.
asked to denounce Judaizing Marranos, =4=, 315.
victims of the Inquisition, =4=, 317-18.
flee from the Inquisition, =4=, 318.
complain of the Inquisition to Sixtus IV, =4=, 318.
a chief judge of appeals appointed for cases against, =4=, 320.
excluded from the office of heresy judges, =4=, 321.
appeal to Sixtus IV to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, =4=,
322.
Torquemada’s code for, =4=, 326-8.
try to suppress the Inquisition in Aragon, =4=, 329.
plot against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 329-30.
slaughter of, in Saragossa, =4=, 331-2.
origin of the persecution of, =4=, 333.
intimate relations of, with the Jews, =4=, 334-5.
helped by the Jews of Castile, =4=, 344.
of Granada, protected by the secret treaty of Boabdil, =4=, 345.
flee to Granada, =4=, 351.
help the exiled Jews, =4=, 354.
deliver up enemies of the Jews to the Inquisition, =4=, 355.
care exercised by, after the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 355.
concerned in the murder of Arbues protected in Tudela, =4=, 357.
delivered up to the Inquisition in Portugal, =4=, 368, 379-80.
the Inquisition established for, at Benevento, =4=, 385.
manufacture fire-arms and ammunition in Turkey, =4=, 401.
suffering of, =4=, 483.
oppressed by Ximenes de Cisneros, =4=, 484.
try to escape to Portugal, =4=, 486.
Messianic expectations of, =4=, 494.
flee to Portugal, =4=, 494.
take David Reubeni to be the forerunner of the Messiah, =4=, 497-8.
attack Badajoz, =4=, 498.
denounced by David Reubeni, =4=, 511.
_See also_ Spanish exiles, the; Inquisition, the.

=Marriage=, unlawful degrees of relationship for, established by
Sopherim, =1=, 397.

=Marriage laws=, the, revised by Abba-Areka, =2=, 516.
among the Karaites, =3=, 132, 158, 159.
regulated by the Mayence rabbinical synod, =4=, 135.
changed by Menachem of Merseburg, =4=, 228.
modified by the synod of Lublin, =5=, 13.
abolition of, advocated by Holdheim, =5=, 680.

=Marriages=, civil, discussed by the Assembly of Notables, =5=, 491.
by the Synhedrion, =5=, 496, 497.

=Marriages, Jewish=, in Austria, restricted, =5=, 509.

=Marriages, mixed.= _See_ Intermarriages.

=Mar-Sacharya=, of Haleb, attacks Maimonides, =3=, 477.

=Mar-Samuel.= _See_ Samuel, son of Abba.

=Marseilles=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.
the Jews of Clermont flee to, =3=, 39.
Jewish physicians at, =3=, 582.
Jews remain in, after the banishment by Charles VI, =4=, 177.
Neapolitan Jews carried to, =4=, 544.

=Marseilles, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 400.
order a Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, =3=,
492.
show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, =5=, 658.

=Marshall=, Lord Mayor of London, calls a meeting of protest against
the Damascus affair, =5=, 655-6, 657.

=Mar-Sheshet=, a Babylonian Amora, =2=, 545.
memory of, =2=, 553.
and Chasda, =2=, 553-4.
opposed to Judah ben Ezekiel’s dialectics, =2=, 554.
rebukes the Exilarch, =2=, 554.
founds a school at Silhi, =2=, 554.

=Marsus, Vibius=, governor of Syria, prevents Agrippa I from
fortifying Jerusalem, =2=, 195.
disperses the conference of princes summoned by Agrippa
I, =2=, 196.
hostile to the Judæans, =2=, 197.
soldiery of, banished to Pontus, =2=, 197.

=Marten, Harry=, employed by Cromwell to dispose the English in favor
of the Jews, =5=, 43.

=Martha.= _See_ Domna, Julia.

=Martha=, sister of Lazarus, follower of Jesus, =2=, 160.

=Martha=, wife of Joshua ben Gamala, obtains the high priesthood for
her husband, =2=, 249.
suffering of, during the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 306.

=Martin V=, pope, elected by the Council of Constance, =4=, 219.
discourteous to the Jews of Constance, =4=, 219.
confirms the privileges of the Jews of Germany and Savoy, =4=, 219.
waited on by Jewish delegates from Italy and Spain, =4=, 219.
issues a bull against forced conversions, =4=, 219-20.
issues a bull protecting the Jews from Dominican denunciations,
=4=, 226-7.
privileges granted by, to Jews confirmed by Eugenius IV, =4=, 249.

=Martin, Fernan=, chief of police, assists the Jews against Joseph
Pichon, =4=, 156.
punished by Juan I of Castile, =4=, 157.

=Martin, Raymund=, Dominican, rescues the Talmud from the flames in
Aragon, =3=, 603.
anti-Jewish writings of, =3=, 622.
influence of, =3=, 622-3.
refuted by Solomon ben Adret, =3=, 623.

=Martinet, Adam=, admiration of, for neo-Hebraic poetry, =5=,
628, 629.

=Martinez, Ferdinand= (Ferran), agitates against the Jews in
Seville, =4=, 167.
stirs up Seville a second time, =4=, 168-9.
punished by Henry III of Castile, =4=, 193.

=Martinez, Gonzalo, de Oviedo=, favorite of Alfonso XI of Castile,
=4=, 83-4.
causes the death of Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar, =4=, 84.
proposes to deprive the Jews of their wealth, =4=, 84-5.
wins a battle over the Moors, =4=, 85.
accused of treason by Leonora de Guzman, =4=, 85.
allies himself with the enemies of Alfonso XI, =4=, 85-6.
deserted by his Order, =4=, 86.
executed, =4=, 86.

=Martyrdom=, when compulsory, =2=, 423-4.

=Martyrology=, by Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn, =3=, 419.

=Mar-Ukba= (918), Exilarch, forced to remove from Bagdad, =2=, 184.
the Arabic poetry of, pleases the Caliph, =3=, 184-5.
restored to his office, =3=, 185.
banished to Kairuan, =3=, 185, 210.

=Mar-Ukba=, judge in Cafri, =2=, 512.

=Mar-Ukban=, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, =2=, 544, 579-80.