Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (3)

=Asia Minor=, conquered by Alexander the Great, =1=, 412.
votive offerings from, seized by Flaccus, =2=, 68-9.
women in, converted to Judaism, =2=, 215.
Greek-Christian communities in, =2=, 227.
study of the Law in, =2=, 358-9.
chief seat of the Pagan Christians, =2=, 367.
districts of, rebel against Hadrian, =2=, 399.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405-6.

=Asia Minor, the Jews of=, celebrate two days of the new-moon, =2=,
363.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.
molested by Greek Catholics, =4=, 552-3.
Sabbatians, =5=, 137.

=Asia Minor, the Judæans of=, send contributions to the Temple, =2=,
52.
protected by Cæsar, =2=, 76.
have a synagogue at Jerusalem, =2=, 201.
make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, =2=, 220.

=Asinaï= (Chasinaï), robber chief near Nahardea, =2=, 202.

“=Asiré ha-Tikwah=,” drama by Joseph Penso, =5=, 113.

=Askaloni, Joseph=, manager of Reyna Nassi’s printing press, =4=, 628.

=Askelon.= _See_ Ascalon.

=Asma=, poetess, satirizes Mahomet, =3=, 76.

=Asochis.= _See_ Sichin.

=Assad=, teacher of the Law, converts the Yemenites to Judaism,
=3=, 62-3.

=Assassins=, the, plot against Saad-Addaula, =3=, 648-9.

=Assembly, the Great.= _See_ Great Assembly, the.

=Asser=, deputy to the Synhedrion, =5=, 497.

=Asser, Carolus and Moses=, members of the Felix Libertate, =5=, 452.
zealous in the emancipation struggle, =5=, 454.

=Assi=, Palestinian Amora, subordinates himself to the Babylonian
authorities, =2=, 531, 537.
investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, =2=, 532.
investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, =2=, 534.
appeals to Abbahu, =2=, 538.
meets Huna’s corpse, =2=, 548.
disciples of, =2=, 560.

=Assidæans=, the. _See_ Chassidim, the; Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees,
the.

=Assyria=, doom of, predicted by Isaiah, =1=, 272-3.
invaded by the Scythians, =1=, 287.
power of, declines, =1=, 287, 296.
fall of, =1=, 303.

=Assyrian= customs introduced into Judah, =1=, 260-1.
characters used for the Scriptures, =1=, 395-6.

=Assyrians=, the, extend their territory, =1=, 246.
host of, destroyed at Lachish, =1=, 277.
defeat the Medes, =1=, 287.

=Astarte, worship of=, by the Canaanites, =1=, 54.
in Samuel’s time, =1=, 75.
under Solomon, =1=, 175.
under Rehoboam, =1=, 189.
under Omri, =1=, 195.
under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
under Hezekiah, =1=, 269.
_See also_ Idolatry.

=Asti=, French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.

=Astorga=, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Astronomers and mathematicians=, Jewish, list of:
Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni,
Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
Abraham Zacuto,
Bonet de Lates,
David Gans,
Isaac ben Baruch Albalia,
Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II,
Jacob ben Machir Tibbon,
Judah ben Moses Cohen,
Judah Ibn-Verga,
Levi ben Gerson,
Meïr Alguades,
Moses ben Israel Isserles,
Profiat Duran,
Sahal Rabban,
Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
Simon ben Zemach Duran,
Vecinho, Joseph
Zag Ibn-Said.

=Astronomical knowledge=, the, of the teachers of the Law, =2=, 336,
344-5, 349, 521.

=Astronomy=, studied in Portugal, =4=, 367-8.
studied by Polish Jews, =4=, 633.

=Astruc En-Duran.= _See_ Abba-Mari ben Moses.

=Astruc Levi=, at the Tortosa disputation, =4=, 208.
ascribes no authority to the Agada, =4=, 214.
refuses to accept baptism, =4=, 215.

=Astruc Raimuch= (Francisco God-flesh, Dios-Carne), apostate,
expounds Christian dogmas, =4=, 182.

=Astruc Sibili=, informs against the Palma Jews, =4=, 246.
imprisoned and baptized, =4=, 247.

=Astruc, Aristides=, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,”
=5=, 701.

=Astyages=, of Media, dethroned by Cyrus, =1=, 342.

=Asverus=, name of Alexander Severus in the Jewish sources, =2=, 482.

=Atel.= _See_ Volga.

=Athaliah=, Ahab’s daughter, marriage of, =1=, 206.
introduces idolatry into Judah, =1=, 209.
upholds Baal worship in Jerusalem, =1=, 212, 214.
executes members of the house of David, =1=, 213.
six years’ rule of, =1=, 215.
murder of, =1=, 216.

=Athenion=, favorite of Ptolemy II, envoy to Jerusalem, =1=, 423.
and Joseph, son of Tobiah, =1=, 424, 425.

=Athenion=, general of Cleopatra, sent against Herod, =2=, 95.

=Athens=, gifts sent to, by Judæan kings, =2=, 193.
Judæans in, =2=, 203.
the Jews of, oppose Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 124.

=Athias=, editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, =4=, 576.

=Athias, Isaac=, Chacham of Hamburg, =4=, 689.

=Athronges=, a shepherd, assumes the royal title, =2=, 125.
war of, with Archelaus, =2=, 128.

=Atonement, Day of=, forbidden to be observed, =2=, 572.
among the Arabs, =3=, 58.
liturgy of, =3=, 113-14.
a second, =4=, 626.

=Atra=, besieged by Trajan, =2=, 399.

=Attalus=, of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of Syria, =1=,
443.

=Attaman.= _See_ Hetman.

=Atzbaha.= _See_ Elesbaa.

=Aubriot, Hugues=, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, =4=, 151.

=Auerbach, Jacob=, fair-preacher in Leipsic, =5=, 573.
Heine on, =5=, 577.

=Auerstädt=, defeat of, =5=, 495.

“=Augenspiegel=,” the, Reuchlin’s pamphlet against Pfefferkorn,
=4=, 446-8.
excitement created by, =4=, 448.
adverse opinions of, =4=, 450.
charges against, =4=, 451.
burning of, ordered, =4=, 451-2.
cleared of the charge of heresy, =4=, 455.
declared heretical by the University of Paris, =4=, 460.
translation of, =4=, 460.

=Augsburg, the Jews of=, saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=,
36.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
imprisoned, =4=, 163.
re-admission of, petitioned for, =4=, 127-8.
expelled, =4=, 249, 413.

=August=, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, =5=, 114-15.

=Augustine=, Church Father, hates the Jews, =2=, 625.

=Augustus= (Octavius), member of the second triumvirate, =2=, 81.
favors Herod, =2=, 86.
wins the battle of Actium, =2=, 96.
confirms Herod’s royal dignity, =2=, 101-2.
favors the Egyptian Judæans, =2=, 102-3.
favors the Roman Judæans, =2=, 103.
increases Herod’s territory, =2=, 103.
power of, over Herod, =2=, 105.
statue of, erected in Cæsarea, =2=, 106.
asked to ratify Antipater’s death-sentence, =2=, 114.
condemns the execution of Herod’s sons, =2=, 116.
executor of Herod’s will, =2=, 120.
appealed to by the Herodians, =2=, 122.
seizes Herod’s treasures, =2=, 123.
makes Judæa an ethnarchy, =2=, 126-7.
exiles Archelaus, =2=, 128.
instructions of, to the governor of Syria, =2=, 129.
death of, =2=, 135.

=Augustus III=, of Poland, and the Frankists, =5=, 283.

=Auranitis= (Hauran, Havvoth Jair), the Gileadites take possession
of, =1=, 64.
Paul flees to, =2=, 226.
given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.
cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, =2=, 259, 260.
_See also_ Arabia.

=Aurelian=, emperor, conquers Zenobia, =2=, 530.

=Aurum coronarium= (crown money), tax imposed on Judæa, =2=, 463.
collected by the Patriarchs, =2=, 487, 535.

=Austrasia=, the Jews of, in the sixth century, =3=, 40.

=Austria=, Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute confirmed
for, =3=, 635.
Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, =4=, 111.
John of Capistrano in, =4=, 258.
Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, =4=, 263, 420.
Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
at war with Prussia, =5=, 251.
willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, =5=, 518.
protects the Frankfort Jews, =5=, 520.
in the Quadruple Alliance, =5=, 658.
Jews concerned in the reorganization of, =5=, 697.
Jewish association in, =5=, 703.

=Austria, the Jews of=, fill offices, =3=, 516, 567.
protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 567-9.
suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, =4=, 36.
suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98.
accused of well poisoning, =4=, 110.
suffer during the Hussite agitation, =4=, 222-4.
charged with host desecration, =4=, 223-4.
banished, =4=, 224, 427.
restrictions placed on, =4=, 585.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652.
condition of, improved by Joseph II, =5=, 357-8.
letter addressed to, by Wessely, =5=, 368.
continued abasement of, =5=, 461.
freed from the poll-tax, =5=, 464.
new taxes imposed on, =5=, 508.
under Francis I, =5=, 523.
influence of Mannheimer on, =5=, 579.
growing self-respect of, =5=, 582.

=Austria, Lower=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 585.

=Austrian Succession=, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague,
=5=, 251-2.

=Autobiography= of Josephus, =2=, 390.
of Uriel da Costa, =5=, 64-5.
of Solomon Maimon, =5=, 409.

=Auto-da-fé=, the first, of Marranos, =4=, 317.
_See also_ Marranos, the; Inquisition, the.

=Auvergne= (Arverna), Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.

=Auxerre=, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=, 377.

=Averroës= (Ibn-Roshd), commentaries by, on Aristotle, translated,
=3=, 566-7.
views of, opposed by Gersonides, =4=, 93.
admired by Narboni, =4=, 94.
quoted by Jewish preachers, =4=, 232.
system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 290.

=Avesta=, the, laws of clean and unclean in, =1=, 402.

=Avicebrol= (Avicebron), name of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol among the
schoolmen, =3=, 271.

=Avicenna.= _See_ Ibn-Sina.

=Avigedor Kara=, rabbi of Prague, on friendly terms with Emperor
Wenceslaus, =4=, 166.

=Avignon=, the council of, forbids the employment of Jews in state
offices, =3=, 503-4.
the papacy at, =4=, 162.
Jews remain in, after their banishment from France, =4=, 177, 659.
David Reubeni in, =4=, 499.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 141.
Jews in, during the French Revolution, =5=, 436.

=Avignon, the Jews of=, oppose the study of science, =4=, 33.
tolerated by the popes, =4=, 177.
expelled, =4=, 592.
honor Crémieux and Montefiore, =5=, 658.

=Avila, de=, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, =4=, 333.

=Avila=, the Messiah of, =4=, 8-9, 9-10.
religious disputation at, =4=, 140-2.
Henry IV deposed at, =4=, 278.
law of, =4=, 229.

=Avila, the Jews of=, under Sancho, =3=, 617.
converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Avitus=, bishop, presides over the council of Epaone, =3=, 37.
forcibly converts the Jews of Clermont, =3=, 38-9.
celebrated in a poem, =3=, 39.

=Avran=, commander under Lysimachus the Benjamite, =1=, 449.

=Ayllon, Solomon= (1667-1728),
Sabbatian, profligacy of, =5=, 210.
youth of, =5=, 214.
rabbi of London, =5=, 214.
rabbi of Amsterdam, =5=, 215.
on Chacham Zevi, =5=, 221.
mistrusted by the Portuguese community, =5=, 222.
supports Chayon’s cause, =5=, 222-3.
refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, =5=, 224.
acquits Chayon of heresy, =5=, 224-5.
Brieli writes to, =5=, 225.
summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, =5=, 226.
abandons Chayon, =5=, 231.

=Azael=, name of a Sefirah, =4=, 17.

=Azariah.= _See_ Uzziah.

=Azariah=, general of Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 476.

=Azariah=, high priest, contest of, with Uzziah, =1=, 245.

=Azariah ben Zadok=, high priest under Solomon, =1=, 167.

=Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi= (1514-1578), attainments of, =4=, 614.
connects the Talmud with other ancient writings, =4=, 614.
works by, =4=, 615.
as a critic, =4=, 615.
declared a heretic, =4=, 616.

=Azeka=, offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 311.

“=Azharoth=,” composed by Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, =3=, 284.

=Aziz=, of Emesa, husband of Drusilla, =2=, 235.

=Azotus.= _See_ Ashdod.

=Azriel=, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, =3=,
548; =4=, 14.
history of, unknown, =3=, 548.
clothes the Kabbala in philosophical language, =3=, 549, 556.

=Azzel Ibn-Samuel=, one of the Benu-Kuraiza, =3=, 81.

=B=

=Baal=, altar to, in Samaria, =1=, 197.
priests of, assemble by order of Elijah, =1=, 203-4.

=Baal, the worship of=, among the Canaanites, =1=, 54.
by Ammonites and Moabites, =1=, 55.
at Ophrah, =1=, 62.
in Samuel’s time, =1=, 75.
under Omri, =1=, 195.
under Athaliah, =1=, 212, 214.
removed from Jerusalem, =1=, 216-17.
under Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
abolished by Menahem, =1=, 244.
_See also_ Astarte; Idolatry.

=Baal ha-Turim.= _See_ Jacob ben Asheri.

=Baal-Peor.= _See_ Peor.

=Baal-Perazim=, mount, scene of a Philistine defeat, =1=, 116.

=Baal-Shem.= _See_ Israel of Miedziboz.

=Baal-Zebub=, idol, consulted by Ahaziah, =1=, 207.

=Baalbek=, a Karaite center, =3=, 158.
captured by Hulagu, =3=, 606.

=Baalis=, king of Ammon, protects Judæan fugitives, =1=, 318.
instigates Gedaliah’s murder, =1=, 322.

=Baaltis.= _See_ Astarte.

=Baasha=, of Israel, kills Nadab, =1=, 189.
ascends the throne, =1=, 190.
allied with the king of Egypt, =1=, 190.
at war with Asa, =1=, 190-1.
allied with Ben-hadad I, =1=, 191.
takes Ramah, =1=, 191.
death of, =1=, 191.

=Bab al Abwab=, Persian wall against the Chazars, =3=, 138.

=Baba ben Buta=, follower of Shammai, =2=, 133.

=Babenberg=, the princes of, permit Jews to fill state offices, =3=,
567.

=Babylon=, inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, =1=, 285.
description of, =1=, 330.
fall of, =1=, 349-50.
the goddess of love worshiped in, =1=, 408.
the Judæans of, aid Judæa against Rome, =2=, 264.
study of the Law in, =2=, 358.

=Babylonia=, the scene of Jewish activity, =2=, 503-4, 531, 537; =3=,
160; =5=, 726.
three meanings of, in Jewish history, =2=, 504-5.
resembles the Holy Land, =2=, 544.
Jewish public life in, =2=, 547.
independent of Judæa, =2=, 548.
rise of, =2=, 557.
the study of the Law flourishes in, =2=, 574-5.
called Irak by the Arabs, =3=, 89.
loses intellectual supremacy, =3=, 193, 210, 228.
Jewish communal life in, in the tenth century, =3=, 194.
visited by Petachya, =3=, 421.

=Babylonia, Jewish=, described, =2=, 504.
compared with Judæa, =2=, 505.
districts of, =2=, 505.
towns of, =2=, 505-8.
fertility of, =2=, 507-8.
scene of the war between Julian and Shabur II, =2=, 601.
Sora the center of, =2=, 607.
constitution of, =3=, 93-101.
communal constitution of, =3=, 98-100.
power of, =3=, 100-1.
mystic doctrines flourish in, =3=, 154.

=Babylonia, the Jews of=, resist Trajan, =2=, 393, 397.
favorable position of, =2=, 508.
political chief of, =2=, 508-11.
needs of, produce a new development of the Law, =2=, 511.
resort to the academies of Galilee, =2=, 511, 531.
religious ignorance of, =2=, 513.
immorality of, =2=, 516-17, 579.
establish the sanctity of the law of the land, =2=, 520.
suffer under Magian supremacy, =2=, 524-5.
on friendly terms with the Magi, =2=, 525-6.
injured by Odenathus, =2=, 527.
luxurious habits of, =2=, 588.
oppressed by Shabur II, =2=, 591-2.
favor Julian the Apostate, =2=, 597.
well treated by Jezdijird, =2=, 609-10.
persecuted, =2=, 626, 627-8; =3=, 8.
suffer under Zendik communism, =3=, 2-3.
rebel under Mar-Zutra II, =3=, 3-4.
independence of, =3=, 3-4.
kindly treated by Bahram Tshubin, =3=, 8-9.
prosperous under Chosru II, =3=, 9-10.
help the Arabs, =3=, 89.
form a separate community under the Exilarch, =3=, 89.
oppose Moawiyah, =3=, 90, 92.
ill-treated by the caliphs of the East, =3=, 176-7.

=Babylonia, the Judæans of=, kindly treated, =1=, 329-30, 331.
government and possessions of, =1=, 330.
easily learn Aramaic, =1=, 330-1.
practice idolatry, =1=, 332.
cherish Hebrew literature, =1=, 334-6.
joined by the descendants of the Ten Tribes, =1=, 335-6.
mourning of, =1=, 337-8.
make proselytes, =1=, 338-9.
adopt Chaldæan superstitions, =1=, 339-40.
occupations and wealth of, =1=, 339-40.
literature produced by, =1=, 340-2.
not desirous of returning to Palestine, =1=, 340, 341.
beg for permission to return to Palestine, =1=, 342-3.
hate Babylon, =1=, 343.
persecuted, =1=, 343-4.
divided into the worldly and the pious, =1=, 349.
interested in the war with Cyrus, =1=, 349.
cured of idolatry by the fall of Babylon, =1=, 350.
permitted to return to Palestine, =1=, 351.
number of, returning under Cyrus, =1=, 352.
sympathy of, with the returning exiles, =1=, 354-5.
national enthusiasm of, =1=, 363-5.
accompany Ezra to Palestine, =1=, 366.
send contributions to the Temple, =2=, 52.
welcome Hyrcanus II, =2=, 90.
own large tracts of land, =2=, 202.
in Batanæa, =2=, 274.
massacred by Varus, =2=, 275.
retreat to Gamala, =2=, 275.

=Bacchides=, Syrian general, sent to Jerusalem, =1=, 482.
slays Judæans at Beth-Zachariah, =1=, 483.
encamps before Jerusalem, =1=, 486.
defeats the Judæans at Eleasa, =1=, 487.
reduces the whole country, =1=, 491.
leaves Judæa, =1=, 492.
makes a truce with Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 493-4.

=Bacchus=, worshiped in Alexandria, =1=, 428.

=Bacharach=, the Jews of, massacred, =3=, 636.

=Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini=, physician, Maimunist, =2=, 536, 537.

=Bachurim=, Talmud students, =4=, 640; =5=, 567.

=Bachya Ibn-Pakuda=, moral philosopher, system of, =3=, 271-2.
ascetic, =3=, 272.
work of, translated, =3=, 392, 397.

=Badajoz=, Henrique Nunes murdered at, =4=, 490.
attacked by Spanish Marranos =4=, 498.

=Baden, the Jews of=, the blood-accusation against, =3=, 564.
obtain political freedom, =5=, 502-3.
persecuted, =5=, 530-1.
honor Riesser, =5=, 601.

=Badis=, Berber king, supported by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 258.
makes him vizir, =3=, 258.
makes him chief of the Granada congregations, =3=, 259.
avenges Balkin’s death, =3=, 275.
orders the massacre of the Granada Arabs, =3=, 276.
mistrusts Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 277.

=Baffa=, sultana, favorite of, =4=, 629.

=Bagdad=, a scientific center, =3=, 146.
the Mutazilist theology taught at, =3=, 147.
in the Pumbeditha district, =3=, 156.
Saadiah at, =3=, 196.
Sabbataï Donnolo at, =3=, 213.
birthplace of Dunash ben Labrat, =3=, 226.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, =3=, 369.

=Bagdad, the Jews of=, prosperous under Al-Mutadhid, =3=, 183.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 428.
Talmudical college of, =3=, 429, 438.
invited to join David Alrui, =3=, 431.
enthusiastic for David Alrui, =3=, 432.
Maimunists, =3=, 633.
attacked by the Mongols, =3=, 649-50.

=Bagdad Caliphate=, the. _See_ Abbasside Caliphate, the.

=Bagoas= (Bagoses), Syrian commander, murders Artaxerxes III, =1=,
409.
levies a tax on the daily sacrifice, =1=, 409-10.

=Bahir=, a Kabbalistic manuscript, =3=, 556, 557.

=Bahram Tshubin=, Persian general, ascends the throne, =3=, 8.
friendly to the Jews, =3=, 8-9.
dispossessed by Chosru II, =3=, 9.

=Bahurim=, David passes through, =1=, 142.

=Bail=, defends the Jews, =5=, 522.

=Bailly=, mayor of Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=,
445.

=Bairut.= _See_ Beyrout.

=Bajazet (Bajasid) II=, sultan, censures the expulsion of the Spanish
Jews, =4=, 356.
receives Spanish exiles kindly, =4=, 364, 400.
Jews under, =4=, 402.

=Baki, Simon=, rabbi, superstition of, =5=, 201-2.

=Balaam=, magician, employed against the Israelites, =1=, 28.

=Balak=, king of Moab, hostile to the Israelites, =1=, 28.

“=Balance, The=,” grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371.

=Balanyiar=, Jews settle in, =3=, 124, 139.

=Balch=, birthplace of Chivi Albalchi, =3=, 198.

=Baldwin IV=, of Jerusalem, banishes the Jews, =3=, 427.

=Baldwin=, archbishop of Canterbury, induces Richard I to dismiss the
Jews from his palace, =3=, 410.
and Benedict of York’s baptism, =3=, 411.

=Balkin= (Bologgin), of Granada, abdicates in favor of Badis, =3=,
258.
death of, =3=, 258, 275.
partisans of, leave Granada, =3=, 258.
Joseph Ibn-Nagrela secretary to, =3=, 274.

=Bamberg=, the council of, enforces Jew badges, =4=, 255.
the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 529.

=Band of Virtue=, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, =5=, 423, 425.

=Bandito=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Baptism=, the moral meaning of, taught by John the Baptist, =2=, 146.
value of, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, =4=, 188.

=Baptista, John= (Solomon Romano), grandson of Elias Levita, apostate,
denounces the Talmud, =4=, 564.

=Bar=, the Jews of, slaughtered by Cossacks, =5=, 11.

=Barak=, judge, leads the Israelites against Jabin, =1=, 61.

=Barbaro, Mark Antonio=, Venetian consul, and Solomon Ashkenazi, =4=,
605.

=Barbary states=, the, Marranos emigrate to, =4=, 485.
Polish-Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.

=Barbastro=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.
the Marranos of, conspire against Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Barcelona=, the disputation at, =3=, 598-601.
bishop of, appointed censor of the Talmud, =3=, 603.
report of the disputation at, =3=, 603-4.
Kabbala taught in, =4=, 6.
Marranos from, in Algiers, =4=, 199.
the Inquisition established in, =4=, 332.
Jews disappear from, =4=, 354.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, =4=, 402.

=Barcelona, the Jews of=, the leaders of northern Spain, =3=, 387-8.
entreat Nachmani to break off the disputation, =3=, 600-1.
opposed to the study of science, =4=, 29, 33, 40.
charged with causing the Black Death, =4=, 102-3.
persecuted, =4=, 171-2.

=Bar-Chanina=, teacher of Jerome, =2=, 623-4.

=Bar-Cochba=, attacks Akiba, =2=, 409.
described as the Messiah, =2=, 410.
confidence of, =2=, 411.
victories of, =2=, 411.
coins of, =2=, 411.
hostile to Christians, =2=, 412.
restores the Jewish state, =2=, 412, 413.
strongholds of, =2=, 414-15.
particulars of the revolt of, =2=, 415-16.
loses the strongholds of the north, =2=, 416.
causes the death of Eleazar of Modin, =2=, 418.
end of, unknown, =2=, 419.

=Barebones Parliament.= _See_ Parliament, the Short.

=Bar-Eleaza=, son-in-law of Judah I, =2=, 455-6.

=Barfat Crescas=, imprisoned, =4=, 150.

=Barfat.= _See_ Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat; Zarak.

=Bari=, the four Sora emissaries captured at, =3=, 203.

=Baris.= _See_ Acra, the; Antonia.

=Bar-Kappara.= _See_ Simon bar Kappara.

=Bar-Kasha=, and Rab, =2=, 518.

=Bar-Kosiba=, real name of Bar-Cochba.

=Barlæus, Caspar=, Socinian, and Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 22.

=Barnabas.= _See_ Jose Barnabas.

=Barnave=, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 441.

=Barrios, Miguel (Daniel) de=, historian, =5=, 202.
versifier, =5=, 204.

=Bartholomaion=, demon exorcised by Simon ben Yochaï, =2=, 449.

=Baruch=, ancestor of the Ibn-Albalias, early settlement of, in
Spain, =3=, 43.

=Baruch of Benevento=, Kabbalist, =4=, 481.

=Baruch ben Samuel=, Talmudist, member of the Mayence synod, =3=, 517.

=Baruch Ibn-Albalia=, birth of the son of, =3=, 322.

=Baruch, son of Neriah=, reads Jeremiah’s prophecies in the
Temple, =1=, 304.
taken prisoner by the Chaldæans, =1=, 315.
attends Jeremiah in Mizpah, =1=, 320.
taken captive by Ishmael, =1=, 322.
rescued, =1=, 323.
in Egypt, =1=, 324.
in Babylon, =1=, 328.
brings Jeremiah’s writings to Babylon, =1=, 336.
writes a history of Israel, =1=, 336-7.
Letter of, translated, =2=, 359.

=Baruch Gad=, Palestinian emissary, on the Sons of Moses, =5=, 126.

=Baruch Yavan=, carries the Eibeschütz controversy to Poland,
=5=, 262-3.

=Baruch, Jacob=, Börne’s father, deputy to the Congress of
Vienna, =5=, 513.

=Baruch, Löb= (Louis). _See_ Börne, Ludwig.

=Barzaphernes=, Parthian commander, =2=, 82.

=Barzillai=, aids David, =1=, 144.

=Bashan=, the inhabitants of, appeal to Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 474-5.

=Basilius= (850-866), emperor, tries to convert the Jews, =3=, 175-6.

=Basilius=, Jewish slave-dealer, and Pope Gelasius, =3=, 29.

=Basle=, the Talmud printed at, =4=, 589.
Alsatian Jews escape to, =5=, 437.

=Basle, the Council of=, renews the anti-Jewish measures of previous
councils, =4=, 245, 248, 251, 264.
excludes Jews from university degrees, =4=, 245.
favors baptized Jews, =4=, 246.
degrades Eugenius IV, =4=, 249, 250.
decree of, concerning Jewish physicians disregarded, =4=, 407.

=Basle, the Jews of=, protected from the Black Death persecutions,
=4=, 106, 108.
banishment of, demanded, =4=, 106-7.
burnt, =4=, 107.

=Basmath=, daughter of Solomon, =1=, 177.

=Basnage, Jacob= (1653-1723), historian of the Jewish dispersion, =5=,
195, 593.
on the persecutions of the Jews, =5=, 195-6.
consults Jewish historians, =5=, 196.
faults of the history by, =5=, 196-7.
prejudiced, =5=, 197.
importance of the history by, =5=, 197.
disciples of, =5=, 197.
history of, suggested by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 202.

=Bassan, Isaiah=, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 235.
espouses Luzzatto’s cause, =5=, 238, 241.
makes Luzzatto promise not to teach Kabbala, =5=, 239.
has Luzzatto’s writings in safekeeping, =5=, 239.
permits Luzzatto to publish Kabbalistic works, =5=, 239.

=Bassora=, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, =3=, 98.
the Mutazilist theology taught in, =3=, 147.
the Gaon of Sora at, =3=, 202.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 437.

=Bassus=, Vespasian’s governor of Judæa, =2=, 315.

=Basula, Moses.= _See_ Moses Basula.

=Batanæa=, given to Philip by Herod’s will, =2=, 119.
under Philip, =2=, 137.
given to Agrippa II, =2=, 245.
cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, =2=, 259, 260.
Babylonian Judæans in, =2=, 274.
Porphyry a native of, =2=, 502.
the Benu-Kainukaa settle in, =3=, 77-8.

=Batavian Republic, the, the Jews of=, emancipation of, =5=, 452.
number of, =5=, 453, 455.
disabilities of, =5=, 453.
writings hostile to, =5=, 453.
hold aloof from the National Assembly, =5=, 454.
emancipated, =5=, 456-7.
appointed to public offices, =5=, 458.
protection of, in Germany, =5=, 458, 463.
_See also_ Emancipation of the Dutch Jews; Holland.

=Bath-Kol=, heavenly voice, =2=, 337, 338.

=Bathori, Stephen=, election of, as king of Poland, =4=, 642.
the Jews prosperous under, =4=, 642-3.

=Bathsheba=, wife of Uriah the Hittite, becomes David’s wife, =1=,
132.
sons of, =1=, 133.
made first queen, =1=, 134.
pleads for Solomon’s succession, =1=, 153.

=Bathyra=, Judæan fortress in Batanæa, =2=, 274.

=Baudin=, suppresses evidence in favor of the Damascus Jews, =5=, 637.

=Bavaria=, John of Capistrano in, =4=, 258.
the poll-tax abolished in, =5=, 468.

=Bavaria, the Jews of=, suffer from the Rindfleisch persecution,
=4=, 35-6.
suffer from the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98.
during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 110.
accused of aiding the Hussites, =4=, 222.
assaulted by the imperial army, =4=, 225.
expelled, =4=, 253-4.
during John of Capistrano’s visit, =4=, 258.
taxed for the defense of the Ratisbon Jews, =4=, 305.
take refuge in Poland, =4=, 420.
accused of child-murder, =4=, 545-6.
partial emancipation of, =5=, 508.

=Bayonne=, the kings of Castile and of France meet at, =4=, 2.

=Bayonne, the Jews of=, addressed in behalf of the Moravian and
Bohemian Jews, =5=, 253.
in Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432.
prosperity of, =5=, 436.
emancipated, =5=, 442-3.

=Bayreuth=, the Jews of, persecuted, =5=, 530.

=Beatrice=, wife of Juan I of Castile, heir to Portugal, =4=, 158.
proposes David Negro as chief rabbi, =4=, 161.

=Beaucaire= (Belcaire), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 400.

=Be-Chatim=, home of Achaï bar Huna, =2=, 631.

=Bechinath ha-Dath=, work of Elias del Medigo, =4=, 293.

=Bechinath Olam=, by Yedaya Bedaresi, =4=, 49.

=Bedaresi.= _See_ Abraham; Yedaya En-Bonet.

=Bedr=, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koraishites, =3=, 76.

=Beer of Mizricz= (Berish, 1700-1772), founder of new Chassidism, =5=,
375, 379.
learning of, =5=, 379.
habits of, =5=, 379-80.
pilgrimages to, =5=, 380, 407.
simulates inspiration, =5=, 380-1.
emphasizes the importance of the Sabbath, =5=, 381-2.
apostles of, =5=, 383.
adopts the Portuguese ritual, =5=, 386-7.
death of, =5=, 392.
a relative of, supreme Zaddik, =5=, 393.
sayings by, =5=, 393.
disciples of, =5=, 393.

=Beer, Jacob=, private synagogue of, in Berlin, =5=, 563.

=Beersheba=, frontier town of ancient Israel, =1=, 129.
pilgrimages to, =1=, 232.

=Behaim, Martin=, at João II’s astronomical congress, =4=, 367.

=Bekashoth ha-Memin=, prayer by Yedaya Penini, =4=, 43.

=Bekiin=, center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, =2=,
335, 348.

=Bel=, temple of, rebuilt by Alexander the Great, =1=, 415.

=Bela IV=, of Hungary, invites Jewish agents into his country, =3=,
613.
introduces Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 613-14.

=Belgium=, Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.
the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 112.
Catholic agitators in, hostile to the Jews, =5=, 655.

“=Belief= of the Universe, The,” by Chayon, =5=, 219-20.

=Belillos, Jacob=, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, =5=, 239.

=Belisarius=, Jewish soldiers fight against, =3=, 4.
removes the Temple vessels to Constantinople, =3=, 26.
in Italy, =3=, 31.
opposed by the Jews of Naples, =3=, 32.

=Belkis=, supposed name of the Queen of Sheba, =1=, 173.

“=Bellerophon=,” satire by Lefrank, =5=, 471-2.

=Bellieta=, suspected of well poisoning, =4=, 104.

=Belmonte, Bienvenida Coen=, Jewish poetess, =5=, 203.

=Belmonte, Jacob Israel=, poet, interested in the Amsterdam
Marranos, =4=, 665.

=Belmonte, Manuel=, poet, founder of an academy of poetry, =5=, 113.

=Belmontes=, the, millionaires at Amsterdam, =5=, 205.

=Belvedere=, the Nassi palace at Constantinople, =4=, 597.
Hebrew printing press at, =4=, 628.

=Ben-Adret.= _See_ Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

=Benaiah=, commander of David’s mercenaries, =1=, 122.
in the Ammonite war, =1=, 126.
opposes Absalom, =1=, 141.
acknowledges Solomon king, =1=, 153.
kills Adonijah and Joab, =1=, 160.

=Ben Asai= (Azai). _See_ Simon ben Asai.

=Ben Asher.= _See_ Moses and Aaron ben Asher.

=Benavente=, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Ben-Batiach=, Zealot leader, aids Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 323.

=Bendama=, and the Jewish Christians, =2=, 370.

=Ben David=, Messiah, =2=, 144.

=Ben-David, Lazarus= (1762-1832), philosopher, =5=, 405.
admires Kant’s philosophy, =5=, 409.
lectures on Kant, =5=, 410.
deplores the decay of morality among Jews, =5=, 419.
leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, =5=, 469.
influences Heine, =5=, 546.
member of the Society for Culture, =5=, 583.

=Bene Amri=, the, attack the Hasmonæans, =1=, 491.

=Bene Bathyra=, presidents of the Synhedrion, =2=, 90, 358.
resign in favor of Hillel, =2=, 99.

=Bene-Berak=, home of Akiba, =2=, 355.

=Benedict XII=, pope, unable to protect the Jews, =4=, 99.

=Benedict XIII= (Pedro de Luna), pope, debates with Shem-Tob ben
Isaac Shaprut, =4=, 142.
confers ecclesiastic offices upon Solomon Levi, =4=, 184, 190.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 200.
plans the conversion of the Spanish Jews, =4=, 206-7.
arranges the disputation at Tortosa, =4=, 207.
plans the annihilation of the Talmud, =4=, 209.
and Jewish delegates to Tortosa, =4=, 210.
pomp displayed by, =4=, 210-11.
refuses to release the Jews from the disputation, =4=, 211.
presides over the disputation, =4=, 212.
threatens the Jewish delegates with death, =4=, 213, 239.
issues a bull against the Talmud and the Jews, =4=, 215-16.
deposed by the council of Constance, =4=, 216, 228.
sets up a papal court at Peñiscola, =4=, 217.
originates the sermon for Jews, =4=, 655.

=Benedict XIV=, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, =5=,
282.

=Benedict of York=, accepts baptism, =3=, 411.
returns to Judaism, =3=, 411.
death of, =3=, 413.
house of, burnt, =3=, 413.

=Bene Korach.= _See_ Korah, the sons of.

=Bene Mikra.= _See_ Karaites, the.

=Benet, Mordecai=, leader of the orthodox party, =5=, 567, 572.

=Benevento=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 424.
the Inquisition for Marranos at, =4=, 385.

=Benfelden=, the council at, banishes the Jews of the upper
Rhine, =4=, 107.

=Ben-hadad I=, of Damascus, ally of Israel and Judah, =1=, 191.
defeats Omri, =1=, 195.

=Ben-hadad II=, of Damascus, besieges Samaria, =1=, 205.
defeated by Ahab, =1=, 205.
treachery of, =1=, 205.
defeats Ahab and Jehoshaphat, =1=, 206.
murdered, =1=, 210.

=Ben-hadad III=, of Damascus, defeated, =1=, 221-2.

=Benisch, Abraham=, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,”
=5=, 703.

=Benjamin, the tribe of=, acquires Gibeon, =1=, 38.
holds assemblies at Shiloh, =1=, 41.
opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, =1=, 56.
aids Ehud against the Moabites, =1=, 60.
attacked by the Philistines, =1=, 64.
aids Saul, =1=, 85.
accuses David of destroying the house of Saul, =1=, 124.
sides with Absalom, =1=, 139-40.
hesitates to recall David, =1=, 146.
meets David at the Jordan, =1=, 147.
closely united with Judah, =1=, 174.
loyal to Rehoboam, =1=, 182.
members of, return from the Captivity, =1=, 352.

=Benjamin of Canterbury=, Tossafist, =3=, 409.

=Benjamin of Fermo=, patron of Immanuel Romi, =4=, 68.

=Benjamin of Tiberias=, and Emperor Heraclius, =3=, 19, 22.

=Benjamin ben Jonah= of Tudela, traveler, =3=, 388-9; =4=, 127.

=Benjamin ben Moses= of Nahavend (800-820), spreads the Mutazilist
philosophy, =3=, 150-1.
founder of the Makariyite sect, =3=, 151.

=Benjamin Assia=, physician, scorns the teachers of the Law,
=2=, 589-90.

=Ben-Kafren= (Ephraim), defends Menachem ben Saruk, =3=, 227.

=Ben Kohelet=, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260.

=Ben Mishle=, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260.

=Ben-Naphtali=, criticises the Ben Ashers, =3=, 207.

=Ben-Nazar.= _See_ Odenathus.

=Ben Shaltiel-Chen.= _See_ Serachya ben Isaac.

=Ben Soma.= _See_ Simon ben Zoma.

=Ben Tehillim=, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 260.

=Benu-Aus=, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, =3=, 55.
conversions among, to Judaism, =3=, 61.
hostile to Jewish rule, =3=, 67.
the Jews of Yathrib dependent on, =3=, 68.
feuds of, =3=, 70-1.

=Benu-Bachdal=, the, Jewish-Arabic tribe, =3=, 54-5.

=Benu-Kainukaa=, the, Jewish tribe in northern Arabia, =3=, 55.
invited to accept Islam, =3=, 74, 76-7.
forced to surrender to Mahomet, =3=, 77.
settle in Batanæa, =3=, 77-8.
preserve love for Arabic, =3=, 111.
object to Talmudic restraints, =3=, 119.

=Benu-Kinanah=, the, Arab tribe converted to Judaism, =3=, 61.

=Benu-Kuraiza=, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, =3=, 54-5.
threatened by Mahomet, =3=, 77.
make war upon Mahomet, =3=, 80.
slaughtered, =3=, 81.

=Benu-Nadhir=, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, =3=, 54-5.
threatened by Mahomet, =3=, 77.
meditate treachery against Mahomet, =3=, 78.
forced to emigrate, =3=, 78-9.
war with, justified in the Koran, =3=, 79.
organize an alliance against Mahomet, =3=, 79-80.
rouse the Jews of Chaibar to resist Mahomet, =3=, 82.
preserve love of Arabic, =3=, 111.
object to Talmudic restraints, =3=, 119.

=Ben Usiel=, champion of the orthodox party, =5=, 627.

=Benvenida Abrabanela=, wife of Samuel II Abrabanel, character
of, =4=, 409.
friend of the duchess of Tuscany, =4=, 410, 544.
supports David Reubeni, =4=, 493.
prevents the banishment of the Naples Jews, =4=, 543.

=Benveniste.= _See_ Abraham Benveniste Senior; Benveniste Ibn-Labi;
Benveniste, Chayim; Isaac; Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste
Halevi; Judah; Sheshet; Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

=Benveniste Ibn-Labi=, part translator of Aristotle’s Ethics, =4=,
193.

=Benveniste, Chayim= (1603-1673), rabbi of Smyrna, Sabbatian, =5=,
136.
disappointed in Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 155.

=Benveniste family=, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, =3=, 236.
Gracia Mendesia of, =4=, 571.

=Ben Yasus.= _See_ Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus.

=Ben-Zeeb=, one of the Measfim, =5=, 400.

=Be-Rab=, Abba-Areka’s school, =2=, 514.

=Berab.= _See_ Jacob Berab.

=Berachoth=, the eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, =2=, 363.

=Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan= (Crispia, 1230-1270), fabulist, =3=,
560.

=Berachya, son of Jacob Querido=, Messiah, followers of, =5=, 211.
soul of, in Jacob Frank, =5=, 274.
prayers addressed to, =5=, 274.

=Berber princes=, the, receive Jewish refugees kindly, =4=, 198.

=Berbers=, the, establish themselves in southern Spain, =3=, 256.
hostile to the Spanish Arabs, =3=, 261, 276, 316.
incensed against the Jews, =3=, 275.
slay Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 278.

=Berdaa.= _See_ Derbend.

=Berenice=, daughter of Agrippa I, marriage of, =2=, 235.
Drusilla envious of, =2=, 236.
appeals to Gessius Florus, =2=, 254.
popularity of, =2=, 257.
palace of, burnt, =2=, 260.
captivates Titus, =2=, 289, 299.
wins Tiberius Alexander to Vespasian’s side, =2=, 300.
influence of, over Titus, =2=, 302, 307.
in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, =2=, 312.
honored at the court, =2=, 317.
fall of, =2=, 317.
obtains pardon for Justus of Tiberias, =2=, 319-20.
consoles her conquered coreligionists, =2=, 333.
abandoned by Titus, =2=, 388.

=Berenice=, Herod’s niece, marriage of, =2=, 112.
friend of Antonia, =2=, 176.

=Bergamo=, Bernardinus of Feltre in, =4=, 296.

=Berish.= _See_ Beer of Mizricz.

=Berlin=, settlement of Jews in, =5=, 174.
Chayon at, =5=, 218-20.
subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, =5=, 329.
the Free School of, =5=, 416.
the progressive party in, =5=, 418.
Jewish physicians of, a class, =5=, 461.
the University of, arbiter between the Jews and the Senate of
Frankfort, =5=, 520.
Jacobson transplants the Reform movement to, =5=, 562-3.
private synagogues in, closed, =5=, 563.
appoints no rabbi, =5=, 566.
a German Jewish church in, =5=, 683.
rabbinical colleges at, =5=, 700.

=Berlin, the Jews of=, threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652.
under Frederick I, =5=, 190.
split into two parties, =5=, 219.
culture of, =5=, 294-5.
enterprises of, =5=, 396-7.
devoted to literary pursuits, =5=, 397.
encourage the Meassef, =5=, 399.
influenced by Herz, =5=, 407.
disseminators of culture, =5=, 410-11.
the salons of, =5=, 412-13, 422-23.
millionaires, =5=, 414.
begin the emancipation struggle, =5=, 414-16.
influence of, =5=, 416-17.
apostasy among, =5=, 420, 587.
procure an order against anti-Jewish pamphlets, =5=, 469.
object to Napoleon’s Synhedrion, =5=, 494-5.
antipathy to, weakened, =5=, 691.
_See also_ Reform of Judaism, the.

“=Berlin religion=,” the, opposition to, =5=, 333.

=Bernal=, Abraham Nuñes and Marcus da Almeyda, Marranos, martyrs, =5=,
92.

=Bernaldez, Andreas=, pastor, on the Spanish Jewish exiles, =4=, 349.

=Bernard of Clairvaux=, abbot, preaches the second crusade, =3=, 349.
preaches the repudiation of Jewish debts, =3=, 349.
prevents a persecution of the French Jews, =3=, 351, 356.
appealed to, by the archbishop of Mayence, =3=, 352.
denounces Rudolph, =3=, 353.
influences Rudolph, =3=, 353.

=Bernard of Sienna=, master of John of Capistrano, =4=, 257.

=Bernard, Isaac=, Mendelssohn’s employer, =5=, 296, 303.

=Bernardinus of Feltre=, Franciscan, preaches against the Jews in
Italy, =4=, 296.
failure of, =4=, 296-7.
in Trent, =4=, 297.
raises the blood accusation, =4=, 298.

=Bernardo=, Dominican, incites the mob against Marranos, =4=, 487.

=Bernays, Isaac= (1792-1849), opposes the Hamburg reforms, =5=, 574.
characteristics of, =5=, 574-5, 577.
chief work by, =5=, 575.
criticises Mendelssohn and his school, =5=, 575.
appointed to the Hamburg rabbinate, =5=, 576.
character of the sermons by, =5=, 577.
Heine on, =5=, 577.
respected by the orthodox, =5=, 577-8.
influence of, in Germany, =5=, 582.
influence of, on Steinheim, =5=, 602.
Ben Usiel disciple of, =5=, 627.
forbids the use of the Reform Temple prayer book, =5=, 673.
attacked by the Reform Temple Union, =5=, 673.
supported by the rabbi of Altona, =5=, 674.

=Bernays, Jacob=, founder of the Breslau seminary, =5=, 700.

=Berne=, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, =4=, 104-5.
consuls of, spread the charge against the Jews, =4=, 105.

=Bernhard=, treasurer of the Frankish empire, friendly to the
Jews, =3=, 162.
rebellion against, =3=, 166.

=Bernstorff=, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, =5=, 265.

=Bernstorff=, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, favors the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 519.
on the emancipation of the Jews at Aix, =5=, 527.

=Berr, Berr Isaac= (1744-1828), member of Malesherbes’ commission,
=5=, 431.
a representative French Jew, =5=, 436.
delegate to the National Assembly, =5=, 438, 440.
on the emancipation of the French Jews, =5=, 448-9.
projects a French Bible translation, =5=, 449.
son of, =5=, 460.
deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 482.
opposes Sabbath sessions, =5=, 486.
candidate for the presidency, =5=, 487.
answers the imperial commissioners, =5=, 490.

=Berr, Cerf= (Herz Medelsheim, 1730-1793), representative of the
Alsatian Jews, =5=, 351.
character of, =5=, 430.
services of, to the Alsatian Jews, =5=, 430, 431.
services of, to the government, =5=, 430.
draws Jews to Strasburg, =5=, 431.
member of Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 431.
a representative French Jew, =5=, 436.
accused of bribing, =5=, 447.
culture of the family of, =5=, 476.
brother-in-law of, =5=, 484.

=Berr, Lipmann Cerf=, speaks in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=,
487.

=Berr, Michael= (1780-1843), first Jewish attorney in France,
addresses the princes of Europe, =5=, 460.
deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, =5=, 482.
a state officer in Westphalia, =5=, 500.
member of the Westphalian Consistory, =5=, 501.
addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the
Jews, =5=, 527.

=Berthold=, bishop of Strasburg, at the council of Benfelden, =4=,
107.

=Bertinoro.= _See_ Obadiah di Bertinoro.

=Bertolio=, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 445.

=Bertrand=, cardinal-legate, forbids baptized children to return to
Judaism, =3=, 514.

=Berytus.= _See_ Beyrout.

=Besht.= _See_ Israel of Miedziboz.

=Bessarabia=, Frankists in, =5=, 283.

=Bethany=, Jesus in, =2=, 160.
the Synhedrion removed to, =2=, 240.
suburb of Jerusalem, =2=, 292.

=Bethar=, fortress, =2=, 414.
Bar-Cochba retreats to, =2=, 416-17.
legends about, =2=, 417.
siege of, =2=, 417-19.
fall of, =2=, 418-19.

=Betharamata.= _See_ Beth-Ramatha.

=Beth-Din=, name of the Synhedrion, =2=, 325.

=Bethel=, taken by the Ephraimites, =1=, 34.
description of, =1=, 45.
Samuel holds assemblies at, =1=, 78.
a center of idolatry, =1=, 186.
an association of prophets at, =1=, 205, 234.
visited by Elijah, =1=, 208.
bull-worship at, =1=, 233.
capital of Jeroboam II, =1=, 233.
Amos at, =1=, 235, 236.
Cuthæans worship at, =1=, 285.
purged of idolatry, =1=, 294.
priests of, killed, =1=, 295.
military station under Hadrian, =2=, 419.

=Bethhagla=, fortress, besieged by Bacchides, =1=, 493.

=Beth-Haran=, balm of Gilead found near, =1=, 43.

=Beth-horon=, battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 462.
camp of Nicanor at, =1=, 485.
Cestius Gallus retreats from, =2=, 266-7.

=Beth Israel=, third Amsterdam synagogue, =4=, 680.

=Beth Jacob=, first Amsterdam synagogue, =4=, 667, 671.
poem in honor of, =4=, 678-9.

=Bethlehem=, birthplace of David, =1=, 95-6.
camp of the Philistines, =1=, 116.
children of, murdered by Herod, =2=, 116.
the expected birthplace of the Messiah, =2=, 161.
statue of Adonis worshiped at, =2=, 422.
nunnery at, =2=, 623.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 427.

=Bethmaon=, Josephus and the men of Tiberias meet at, =2=, 279.

=Bethome=, Pharisee fortress, =2=, 45.

=Bethoron.= _See_ Beth-horon.

=Bethpage=, suburb of Jerusalem, =2=, 292.

=Beth-Ramatha= (Betharamata), palace of, destroyed, =2=, 125.
re-named Livia, =2=, 138.

=Bethsaida=, Jesus in, =2=, 157.

=Bethsan= (Bethshan). _See_ Bethshean.

=Bethshean= (Bethsan, Scythopolis), bodies of Saul and Jonathan
dishonored at, =1=, 104.
Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, =1=, 425.
refuge of Antiochus IX, =2=, 10.
recovered by the sons of John Hyrcanus, =2=, 11.
Judæans of, massacred, =2=, 262-3.
sparsely inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, =3=, 12.

=Bethshearim=, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, =2=, 452.

=Beth-Shemesh=, battle of, between the kings of Israel and Judah,
=1=, 224-5.

=Bethsur.= _See_ Beth-Zur.

=Beth-Waad=, religious school in the Sopheric age, =1=, 396.

=Beth-Zachariah=, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus defeated
at, =1=, 479.
Judæans slain at, by Bacchides, =1=, 483.

=Beth-Zur= (Bethsur), Judas Maccabæus victorious at, =1=, 469-70.
stronghold against the Idumæans, =1=, 473.
garrison of, surrenders to Lysias, =1=, 479.
reinforced by Bacchides, =1=, 491.
Hellenists take refuge in, =1=, 494.
garrisoned by the Hasmonæans, =1=, 498.
under Simon Tharsi, =1=, 523, 524.
Alexander Jannæus and Cleopatra make a league at, =2=, 41.

=Beugnot=, Napoleon’s state councilor, favors Jewish emancipation,
=5=, 480.
helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, =5=, 500.

=Beyrout=, the Judæans of, perish in the arena, =2=, 312.

=Beyrout (Bairut, Berytus), the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=,
426.
protected by European consuls, =5=, 641.
appeal to European Jews, =5=, 651.

=Bezalel Masserano=, requests permission for Jews to own Talmud
copies, =4=, 658.

=Bezetha=, suburb of Jerusalem, fortified by Agrippa, =2=, 195.
destroyed by Cestius Gallus, =2=, 265.
seized by the Romans, =2=, 303.

=Béziers= (Biterræ), Jews in, in the sixth century, =3=, 35.
synagogue of, sold, =4=, 48.

=Béziers, the council of=, inflicts hardships upon the Albigenses,
=3=, 581.
renews ancient restrictions against the Jews, =3=, 581-2.
prohibits Jews from practicing medicine among Christians, =3=,
582, 583.

=Béziers, the Jews of=, attacked at Eastertide, =3=, 173-4, 394.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 394-5.
under Count Roger, =3=, 395.
suffering of, during the Albigensian crusades, =3=, 502-3.
excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530.

=Bible=, the. _See_ Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the;
Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation; Vulgate, the;
_and under its various books_.

=Bible exegesis.= _See_ Exegesis.

“=Bible for Israelites=,” by Sachs, =5=, 693.

“=Biblical Orient=, The,” ascribed to Isaac Bernays, =5=, 575.
on the symbolism of Judaism, =5=, 575-6.
emphasizes the historical mission of the Jews, =5=, 576.

=Bidkar=, follower of Jehu, =1=, 211.

=Biester=, admirer of Mendelssohn, =5=, 372.

=Bilbeïs, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 444.

=Bing, Isaiah Berr= (1759-1805), writes a defense of the Jews, =5=,
434.

=Birah=, the. _See_ Acra, the; Antonia.

=Birath=, camp of Bacchides, =1=, 486.

=Birchath ha-Minim=, curse of the Jewish Christians, =2=, 379-80.

=Biri=, religiousness of the inhabitants of, =2=, 480.

=Birtha.= _See_ Bitra.

=Biterræ.= _See_ Béziers.

=Bither.= _See_ Bethar.

=Bitra=, the Jews of, hostile to Julian the Apostate, =2=, 601-2.

=Black Death=, the, ravages of, =4=, 100, 133, 135.
Jews charged with having caused, =4=, 101-2, 188; =5=, 728.
in southern France, =4=, 102.
in Spain, =4=, 102-3, 112-13.
in Switzerland, =4=, 103-5, 106-7.
in Germany, =4=, 105, 111, 133.
in Austria, =4=, 110.
in Hungary, =4=, 111.
in Poland, =4=, 111-12.
in Belgium, =4=, 112.
in Catalonia, =4=, 112-13.
in Castile, =4=, 113.

=Black Forest=, the, the Jews of, molested by Lutheran peasants,
=4=, 542-3.

=Black Prince=, the. _See_ Edward, prince of Wales.

=Black Sea=, the, Jews settle on the shores of, =3=, 123.
serfs on, =5=, 2.

=Blanche=, mother of Louis IX, at the disputation on the Talmud, =3=,
576.
refuses to banish the Jews, =3=, 585.

=Blanche de Bourbon=, wife of Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 116-17.
party of, =4=, 117.
meditates the banishment of the Spanish Jews, =4=, 117.
murder of, resolved on, =4=, 121-2.
death of, attributed to the Jews, =4=, 122.
illegality of the marriage of, =4=, 122.

=Blandrata=, disciple of Servetus, =4=, 647.

=Bloch, Mattathias=, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 133, 137.

=Blois=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =3=, 378-81.
fast prescribed for, =3=, 380-1.

=Blood accusation=, the, first preferred in Blois in 1171, =3=,
378-81.
under Philip Augustus, =3=, 402.
in Germany in the twelfth century, =3=, 418.
preferred by Innocent III, =3=, 499.
against the Baden Jews, =3=, 564.
in Germany and France in the thirteenth century, =3=, 583-5.
disproved by Innocent IV, =3=, 584-5, 635.
in England under Henry III, =3=, 591.
believed by Alfonso X, =3=, 596.
under Rudolph of Habsburg, =3=, 635-7.
at Mayence, =3=, 636.
at Munich, =3=, 636-7.
in England, =3=, 643.
against the Jews of Austria, =4=, 223-4.
in South Germany, =4=, 227.
against the Jews of Palma, =4=, 246-7.
against the Jews of Silesia, =4=, 261-2.
forbidden by Casimir IV of Poland, =4=, 264.
against the Jews of Trent, =4=, 298-9, 304, 307.
in Ratisbon, =4=, 301-2, 304-5.
not believed by Emperor Frederick III, =4=, 305.
the Jews of Castile charged with, =4=, 343-4.
the Jews of Neuburg charged with, =4=, 545.
injustice of, shown by a Lutheran pastor, =4=, 545-6.
preferred by Dr. John Eck, =4=, 546-7.
preferred by Luther, =4=, 550.
denounced by Stephen Bathori, =4=, 642.
preferred by William Prynne, =5=, 45.
Manasseh ben Israel defends the Jews from, =5=, 47-9.
the Jews of Metz charged with, =5=, 174-5.
Richard Simon disproves, =5=, 175-6.
Moses Germanus disproves, =5=, 177.
denounced by John Wülfer, =5=, 185.
denounced by Wagenseil, =5=, 187.
endorsed by Eisenmenger, =5=, 187, 188.
preferred by the Frankists, =5=, 279.
Jews acquitted of, by Benedict XIV, =5=, 282.
Jews acquitted of, by Clement XIII, =5=, 285.
Believed by the papal nuncio Serra, =5=, 286.
not refuted at Lemberg, =5=, 287.
threatened to be brought in Damascus, =5=, 633.
the Damascus Jews charged with, =5=, 636.
alleged to be proved from the Talmud, =5=, 639.
brought against the Jews of Rhodes, =5=, 640-1.
a Jülich Jew charged with, =5=, 642.
groundlessness of, asserted by apostates, =5=, 650.
groundlessness of, asserted by the London rabbis, =5=, 654-5.
refuted by Mehmet Ali, =5=, 661.
firman securing the Turkish Jews against, =5=, 662.
refuted by Zunz, =5=, 669.
_See also_ Child-murder; Host-desecration.

=Boabdil.= _See_ Muley Abu-Abdallah.

=Bodenlaube=, castle, Süsskind of Trimberg at, =3=, 420.

=Bodo=, bishop, accepts Judaism, =3=, 168-9.
hatred of, towards Christians, =3=, 169.

=Boëthius=, a notability of the sixth century, =3=, 31.

=Boëthus=, a family of high priests, =2=, 108, 237.

=Boëthusans=, a Sadducee sect, =2=, 108.

=Bohemia=, Jews in, in the ninth century, =3=, 144.
a Talmud center, =3=, 420-1.
adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =3=, 569.
Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, =4=, 111.
Austrian exiles settle in, =4=, 224.
Polish Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, =5=, 173.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 208, 228.
Jews excluded from parts of, =5=, 523.
rabbis of, oppose the Brunswick conference, =5=, 682.

=Bohemia, the Jews of=, carry on the slave trade, =3=, 305.
suffer during the first crusade, =3=, 305.
determine to emigrate, =3=, 307.
plundered, =3=, 308.
suffer during the second crusade, =3=, 356.
address Solomon ben Adret on religious questions, =3=, 620.
suffer during the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, =4=, 98.
charged with host-desecration, =4=, 164-6.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 417.
take refuge in Poland, =4=, 420, 631-2.
charged with incendiarism, =4=, 544.
exiled, =4=, 544.
recalled, =4=, 545.
submit religious questions to the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 639.
heavily taxed, =4=, 652, 702; =5=, 508.
rights of, extended, =4=, 707.
suspected of treason, =5=, 252.
banished, =5=, 252.
modify their synagogue service, =5=, 582.

=Böhme, Jacob=, mystic, disciple of, =5=, 24.

=Boleslav Pius=, confirms Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, =4=,
111, 263.

=Bologgin.= _See_ Balkin.

=Bologna=, synod at, =4=, 218.
Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.
Marranos well treated at, =4=, 525.

=Bologna, the Jews of=, expelled, =3=, 421.
persecuted by Pius V, =4=, 590-1.
flee to Ferrara, =4=, 591.

=Bomberg, Daniel=, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, =4=, 468.
a rabbinical Bible, =4=, 476.

=Bonafides=, character in “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 325.

=Bonafoux Vidal=, opposes the study of science, =4=, 28.

=Bonafoux, Daniel Israel=, Sabbatian, =5=, 207.
convert to Islam, =5=, 208.

=Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise=, French reactionary leader, and the
emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 477-9.
maligns the Jews, =5=, 478, 485.
in league with Molé, =5=, 479.

=Bonastruc de Porta.= _See_ Moses ben Nachman.

=Bonastruc Desmaëstre=, at the Tortosa disputation, =4=, 208.

=Bonastruc, Isaac.= _See_ Isaac Bonastruc.

=Bonet.= _See_ David Bonet Buen-Giorno.

=Bonet=, a Jew of Montpellier, =3=, 395.

=Bonet de Lates=, physician, to Pope Alexander VI, =4=, 407-8.
to Leo X, =4=, 408.
letter to, from Reuchlin, =4=, 453, 454.
espouses Reuchlin’s cause, =4=, 454.

=Bonfed.= _See_ Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed.

=Bonifaccio, Balthasar=, accuser of Sarah Sullam, =5=, 70.

=Boniface VIII=, pope, at odds with Philip IV of France, =4=, 44.

=Boniface IX=, pope, forbids the forcible baptism of Jews, =4=, 173.

=Bonnet, Caspar=, work of, translated by Lavater, =5=, 309.
works of, criticised by Mendelssohn, =5=, 312-13, 314-15.
disclaims connection with Lavater, =5=, 313-14.

=Bonosus=, governor of the East, subdues the Jews of Antioch, =3=,
18.

“=Book of Creation=, The,” commentary on, =3=, 197.

“=Book of Riches=, The,” work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, =3=, 261.

“=Book of the Pious=, The,” by Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, =3=, 408.

=Book of the Wars of God=, early Hebrew poetry, =1=, 29.

“=Book of Wisdom=, The,” against paganism, =2=, 205-8.

=Boppard=, the blood accusation in, =3=, 418, 637, 639.

=Boraïta=, an apocryphal Mishna, =2=, 470.

=Boraïtas=, explained by Abba-Areka, =2=, 515.
by Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 578.

=Bordeaux=, the Marranos in, =5=, 341.
German Jews in, =5=, 342.
struggle in, between German and Portuguese Jews, =5=, 342-3.
foreign Jews ejected from, =5=, 343-4.

=Bordeaux, the Jews of=, maltreated by crusaders, =3=, 570.
perish during the Pastoureaux massacres, =4=, 56.
addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, =5=, 253.
in Malesherbes’ commission, =5=, 432.
number of, =5=, 435.
prosperity of, =5=, 436.
join the National Guard, =5=, 438.
on the Jewish question, =5=, 442.
emancipated, =5=, 442-3.
not affected by Napoleon’s restrictive laws, =5=, 499.

=Borgia=, cardinal. _See_ Alexander VI, pope.

=Börne, Ludwig= (1786-1837), employed in the Frankfort ducal police,
=5=, 505, 541.
defends the German Jews, =5=, 533.
as a Jew, =5=, 536.
as a German, =5=, 536-7.
apostle of liberty, =5=, 537, 538-9.
resemblance of, to Mendelssohn, =5=, 538.
despises the Jews of his time, =5=, 538, 540.
sobriety of, =5=, 538.
life of, in Frankfort, =5=, 539.
style of, =5=, 539.
feeling of, for Jews, =5=, 539-40.
insults offered to, as a Jew, =5=, 540-1.
defends the Jews, =5=, 541-2.
publishes a journal, =5=, 542.
becomes a Christian, =5=, 542.
wit of, =5=, 542.
on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, =5=, 542-3.
answers Dr. Holst, =5=, 543-4.
compared with Heine, =5=, 544.
early home-life of, =5=, 545.
debt of the Jews to, =5=, 556.
debt of Germany to, =5=, 556.
compared with Erter, =5=, 615.

=Boso=, king of Burgundy, and the Jews, =3=, 175.

=Bosporus=, the, Jews settle on, =3=, 123.
a Karaite community on, =3=, 182.

=Bosporus= (Kertch), capital of the Crimea, =3=, 222.

=Bossuet=, bishop, applauds Richard Simon’s exegesis, =5=, 179.

=Bostanaï=, Exilarch, restores the office to power, =3=, 10.
recognized as chief of the Jews, =3=, 89.
marries a daughter of Chosru, =3=, 89.
vassal of the Mahometans, =3=, 89.
permitted to wear a signet ring, =3=, 89-90.
dissensions among the sons of, =3=, 91.
descendants of, and the college presidents, =3=, 91.
descendants of, inherit the Exilarchate, =3=, 94.
Sherira a descendant of, =3=, 232.
line of, described in Sherira’s “Letter,” =3=, 233.

=Bostra=, birthplace of Simon ben Lakish, =2=, 495.

=Botarel, Moses.= _See_ Moses Botarel.

=Bourbon dynasty=, the, restored to the French throne, =5=, 512, 596.

=Bourges=, the archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, =3=, 171.

“=Bow and Buckler=,” polemic by Simon ben Zemach Duran, =4=, 238.

=Brabant=, soldiers of, enlisted against the Hussites, =4=, 225.

=Brahe, Tycho=, astronomer, and David Gans, =4=, 638.

=Brancas=, duke of, given the Jews of Metz, =5=, 348, 446.

=Brandenburg=, the Mark of, Jews settle in, =5=, 173-4.

=Brandenburg, the Mark of, the Jews of=, accused of host-desecration,
=4=, 439-40.
charged with child murder, =4=, 440.
burnt, =4=, 440.
threatened with expulsion, =4=, 652.

=Bray=, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom, =3=, 404.

=Brazil=, Paul de Pina in, =4=, 670.
the Jewish community in, =4=, 693-4.

=Breidenbach, Wolff= (1751-1829), interested in the abolition of the
poll-tax, =5=, 467, 468, 472.

=Bremen=, Jews admitted into, =5=, 507.

=Bremen, the Jews of=, threatened with banishment, =5=, 512.
banished, =5=, 520.

=Brendel=, professor, attacked for defending the Jews, =5=, 528.

=Brentano=, representative of the romantic school, =5=, 515.

=Breslau=, the clergy of, upbraided by John of Capistrano, =4=,
260-1.
Chayon at, =5=, 218.
anti-Jewish pamphlets published in, =5=, 470.
rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.
the Hamburg reforms adopted in, =5=, 573.
a German-Jewish church in, =5=, 682.
a Jewish seminary at, =5=, 699, 700.

=Breslau, the Jews of=, during the Black Death persecutions,
=4=, 109-10.
engaged in money-lending, =4=, 260.
charged with host-desecration, =4=, 261.
tortured, =4=, 261.
burnt or banished, =4=, 262-3.
join the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.
apostasy among, =5=, 420.

=Bresselau, Mendel J.=, Hebrew style of, =5=, 398.
establishes a society and a journal, =5=, 398, 399.
compiles a liturgy, =5=, 564.
scourges the orthodox party, =5=, 572.
secretary of the Reform Temple Union, =5=, 672.

=Bretagne=, the Jews of, under Henry II, =3=, 409.

“=Bridle= for the Jews, The,” by Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.

=Brieli, Jehuda Leon= (1643-1722), rabbi of Mantua, innovations
of, =5=, 200.
opponent of the Kabbala, =5=, 200.
opposes Chayon, =5=, 225.

=Bristol=, a Jew of, tortured by King John, =3=, 505.

=Britain=, rebels against Hadrian, =2=, 399.

=Brody=, the Chassidim in, =5=, 388.
ban against the Chassidim published in, =5=, 392.
Chassidistic writings burned in, =5=, 393.
beginnings of culture among the Jews of, =5=, 612.

=Broglie, Duc de=, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 447.

=Bromet, Herz=, member of the Felix Libertate, =5=, 453.
zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, =5=, 454.
deputy to the National Assembly, =5=, 458.

=Broussa=, the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 405.
the Jews of, and the Pesaro trade, =4=, 579.

=Brühl=, Saxon minister. Jewish agent of, =5=, 263.
and Eibeschütz’s supporters, =5=, 263.
indifferent about Polish affairs, =5=, 282.

=Bruna, Israel.= _See_ Israel Bruna.

=Brunetta=, a Jewess of Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, =4=,
297.
charged with the blood accusation, =4=, 298.

=Brunhilde=, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, =3=, 34.

=Brünn=, the Jews of, banished, =4=, 263.
Israel Bruna exiled from, =4=, 302.
Jews under restrictions in, =5=, 523.

=Brunswick=, rabbinical conference at, =5=, 677-8, 681-2.

=Brunswick, the duke of=, honors Mendelssohn, =5=, 308.
commends Mendelssohn’s reply to Lavater, =5=, 313.
conversation of, with Mendelssohn, on Christian dogmas, =5=, 315.

=Brunswick, the Jews of=, expelled, =4=, 652.
deprived of civil rights, =5=, 512.

=Brunswick-Lüneburg= abolishes the poll-tax, =5=, 467.

=Bruria= (Valeria), wife of Rabbi Meïr, =2=, 436.

=Brussels, the Jews of=, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=,
112.
expelled, =4=, 662.

=Brutus=, Roman leader, suicide of, =2=, 81.

=Buchholz=, opposes Jewish emancipation, =5=, 468, 472.

=Buda=, the council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 614-15.

=Buda-Pesth=, rabbinical college at, =5=, 700.
_See also_ Pesth.

=Budnians=, anti-Trinitarian sect, =4=, 647.

=Budny, Simon=, translates the Bible into Polish, =4=, 647.

=Buen-Giorno.= _See_ David Bonet Buen-Giorno.