Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (19)

=Synod, the Galilean=, the second assembly of teachers of the Law at
Usha, =2=, 434.

=Synods.= _See_ Rabbinical synods.

=Syria=, conquered by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
end of the Seleucidæan dynasty of, =2=, 6.
Judæans in, make the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, =2=,
52.
Judæa part of, under Roman rule, =2=, 128.
number of Judæans in, =2=, 201.
rights of Judæans in, =2=, 202.
Judæans of, go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, =2=, 251.
devastated by the king of Parthia, =2=, 447.
depredations in, by Odenathus, =2=, 527.
succumbs to the Arabs, =3=, 86.
the Karaites spread to, in the ninth century, =3=, 182.
part of the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 248.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426-7.
Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 387.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 399-400.
_See_ Damascus; the kings of Aram and of the Seleucidæan
dynasty, etc.

=Syria, the Roman governors (legates, prætors) of=, list of:
Cæsar, Sextus
Cassius Longinus, Caius
Cassius Longinus, Caius
Cornelianus, Atidius
Crassus,
Flaccus,
Gabinius, Aulus
Gallus, Cestius
Marsus, Vibius
Mucianus, Licinius
Petronius,
Quadratus, Umidius
Quirinius,
Scaurus,
Varus, Quintilius,
Vitellius.
_See also_ Judæa, the Roman governors of; Procurators, the, of
Judæa.

=Syriac=, despised by Judah I, =2=, 461.

=Syroes=, son of Chosru II, revolts against his father, =3=, 22.
makes peace with Heraclius, =3=, 22.

=T=

=Tabæ=, Antiochus IV dies at, =1=, 477.

=Taberistan=, home of Jewish physicians in the ninth century, =3=,
146.
David Alrui in prison in, =3=, 432.

=Tabernacle=, the, at Shiloh destroyed by the Philistines, =1=, 71.

=Tabernacles, the Feast of=, celebrated at Jerusalem under Ezra and
Nehemiah, =1=, 380.
as celebrated in the Second Temple, =2=, 51.
wreath of, abolished by Anan ben David, =3=, 132.
confiscation of prayer books on, =4=, 430.

=Tabi=, favorite slave of Gamaliel II, =2=, 336.

“=Tables= of Testimony, The,” defense by Eibeschütz, =5=, 270.

=Tables= of the Seven Planets, by Abraham Zacuto, =4=, 367.

=Tables= of the Testimony, the, =1=, 22.

=Tabor=, mountain, description of, =1=, 44.
considered holy by the Canaanites, =1=, 51.
Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, defeated at, =2=, 73.
fortress of, in possession of the Zealots, =2=, 289.
fortress of, taken by the Romans, =2=, 290.
fire signals on, =2=, 363.

=Tabyome.= _See_ Mar bar Ashi.

=Tab-Yomi.= _See_ Lipmann of Mühlhausen.

=Tachkemoni=, satirical romance by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, =3=, 318.
romance by Jehuda Alcharisi, =3=, 559.

=Tachos=, king of Egypt, at war with Artaxerxes II, =1=, 408.

=Tachpanches.= _See_ Taphnai.

=Tacitus=, historian, on the conversions to Judaism, =2=, 384.

=Tadmor.= _See_ Palmyra.

=Tafilet=, the Jews of, fortunes of, =5=, 168.

=Taima=, castle of Shoraich, =3=, 70.
submits to Mahomet, =3=, 83.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 437.

=Taku.= _See_ Moses ben Chasdaï Taku.

=Talleyrand=, speaks to the National Assembly in behalf of the
Bordeaux Jews, =5=, 442.
reactionary leader, =5=, 512.

=Talmai=, of Geshur, protects Absalom, =1=, 134.

=Talmas=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 437.

=Talmide Chachamim=, disciples of the wise, =1=, 396.

=Talmud=, the, application of the oral Law to new questions, =2=,
328, 329.
the creation of Pumbeditha and Machuza, =2=, 591.
the sole object of attention of the disciples of the Amoraim,
=3=, 5.
stagnation in the development of, =3=, 5-6.
made available for practical use by the Sabureans, =3=, 6.
committed to writing, =3=, 6-7.
teachings of Mahomet borrowed from, =3=, 72.
the result of the opposition of Pauline Christianity, =3=, 127.
supplants the Bible, =3=, 128.
opposition to, without result, =3=, 128.
opposed by Anan ben David, =3=, 130.
rendered popular and intelligible by the Halachoth Ketuoth, =3=,
136.
exposition of, the work of the Geonim, =3=, 178-9.
the exclusive subject of the literary activity of the Geonim, =3=,
180.
criticised in Saadiah’s time, =3=, 198.
copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, =3=, 203, 228.
studied carefully by Sherira, =3=, 232.
studied by the Jews of Spain in the tenth and eleventh centuries,
=3=, 235.
scientific study of, founded by Jehuda ben Meïr, =3=, 242.
civil law of, treated by Haï Gaon, =3=, 251.
methodology of, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 259.
work on the civil jurisprudence of, by Isaac Albergeloni, =3=, 284.
work on, by Alfassi, =3=, 285-6.
studied by the Jews of Maghreb while pretending to be Mahometans,
=3=, 360.
work on, by Jonathan of Lünel, =3=, 397.
work on, by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, =3=, 399.
maligned by Donin before Gregory IX, =3=, 573-4.
confiscation of, by Gregory IX and in France, =3=, 575-8.
disputation on, under Louis IX, =3=, 576-8.
defended by Yechiel of Paris, =3=, 577.
defended by Jehuda of Melun, =3=, 578.
condemned to be burnt, =3=, 578.
burnt in Paris, =3=, 578-9; =4=, 460.
Jesus of Nazareth in, =3=, 599.
denounced by Pablo Christiani, =3=, 602.
confiscation of, ordered by Clement IV, =3=, 602.
subjected to censorship in Aragon, =3=, 603.
in the Zohar, =4=, 19.
burnt by order of the king of Majorca, =4=, 50.
burnt at Toulouse, =4=, 55.
guaranteed against confiscation by John of France, =4=, 130.
extermination of, planned by Benedict XIII, =4=, 209.
accused of blasphemy by Joshua Lorqui, =4=, 213-14.
Benedict XIII’s bull against, =4=, 215-16.
defended by Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi, =4=, 234.
defended by Solomon Duran I, =4=, 238.
reading of, forbidden by Eugenius IV, =4=, 251.
influence of, on the Protestant Reformation, =4=, 423, 467, 468.
the Dominicans desire to confiscate, =4=, 425.
attacked by Pfefferkorn, =4=, 425-6, 427, 439.
defended by Reuchlin, =4=, 442, 466.
decision against, =4=, 444.
the watchword of the Reuchlinists, =4=, 457.
in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 461.
printing of, encouraged by Leo X, =4=, 468, 565.
attacked by Luther, =4=, 549-50.
endangered by the censor, =4=, 563.
burnt at Rome and elsewhere, =4=, 565.
persecuted by Paul IV, =4=, 582.
taught at Cremona, =4=, 582.
burnt at Cremona, =4=, 582-3.
appearance of, permitted by Pius IV, =4=, 589.
printed at Basle, =4=, 589.
connected with other ancient writings by Azarya deï Rossi, =4=, 614.
as viewed by Solomon Lurya, =4=, 635.
confiscation of, ordered by Gregory XIII, =4=, 654.
dictionary of, by David de Pomis, =4=, 657.
reprinting of, permitted by Sixtus V, =4=, 657-8.
reading of, forbidden by Clement VIII, =4=, 659.
expurgated edition of, =4=, 659.
mutilation of, =4=, 659-60.
beginnings of the criticism of, =5=, 54-5.
scoffed at by Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 77.
Simone Luzzatto on, =5=, 84.
opposed by the Sabbatians, =5=, 142, 228.
defended by Richard Simon, =5=, 181.
studied by Polish Jews, =5=, 206.
privilege of printing, obtained through Eibeschütz, =5=, 250.
rejected by the Frankists, =5=, 274.
slandered by Frankists, =5=, 280-1.
burnt at Kamieniec, =5=, 582.
excessive study of, favors Chassidism, =5=, 383, 385-6.
neglected in Germany after Mendelssohn’s death, =5=, 395.
attacked by the “Moniteur,” =5=, 485-6.
an alleged Oriental form of, =5=, 651.
exonerated by Zunz, =5=, 669.
aspersions upon, permitted by Geiger, =5=, 669.
authority of, not recognized by the “Friends of Reform,” =5=,
675, 676.
opposed by Holdheim, =5=, 678.
authority of, not recognized by the Brunswick rabbinical
conference, =5=, 682.
rejected by the Berlin Reform Association, =5=, 683.
development of, =5=, 726.
_See also_ Amoraim, the; Law, the oral; Mishna, the; Talmud, the
Babylonian.

=Talmud, the, commentary on=, by Gershom ben Jehuda, =3=, 243-4.
by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 259.
by Isaac Ibn-Albalia, =3=, 283.
by Rashi, =3=, 288, 344, 403.
by Jacob Tam, =3=, 376.
by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, =3=, 389.
by Nachmani, =3=, 532.
_See also under_ Talmud, the.

=Talmud, the, the study of=, degenerates into a matter of
memory, =3=, 128.
encouraged in Spain by Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, =3=, 227-8.
among the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, =3=, 281.
in Spain, =3=, 282.
pursued by the German Jews after the first crusade, =3=, 309.
flourishes in Spain in the twelfth century, =3=, 317.
cultivated by the French Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 343-5.
divided into two branches by the Tossafists, =3=, 345.
at Toledo, =3=, 386.
preserves the Jews of northern France from moral decay, =3=, 407-8.
in Germany in the twelfth century, =3=, 419.
in Bohemia, =3=, 420, 421.
facilitated by Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, =3=, 458.
in the twelfth century described by Maimonides, =3=, 492.
the absorbing occupation of the Jews in the thirteenth century,
=3=, 571-2.
in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 86, 144.
decays in Germany in the fourteenth century, =4=, 96.
neglected in France in the fourteenth century, =4=, 132-3.
neglected in Germany in the fifteenth century, =4=, 227.
neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, =4=, 230, 231.
by Karaites, =4=, 269, 270.
in Thebes, =4=, 406.
in Prague, =4=, 418.
in Poland, =4=, 420.
in Frankfort, =4=, 429.
in Poland in the sixteenth century, =4=, 634, 639-40, 640-1.
neglected in Germany during the Catholic reaction, =4=, 653.
in Poland in the seventeenth century, =5=, 4-6.
Polish method of, dominant in Europe, =5=, 16-17.
by Frankel, =5=, 684, 694-5.
_See also under_ Talmud, the.

=Talmud Babli.= _See_ Talmud, the Babylonian.

=Talmud, the Babylonian=, collected by Ashi, =2=, 607-9.
not committed to writing, =2=, 608.
the study of, disturbed under Theodosius II, =2=, 623.
compilation of, finished by Mar bar Ashi, =2=, 628.
completed by Rabina and José, =2=, 630-2.
uniqueness of, =2=, 632.
compared with the literature of the Church Fathers, =2=, 632.
blemishes of, =2=, 632-3.
diversified character of, =2=, 633-4.
as distinguished from the Jerusalem Talmud, =2=, 634.
intellectual character of, =2=, 634-5.
dialectics of, =2=, 635.
the preserver of the Jewish nation, =2=, 635.
the constitution of the Babylonian Jewish community, =3=, 118.
authority of, extended by the Islamic conquests, =3=, 118-19.
irksome to the Arabian Jews, =3=, 119-20.
printed by Daniel Bomberg, =4=, 468.
_See also_ Talmud, the.

=Talmud, the Jerusalem= (or Palestinian), compiled, =2=, 609.
compilers of, unknown, =2=, 612.
compared with the Babylonian, =2=, 634.
studied at Kairuan in the eleventh century, =3=, 249.
commentary on, by David Fränkel, =5=, 294.

=Talmud, shel Erez-Israel.= _See_ Talmud, the Jerusalem.

=Talmud, the, of the Holy Land.= _See_ Talmud, the Jerusalem.

=Talmud Torah=, graded Jewish school in Amsterdam, =4=, 681-2.

=Talmud Torah=, synagogue at Hamburg, =4=, 689-90.

=Talmud Torah=, the greatest virtue, according to the Mishna,
=2=, 473-4.

=Talmud Torah schools=, contrasted with the rabbinical colleges, =5=,
700.

=Talmudical Judaism=, founded by Hillel, =2=, 327.
rejected by Arabian Jews, =3=, 120.
opposition to, led by Serene, =3=, 120-2.
opposition to, led by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, =3=, 124.
opposed by the adherents of Anan ben David, =3=, 129.
Anan ben David’s opposition to, inconsistent, =3=, 135.
superiority of, over Karaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 334.
as regarded by Maimonides, =3=, 469-70.
undermined by Maimonides’ arguments, =3=, 529.
becomes Rabbinism in Jacob Asheri’s code, =4=, 89.
efforts to reconcile the Karaites to, =4=, 270.
_See also_ Rabbinical Judaism.

=Talmudical lexicon.= _See_ Lexicon, Talmudical.

=Talmudists=, the, dialecticians, =2=, 591.
ranged against the Maimunists and the Kabbalists, =3=, 558.
of the sixteenth century characterized by Solomon Lurya, =4=,
635-6.
disputations of, in Poland, =4=, 640-1.
Polish, dominant influence of, =5=, 17.
mocked at by the Chassidim, =5=, 379.

=Talmudists=, list of:
Aaron Halevi,
Abraham ben David,
Abraham ben Isaac,
Abraham Ibn-Shoshan,
Abraham Maimuni,
Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,
Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri) (Tossafist),
Ashkenazi, Jacob
Ashkenazi, Zevi
Baruch ben Samuel,
Chages, Jacob
Chananel ben Chushiel,
Chanoch ben Moses,
Chasdaï Crescas,
Chushiel,
Daniel ben Saadiah,
David ben Kalonymos (Tossafist),
David Ibn-Abi Zimra,
Edles, Samuel
Eibeschütz, Jonathan
Elchanan ben Isaac (Tossafist),
Eleazer ben Joel Halevi,
Eleazer ben Joseph (Tossafist),
Elias Mizrachi,
Elijah Wilna,
Emden, Jacob
Ephraim ben Jacob (Tossafist),
Eskapha, Joseph
Florentin, Solomon
Frankel, Zachariah
Gershom ben Jehuda,
Hal Gaon,
Heller, Lipmann
Hillel ben Samuel,
Holdheim, Samuel
Isaac ben Abba-Mari,
Isaac ben Abraham (Rizba) (Tossafist),
Isaac ben Asher Halevi (Riba) (Tossafist),
Isaac ben Baruch Albalia,
Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi,
Isaac ben Jacob Campanton,
Isaac ben Jacob Halaban (Tossafist),
Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat,
Isaac ben Joseph (Tossafist),
Isaac ben Meïr (Tossafist),
Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni,
Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) (Tossafist),
Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat,
Isaac Ibn-Sakni,
Jacob of London,
Jacob of Orleans (Tossafist),
Jacob ben Asheri,
Jacob ben Nathaniel Ibn-Alfayumi,
Jacob ben Nissim Ibn-Shahin,
Jacob Ibn-Chabib,
Jacob Berab,
Jacob Polak,
Jacob Tam,
Japhet ben Elia,
Jehuda ben Meïr (Leontin),
Jehuda ben Nathan (Riban) (Tossafist),
Jehuda Asheri,
Jehuda Halevi,
Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder),
Jonathan Cohen of Lünel,
Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur,
Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi,
Joseph ben Pilat,
Joseph Ibn-Nagrela,
Joseph Ottolenghi,
Joseph Karo,
Judah the Blind,
Judah Menz,
Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac (Tossafist),
Kalonymos of Rome,
Lagarto, Jacob
Levi ben Gerson,
Levi ben Jacob Chabib,
Levi, David
Maimun ben Joseph,
Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,
Mattathiah ben Joseph Provenci,
Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg,
Meïr ben Joseph Ibn-Migash,
Meïr ben Samuel (Tossafist),
Menachem of Merseburg,
Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach,
Mordecai ben Hillel,
Moses of Coucy (Tossafist),
Moses ben Chanoch,
Moses ben Chasdaï Taku,
Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,
Moses ben Israel Isserles,
Moses ben Maimun,
Moses ben Nachman,
Moses Menz,
Nachshon ben Zadok,
Nathan ben Isaac Kohen,
Nathan ben Yechiel,
Nissim bar Jacob Ibn-Shahin,
Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben,
Peter (Tossafist),
Philosoph, Joseph
Samson ben Abraham (Tossafist),
Samuel ben Ali Halevi,
Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam) (Tossafist),
Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel (Tossafist),
Samuel Alvalensi,
Samuel Cohen ben Daniel,
Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
Samuel Sidillo,
Sasportas, Jacob
Serachya Halevi Gerundi,
Serkes, Joel
Shalom Shachna,
Shemaria ben Elchanan,
Sheshet Benveniste,
Simcha ben Samuel,
Simon of Cairo,
Simon ben Isaac ben Abun,
Sinzheim, Joseph David
Solomon ben Abraham,
Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret (Rashba),
Solomon ben Abraham Zarfati,
Solomon Lurya,
Solomon Yizchaki (Rashi),
Taytasak, Joseph
Yechiel of Paris,
Zadok.

=Taman.= _See_ Phanagoria.

=Tamar=, daughter of David, seduced, =1=, 134.

=Tamarah.= _See_ Zoar.

=Tamarica=, the Jewish community in, =4=, 693.

=Tamarite, the Jews of=, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 214.

=Tamgiz=, anti-Karaite work by Saadiah, =3=, 192.

=Tammuz=, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 151-2.
abrogated by the Sabbatians, =5=, 159.

=Tana.= _See_ Sanaa.

=Tanaites=, the, teachers of the Law, =2=, 356.
and the Jewish Christians, =2=, 370.
reviled by the Nazarenes, =2=, 371-2.
deprecate the influence of the Minæans on Judaism, =2=, 378.
protect Judaism from Gnostic-Christian influences, =2=, 382.
uphold Gamaliel II’s ordinances, =2=, 405.
refuse subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, =2=, 427.
end of the second generation of, =2=, 429.
activity of, culminates in Judah I, =2=, 450.
conclude their activity by the compilation of the Mishna, =2=,
462, 478.
half, supplement the Mishna, =2=, 470-1.
connection of, with the Amoraim, =2=, 479.
compared with the Amoraim, =2=, 490.
subordinated to the Amoraim by Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, =2=, 590.
_See also_ Law, the, the teachers of.

=Tanaites=, the, list of:
Abba Saul,
Akiba ben Joseph,
Chalafta,
Chananya (nephew of Joshua ben Chananya),
Chanina,
Chanina ben Teradion,
Dossa ben Nachman (Archinas),
Eleazar ben Arach,
Eleazar ben Azariah,
Eleazar ben Jacob,
Eleazar ben José (ben Chalafta),
Eleazar ben Shamua,
Eleazar ben Simon (ben Jochai),
Eleazar Chasma,
Eliezer of Modin,
Eliezer ben Hyrcanus,
Elisha ben Abuya,
Gamaliel I,
Gamaliel II,
Ilai,
Ishmael ben Elisha,
Ishmael ben José (ben Chalafta),
Jochanan of Alexandria (the sandal maker),
Jochanan ben Gudgada,
Jochanan ben Nuri,
Jochanan ben Zakkai,
Jonathan,
Jonathan ben Nachman (Archinas),
José the Galilean,
José ben Chalafta,
Joseph ben Kisma,
Joshua ben Chananya,
Joshua ben Karcha,
Josiah,
Judah ben Baba,
Judah ben Bathyra,
Judah ben Ilai,
Judah I ha-Nassi,
Matiah ben Charash,
Meïr,
Nachum of Gimso,
Nachum the Mede,
Nathan of Babylon,
Nechunya ben Hakana,
Nehemiah,
Pinchas ben Jaïr,
Samuel the Younger,
Simon (companion of Ishmael b. Elisha),
Simon II,
Simon III,
Simon ben Asai,
Simon ben Jochai,
Simon ben Nanos,
Simon ben Zoma,
Symmachos ben Joseph,
Tarphon of Lydda,
Zadok.

=Tanchuma bar Abba=, Amora, Agadist, =2=, 611-12.

=Tangermünde=, projected university at, =5=, 174.

=Tangier=, Jews taken prisoners at, by Alfonso V of Portugal, =4=,
286.

“=Tantalus= in the Lawsuit,” comedy by Frederick the Great, =5=, 339.

=Taphath=, daughter of Solomon, =1=, 177.

=Taphnai= (Tachpanches), Judæans take refuge in, after Gedaliah’s
murder, =1=, 324.
Jeremiah summons the Egyptian Judæans to, =1=, 326-7.

=Tapuach.= _See_ Tiphsah.

=Tarazona=, Jews of Navarre settle in, =4=, 142.
the cortes at, cancel the privileges of Aragon, =4=, 326.
the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Tarentum=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Targum=, the, declared not authoritative by Chayim Ibn-Musa, =4=,
237.

=Targum Onkelos=, the, Aramæan translation of Akylas’ Greek version
of the Scriptures, =2=, 387, 581-2.

=Tarichæa.= _See_ Magdala.

=Tarik=, Mahometan conqueror of Visigothic Spain, aided by the
Jews, =3=, 109.

=Tarki.= _See_ Semender.

=Tarnopol=, beginnings of culture among the Jews of, =5=, 612.
school founded by Joseph Perl in, =5=, 612.

=Tarphon=, teacher of the Law, on Akiba, =2=, 353.
member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.
on the influence of the Minæans on Judaism, =2=, 378.
at Lydda, =2=, 423.

=Tarragona=, the city of the Jews, =3=, 42.

=Tarshish=, ships of, fitted out under Uzziah, =1=, 231.

=Tarsus=, birthplace of the apostle Paul, =2=, 223.

=Tartars=, the, in Armenia, converted to Judaism, =3=, 440.
devastate Jerusalem, =3=, 605-6.
kingdom of, in Persia, =3=, 637-8.
plundered by the Cossacks, =5=, 2.
allies of the Cossacks, =5=, 7.
Jews as captives of, =5=, 8.
defeat the Poles, =5=, 11.

=Taska=, land tax paid by the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 508.

=Tavs.= _See_ Jacob Tus.

=Taytasak, Joseph=, Talmudist and Kabbalist, =4=, 405.
the circle of, and Solomon Molcho, =4=, 496.
letter to, from Molcho, =4=, 506.

=Tax=, the, levied on the daily sacrifice by Bagoas, =1=, 409-10.
on the Judæans levied by the Macedonians, =1=, 413.
levied by the Egypto-Macedonian dynasty on the Judæans, =1=, 418.
levied by Syria upon the Judæans removed by Demetrius II, =1=, 497.
levied on Jerusalem by Pompey, =2=, 67.
paid by Judæa to Rome, =2=, 87.
levied by Augustus in Judæa, =2=, 129-30.
Judæan, lightened by Tiberius, =2=, 135.
imposed by Albinus, =2=, 249.
Roman, not paid by Judæa, =2=, 258.
paid by Judæans to the Capitoline Jupiter (fiscus Judaicus),
=2=, 316.
levied on the Jews by Hadrian, =2=, 420.
imposed on Judæa under Judah I, =2=, 463.
paid by the Jews in the Sabbatical year under Caracalla, =2=, 469.
on land remitted by Gregory I in the case of converts, =3=, 33.
imposed upon Jews and Christians by Omar, =3=, 88.
levied by the Exilarchs, =3=, 96.
paid by the Jews of Spain to the Mahometan conquerors, =3=, 110.
imposed upon Jewish merchants by Charles the Bald, =3=, 172.
imposed upon the Jews by the Carlovingian and Saxon emperors, =3=,
243.
paid by the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, =3=,
281.
paid by the Jews to the emperors of Germany, =3=, 357.
levied on money transactions in northern France, =3=, 407.
imposed on the Jews of the Byzantine empire, =3=, 425.
imposed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510.
exacted from the Jews by the Council of Oxford, =3=, 516.
upon the German Jews discussed by the synod of Mayence, =3=, 517.
imposed on Jews enforced by the Council of Narbonne, =3=, 518.
levied on Jewish immigrants by Frederick II in Sicily, =3=, 569.
imposed on the Jews by the Council of Béziers, =3=, 582.
levied by Henry III upon the Jews of England, =3=, 589.
on the Jews of Castile regulated by Sancho, =3=, 617.
on the Jews of England decreed by the Statute of Judaism, =3=, 642.
imposed on the Jews by Emperor Louis IV, =4=, 96-7.
levied on the Jews of Burgos, =4=, 123, 124.
levied on the French Jews under John the Good, =4=, 130-1.
exacted from the Jews by Emperor Wenceslaus, =4=, 166.
imposed on Marranos in Algiers, =4=, 199.
imposed on the Spanish Jews for the war with Granada, =4=, 344.
imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, =4=, 545.
paid by the Jews of Amsterdam, =4=, 673.
levied on the Jews of Vienna, =5=, 170.
paid by the Jews of Brandenburg, =5=, 173.
paid by the Jews of Prussia, =5=, 191.
_See_ Poll-tax, the; Taxes; Tithes.

=Tax, the Patriarch’s=, levied from the time of Judah II, =2=,
486-7, 536.
forbidden by Honorius to be collected, =2=, 617.
collected by the imperial officials under Honorius, =2=, 622.

=Tax-gatherers.= _See_ Taxes, the farmers of.

=Taxes=, paid by the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 508.
imposed upon the Jews under Constantius, =2=, 569, 572.
laid upon the Jews by Louis the Pious, =3=, 161.
imposed upon the German Jews burdensome, =3=, 517.
the payment of, discussed by the synod of Mayence, =3=, 517.
paid by the Jews of Poland, =4=, 632.
imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, =4=, 652, 702.
imposed on the Frankfort Jews, =4=, 700.
paid by the Jews of Metz and Alsace, =5=, 348.
discussed by the National Assembly, =5=, 446.
removed from the Jews of Metz, =5=, 446.
imposed on the Jews of Austria, =5=, 508.
_See_ Poll-tax, the; Tax, the; Tithes.

=Taxes, the farmers of= (tax-gatherers, receivers-general), Jews act
as, =1=, 425; =2=, 253; =4=, 80-1, 132, 138, 150, 156, 275,
618.

=Taxes, the farming of, by Jews=, forbidden by the Council of Mâcon,
=3=, 39, 171.
in the Frankish empire, =3=, 161.
in Hungary, =3=, 521.
forbidden by the Council of Buda, =3=, 614.
objected to in Burgos, =4=, 125.
in Portugal, =4=, 160, 339.
in Poland, =5=, 3.

=Teacher=, title of the members of the Synhedrion in Babylonia, =3=,
96.

=Teachers=, the, of the Law. _See_ Law, the, the teachers of.

=Tebeth=, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 143.

=Tekanoth Shum=, decisions of Speyer, Worms, and Mayence, =4=, 135.

=Tekanoth Usha=, ordinances of the Synhedrion at Usha, =2=, 405.

=Tekoah=, the woman of, employed to plead for Absalom, =1=, 135-6.
home of Simon ben Jochai, =2=, 441.

=Telesina=, a Jew of, the friend of Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.

=Teller=, consistorial councilor, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on
Church discipline, =5=, 363.
letter addressed to, by Jews, =5=, 421-2.

=Templars.= _See_ Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg.

=Temple, the first= (Solomon’s), the site of, =1=, 162.
materials for, =1=, 162-4.
internal decoration and arrangement of, =1=, 164-6.
transfer of the ark to, =1=, 166.
consecration of, =1=, 166-7.
service of, =1=, 167-8.
breaches of, repaired by Josiah, =1=, 218-19.
ransacked by Jehoash of Israel, =1=, 225.
the people of Israel permitted to make pilgrimages to, =1=, 232.
the ornaments of, removed, =1=, 274.
image of Mylitta in, =1=, 282.
decay of, under Josiah, =1=, 288-9.
idol-worship in, under Jehoiakim, =1=, 300.
Jeremiah’s prophecies read in, =1=, 304.
the treasures of, taken by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 307.
burnt by Nebuzaradan, =1=, 315.
the treasures of, taken to Babylon, =1=, 315.
the slaves of, live together in Babylon, =1=, 330.
the vessels of, restored by Cyrus, =1=, 351.

=Temple, the second=, beginnings of, under Zerubbabel, =1=, 356-7.
difficulties in the way of building, =1=, 359.
consecration of, =1=, 359.
spared by the Samaritans, =1=, 372.
the service of, neglected during Nehemiah’s absence, =1=, 383-4.
the service of, restored by Nehemiah, =1=, 386.
the form of prayer used in, =1=, 399.
Joshua slain by his brother in, =1=, 409.
renovated by Simon the Just, =1=, 421.
Hyrcanus stores his wealth in, =1=, 437-8.
despoiled by Menelaus and Lysimachus, =1=, 448, 449.
desecrated by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 451.
abandoned, =1=, 454.
the statue of Jupiter placed in, =1=, 455.
re-consecrated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 472.
fortified by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 473.
attacked by the Hellenists, =1=, 478.
besieged by Lysias, =1=, 479.
the fortifications of, razed by Lysias, =1=, 480.
occupied by Alcimus, =1=, 487.
the sacrifices in, maintained by the half-Shekel contributions, =2=,
52.
taken by Aristobulus II, =2=, 58.
a tower of, falls on Pompey’s attack, =2=, 66.
entered by Pompey, =2=, 66.
votive offerings of, taken by Flaccus, =2=, 68.
robbed by Crassus, =2=, 74.
ravaged by Sosius, =2=, 88.
remodeled by Herod, =2=, 109-11.
courts of, =2=, 110.
gates of, =2=, 111.
dedication of, =2=, 111.
placed under the protection of Rome, =2=, 111.
besieged by the Romans, at the instigation of Sabinus, =2=, 123-4.
the treasures of, taken by the Romans, =2=, 124.
polluted by the Samaritans, =2=, 135.
offerings sent to, by Roman proselytes, =2=, 136.
the treasures of, used for an aqueduct, =2=, 139-40.
Jesus in, =2=, 161.
Vitellus sacrifices in, =2=, 173.
Caligula orders, to be desecrated, =2=, 188.
the bringing of first fruits to, in the time of Agrippa
I, =2=, 194.
the center of the dispersed Judæans, =2=, 201.
portal presented to, by Helen of Adiabene, =2=, 218.
golden vessels given to, by Monobaz II, =2=, 219.
despoiled by the high priests, =2=, 237.
Cumanus places a cohort in, =2=, 242.
watched by Agrippa II, =2=, 247-8.
the treasures of, demanded by Gessius Florus, =2=, 253.
attacked by Gessius Florus, =2=, 255.
occupied by the Zealot chief Eleazar ben Ananias, =2=, 259.
barred against the Peace party, =2=, 260.
besieged by Anan, =2=, 295.
the western colonnade of, destroyed, =2=, 305.
siege of, begun by Titus, =2=, 306-7.
fire-brand thrown into, =2=, 307.
burnt to the ground, =2=, 308.
the vessels of, in Titus’ triumph, =2=, 314.
the vessels of, deposited in the Temple of Peace, =2=, 315.
contribution to, changed into the fiscus Judaicus, =2=, 316.
the restoration of, attempted under Hadrian, =2=, 401-3, 411.
the vessels of, seen in Rome by Eleazar ben Joseph, =2=, 449.
preparations for rebuilding, by Julian the Apostate, =2=,
597, 598, 599.
the rebuilding of, superintended by Alypius, =2=, 599.
Jews not interested in the rebuilding of, =2=, 599-600.
obstacles to the rebuilding of, =2=, 600.
the vessels of, in the possession of the Vandals, =2=, 611.
the vessels of, taken from Carthage to Constantinople, =3=, 26-7.
the vessels of, removed to Jerusalem, =3=, 27.
in the Kabbala, =3=, 553.
the model of, made by Jacob Jehuda Leon, =5=, 114-15.

=Temple, the, of Onias=, in Heliopolis, built by Onias IV, =1=, 508.
appearance and furnishings of, =1=, 508.
as regarded by Judæans in Egypt and Judæa, =1=, 509-10.
fortified, =1=, 510.
closed by Vespasian, =2=, 318.

=Temple, the, of Peace=, the spoils from the Jerusalem Temple
deposited in, =2=, 315.

=Temple, the, on Gerizim=, built by the Samaritans, =1=, 390.
destroyed by John Hyrcanus, =2=, 8.

=Templo.= _See_ Leon, Jacob Jehuda.

=Ten Categories=, the, of the Aristotelian philosophy, compared with
the Ten Commandments, =3=, 197.

=Ten Commandments=, the, part of the morning service in the Sopheric
age, =1=, 399.
commentary on, by Saadiah, =3=, 197.

=Ten Tribes=, the, the dispersion of, =1=, 265.
a part of, join the Judæans in Babylonia, =1=, 335-6.
the Samaritans declare themselves a remnant of, =1=, 390-1.
supposed to be in Chazaria, =3=, 141.
the descendants of, around Nishabur, =3=, 433.
in Chaibar, =3=, 437.
theory of, held by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 30-3.
Simone Luzzatto on, =5=, 81.

=Ten Tribes, the, kingdom of.= _See_ Israel, the kingdom of.

=Tenes=, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, =4=, 197.

=Tenth Legion=, the, defeated by the Judæans, =2=, 303.

=Tephillah=, the principal prayer in the morning service of the
Sopheric age, =1=, 399. _See_ Liturgy, the.

=Tephillin.= _See_ Phylacteries.

=Teraphim=, the, the Israelites believe in, =1=, 75.

=Tertullian=, Church Father, prohibits intercourse between heathens
and Christians, =2=, 476-7.

=Teruel=, opposition to the Inquisition in, =4=, 328.

“=Teshuboth=,” by Dunash ben Labrat against Saadiah, =3=, 226.

=Tetragrammaton=, the, pronounced by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 122.

=Tetrarch=, title of the governors of Judæa, =2=, 81.
_See also_ Herod I; Herod Antipas; Phasael; Philip.

=Teutomania=, retards the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 516.

=Texeira=, a family of Marranos in Holland, =4=, 690.

=Texeira, Diego, de Mattos=, banker in Hamburg, =4=, 690-1; =5=, 140.

=Texeira, Manoel= (Isaac Señor, 1630-1695), diplomat in Hamburg,
Sabbatian, =5=, 140.
intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, =5=, 171.

=Texeiras=, the, millionaires in Hamburg, =5=, 205.

=Texel=, Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.

=Thabit=, a friend of the Benu-Karaiza, =3=, 81.

=Thafar.= _See_ Zafara.

=Thapsacus= (Tiphsah), frontier town of Israel under David, =1=, 129.

=Theatre=, the, in the time of the Amoraim, =2=, 542.

=Thebes=, Zealots flee to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, =2=,
318.

=Thebes, the Jews of=, occupations of, =3=, 425.
fine Talmudists, =4=, 406.

=Themudo, George=, inquires into the life of the Portuguese
Marranos, =4=, 489.

=Theobald=, count of Chartres, imprisons the Jews of Blois on the
blood accusation, =3=, 379.
offers to release them for a sum of money, =3=, 379.
has them burnt at the stake, =3=, 380.

=Theodatus=, Ostrogoth, supported by the Jews, =3=, 31-2.

=Theodebert=, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, =3=, 34.

=Theodora=, wife of Justinian I, and her Samaritan favorite, =3=, 17.

=Theodoric=, of Burgundy, permits Jews to own slaves, =3=, 34.
Jews in the army of, =3=, 36.

=Theodoric=, founder of the Ostrogothic empire, =3=, 27.
hostile to the Jews, =3=, 29-30.
protects Jewish slave-owners, =3=, 30-1.
successors of, =3=, 31.

=Theodosia.= _See_ Kaffa.

=Theodosia, the straits of=, the Jews of the Byzantine empire settle
on, =3=, 123.

=Theodosius I= (the Great, 379-395), emperor, protects the Jews and
the Patriarchs from the bishops, =2=, 612-13.
orders the rebuilding of a synagogue at Callinicus, =2=, 614.
enacts laws for and against the Jews, =2=, 615.
division of the Roman empire under, =2=, 615.
the laws of, govern the Jews of Italy, =3=, 28-9.

=Theodosius II=, emperor of the East, forbids the building of
synagogues, =2=, 617.
bestows distinctions on Gamaliel V, =2=, 617-18.
orders the Spanish Jews to cease mockery of Christianity, =2=, 620.
rebuked by Simon Stylites, =2=, 621-2.
anti-Jewish laws of, enforced by Justin I, =3=, 10.
expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, =3=, 26.
anti-Jewish decree of, revived, =3=, 171.

=Theodosius=, Samaritan champion in the dispute with the Egyptian
Judæans, =1=, 517.

=Theodotion=, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, =2=,
489.

=Theodotus=, Egypto-Samaritan poet, extols Shechem, =1=, 517.

=Theodotus=, envoy of Nicanor to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 484.

=Theodus=, introduces a substitute for the Paschal lamb, =2=, 68.

“=Theologico-Political Treatise=, The,” by Spinoza, an apology for
freedom of thought, =5=, 95.
on the source of law, =5=, 96.
on the state, =5=, 96-7.
on freedom of thought, =5=, 97.
displays hatred of Jews and Judaism, =5=, 97-8, 100-3.
on God, =5=, 98-9.
on man, =5=, 99-100.
on knowledge, =5=, 100-1.
on Christianity, =5=, 102-3.
on the Jewish state, =5=, 103-7.
published anonymously, =5=, 108.
produces a stir, =5=, 108.

=Theology=, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, =2=, 327.

“=Theorica=,” astronomical work translated by Moses Isserles, =4=,
638.

=Theosophy=, in the Kabbala, =3=, 550.

=Thessalonica=, Judæans in, =2=, 203.
Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, =2=, 228.
_See_ Salonica.

=Thessaly=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Theudas=, a false Messiah, end of, =2=, 198.

=Thibaut=, of Champagne, agrees to surrender Jews from the Isle de
France to Philip Augustus, =3=, 406.

=Thibaut=, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, =5=, 531.

=Thibet=, under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, =3=, 429.

=Thiers=, struggle of, with Louis Philippe, =5=, 648.
espouses the side of Ratti Menton, =5=, 648-9, 650, 658.
questioned by Fould on the Damascus affair, =5=, 649.
opposes the Jewish envoys in Egypt, =5=, 659.

=Thiery=, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, =5=,
434.

=Thirty Years’ War=, the, effect of, on the Jews, =4=, 701-2, 707.
Jewish victims of, seek refuge in Poland, =5=, 2.
awakens Messianic hopes, =5=, 23.

=Tholuck=, exegete, =5=, 695.

=Thomas à Becket=, rouses fanaticism, =3=, 409-10.

=Thomas Aquinas.= _See_ Aquinas, Thomas.

=Thomists=, the, opposed to Reuchlin, =4=, 456.
satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 461.

=Thompson=, chairman of the Mansion House meeting, on the Damascus
affair, =5=, 656.

=Thonon=, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Thrace=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

“=Three Communities=, The,” Altona, Hamburg, Wandsbeck, =5=, 238.
Eibeschütz rabbi of, =5=, 254, 256.
espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, =5=, 260.

=Throne Chamber=, the, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon,
=1=, 168-9.

=Thuringia=, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, =3=,
569.

=Thuringia, the Jews of=, perish during the Black Death persecutions,
=4=, 109.
assaulted by the imperial army against the Hussites, =4=, 225.

=Tibbon.= _See_ Jacob ben Machir Tibbon; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben
Saul; Samuel ben Judah Ibn-Tibbon.

=Tibbon family=, the, instructors in medicine, =3=, 582.

=Tibbonide party=, the, in favor of the study of science, =4=, 32, 34.
appeals to Solomon ben Adret, =4=, 33.
obtains the ascendancy in Montpellier, =4=, 39.
issues a counter-ban against the opponents of science, =4=, 40-2.
appeals to the secular authorities in Montpellier, =4=, 41.
defends Maimonides, =4=, 42.
emigrates to Perpignan, =4=, 50.

=Tiberias=, built by Herod Antipas, capital of his tetrarchy, =2=,
137.
pious Judæans refuse to live in, =2=, 137-8.
conference at, called by Agrippa I, =2=, 195-6.
given to Agrippa II by Nero, =2=, 246.
a focus of insurrection in Galilee, =2=, 272.
population of, Zealots, =2=, 273-4.
partisans of Rome in, =2=, 274.
jealous of Sepphoris, =2=, 276.
men of, meet with Josephus at Bethmaon, =2=, 279.
ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, =2=, 281.
rebellion in, fomented by Josephus, =2=, 283.
seat of Agrippa II’s Jewish governors of Galilee, =2=, 333.
declared clean by Simon ben Jochai, =2=, 448-9.
the seat of the Patriarch, =2=, 480.
the new-moon announced in, =2=, 480.
meeting place of disciples, =2=, 493-4.
sinks into insignificance, =2=, 560.
the first church at, built by Joseph, the apostate, =2=, 565.
partially destroyed, =2=, 570.
the birthplace of the Jerusalem Talmud, =2=, 612.
the text of the Bible studied at, =2=, 623.
seat of authority for the Jews in the sixth century, =3=, 12.
seat of a bishopric, =3=, 12.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.
burial place of Maimonides, =3=, 493.
rebuilt by Joseph Nassi, =4=, 610-11.
grave of Luzzatto at, =5=, 244.

=Tiberias, the Jews of=, flee to escape taxation, =2=, 463.
join Sharbarza, =3=, 19.
join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, =3=, 20.
driven out by Omar, =3=, 87.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Tiberias, the school of=, =2=, 148.
loses prestige, =2=, 532, 537.
end of, under Constantius, =2=, 567.
gives religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, =3=, 59.

=Tiberias=, lake, description of, =1=, 42.
district about, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.
tract near, given to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 596, 610.

=Tiberinus, Matthias=, physician, testifies to Simon of Trent’s
violent death, =4=, 298.

=Tiberius=, emperor, lightens the taxes of Judæa, =2=, 135.
antipathy of, towards Judæans, =2=, 135-6.
instrumental in banishing Judæans from Rome, =2=, 136-7.
friendly to Judæans, =2=, 172-3.
helps Herod Antipas against the Nabathæans, =2=, 173.
death of, =2=, 174.
kindness of, to Agrippa I, =2=, 176.
imprisons Agrippa I, =2=, 176.

=Tiberius=, emperor of the East, the Jews under, =3=, 18.

=Tiberius Julius Alexander=, son of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus,
renegade from Judaism, =2=, 184, 235.
procurator of Judæa, =2=, 198.
unpopularity of, =2=, 198-9.
governor of Egypt, =2=, 199.
orders a massacre of Judæans, =2=, 263-4.
won over to Vespasian’s side, =2=, 300.
aids Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, =2=, 302.

=Tibni=, king of Israel, chosen by the opponents of Omri, =1=, 192.

=Ticini=, Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews
in, =4=, 296.

=Tiflis=, a Karaite center, =3=, 158.

=Tiflisites=, a Karaite sect, =3=, 158.

=Tiglath-Pileser=, king of Assyria, designs of, on Palestine,
=1=, 258-9.
captures Damascus, =1=, 259.
invades the kingdom of Israel, =1=, 259-60.

=Tigranes=, king of Armenia, threatens to invade Judæa, =2=, 55-6.
attacked by Lucullus, =2=, 56.

=Tigranes=, son of Alexander and Glaphyra, king of Armenia, =2=, 128.

=Tigris=, the district of, the Jews of, in the twelfth century,
=3=, 428-33.

=Tikkunim=, Sabbatian prayer books, =5=, 139.

=Tilly=, general, plunders the Jews, =4=, 701.

=Timnath-Serah=, seat of Joshua =1=, 41.

=Timotheus=, Ammonite leader, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474.
attacks the trans-Jordanic provinces, =1=, 475, 476.

=Tiphsah= (Tapuach), refuses to admit Menahem, the murderer of
Shallum, =1=, 244.

=Tirado, Jacob=, leader of the Portuguese Marranos emigrating to the
Netherlands, =4=, 664, 665.
saves the Marranos of Amsterdam, =4=, 666.
builds the first synagogue in Amsterdam, =4=, 667.

=Tirhakah=, king of Egypt, at war with Sennacherib, =1=, 276.

=Tirzah=, capital of the kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam, =1=, 189.
under Baasha, =1=, 190.
revolution in, =1=, 191.
abandoned as the capital of Israel, =1=, 192-3.

=Tithes=, collected under Ezra and Nehemiah, =1=, 382.
the laws of, moderated by Judah I, =2=, 458-9.

=Tithes, exacted from Jews=, by Innocent III, =3=, 499.
by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 510.
by the Council of Oxford, =3=, 516.

=Titus=, brings Vespasian two legions from Alexandria, =2=, 285.
captivated by Berenice, =2=, 285.
kindly disposed to Josephus, =2=, 288.
takes Gischala, =2=, 290.
goes to Rome to do homage to Galba, =2=, 299.
urges his father to proclaim himself emperor, =2=, 299.
wins Licinius Mucianus to his father’s side, =2=, 300.
in Egypt, =2=, 300.
prepares to besiege Jerusalem, =2=, 301-2.
three Judæan traitors help, =2=, 302.
summons Jerusalem to surrender, =2=, 302.
begins the siege, =2=, 303.
cruelty of, to Judæan prisoners, =2=, 304.
again summons the besieged to surrender, =2=, 305.
hesitates to destroy the Temple, =2=, 307.
enters the Holy of Holies, =2=, 308.
saluted as emperor, =2=, 308.
besieges the upper city, =2=, 309.
treatment of Judæans by, =2=, 312-13.
celebrates his triumph over Judæa, =2=, 313-15.
arch of, =2=, 314.
rewards Josephus, =2=, 317.
protects Josephus from calumny, =2=, 318.
permits the establishment of a school at Jamnia, =2=, 324.
kindly treatment of the Jews by, after the fall of Jerusalem, =2=,
331.
and Berenice, =2=, 332-3.
abandons Berenice and Agrippa II, =2=, 388.
said to have settled Jews in Spain, =3=, 43.

=Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius.= _See_ Antoninus Pius.

=Tlemçen=, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, =4=, 197.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 390.

“=To my Co-religionists= in Hamburg,” by Lazarus Riesser, =5=, 570-1.

“=To the Confusion= of the Jews,” polemic work by Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
=3=, 442.

“=To the Friends= of Lessing,” by Jacobi, =5=, 372.

=Tobba=, name of the Himyarite kings, =3=, 62.

=Tobiades=, the, partisans of Antiochus the Great, =1=, 432.
opposed to Onias III, =1=, 437.
banished by Onias III, =1=, 438.

=Tobiah=, Ammonite leader, marries a Judæan, =1=, 362.
son of, marries a Judæan, =1=, 362.
hostility of, to the Judæans, =1=, 369-70.
vexed at Nehemiah’s appointment, =1=, 374.
disturbs Nehemiah’s work, =1=, 375.
intrigues against Nehemiah, =1=, 376.
a Temple court assigned to, =1=, 383.
expelled from the Temple, =1=, 385.

=Tobiah=, son-in-law of Simon the Just, son of, =1=, 423-5.

=Tobias=, Jewish physician in Trent, on friendly terms with
Christians, =4=, 297.

=Tobiene=, the Judæans in, slaughtered, =1=, 475.

=Tobit, the Book of=, composed under Hadrian, =2=, 430.
admitted into the canon by the Christians, =2=, 488.

=Toble Shacharith=, =2=, 26. _See_ Essenes, the.

=Toda=, queen of Navarre, concludes a treaty with Abdul-Rahman
III, =3=, 216.

=Todros of Beaucaire=, ally of Abba-Mari, =4=, 31.

=Todros ben Joseph Halevi Abulafia= (1234-1304), Kabbalist,
=4=, 1, 2-3.
prominent at the court of Sancho IV, =4=, 2, 52.
opponent of philosophy, =4=, 2.
Kabbalistic work dedicated to, =4=, 3.

=Tôi=, king of Hamath, congratulates David on his Ammonite
victory, =1=, 127.

=Tokat=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.
the Jews of, accused of murder, =4=, 553.

=Toland, John=, favors the emancipation of the Jews in England,
=5=, 197-8.

“=Toldoth Jesho=,” a Hebrew parody of the gospels, =5=, 185-6.

=Toledano, Daniel=, adviser of Muley Ismail, =5=, 168.

=Toledo=, early settlement of Jews in the environs of, =3=, 43.
played into the hands of Tarik by the Jews, =3=, 109.
Cordova Jews emigrate to, =3=, 255.
the Mahometan court of, cultured, =3=, 291.
taken by Alfonso VI of Castile, =3=, 294.
made Alfonso VI’s capital, =3=, 295.
Jehuda Halevi in, =3=, 324.
college at, presided over by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 338.
Jews of Lucena emigrate to, =3=, 361.
center of Jewish science in the twelfth century, =3=, 361, 362.
scene of a civil war, =3=, 363.
synagogue in, erected by Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, =3=, 384.
study of the Talmud at, =3=, 386.
the center of the supposed well poisoners, =4=, 101.
synagogue built in, by Samuel Abulafia, =4=, 119-20.
lost by Pedro, =4=, 124.
cortes of, disapprove of the Inquisition, =4=, 313.
tribunals of the Inquisition in, =4=, 325.
cortes of, enforce Jew quarters, =4=, 335.
rabbis of, ordered to inform against Judaizing Marranos, =4=, 335.
refuge of the Abrabanels, =4=, 341.
synagogue of, turned into a church, =4=, 354.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Toledo, the Council of= (589), passes anti-Jewish decrees, =3=, 46.
(633), decrees of, against back-sliding converts, =3=, 49-50, 51.
(the eighth) confirms the anti-Jewish laws of the fourth
Council, =3=, 102.
cited by the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 511.

=Toledo, the Jews of=, give a written assurance of their acceptance
of Christianity, =3=, 103-4.
well treated by Alfonso VI, =3=, 295.
prosperity and culture of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384.
assist Alfonso VIII against the Almohades, =3=, 386-7.
attacked by foreign crusaders, =3=, 507.
try to prevent the enforcement of Jew badges, =3=, 513.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 537-8, 540-1.
under Sancho, =3=, 617.
supposed to be opposed to the study of science, =4=, 38.
ravages of the Black Death among, =4=, 113.
suffer during the civil war between Pedro and Henry II, =4=, 118-19,
124, 126, 136-7.
efforts to reorganize, =4=, 140.
decadence of, =4=, 140, 142.
persecuted in 1391, =4=, 169-70.

=Toletum.= _See_ Toledo.

=Tomaso=, Father, in Damascus, disappearance of, =5=, 634-5.
Jews suspected to be the murderers of, =5=, 635.
reward for the murderer of, =5=, 652.
inscription on the tomb of, =5=, 668.

=Tongern, Arnold of=, Dominican professor of theology, =4=, 424.
tool of Hoogstraten, =4=, 450.
satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 461.

=Torah=, the. _See_ Law, the; Pentateuch, the.

=Toro=, fortress of, Pedro decoyed into, =4=, 118.
the cortes of, petition that restrictions be laid on the Jews,
=4=, 138-9.
the Jews of, accept baptism, =4=, 205.

=Toron de los Caballeros=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=,
427.

=Torquemada, Thomas de=, confessor of Isabella of Castile, =4=, 310.
refutes the work of a Marrano, =4=, 312.
appointed inquisitor, =4=, 319.
appointed inquisitor-general of Spain, =4=, 324.
appoints Inquisition tribunals in different parts of Spain, =4=,
324.
appoints inquisitors for Aragon, =4=, 326.
publishes the “Constitutions” for inquisitors, =4=, 326-7.
has two Marrano bishops burned, =4=, 333.
bids the rabbis of Toledo inform against Judaizing Marranos,
=4=, 335-6.
condemns Jews to the stake on the blood accusation, =4=, 343.
urges the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 346, 348.
forbids intercourse between Christians and the exiled Jews, =4=,
350.
tries to convert the Jews, =4=, 350.
complains of the Marranos, =4=, 355.
victims delivered to the Inquisition by, =4=, 356.
in fear of assassination, =4=, 356.

=Torre de Montcorvo=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.

=Tortosa=, traces of early Jewish settlements near, =3=, 42-3.
birthplace of Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 225.
the Jews of, converted, =4=, 206.

=Tortosa, the religious disputation at=, =4=, 207-15.
Jewish delegates to, not firm, =4=, 208, 210.
Jewish delegates to, unfairly treated, =4=, 212.
Vincent Ferrer’s converts brought to, =4=, 215.

=Tossafists=, the, disciples of Rashi, =3=, 344, 345.
acumen of, =3=, 344-5.
divide the study of the Talmud into two branches, =3=, 345.
as Bible exegetes, =3=, 345.
in Champagne, =3=, 403-4.
in England, =3=, 409.
in Germany, =3=, 419.
leniency of, =3=, 470.
methods of, transplanted to the East, =3=, 506.
of northern France, anti-Maimunists, =3=, 529.
activity of, during Louis IX’s persecutions, =3=, 586-7.
compilers in the thirteenth century, =3=, 587.
_See in the list of_ Talmudists.

=Tossafoth=, supplements to Rashi’s commentary on the Talmud, =3=,
344.
on the Pentateuch, =3=, 345.
“the Old,” collected by Isaac ben Samuel, =3=, 404.
“Sens,” compiled by Samson ben Abraham, =3=, 408.
new collection of, by Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, =3=, 586.

=Tossafoth Yom-Tob=, commentary on the Mishna, by Lipmann
Heller, =4=, 704.

=Tou.= _See_ Tôi.

“=Touchstone=, The,” satire by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, =4=, 63.

=Toulouse=, Jews remain in, after the banishment by Charles
VI, =4=, 176.
the Talmud burnt at, =4=, 55.

=Toulouse, the Jews of=, attacked at Easter, =3=, 174.
persecuted by Alice of Montmorency, =3=, 514.
protected by Simon de Montfort, =3=, 514.
not forced to wear the Jew badge, =3=, 514.
converted under Philip IV, =4=, 48.
during the Pastoureaux massacre, =4=, 56.

=Touraine=, the Jews of, under Henry II, =3=, 409.

=Tours=, the Council of, re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the
Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 520.
Elias Montalto dies at, =4=, 673.

=Tovey=, on the treatment of Jews under Edward I, =3=, 642.

“=Tower of Strength=, The,” Sabbataï Zevi’s prison at Abydos, =5=,
148.

=Trachonites=, the, conquered and converted by Aristobulus
I, =2=, 37.

=Trachonitis=, given to Philip, son of Cleopatra, by Herod’s
will, =2=, 119.
under Philip, =2=, 137.
given to Agrippa II as a royal province, =2=, 245.
cavalry from, assists the Peace party, =2=, 259, 260.

=Trade.= _See_ Commerce.

=Trades=, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, =3=,
35.
pursued by the German and French Jews in the eleventh century, =3=,
281.
pursued by the Jews of Poland, =4=, 419.
forbidden to the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 348.
opened to the Jews of Austria, =5=, 357.
_See also_ Artisans; Handicrafts.

=Tradition=, rejected by the Sadducees, =2=, 22.
among the Karaites, =3=, 159.
_See also_ Halacha; Law, the oral; Mishna, the; Talmud, the;
Rabbinical Judaism; Talmudical Judaism.

=Trajan=, emperor, hostility of, to the Jews, =2=, 350.
conquest of Parthia by, =2=, 393.
opposed by the Jews, =2=, 393-7.
conquers Adiabene, =2=, 393-4.
fails to make Parthia a Roman province, =2=, 399.
death of, =2=, 399.

=Trani, the Jews of=, ransom Sabbataï Donnolo, =3=, 213.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.

=Translation of the Pentateuch=, into Chaldaic, =2=, 581-2.
into Syriac, =2=, 582.
into Persian, =4=, 401.
by Mendelssohn, =5=, 328-35.

=Translation of the Scriptures=, into Arabic by Saadiah, =3=, 189-90.
into German by Luther, =4=, 469, 475.
into the European languages, =4=, 475.
into Spanish by Abraham Usque, =4=, 475.
during the Reformation, =4=, 540.
into Polish by Simon Budny, =4=, 647.
by Sachs, =5=, 693.
_See also_ Akylas; Septuagint, the; Vulgate, the.

=Translations of the Scriptures=, various, =2=, 489, 581-2.
ordered to be read in Jewish congregations, =3=, 14-15.
not authoritative, =4=, 237.

=Transmigration= of souls (Metempsychosis), the, the doctrine of,
adopted by Isaac the Blind, =3=, 547-8.
in the Kabbala, =3=, 554.
as explained by Isaac Lurya, =4=, 620.
Leo Modena on, =5=, 67.

=Transubstantiation, the dogma of=, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=,
182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 188.

=Travelers, Jewish=, list of:
Abraham de Beya,
Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela,
Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego,
Petachya of Ratisbon.

“=Treatise= on the Immortality of the Soul, A,” by Samuel da
Silva, =5=, 59.

“=Treatise= on the Position of the Hebrews, A,” by Simone Luzzatto,
=5=, 81-4.

“=Treatises= of the Righteous Brethren,” adapted by Kalonymos ben
Kalonymos, =4=, 62.

“=Tree of Life=, The,” by Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi, =4=, 95.

=Trent, the Council of=, to deal with the Protestants, =4=, 525.
Paul III abused at, =4=, 525-6.
the Marranos’ right of emigration defended at, =4=, 526.
deals with the Talmud, =4=, 589.

=Trent, the Jews of=, Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, =4=,
297.
charged with the blood accusation, =4=, 297-9.
burnt, =4=, 298.

=Treves, Israel=, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 237.

=Treves=, pilgrimage to the holy coat of, =5=, 682.

=Treves, the Jews of=, kill their children in the first crusade, =3=,
300.
baptized, =3=, 300.

=Tria=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.

“=Trial of the World=, The,” by Yedaya Bedaresi, =4=, 49.

=Triana=, castle in, the first house occupied by the Inquisition, =4=,
314.

=Tribal government=, under David, =1=, 122.

=Trier, Solomon=, invites opinions on the obligation of circumcision,
=5=, 677.

=Trieste=, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.

=Trieste, the Jews of=, address Mendelssohn in behalf of their normal
school, =5=, 369.
letter addressed to, by Wessely, =5=, 370-1.

=Trietsch=, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Trigland, Jacob=, inquires into Karaism, =5=, 183-4.

=Trimberg=, castle in which Süsskind sang his poems, =3=, 420.

=Trinity, the, the doctrine of=, introduced into Christianity,
=2=, 500-1.
derived from the Old Testament, =2=, 501.
attacked by Simlaï, =2=, 501-2.
supposed protests against, in Jewish literature, =3=, 15.
discussed by the French Jews in the twelfth century, =3=, 343.
refuted by Nachmani, =3=, 601.
in the Zohar, =4=, 23.
refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, =4=, 141.
expounded by Astruc Raimuch, =4=, 182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, =4=, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 187.
found in the Kabbala by Pico di Mirandola, =4=, 292.
inculcated by Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 216-17, 220.
in the Frankist confession of faith, =5=, 280, 281, 285, 287.
belief in, threatened, =5=, 682.

=Tripoli=, Spanish exiles in, =4=, 389.

=Triumvirate, the first=, divides the Roman possessions, =2=, 73-4.

=Triumvirate, the second=, formation of, =2=, 81.
purpose of, =2=, 143.

=Trok= (Troki), Karaite center, =4=, 265; =5=, 182.

=Troyes=, the birthplace of Rashi, =3=, 286.
Rashi the rabbi of, =3=, 287.
rabbinical synods meet at, =3=, 377, 378.
college of, sold, =4=, 48.
the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, =5=, 451.

“=True Shepherd=, The,” translated by Isabel Correa, =5=, 114.

=Tryphon.= _See_ Diodotus Tryphon.

=Tryphon=, Judæan envoy to Claudius, =2=, 197-8.

=Tsiruf=, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 5.

=Tuch=, exegete, =5=, 695.

=Tucker, Josiah=, favors the naturalization of the Jews in
England, =5=, 338.

=Tudela=, protects Marranos concerned in the murder of Arbues, =4=,
357.

=Tudela=, the Jews of, enjoy equality with Christians and
Mahometans, =3=, 388.
attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, =4=, 78.
baptized, =4=, 358.

=Tugaï Bey=, Tartar chieftain, defeats the Polish troops, =5=, 11.

=Tugendbund=, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, =5=, 423, 425.

=Tulczyn=, the Jews of, betrayed by the Poles to the Cossacks,
=5=, 9-10.

=Tunis=, Louis IX dies at, =3=, 612.
forced converts emigrate to, =4=, 179.
Spanish exiles in, =4=, 391-2.

=Turbo, Martius=, Trajan’s general, in Egypt, =2=, 397-8.
cruelty of, =2=, 398.

=Ture Zahab.= _See_ Levi, David.

=Turim= (Tur), religious code compiled by Jacob ben Asheri, =4=, 88.
based on Maimonides’ code, =4=, 88.
treats of religious practice, =4=, 88.
compared with Maimonides’ code, =4=, 89.
Kabbalistic elements in, =4=, 89.
reception of, =4=, 89-90.

=Turkey=, the beginnings of, =4=, 267.
hospitable to Jews, =4=, 268.
the Karaites in, =4=, 269-71.
tolerance of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
Spanish exiles go to, =4=, 358.
treatment of the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 364.
the chief refuge of the Spanish exiles, =4=, 383, 400.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 400-5.
the Jewish fugitives in, dispose themselves in national
groups, =4=, 478.
the Kabbala in, =4=, 481.
Portuguese Marranos emigrate to, =4=, 485.
Solomon Molcho in, =4=, 496.
Messianic enthusiasm in, =4=, 497.
Marranos in, =4=, 529.
refuge of the Neapolitan and Bohemian Jews, =4=, 544.
refuge of the exiles from the Papal States, =4=, 592.
war of, with Venice, enriches Smyrna, =5=, 119.
refuge of the Ancona Marranos, =4=, 570.
victorious over Ferdinand I, =4=, 597.
victorious over Venice, =4=, 601.
peace of, with Venice, =4=, 605-6.
supported by Russia, =5=, 634.

=Turkey, the Jews of=, happy condition of, =4=, 271-3.
granted liberties, =4=, 400.
occupations of, =4=, 401.
linguists, =4=, 402.
molested by the Greek Catholics, =4=, 552-3.
trade with Pesaro instead of Ancona, =4=, 578-9.
prosperity of, =4=, 593.
under Selim II, =4=, 602, 607.
interested in the choice of a king for Poland, =4=, 604.
culture of, =4=, 607-10.
mediocrity of, =4=, 611-12.
religious stagnation among, =4=, 627.
submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
ransom Polish Jews from the Tartars, =5=, 8.
free from persecution, =5=, 168.
join Jacob Frank, =5=, 273.
emancipated, =5=, 641.
hated, =5=, 641.
praised by Delaborde, =5=, 649.
secured against the blood accusation, =5=, 662.
urged to use Turkish, =5=, 664.

=Tur-Simon=, stronghold fortified by Bar-Cochba, =2=, 415.
fall of, =2=, 416.

=Tus.= _See_ Jacob Tus.

=Tuscany=, the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=,
297.

=Tuster.= _See_ Susa.

=Tusti=, Father, suspects the Damascus Jews of Tomaso’s murder, =5=,
635.

=Tyre= (Zor), built by the Canaanites, =1=, 3.
founded, =1=, 80.
subdued by Shalmaneser, =1=, 263.
surrenders to Shalmaneser, =1=, 264.
besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306, 307.
messengers from, urge Zedekiah to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, =1=,
310.
merchants from, desecrate the Sabbath in Jerusalem, =1=, 387.
taken by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
Olympian games celebrated at, =1=, 446.
court held at, to try Menelaus, =1=, 449.
inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, =1=, 475.
inhabitants of, meditate the massacre of the Christians, =3=, 20.
Jehuda Halevi at, =3=, 342.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=Tyrol=, the Jews of, persecuted, =4=, 297-9.
excludes Jews, =5=, 523.

=U=

=Ubaid-Allah=, founder of the Fatimide dynasty, patron of Isaac
Israeli, =3=, 180-1.

=Ubaid-Allah Ibn-Suleiman=, vizir, appoints Jews to state
offices, =3=, 183.

=Ucles=, the battle of, Mahometans victorious at, =3=, 312.

=Ueberlingen, the Jews of=, charged with well poisoning, =4=, 105.
burnt on the blood accusation, =4=, 227.

=Ukba.= _See_ Mar-Ukba.

=Ukban.= _See_ Mar-Ukban.

=Ukraine=, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, =5=, 2.
Jews banished from, =5=, 12.
Jews permitted to live in, =5=, 14.
devastated by the Cossacks, =5=, 388.

=Ulam=, an open vestibule in the Temple, =1=, 165.

=Ulamma=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Ulla=, friend of Judah ben Ezekiel, on the purity of the Jewish
race, =2=, 551.
insulted by Yalta, =2=, 556.

=Ulla bar Kosher=, political offender against Zenobia, =2=, 530.

=Ulm=, conference at, to transfer the claims of Jews upon Christians
to Emperor Wenceslaus, =4=, 166.
the Jews of, banished, =4=, 416.

=Ulpianus Trajan.= _See_ Trajan.

=Ultramontanes.= _See_ Caorsini, the.

=Unger, Christian Theophilus=, supplements Basnage’s work, =5=, 197.