Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (11)

=Judah I= (ha-Nassi, Rabbi), Patriarch, son of Simon III, closes the
activity of the Tanaites, =2=, 450.
talents of, =2=, 450-1.
teachers of, =2=, 451.
made Patriarch, =2=, 451.
generosity of, =2=, 451-2.
invests the Patriarchate with autocratic power, =2=, 452-4.
lives at Sepphoris, =2=, 452.
called Rabbi, =2=, 453.
disciples of, =2=, 454-7, 511.
severity of, towards his disciples, =2=, 454-6.
punishes Chiya, =2=, 455.
refuses to authorize Simon bar Kappara to teach, =2=, 456.
cured by Samuel, =2=, 456.
offended by Judah and Chiskiya, =2=, 457.
admits the testimony of a Samaritan, =2=, 457.
moderates the laws of tithes, =2=, 458-9.
contemplates the abolition of the year of release, =2=, 459-60.
completes the Mishna, =2=, 460-1.
revises his own code, =2=, 461.
prefers Hebrew, =2=, 461.
gives tradition a settled form, =2=, 462.
the last of the Tanaites, =2=, 462.
rebuked by the widow of Eleazar ben Simon, =2=, 465.
death of, =2=, 465-7.
appoints his sons to offices, =2=, 466.
dying wishes of, =2=, 466.
announcement of the death of, =2=, 466-7.
funeral of, =2=, 467.
called “the Holy,” =2=, 467.
maxims of, =2=, 472.
work of, completed by Ashi, =2=, 609.

=Judah II= (Rabbi, Rabbenu, 228), Patriarch, son of Gamaliel
III, =2=, 479.
censured for irreligiousness, =2=, 480.
in favor with Alexander Severus, =2=, 480-3.
royal authority of, =2=, 481-2.
Roman dress of, =2=, 483.
leniency of, =2=, 483-5.
permits the purchase of articles of food from the heathen,
=2=, 483-4.
alleviations proposed by, =2=, 484-5.
attacks on, =2=, 485-6.
covetousness of, =2=, 486.
draws a revenue from the Jewish communities, =2=, 486-7.
reverence for, =2=, 487.
death of, =2=, 487.
Jochanan bar Napacha the companion of, =2=, 493.
questions Levi bar Sissi on the neo-Persians, =2=, 525.

=Judah III= (280-300), Patriarch, has scant knowledge of the
Law, =2=, 532.
determines the new-moon, =2=, 532.
investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, =2=, 532.
accused of disloyalty, =2=, 533-4.
levies a tax for the Patriarchate, =2=, 536.
accused of Christian leanings, =2=, 565.

=Judah IV=, Patriarch, son of Gamaliel V, =2=, 612.

=Judah=, proselyte, informs against Simon ben Yochai, =2=, 448.

=Judah=, treasurer of Ferdinand I of Portugal, =4=, 159.
removed from office, =4=, 160.
proposed as chief rabbi of Castile, =4=, 161, 162.
imprisoned, =4=, 161.

=Judah (Laudadeus) de Blanis=, physician and Kabbalist, =4=, 411.

=Judah the Blind= (Jehudaï, 759-762), Gaon of Sora, opposed to Anan
ben David, =3=, 129.
author of Halachoth Ketuoth, =3=, 136.
work of, supplemented, =3=, 179.
work of, superseded, =3=, 286.

=Judah ben Baba=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.
ordains Akiba’s disciples, =2=, 429; =4=, 536.
suffers martyrdom, =2=, 429.

=Judah ben Bathyra=, teacher of the Law in Nisibis, =2=, 358, 443.
effects the dissolution of the Synhedrion at Nahar-Pakod, =2=, 444.

=Judah ben Chiya=, offends Judah I ha-Nassi, =2=, 457.
adds supplements to the Mishna, =2=, 470.
Babylonian disciple of Judah I, =2=, 511.

=Judah ben Ezekiel=, Babylonian Amora, founds the academy of
Pumbeditha, =2=, 545, 549.
descent of, =2=, 549.
dialectic system of, =2=, 550.
and his brother, =2=, 550-1.
severity of, with regard to purity of race, =2=, 551-2.
excommunicates a Nahardean, =2=, 551-2.
principal of the Sora Metibta, =2=, 552.
method of, used by Chasda, =2=, 553.
acuteness of the disciples of, =2=, 575.
objects to emigration, =2=, 576.

=Judah ben Ilai=, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, =2=, 433.
receives the members of the Synhedrion of Usha, =2=, 433-4.
diplomacy of, =2=, 442.
artisan, =2=, 442.
praises Rome, =2=, 448.
rewarded by Rome, =2=, 448.

=Judah ben Jacob Chayyat=, Kabbalist, describes the suffering of the
Spanish exiles, =4=, 369-70, 481.

=Judah ben Joseph Ibn-Alfachar.= _See_ Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar.

=Judah ben Moses Cohen=, physician to Alfonso X, =3=, 593.

=Judah ben Moses Ibn-Tibbon=, chief of the Tibbonide party, =4=, 32.

=Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon= (1120-1190), physician and translator,
pedantry of, =3=, 397.
works translated by, =3=, 397.
Hebrew style of, =3=, 398.

=Judah ben Tabbaï=, Nassi of the Great Council, re-organizes
it, =2=, 49.
called “Restorer of the Law,” =2=, 49.
rigorous in administering the Law, =2=, 53-4.
maxim of, =2=, 54.
disciples of, =2=, 72.

=Judah ben Yechiel= (Messer Leon, 1450-1490), rabbi and physician in
Mantua, =4=, 289.
author of books on grammar, logic, and rhetoric, =4=, 289-90.
as a classical scholar, =4=, 289-90.
hostility to, =4=, 293.
controversy of, with Joseph Kolon, =4=, 295.
banished from Mantua, =4=, 295.

=Judah ben Zippori=, Pharisee, instigates an uprising against
Herod, =2=, 115.
burnt alive, =2=, 115.
death of, avenged, =2=, 121.

=Judah Ibn-Giat=, poet, =3=, 318.

=Judah Ibn-Verga=, Kabbalist and astronomer, teaches Marranos, =4=,
335.
martyrdom of, =4=, 336.
as a chronicler, =4=, 556.
consulted by Basnage, =5=, 196.

=Judah Ibn-Yachya-Negro=, prevents the forced baptism of the Jews of
Portugal, =4=, 218.

=Judah, son of David ben Zaccaï=, quarrels with Saadiah, =3=, 195.
appointed Exilarch, =3=, 201.
son of, =3=, 201-2.

=Judah, son of Simon Tharsi=, =1=, 520.
general, =1=, 529.
assassinated, =1=, 530.

=Judah Benveniste=, leader of the Spanish exiles in Salonica, =4=,
405.

=Judah Chassid=, leader of a Sabbatian sect in Poland, exhorts to
penance, =5=, 212.
emigrates, =5=, 212.
effect of preaching of, =5=, 212-13.
death of, =5=, 213.
nephews of, =5=, 213.

=Judah Del Medigo.= _See_ Del Medigo.

=Judah Judghan= (800), of Hamadan, imparts a Mutazilistic tendency to
Judaism, =3=, 149-50.
asceticism of, =3=, 150.
founder of a sect, =3=, 150.

=Judah Leon Abrabanel= (Hebræus, Medigo, 1470-1530), treasurer to a
Portuguese prince, =4=, 337.
describes his father, =4=, 339.
referred to, =4=, 340.
property of, confiscated by Alfonso V of Portugal, =4=, 341.
forbidden to leave Toledo, =4=, 360.
flees to Naples, =4=, 360.
son of, forcibly baptized, =4=, 361.
at Genoa, =4=, 384.
pursuits of, =4=, 384.
physician to Gonsalvo de Cordova, =4=, 384-5.
in Venice, =4=, 385.
without influence in Italy, =4=, 409.
as philosopher, =4=, 480-1.
Italian style of, =4=, 480.
Hebrew verses of, addressed to his son, =4=, 480.
esteemed by Italians, =4=, 481.

=Judah Menz= (1408-1509), rabbi in Padua, Talmudist, =4=, 294.
controversy of, with Elias del Medigo, =4=, 295.
narrowness of, =4=, 295.
disciples of, =4=, 406.
as a teacher, =4=, 410.

=Judah Siciliano=, Italian man of letters, =4=, 60.
poet, praised by Immanuel Romi, =4=, 68.

=Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac= (1166-1224), Tossafist, =3=, 408.
writes the “Book of the Pious,” =3=, 408-9.
disciples of, =3=, 409, 539.

=Judah.= _See also under_ Jehuda; Judas.

“=Judah’s= Rod of Correction,” history by Joseph Ibn-Verga, =4=, 557.

=Judaism=, a religious conviction after the formation of the
Samaritan sect, =1=, 393.
Magian influence on, =1=, 402-5.
incompatible with Greek games, =1=, 445.
calumniated by Menelaus, the Benjamite, =1=, 449-50.
calumniated by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 452.
becomes known through the Greek version of the Pentateuch,
=1=, 512-13.
misrepresented by the Greek translation of the Law, =1=, 513-14.
development of, under the Hasmonæans, =2=, 16-17.
sects of, =2=, 16-31.
leaning of Romans towards, =2=, 136.
Roman proselytes to, under Tiberius, =2=, 136-7.
universality of, =2=, 141.
how introduced to the heathen, =2=, 142.
attitude of Jesus to, =2=, 155-6.
as viewed by the heathen, =2=, 203.
allegorized to suit Greek notions, =2=, 208-9.
apostasy from, among the Alexandrians, =2=, 209.
humanitarian laws of, as expounded by Philo, =2=, 211-12, 213-14.
embraced by the heathen, =2=, 215-19.
leanings towards, taken advantage of by the Nazarenes, =2=, 219.
taught by Paul as an introduction to Christianity, =2=, 228, 229.
relation of, to Christianity according to Paul, =2=, 229-30.
hampered by Rome, =2=, 234.
dangers to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, =2=, 322.
dissociated from the Temple by Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 324-5.
reviled by the Nazarenes, =2=, 371-2.
consolidation of, after the fall of the second Temple, =2=, 373.
as viewed by the Gnostics, =2=, 377.
influence of the Minæans on, deprecated, =2=, 378.
Gnostic or semi-Christian ideas in, =2=, 380-1.
saved from Gnostic influences by Akiba, =2=, 382.
influence of, upon the pagan world, =2=, 382-3.
conversions to, from paganism, =2=, 383-5.
Tacitus on the conversions to, =2=, 384.
mocked at by Hadrian, =2=, 407-8.
laws against, decreed by Hadrian, =2=, 421.
Hadrian attempts to graft paganism on, =2=, 422.
persecuted by Hadrian, =2=, 423-6.
independence of Christianity of, demonstrated to Hadrian, =2=, 431.
laws against, promulgated by Severus, =2=, 464.
legal character of, due to the Mishna, =2=, 471.
admired by Alexander Severus, =2=, 481.
Greek civilization equal to, according to Jochanan bar Napacha, =2=,
494.
in foreign lands, =2=, 520.
oppressed by Christianity, =2=, 535.
placed on an equality with Christianity, =2=, 561.
aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, =2=, 562.
conversions to, forbidden by Constantine, =2=, 562, 564.
separated from Christianity at the Council of Nice, =2=, 563.
interest of Julian the Apostate in, =2=, 596.
protected by Theodosius the Great, =2=, 614-15.
preserved by the Talmud, =2=, 635.
among the Arabian Jews in the sixth century, =3=, 58-9.
inspires Mahomet, =3=, 71-2.
taught the Chazars by fugitive Greek Jews, =3=, 139.
account of the conversion of the Chazars to, =3=, 139-40.
influence of, on the Chazars, =3=, 141.
rationalistic tendency imparted to, =3=, 149-50.
orthodox adherents of, oppose the rationalists, =3=, 152-3.
mysticism in, =3=, 153-5.
Karaite interpretation of, variable, =3=, 157.
revered by the Empress Judith, =3=, 162.
revered by the Christians of the Frankish empire, =3=, 163.
promotes science during the Middle Ages, =3=, 187.
assumes a European character in the tenth century, =3=, 188.
Christian and Islam objections to, answered by Saadiah, =3=, 199.
leadership of, lost by Asia, =3=, 207.
the center of, in Spain, =3=, 229.
gloomy character of, in Germany, =3=, 309.
as expounded by Jehuda Halevi, =3=, 330, 331-6.
as characterized by Abraham Ibn-Daud, =3=, 364-5.
in Asia in the twelfth century, =3=, 440-2.
as presented by Maimonides in his Mishne-Torah, =3=, 467.
and philosophy in Maimonides’ “Guide of the Perplexed,” =3=, 478-9.
loses by Maimonides’ philosophical system, =3=, 487.
condition of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 446-7.
the creed of, drawn up by Maimonides, =3=, 459-60.
divided by the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 546-7.
as interpreted by Nachmani, =3=, 533-5.
Albo on the possibility of changing, =4=, 242.
effect of the Protestant Reformation on, =4=, 471.
influence of the Shulchan Aruch on, =4=, 613.
influence of Lurya’s Kabbala on, =4=, 625-7.
attacked by Martin Czechowic, =4=, 648.
influence of the Cossack persecutions on, =5=, 16-17.
condition of, in the seventeenth century, =5=, 51-2.
reform of, proposed by Leo Modena, =5=, 73-4.
defended by Simone Luzzatto, =5=, 81-4.
antagonized by Spinoza, =5=, 97-8, 101-3.
discredited by the Kabbala, =5=, 166.
glorified by Spinoza, =5=, 167.
attracts Christians, =5=, 176.
influenced by Lessing, =5=, 298.
Mendelssohn’s early attitude towards, =5=, 310.
human additions to, according to Mendelssohn, =5=, 311, 317.
binding only upon Jews, =5=, 312.
Mendelssohn’s glorification of, =5=, 314-15.
as defined by Mendelssohn, =5=, 364.
consequences of the renaissance of, =5=, 374-5.
view of, taken by Schleiermacher, =5=, 426-7.
view of, held by Chateaubriand, =5=, 427.
view of, held by Furtado, =5=, 496.
characterized by Heine, =5=, 552.
excrescences of, =5=, 557-9.
barbarous aspect of, under Polish influence, =5=, 558.
disfigurement of, among the Portuguese, =5=, 559.
reform of, suggested, =5=, 559. _See_ Reform, the, of Judaism.
reconciliation of, with culture, =5=, 560.
as viewed by Bernays, =5=, 575-6.
journal for the science of, =5=, 585.
love for, fostered by the Society for Culture, =5=, 588.
the renaissance of, =5=, 589-90, 591-2, 607.
defined by Steinheim, =5=, 604-6.
the narrowing of, by the new school of scholars, =5=, 627.
view of, held by Holdheim, =5=, 680-1.
the first to recognize the rights of man, =5=, 709-10.
the moral system of, =5=, 710-11.
free from asceticism, =5=, 712.

=Judaism, the sects of=, list of:
Boëthuseans,
Chassidim,
Donmäh,
Essenes,
Frankists,
Isavites,
Judghanites,
Karaites (and their sects),
Menachemists,
Pharisees,
Sabbatians,
Sadducees,
Samaritans.

=Judaism, conversions to.= _See_ Conversions to Judaism.

“=Judaism=, or the Jewish Doctrine,” attack by John Miller, =4=, 692.

=Judaism, Rabbinical.= _See_ Rabbinical Judaism.

=Judaism, Talmudical.= _See_ Talmudical Judaism.

=Judaism, the Reform of.= _See_ Reform, the, of Judaism.

=Judaism, the Statute of=, passed by the House of Commons, =3=, 642.

“=Judaism Unmasked=,” by Eisenmenger, full title of, =5=, 188.
suppressed, =5=, 189-90.
cause of, supported by Frederick I of Prussia, =5=, 192-3.
under ban for forty years, =5=, 193.

=Judaizantes=, sect called forth by the Protestant Reformation, =4=,
541.

=Judas the Galilean=, champion against the Romans, =2=, 125.
seizes the arsenal of Sepphoris, =2=, 125.
escapes from Quintilius Varus, =2=, 126.
leader of the Zealots, =2=, 133.
resists the Roman census, =2=, 133-4.
conception of the Messiah held by the disciples of, =2=, 144.
morality of the followers of, =2=, 151.
sons of, =2=, 199.
grandsons of, =2=, 239.

=Judas ben Jair=, killed by the Romans, =2=, 315.

=Judas Aristobulus=, Judæan of priestly lineage, teacher of the
Egyptian king, =1=, 519.
petitioned to introduce the Chanukah celebration into Egypt, =2=,
6-7.

=Judas Iscariot=, follower of Jesus, betrays him, =2=, 163.

=Judas Maccabæus=, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.
chosen to succeed his father as commander, =1=, 461.
characterization of, =1=, 461.
defeats Apollonius, =1=, 461-2.
defeats Heron, =1=, 462.
joined by the half-Hellenized, =1=, 464.
exhorts his troops at Mizpah, =1=, 467.
divides his army among his brothers, =1=, 468.
dismisses all excused from military service by the Law, =1=, 468.
defeats Gorgias, =1=, 468-9, 476.
defeats Lysias, =1=, 469-70.
consecrates the Temple, =1=, 471-3.
fortifies the Temple mount, =1=, 473.
defeats the Idumæans and Ammonites, =1=, 474.
appealed to by Judæans in the provinces, =1=, 474-5.
rescues the trans-Jordanic provinces, =1=, 476.
besieges the Acra, =1=, 478.
defeated at Beth-Zachariah, =1=, 479.
besieged in Jerusalem, =1=, 479-80.
made high priest, =1=, 481.
hated by the Hellenists, =1=, 481.
accused before Demetrius I, =1=, 482.
retreats to the mountains, =1=, 482.
gathers a new army to oppose Alcimus and Bacchides, =1=, 483.
treats with Nicanor, =1=, 484.
defeats Nicanor, =1=, 484, 485.
negotiates with Rome, =1=, 485-6.
encamps at Eleasa, =1=, 486.
falls on the battlefield of Eleasa, =1=, 487.
achievements of, compared with his brother Jonathan’s, =1=, 501-2.
state of Judæa after the death of, =1=, 501, 519-20.
model of Cromwell, =5=, 26.

=Judas.= _See also under_ Jehuda; Judah.

=Judenbreter=, name assumed by German families, =3=, 611.

=Jüdenbühl=, in Nuremberg, scene of the burning of the Jews, =4=, 110.

=Judenmeister=, rabbis, appointed by order of Sigismund, =4=, 227.

=Judenstättigkeit=, permissive residence of Jews in Frankfort, =4=,
695; =5=, 503.
indulgently interpreted, =4=, 696.
abolished by Emperor Matthias, =4=, 700.

=Juderia=, the, of Seville, destroyed by a mob, =4=, 169. _See_ Jew’s
quarter, the.

=Judges=, Jews forbidden to act as, by the Council of Mâcon,
=3=, 39, 171.

=Judges, the warrior=, deliver the Israelites from servitude, =1=,
59.
activity of, characterized, =1=, 68-9.
un-Jewish character of, =5=, 715.

=Judges=, the, list of:
Abdon,
Abimelech,
Barak,
Deborah,
Ehud,
Elon,
Gideon,
Ibzan,
Jephthah,
Othniel,
Samson,
Samuel,
Shamgar.

=Judghanites=, a Jewish sect, =3=, 150.

=Judgment Chamber=, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, =1=,
168-9.

=Judith, the Book of=, admitted into the Canon by Christians, =2=,
488.

=Judith=, wife of Louis the Pious, friendly to Judaism, =3=, 162.
calumniated by Bishop Agobard, =3=, 164.
rebellion incited against, =3=, 166.
conspiracy against, joined by Agobard, =3=, 168.

=Juglar, Gaspard=, inquisitor in Aragon, =4=, 326.

=Julian the Apostate=, emperor, delivers the Jews from the oppression
suffered under Constantine, =2=, 572.
character of, =2=, 595.
in possession of undivided power, =2=, 595.
plans of, =2=, 595.
opposes Christianity, =2=, 596.
interest of, in Judaism, =2=, 596.
admires the benevolence of the Jews, =2=, 596-7.
predilection of, for the sacrificial cult, =2=, 597.
favors the Jews of the Roman empire, =2=, 597.
letter of, to the Jewish communities, =2=, 598.
accuses the Christians of preventing the rebuilding of the
Temple, =2=, 601.
in the Persian war, =2=, 601-2.
death of, =2=, 602.

=Julian=, Metropolitan of Toledo, presides over an anti-Jewish
Council, =3=, 107.

=Julian ben Sabar=, Samaritan king, =3=, 13, 16.

=Julianus=, leader of the rebellion against Trajan in Judæa, =2=, 395.
threatened by Lucius Quietus, =2=, 401.

=Julias=, built by the tetrarch Philip, =2=, 138.

=Jülich=, a Jew of, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 642.

=Julius II=, pope, friendly to the Jews, =4=, 407.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 408.

=Julius III=, pope, petitioned for absolution for the Marranos, =4=,
528.
the Talmud denounced before, =4=, 564.
signs the decree against the Talmud, =4=, 565.
protects Hebrew writings except the Talmud, =4=, 565.
death of, =4=, 566.
confirms the privileges of the Marranos of Ancona, =4=, 568.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 569.

=Julius Archelaus=, husband of Mariamne, daughter of Agrippa
I, =2=, 235.

=Julius Capellus=, partisan of Rome in Tiberias, =2=, 274.

=Jullos=, name given to Hillel II by Origen, =2=, 487.

=July revolution=, the, effect of, on Europe, =5=, 596.
on the Jews, =5=, 596, 598, 600.

“=Jumpers=, the,” origin of, =5=, 378.

=Juno=, the Argive, statue of, raised by Herod in Cæsarea, =2=, 106.

=Jupiter, statue of=, placed in the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes,
=1=, 455.
destroyed by Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 472.

=Jupiter, temple of=, adorned with a golden vine destined for the
Temple at Jerusalem, =2=, 63.
on Gerizim, =2=, 422.

=Jupiter Capitolinus=, temple to, in Jerusalem, =2=, 422.

=Jupiter, Olympian=, statue of, raised by Herod in Cæsarea, =2=, 106.

=Jurieu, Pierre=, Huguenot, on the future of the Jews, =5=, 176.

=Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous=, withdrawn by Verus, =2=, 447-8.
restored by Alexander Severus, =2=, 482.
exercised by Raba in a criminal suit, =2=, 592.
under the Patriarchs, =2=, 613.
under Arcadius, =2=, 616.
forbidden in mixed suits, =2=, 617; =3=, 28.
in civil suits in Greece, southern Italy, etc., =3=, 27, 28, 423.
in Cologne, =3=, 41.
under the Exilarchs, =3=, 89.
in Speyer, =3=, 297.
under Henry IV, =3=, 298.
in Castile, etc., =4=, 116, 155, 157, 203.
exercised by Ar-Rabbi Mor, =4=, 159.
in Vienna, =4=, 702.
in Poland, =5=, 3.
_See also_ Courts of Justice; Witnesses.

=Jussuf Pasha=, governor of Rhodes, persecutes the Jews on the blood
accusation, =5=, 640-1.
dismissed from his post, =5=, 647.

=Justi=, court preacher, denounces Mendelssohn’s review of Frederick
II’s poetry, =5=, 302.

=Justin I=, emperor of the East, enforces the anti-Jewish laws of
Theodosius II, =3=, 10.
appealed to, to make war upon Zorah Nowas, =3=, 66.

=Justin II=, emperor of the East, oppresses the Samaritans,
=3=, 17-18.
expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, =3=, 26.

=Justinian I= (483-565), emperor, closes the schools of philosophy in
Greece, =3=, 7.
interferes with the religious liberty of the Jews, =3=, 12-16.
enacts that Jews are competent witnesses only in their own cases,
=3=, 12-13.
orders translations of the Law to be used by Jewish congregations,
=3=, 14-15.
forbids the recital of the confession of faith, =3=, 15.
removes the Temple vessels from Constantinople to Jerusalem, =3=,
27.
rule of, feared by the Jews of Italy, =3=, 31.
made exarch of Ravenna, =3=, 32.
appealed to by Imrulkais Ibn Hojr, =3=, 69.

=Justiniani, Augustin=, bishop of Corsica, introduces the study of
Hebrew into France, =4=, 473, 474.
has Moses Kimchi’s grammar printed, =4=, 474.
has a Latin translation of the “Guide of the Perplexed”
made, =4=, 474.

=Justus of Tiberias=, historian, does not mention Jesus, =2=, 166.
leader of the Roman insurrection in Tiberias, =2=, 274.
historian of the Roman war, =2=, 319.
ambiguous conduct of, =2=, 319-20.
attacks Josephus, =2=, 390.

=K=

=Kaab=, teacher of the Law, converts Abu-Kariba to Judaism,
=3=, 62-3.
goes to Yemen to convert the people, =3=, 63.

=Kaab Ibn-Asharaf=, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, =3=, 74.

=Kaab Ibn-Assad=, chief of the Benu-Kuraiza, =3=, 80.
killed by Mahomet, =3=, 81.

=Kaaba=, the, the Square, the holy place of the Arabs, =3=, 60.
number of idols in, =3=, 72.
Moslem turn towards, in prayer, =3=, 75.

=Kaarat Kesef=, by Joseph Ezobi, =3=, 561.

=Kabbala=, the, Jacob ben Meshullam the first promoter of, =3=, 396.
as used by Nachmani, =3=, 535.
rise of, in the thirteenth century, =3=, 547.
earliest promoters of, =3=, 547.
reduced to a system, =3=, 548.
youth of, =3=, 548.
put into philosophical language, =3=, 549.
counterpoise to the Maimunist philosophy, =3=, 529.
compromise between faith and philosophy, =3=, 549, 623.
theosophy of, =3=, 550.
principles of, concerning God, =3=, 550-1.
theory of emanation in, =3=, 551-2.
theory of creation in, =3=, 552-3.
on the mission of Israel, =3=, 553.
mystical importance of prayer in, =3=, 553-4.
on metempsychosis, =3=, 554.
on retribution, =3=, 555.
on the soul of the Messiah, =3=, 555.
great age fraudulently claimed for, =3=, 556.
promoted by Nachmani, =3=, 556-7.
transplanted to Palestine by Nachmani, =3=, 607.
to be taught in secret, according to Solomon ben Adret, =3=, 619.
progress of, in Spain, =4=, 1-23.
furtherance of, through the Zohar, =4=, 22.
studied in Palestine, =4=, 74-5.
in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 91.
influence of, increases in Spain, =4=, 196.
studied by Pico di Mirandola, =4=, 291-2, 433, 443.
Christian dogmas in, =4=, 292.
translated into Latin, =4=, 292, 443.
denounced by Elias del Medigo, =4=, 292.
introduced into Safet by Joseph Saragossi, =4=, 399.
in Salonica, =4=, 405.
defended by Reuchlin, =4=, 442-3, 466-7.
admired by Egidio de Viterbo, =4=, 457.
carried to Italy and Turkey by Spanish exiles, =4=, 481.
Christian scholars interested in, =4=, 481.
affects the liturgy, =4=, 481.
expectation of the Messiah the center of, =4=, 482, 483.
Safet center of, =4=, 538.
esteemed by the Church, =4=, 583.
influence of, in Palestine in the sixteenth century, =4=, 617.
spread of, =4=, 617.
induces a Jewish “dark age,” =4=, 617.
influence of, on Judaism, =4=, 625-7.
corrupting influence of, =4=, 626-7.
influence of, on seventeenth century Judaism, =5=, 51-2.
as taught by Vital Calabrese, =5=, 52-3.
spread by Israel Saruk, =5=, 54.
spread by Abraham de Herrera, =5=, 54.
identified with Neo-platonism, =5=, 54.
beginnings of the criticism of, =5=, 55.
attacked by Leo Modena, =5=, 67, 74.
ridiculed by Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 77.
defended by Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 78-9.
Simone Luzzatto on, =5=, 84.
studied by Spinoza, =5=, 88.
influence of, on Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 118-19.
taught by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 119.
Messianic speculation in, =5=, 120-1.
at variance with Rabbinical Judaism, =5=, 144, 277.
brings discredit on Judaism, =5=, 166.
opposed by Jehuda Leon Brieli, =5=, 200.
supposed to teach the Trinity, =5=, 216.
unhealthy influences of, =5=, 232-3.
Moses Chayim Luzzatto under the influence of, =5=, 236.
study of, forbidden to young men, =5=, 241, 277.
generally opposed by the rabbis, =5=, 245.
sways the minds of Polish Jews, =5=, 382.
views of, held by Elijah Wilna, =5=, 390-1.
supporters of, in Italy, =5=, 488.
disfigures Judaism, =5=, 539.
_See also_ Zohar, the.

=Kabbala, the higher=, of Abraham Abulafia, =4=, 5-6.

=Kabbalistic terms=:
Adam Kadmon,
Diokna Kadisha,
En-Sof,
Gematria,
Ibbur,
Kartiel,
Kelifa (Kelifoth),
Kewanoth,
King,
Malka Kadisha,
Matronita,
Nizuz (Nizuzoth),
Notaricon,
Olam ha-Tikkun,
Parsophin (Parzufim),
Sefiroth,
Shechina,
Tsiruf.

=Kabbalistic writings=, on the Index expurgatorius, =4=, 584.

=Kabbalists=, the, opposed to the Maimunists in the interpretation of
ceremonies, =3=, 554.
distort the Scriptures, =3=, 556.
opposed to Maimunists and Talmudists, =3=, 558.
of Accho, in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 631-3.
and Solomon Molcho, =4=, 496-7.
at Safet, =4=, 622-3.
divorces frequent among, =4=, 627; =5=, 210.

=Kabbalists=, list of:
Abraham of Granada,
Abraham ben David,
Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia,
Abraham Levi,
Abraham Saba,
Aleman, Jochanan
Azriel,
Baruch of Benevento,
Chananel Ibn-Askara,
Chayim Vital Calabrese,
Cohen, Naphtali
David Ibn-Abi Zimra,
Eleazar ben Jehuda,
Ergas, Joseph
Ezra,
Frankfurter, Naphthali
Herrera, Abraham de
Hurwitz, Isaiah
Isaac of Accho,
Isaac the Blind,
Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif,
Isaac Cohen Shalal,
Isaac Lurya Levi,
Israel Saruk,
Jacob of Segovia,
Jacob ben Meshullam,
Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi,
Joseph of Arli,
Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla,
Joseph ben Todros Abulafia,
Joseph Karo,
Joseph Saragossi,
Judah de Blanis,
Judah ben Jacob Chayyat,
Judah Ibn-Verga,
Levi ben Todros Abulafia,
Luzzatto, Moses Chayim
Meïr ben Gabbai,
Molcho, Solomon
Moses de Leon,
Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,
Moses ben Nachman,
Moses Botarel,
Moses Zacuto,
Oppenheim, David
Samuel of Medina-Celi,
Samuel Franco,
Shem-Tob ben Abraham Ibn-Gaon,
Shem-Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob,
Solomon of Moravia,
Solomon ben Abraham b. Adret,
Solomon Petit,
Taytasak, Joseph
Todros ben Joseph Halevi Abulafia.

=Kabul.= _See_ Cabul.

=Kachtan=, ancestor of the Arabs, =3=, 61, 62.

=Kachtanites=, the southern Arabians, =3=, 61.

=Kadish=, the Exilarch mentioned in, =3=, 95.

=Kaffa= (Theodosia), a Karaite community in, =3=, 182.

=Kafnaï=, Exilarch, =3=, 10.

=Kahal Kados=, congregation in Pernambuco, =4=, 693.

=Kahana.= _See_ Mar-Kahana.

=Kahana, Jacob=, rabbi of Frankfort, exposes Kamenker, =5=, 229.
exacts a promise from Luzzatto, =5=, 241.

=Kahir=, Caliph of the East, deposes Saadiah, =3=, 196, 200.

=Kahira.= _See_ Cairo.

=Kahiya=, political representative of the Turkish Jews, =4=, 404.

=Kahtz, Christian=, apostate, tries to create prejudice against the
Jews, =5=, 191.

=Kaila=, Arab tribe, relations of, to the Jews, =3=, 55.

=Kailan race=, the. _See_ Benu-Aus, the; Chazraj, the.

=Kailil=, brother of Rabba bar Nachmani, =2=, 575-6, 583.

=Kaimakam=, deputy vizir, =5=, 147.

=Kairuan= (Maghreb), the Jewish community of, =3=, 137.
center of science in the ninth century, =3=, 146, 180.
the Exilarch Mar-Ukba at, =3=, 185, 210.
new school founded in, by Chushiel, =3=, 208, 210.
chief town of the Fatimide Caliphate, =3=, 210.
study of the Talmud at, =3=, 210-11.
the Jews of, confer the title Rosh on Chushiel, =3=, 211.
Joseph Ibn-Abitur in, =3=, 238.
school at, presided over by Chananel and Nissim bar Jacob, =3=, 248.
the Jerusalem Talmud studied at the school of, =3=, 249.
decay of the school at, =3=, 249.
the Jews of, false Mahometans, =3=, 360.

=Kala-Ibn-Hammad=, birthplace of Alfassi, =3=, 285.

=Kalâm=, Arabic philosophy of religion, =3=, 146-7.

=Kalba-Sabua=, father-in-law of Akiba, =2=, 351, 355.

=Kaliri.= _See_ Eleazar ben Kalir.

=Kalish=, the Jews of, massacred on the charge of well poisoning, =4=,
111.

=Kallahs=, public lectures at the Babylonian academies, =2=, 515;
=3=, 5-6, 97.

=Kaller, Alexander=, promotes education among the Galician
Jews, =5=, 394.

=Kalmann=, German immigrant in Turkey, =4=, 271.

=Kalmann of Ratisbon=, repentant apostate, condemned to the
stake, =4=, 288.

=Kalonymos=, Italian Jew, attendant of Otto the Great, =3=, 243.

=Kalonymos=, the Prince, head of the Jewish community of Beaucaire,
=3=, 400.

=Kalonymos=, scholar brought to Mayence by Charlemagne, =3=, 143.

=Kalonymos=, Talmudist, rabbi of Worms, =3=, 290.

=Kalonymos ben Kalonymos= (1287-1337), scholar at the court of Robert
of Naples, =4=, 61-2.
writer on ethics and satirist, =4=, 62-3.
praised by Immanuel Romi, =4=, 68.

=Kalonymos ben Todros=, head of the community of Narbonne, =3=, 392.
sides with Abba-Mari, =4=, 34.
asked to prepare the ban against the study of science, =4=, 38.
draws up the ban, =4=, 39.

=Kama=, friend of Samuel, meets Abba-Areka, =2=, 512.
appointed judge, =2=, 512.
rebukes the Exilarch, =2=, 513.

=Kanaim.= _See_ Zealots, the.

=Kamenker, Moses Meir.= _See_ Moses Meïr Kamenker.

=Kameoth= (Kamea), amulets, =3=, 153.
used by rabbis, =5=, 201-2.
distributed by Eibeschütz, =5=, 257.

=Kamerau=, the, a noble family, claim the Jews of Ratisbon, =4=, 300.

=Kamieniec=, disputation at, between Frankists and Talmudists, =5=,
280, 281.
the Talmud burnt at, =5=, 282.

=Kamus=, fortress of the Chaibar Jews, =3=, 55.
holds out against Mahomet, =3=, 82.
fall of, =3=, 83.

=Kandy.= _See_ Ceylon.

=Kant, Immanuel=, unsuccessful candidate for the prize of the Berlin
Academy, =5=, 303, 304.
on Mendelssohn’s “Jerusalem,” =5=, 365.
meeting of, with Mendelssohn, =5=, 398.
distinguishes Marcus Herz, =5=, 405-6.
Herz lectures on the philosophy of, =5=, 406.
philosophy of, admired by Ben-David, =5=, 409.
Ben-David lectures on the philosophy of, =5=, 410.
philosophy of, studied by Krochmal, =5=, 608.

=Kapsali.= _See_ Elias ben Elkanah; Eliezer; Elkanah; Moses Kapsali.

=Kara.= _See_ Avigedor Kara; Joseph Kara; Simon Kara.

=Karaim.= _See_ Karaites.

=Karaism=, the religion of the sect founded by Anan ben David, =3=,
130.
original character of, obscure, =3=, 131.
rigidity of, =3=, 131-3.
unsettled character of, =3=, 133.
causes dissension among the Rabbanites, =3=, 156-7.
freedom in exegesis the principal dogma of, =3=, 157.
sects of, =3=, 157-8.
lack of union in, =3=, 158.
first signs of the decay of, =3=, 181.
ascetic character of, in Jerusalem, =3=, 181-2.
propaganda for, =3=, 182.
expounded by Solomon ben Yerucham, =3=, 203.
propaganda for, by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, =3=, 203-5.
spread by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, =3=, 205-6.
spreads during the tenth century, =3=, 206-7.
attacked by Samuel ben Chofni, =3=, 253.
inferiority of, to Talmudical Judaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, =3=,
334.
criticised by Shemarya Ikriti, =4=, 69-70.
in the fourteenth century, =4=, 70.
centers of, =4=, 71.
liturgy of, fixed, =4=, 71.
petrifaction of, illustrated, =4=, 269-70.
not attractive to Richard Simon, =5=, 180, 181.
inquired into by Charles XI of Sweden, =5=, 182.
account of the origin of, by Samuel ben Aaron, =5=, 183.
account of, by Mordecai ben Nissan, =5=, 183-4.
inquired into by Charles XII of Sweden, =5=, 184.

=Karaite sects=, the, list of:
Abu-Amranites (Tiflisites),
Akbarites,
Makaryites,
Moses of Baalbek, followers of.

=Karaite writers=, the, list of:
Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi,
Aaron ben Joseph the Elder,
Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,
Anan ben David,
Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend,
Ibn-Sakviyah,
Isaac ben Abraham Troki,
Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi,
Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,
Mordecai ben Nissan,
Samuel ben Aaron,
Solomon ben Yerucham.

=Karaites= (Ananites), the, followers of Anan ben David, =3=, 134.
excommunicated by the heads of the academies, =3=, 134.
renounce connection with the Rabbanites, =3=, 134.
acknowledge Anan ben David as the legitimate Exilarch, =3=, 135.
hold a memorial service for Anan ben David, =3=, 135.
study the Bible, =3=, 136, 189.
of Mutazilist tendency, =3=, 149, 150-1.
adopt the ban, =3=, 151.
tradition among, =3=, 159.
marriage laws of, =3=, 159.
opposed by Natronaï II, =3=, 178.
opposed by Simon of Cairo, =3=, 179.
scientific pursuits of, =3=, 180.
shun the Rabbanites, =3=, 182.
spread of, in the East, =3=, 182.
attacked by Saadiah, =3=, 189.
calendar of, attacked by Saadiah, =3=, 190-1.
defended by Solomon ben Yerucham, =3=, 191.
later works of Saadiah against, =3=, 192.
fond of philosophical disputations, =3=, 197.
lexicographical work of, superseded by Menachem ben Saruk’
s, =3=, 225.
expect the Messiah in the eleventh century, =3=, 247.
views of, occasionally endorsed by Samuel ben Meïr, =3=, 346.
persecuted in Spain in the eleventh century, =3=, 362.
humbled by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 362-3.
rise of, after the fall of Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 366.
and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 366.
regarded as idolaters by Samson ben Abraham, =3=, 408.
in Constantinople in the twelfth century, =3=, 425.
in Damascus, =3=, 427.
in Askalon, =3=, 427.
degeneracy of, in Asia in the twelfth century, =3=, 443.
of Cairo, governed by a Nassi, =3=, 444.
of Alexandria, =3=, 444.
treatment of, by Maimonides, =3=, 465.
disciples of Nachmani, =3=, 607.
the way for, paved by the religious philosophers, =3=, 625.
inclined to a reconciliation with Rabbanites, =4=, 71-2.
institute pilgrim prayers, =4=, 73-4.
in Poland under Casimir IV, =4=, 265.
emigrate to Turkey, =4=, 269.
ignorance of, =4=, 269.
taught by Rabbanite teachers, =4=, 269.
celebration of the Sabbath by, =4=, 269-70.
efforts to reconcile, to Talmudic Judaism, =4=, 270.
protected by Elias Mizrachi in Constantinople, =4=, 403-4.
and Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 76-7.
Polish and Lithuanian, degradation of, =5=, 182-3.
scattered by order of John Sobieski, =5=, 182.
invited to go to Sweden, =5=, 183.
accused of conspiring with Krochmal against the Talmud, =5=, 608.
treated of in the Scientific Journal, =5=, 626.
in Cairo reconciled with the Rabbanites by Munk, =5=, 664.
history of, cleared up by Munk, =5=, 666.
rise of, =5=, 727.

=Karben, Victor von= (1442-1515), apostate, employed to write
anti-Jewish pamphlets, =4=, 424-5.
suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, =4=, 432.
directs the confiscation of Hebrew books, =4=, 437, 441.
decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, =4=, 444.

=Karl Ludwig=, count-palatine, offers Spinoza a professorship, =5=,
108.

=Karlinians=, a branch of the Chassidim, =5=, 388, 391.

=Karmisin=, the Exilarch Mar-Ukba banished to, =3=, 184.

=Karo.= _See_ Joseph Karo.

=Kartiel=, name of a Sefira, =4=, 17.

=Kaspi.= _See_ Joseph Kaspi.

=Kasser ben Aaron=, reconciles Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu with Saadiah,
=3=, 200-1.

=Kasr=, home of David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 186.

=Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel=, rabbi of the “three communities,”
excommunicates Kamenker, =5=, 238.
forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, =5=, 241.

=Kazimierz, the Jews of=, number of, =4=, 632.

=Kedeshim=, the holy men of the Canaanites, =1=, 54.

=Kedeshoth=, Canaanite priestesses, =1=, 54.
in Samaria, =1=, 198.
maintained in Jerusalem under Manasseh, =1=, 283.

=Kedoshim= (saints), martyrs of the first crusade, =3=, 302.
graves of, visited, =3=, 309.

=Keeper of the lists= (rolls), under David, =1=, 122.
manager of war, =1=, 305, 313.
beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 314.

=Kefar Nahum.= _See_ Capernaum.

=Kelifa= (Kelifoth), Kabbalistic term for sin in the Zohar, =4=, 17,
620; =5=, 120.

=Kenas.= _See_ Census.

=Kendites=, the, an Arab tribe, adopt Judaism, =3=, 63.
chief of, protected by Samuel Ibn-Adiya, =3=, 68-9.

=Keneseth ha-Gedolah.= _See_ Great Assembly, the.

=Kenites=, the, Moses with, =1=, 13-14.
aid the Israelites in the desert, =1=, 26.
aid Judah, =1=, 38.
allies of the Israelites, =1=, 61.

=Kephar Lekitaja=, military station established by Hadrian, =2=, 419.

=Kephas.= _See_ Peter.

=Kepler=, and David Gans, =4=, 638.

=Kerbella=, the battle of, the Ommiyyades defeated at, =3=, 125.

=Kerek.= _See_ Kir-Moab.

=Kerem Chemed=, Hebrew journal devoted to Jewish science, =5=,
621, 693.
contributors to, =5=, 621-2.

=Kermanshah.= _See_ Karmisin.

=Kertch=, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, =3=, 123.
Karaites in, in the ninth century, =3=, 182.
capital of the Crimea, =3=, 222.

=Kether Malchuth=, philosophical poem by Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 270.

=Kewanoth=, Kabbalistic term, devotion, =5=, 121.

=Khataib=, Sephardic synagogue at Damascus, =4=, 400.

=Khemarim=, idolatrous priests, under Manasseh, =1=, 283.

=Khiva=, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 435.

=Khorasan=, under the jurisdiction of the Pumbeditha academy,
=3=, 98, 184.
the Exilarch banished to, =3=, 196.
ambassadors from, bring news to Spain of the Jewish Chazar
kingdom, =3=, 220.
under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, =3=, 428.

=Khorasan, the Jews of=, believe themselves descendants of the Ten
Tribes, =3=, 433.
occupations of, =3=, 433.
allied with the Ghuzz, =3=, 434.
aid Jenghis-Khan, =3=, 581.

=Khozars=, the. _See_ Chazars, the.

=Kiddush=, the, blessing over wine at the beginning of the Sabbath,
instituted, =1=, 398.

=Kiera, Esther=, court Jewess in Turkey, patroness of Jewish
literature, =4=, 608, 629.
influence of, under Murad III, =4=, 629.
death of, =4=, 629-30.

=Kiev=, tributary to the Chazars, =3=, 138.
the Jews banished from the district of, =5=, 12.

=Kilavun=, sultan of Egypt, and David Maimuni, =3=, 620.
the Jewish subjects of, under the Damascus Exilarch, =3=, 627.

=Kimchi family=, the, at Narbonne, =3=, 392; =4=, 442.
_See_ David; Joseph ben Isaac; Moses Kimchi.

=Kinanah Ibn-ol-Rabia=, incites Arabian tribes to war against
Mahomet, =3=, 79.
leader of the Jews of Chaibar, =3=, 82.
death of, =3=, 82-3.

=King=, Kabbalistic term, =4=, 18.

=Kingdom of God=, the, predicted by a Judæan poet in Egypt, =2=, 143.

=Kingdom of Heaven=, the, hastening of, the object of Essene
asceticism, =2=, 145.
brought by the second advent of Jesus, =2=, 167.
according to Paul, =2=, 226.

=Kings, the Books of=, commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 359.

=Kinnereth.= _See_ Tiberias, lake.

=Kir-Haraseth.= _See_ Kir-Moab.

=Kir-Moab= (Kerek, Kir-Haraseth), Moabite fortress, =1=, 209.

=Kiryath-Jearim=, the Ark of the Covenant at, =1=, 72.
the Ark removed from, =1=, 119.

=Kiryath-Sepher= (Debir), taken by the tribe of Judah, =1=, 38.

=Kish=, father of Saul, =1=, 83.

“=Kitab Al-Assval=,” lexicon by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 263.

=Klausner.= _See_ Abraham Klausner.

=Kley= transplants the Reform movement to Hamburg, =5=, 563-4.
inefficiency of, =5=, 564.
Heine on, =5=, 577.

=Klonowicz=, Polish poet, assails the Jews, =4=, 643.

=Kobad=, king of the neo-Persians, tool of Mazdak, =3=, 1.
disciple of Mazdak, =3=, 2.
dethroned by the nobles, =3=, 2.
persecutes Jews and Christians, =3=, 3-4.
death of, =3=, 5.

=Koberger, Antonius=, opponent of the Jews in Nuremberg, =4=, 415.

=Kodesh ha-Kodashim=, by Ibn-Labi Ferrer, =4=, 234.

=Kofrim=, unbelievers, antagonists of the Sabbatians, =5=, 144.
Sabbataï Zevi proposes capital punishment for, =5=, 150.

=Kohen.= _See_ Abulsari Sahal; Nathan ben Isaac; Solomon Kohen.

=Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph= (917-936), Gaon of Pumbeditha, character
of, =3=, 183.
causes dissension between Sora and Pumbeditha, =3=, 184.
forces the Exilarch Mar-Ukba to remove, =3=, 184.
has Mar-Ukba banished a second time, =3=, 185.
deposed by David ben Zaccaï, =3=, 186.
recognized as Gaon by the Exilarch, =3=, 186.
proposes the closing of the Sora academy, =3=, 192.
jealous of Saadiah, =3=, 194.
espouses the side of David ben Zaccaï against Saadiah, =3=, 195.
death of, =3=, 200.
son of, =3=, 208.

“=Kol Sachal=,” by Leo Modena, =5=, 73.

=Kölbele, John Balthasar=, writes a pamphlet against Mendelssohn,
=5=, 316-17.

=Kolon, Joseph.= _See_ Joseph ben Solomon Kolon.

=Kompse bar Kompse=, partisan of Rome in Tiberias, =2=, 274.

=Koniecpolski, house of=, controls Cossack colonization, =5=, 3.
employs Bogdan Chmielnicki, =5=, 7.

=Königsberg=, a Jewish cemetery at, =5=, 190.
the University of, admits Jews, =5=, 398-405.
the Hamburg reforms adopted in, =5=, 573.

=Königsberg, the Jews of=, burnt, =5=, 110-11.
in Mendelssohn’s time, =5=, 397-8.
join the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.
apostasy of, =5=, 420.

=Konstantinov=, the synod of, excommunicates Frankists, =5=, 277.

=Koom=, defeat of Judghanites at, =3=, 150.

=Korachites.= _See_ Korah, the sons of.

=Korah=, Samuel descended from, =1=, 73.
honored by the Cainites, =2=, 375.

=Korah, the sons of=, Samuel ancestor of, =1=, 79.
psalmists, =1=, 120.
compose psalms on Sennacherib’s failure, =1=, 278.
compose a love-song in honor of Hezekiah’s marriage, =1=, 279.

=Korahites.= _See_ Korah, the sons of.

=Koraishites=, the, defeated by the Mahometans at Bedr, =3=, 76.
induced to make war upon Mahomet, =3=, 79.
distrustful of their allies, =3=, 80.

=Koran=, the, and Jewish sources, =3=, 72.
spread by the Jewish disciples of Mahomet, =3=, 73.
revelations against the Jews in, =3=, 75, 78.
war with the Nadhirites justified in, =3=, 79.
on the slaughter of the Benu Kuraiza, =3=, 81.
accepted by the Moslem as the word of God, =3=, 84.
on the position of woman, =3=, 92.
rationalistic expounders of, =3=, 147.
violence done to the text of, =3=, 148.
consulted by Haï Gaon for the explanation of Biblical words, =3=,
251.

=Korban Mussaph=, special Sabbath and festival sacrifice, =1=, 401.

=Kosmann=, defender of the Jews, =5=, 470.

=Kotzebue=, assassination of, =5=, 528, 533.

=Kovad.= _See_ Kobad.

=Krämer, August=, favors the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 521-2.

=Krems=, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, =4=,
110.

=Krochmal, Nachman Cohen= (1785-1840), founder of the Galician
school, =5=, 607.
Jewish and philosophical studies of, =5=, 608.
partially hostile to Talmudism, =5=, 608.
accused of conspiring with Karaites against the Talmud, =5=, 608-9.
method of instruction of, =5=, 609.
uses the Talmud in historical researches, =5=, 609-10.
admiration for, =5=, 610.
Rapoport disciple of, =5=, 610, 614, 617.
influence of, on young Galicians, =5=, 614.
style of, =5=, 617.
influence of Rapoport on, =5=, 617-18.
devotes himself to encyclopædic studies, =5=, 618.
the father of Jewish science, =5=, 619.
contributor to the Kerem Chemed, =5=, 622.
as exegete, =5=, 695, 699.

=Krysa, Jehuda Leb=, Frankist rabbi, =5=, 275.
makes a Catholic confession of faith, =5=, 285.

=Kryvonoss=, Haïdamak leader, =5=, 9.

=Kufa=, given to Jewish exiles by Omar, =3=, 85.
residence of Ali, =3=, 90.
capital of eastern Islam, =3=, 93.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 437.
Ezekiel’s grave near, =3=, 440-1.

=Kunigunde=, sister of Maximilian I, marries her father’s
enemy, =4=, 428.
becomes abbess of a Franciscan convent, =4=, 428.
gives Pfefferkorn a letter to Maximilian, =4=, 428-9.
influences Maximilian to issue mandates against the Jews, =4=,
437, 440-1.

=Kuraiza Place=, the market place of Medina, =3=, 81.

=Kuranda, Ignatz=, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” =5=, 703.

=Kuru-Gismu=, Hebrew printing press at, =4=, 628.

=Kusari.= _See_ Chozari.

=Kussiel.= _See_ Yekutiel.

=Kypros.= _See_ Cypros.

=L=

=La Asumção, Diogo de=, Franciscan, professes Judaism, =4=, 668.
martyr, =4=, 669.
influences Rohel Jesurun, =4=, 669, 670.

=Labienus=, persuades the Parthians to invade Syria, =2=, 82.

=Lachish=, king of, defeated by Joshua, =1=, 34-5.
Amaziah killed in, =1=, 226.
headquarters of Sennacherib, =1=, 273.
offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 311.

=Ladislaus II=, of Bohemia and Hungary, appealed to by the Jews of
Ratisbon, =4=, 303.
and the Jews of Bohemia, =4=, 417.

=Ladislaus IV=, of Hungary, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of the
Council of Buda, =3=, 615.

=Ladislaus V= (Posthumus), of Hungary, and Capistrano, =4=, 262.
sanctions the expulsion of Jews from Silesia, =4=, 262-3.

=Lænas, Popillius=, Roman deputy to Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 453.

=La Fare=, bishop of Nancy, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=,
441, 462.

=La Fuente=, Juan de, inquisitor, cruelty of, =4=, 484.

=Lagarto, Jacob=, first Talmudical author in South America, =4=, 693.

=Lagrange=, lauds a mathematical work by Ensheim, =5=, 401.

=La Guardia=, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, =4=,
343.

=Laguna, Lopez= (Daniel Israel, 1660-1720), Marrano poet in
Jamaica, =5=, 203.

=Lahmi=, brother of Goliath, Philistine champion, =1=, 117.

=Lamartine=, and the Turkish Jews, =5=, 649.

=Lamentations=, the, of Jeremiah, =1=, 316, 319.

=Lämmlein, Asher.= _See_ Asher Lämmlein.

=Lampo=, an Alexandrian hostile to the Judæans, =2=, 181.

=Landau, Ezekiel= (1720-1793), rabbi of Jampol, declares the
Eibeschütz amulets Sabbatian, =5=, 265-6.
distrusts Eibeschütz, =5=, 289.
opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, =5=, 330.
objects to the study of the sciences, =5=, 402.
opponent of the Berlin movement, =5=, 417.
death of, =5=, 566.

=Landfried=, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, =3=, 143.

=Landsberg=, Jews settle in, =5=, 174.

=Landtag=, the Prussian, Jews in, =5=, 697.

=Langton, Stephen=, archbishop of Canterbury, hostile to the
Jews, =3=, 504.
convenes a Church Council at Oxford, =3=, 516.

“=Language of Truth=, The,” pamphlet in the Eibeschütz controversy,
=5=, 266.

=Languedoc, the Jews of=, in the tenth century, =3=, 242.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 389-91.
and the ban against science, =4=, 40.
protected by the governor, =4=, 132.

=Laniado, Joseph=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 636.
tortured, =5=, 636-7.
dies under the torture, =5=, 638.

=Lansac, de=, French ambassador, =4=, 577.

=Laodicea= (Leda), treasure house in, for the half-Shekel
contributions to the Temple, =2=, 53.
Herod at, =2=, 93.
Verus Commodus at, =2=, 447.
place of exile of José ben Chalafta, =2=, 448.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 426.

=La Papa, Aaron de.= _See_ Papa, Aaron de la.

=La Peyrère, Isaac=, on Israel’s restoration, =5=, 24-5.
in intercourse with Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 25.

=Laplace=, lauds a mathematical work by Ensheim, =5=, 401.

=Lara, de=, noble Castilian family, =3=, 363.

=Lara, David Coen de= (1610-1674), preacher and philologist, =5=, 115.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, =5=, 117.

=Larta.= _See_ Arta.

=Laskorun=, Frankists surprised at, =5=, 275.

=Lateran Council, the third=, forbids Jews to keep Christian nurses
or domestics, =3=, 400, 418, 421-2.
forbids forcible baptism, =3=, 421.
the decrees of, disregarded by Philip Augustus, =3=, 498-9.

=Lateran Council, the fourth=, convoked by Innocent III, =3=, 508-9.
purposes of, =3=, 509.
Jewish delegates to, =3=, 509.
results of, =3=, 509.

=Lateran Council, the fourth, anti-Jewish decrees of=, =3=, 509-11.
confirmed by the Council of Narbonne, =3=, 518.
re-enacted by the Councils of Rouen and Tours, =3=, 520.
enforced in Hungary, =3=, 521.
executed by Frederick II, =3=, 569.

=Lateran Council, the fifth=, the Reuchlin case submitted
to, =4=, 464.
declares for Reuchlin, =4=, 465.

=Lathier=, opponent of the Jews of Alsace, =5=, 524-5.

=Latin translations= of the Scriptures, ordered to be read in Jewish
congregations, =3=, 14-15. _See also_ Vulgate, the.

=Latin words=, in the Mishna, =2=, 461.

=Laurilla=, Dutch consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, =5=, 641.

=Laurin=, Austrian consul-general in Turkey, interferes in the
Damascus affair, =5=, 647.
thanked by the London meeting, =5=, 653.
thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, =5=, 660.

=Lavater, John Caspar=, attracted by Mendelssohn’s physiognomy,
=5=, 308-9.
determines to convert Mendelssohn, =5=, 309-10.
letter addressed to, by Mendelssohn, =5=, 311-13.
unpopularity of, =5=, 313.
apologizes to Mendelssohn, =5=, 314.
anecdotes concerning, =5=, 315.

=La Vega, de.= _See_ Penso, Joseph.

=Law= (Torah, Pentateuch), the, carried to Babylon by the
priests, =1=, 334.
observed by the Babylonians, =1=, 364.
studied by Ezra, =1=, 365.
read to the people by Ezra, =1=, 378-80.
the Judæans swear to observe, =1=, 380-1.
displaces prophecy, =1=, 385.
strict observance of, =1=, 387.
held sacred by the Samaritans, =1=, 392.
the fundamental law of the commonwealth, =1=, 393-4.
study of, =1=, 396.
the “fence” about, =1=, 397-8.
unspiritual tendency of the laws of clean and unclean in,
=1=, 401-2.
studied and observed by the Chassidim, =1=, 436.
the observance of, urged by Jesus Sirach, =1=, 440-1.
aspersed by Menelaus, =1=, 449-50.
translated into Greek, =1=, 510-14. _See_ Septuagint, the.
study and observance of, under Salome Alexandra, =2=, 51.
knowledge of, spread by the schools of Hillel and Shammai, =2=, 149.
transgressors of, addressed by Jesus, =2=, 152.
desertion from, among the Alexandrians, =2=, 209.
observance of, urged by Philo, =2=, 210-14.
attempts to harmonize, with philosophy, =2=, 212-13.
attacked by Greek Judæans, =2=, 221-2.
upheld by the apostle Paul, =2=, 221.
to be abrogated for the conversion of the heathen, =2=, 225.
abrogated, according to Paul, by the appearance of Jesus, =2=,
226, 229-30.
declared binding by certain apostles, =2=, 231.
adhered to, by Judæan Christians, =2=, 232.
enforced by the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 363-4.
declared unnecessary by Paul, =2=, 365.
observed by the Jewish Christians, =2=, 365-6.
disregarded by the Pagan Christians, =2=, 367.
the observance of, forbidden by Hadrian, =2=, 422.
said to have been altered by the Samaritans, =2=, 457.
the instruction of women in, =2=, 474.
classification of the commands in, =2=, 499.
observance of, in Samaria, =2=, 534.
Chaldaic and Syriac translations of, =2=, 581-2.
said to contain references to Mahomet, =3=, 76.
knowledge of, esteemed, =3=, 113.
held to be binding by Anan ben David, =3=, 134.
Tossafoth in explanation of, =3=, 345.
analyzed in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” =3=, 484-5.
abrogated according to Raymund Martin, =3=, 622.
Persian translation of, =4=, 401.
significance of, =5=, 716-17, 721.
Halachic development of, =5=, 723-4.
_See also_ Mishna, the; Scriptures, the; Talmud, the.

=Law, the, the Book of= (Deuteronomy), found in the Temple,
=1=, 292-3.
read to the people in Jerusalem, =1=, 294.
read by Ezra in Jerusalem, =1=, 378-80.

=Law, the, commentary on=, by Philo, =2=, 212.
by Solomon ben Yerucham, =3=, 206.
by Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim bar Jacob, =3=, 249.
by Samuel ben Chofni, =3=, 253.
by Samuel ben Meïr, =3=, 346.
by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 371-2.
by Moses of Coucy, =3=, 586.
by Nachmani, =3=, 607-8.
_See also_ Scriptures, the, commentary on.

=Law, the, the disciples of=, meaning of, =2=, 357.

=Law, the, the reading of=, instituted, =1=, 396.
at divine service in the Sopheric age, =1=, 399.
the Exilarch the first called to, =3=, 95.

=Law, the, the scroll of=, burnt by Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 455.
burnt by the overseers of Antiochus Epiphanes, =1=, 457.
carried with the Judæan army under Judas Maccabæus, =1=, 467.
profaned by a Roman soldier, =2=, 243.
burnt by Ursicinus, =2=, 569.
burnt in Nancy, =5=, 451.

=Law, the, the teachers of=, called Rabbis, =2=, 335.
disunited, =2=, 335.
forbid the study of Greek under Hadrian, =2=, 400.
meet at Lydda, =2=, 423-4.
artisans, =2=, 441, 442, 575.
demands upon, in the time of Judah I, =2=, 453-4.
displeased with Judah II, =2=, 485-6.
severity of, to each other, =2=, 547.
banished from Judæa under Constantine, =2=, 566-7.
superstition of, =2=, 578.
luxurious habits of, =2=, 588-9.
a privileged class, =2=, 589.
scorned, =2=, 589-90.
as compilers, =2=, 605.
persecuted by Kobad, =3=, 4.
persecuted by Hormisdas, =3=, 8.
averse from the use of Latin and Greek in the synagogue, =3=, 14.
attack the Byzantine empire, =3=, 16.
among the Arabian Jews, =3=, 59, 62.
_See also_ Amoraim; Geonim; Sabureans; Sopherim; Tanaites.

=Law, the, translations of.= _See under_ Pentateuch, the;
Translation.

=Law, the oral= (Tradition), early origin of, =1=, 396-7.
study of, under Salome Alexandra, =2=, 51.
Pharisee study of, begins, =2=, 72.
justified by Hillel, =2=, 98-9.
knowledge of, spread by the schools of Hillel and Shammai, =2=, 149.
the study of, encouraged by Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 326.
systematized by Hillel, =2=, 327-8.
committed to memory, =2=, 328.
methods of establishing, =2=, 328.
taught outside of Jamnia, =2=, 335.
disinterested study of, =2=, 338-9.
the earliest code of, =2=, 343.
as deduced by Akiba, =2=, 352-3.
Akiba’s code of, =2=, 353-4.
as deduced by Ishmael ben Elisha, =2=, 355-6.
the study of, outside of Judæa, =2=, 358-9.
unity of, established, =2=, 405.
the study of, forbidden by Hadrian, =2=, 426.
importance of the study of, =2=, 427, 473-4, 544.
knowledge of, transplanted from Asia to Europe, =2=, 443.
codification of, completed, =2=, 460, 462.
new development of, in Babylonia, =2=, 511.
neglected in Babylonia, =2=, 513-14.
the study of, flourishes in Babylonia, =2=, 574-5.
the distinguishing feature of Judaism, =2=, 608.
_See also_ Halacha, the; Mishna, the; Talmud, the; Tanaites.

=La-Yesharim Tehilla=, drama by Luzzatto, =5=, 242-4.

=Lazarus=, disciple of Jesus, =2=, 160.

=Leather-arms.= _See_ Armleder.

=Leb Herz=, Sabbatian, =5=, 152.

=Lebanon=, mountain range, description of, =1=, 42, 44.
wood from, used for Solomon’s Temple, =1=, 164.

=Leblin=, chamberlain of the Duke of Austria, =3=, 567.

=Lecha Dodi=, Sabbath song, =4=, 538.

“=Lectures= upon the Modern History of the Jews,” by Löwisohn, =5=,
594.

=Leda.= _See_ Laodicea.

=Lee, Johanna=, founder of the Shakers, =5=, 378.

=Lefrank=, satirist, Jewish champion, =5=, 471-2.

=Leghorn=, Elias Montalto at, =4=, 673.
the Sabbatian movement in, =5=, 149.
Nathan Ghazati at, =5=, 161.
the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, =5=, 205.
rabbis of, espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, =5=, 264.
rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, =5=, 571.

=Leghorn, the Jews of=, care for the Polish Jewish fugitives, =5=,
16.
excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, =5=, 499.
show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, =5=, 658.

=Lehren, Hirsch=, interested in the Damascus affair, =5=, 649.
appeal to, from Damascus, =5=, 651.
protests against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, =5=, 682.

=Leibzoll.= _See_ Poll-tax.

=Leipsic=, Jews permitted to live in, =5=, 509.
a Reform synagogue in, =5=, 573.

=Leipsic, the battle of=, celebrated by Jewish preachers, =5=, 528.
consecration of the Hamburg Temple on the anniversary of, =5=, 564.

=Lejbovicz.= _See_ Frank, Jacob.

=Lemberg=, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, =4=, 640.
the German population of, =5=, 3.
the Jews of, suffer through the Cossacks, =5=, 11.
Sabbatianism in, =5=, 228.
disputation at, between Frankists and Talmudists, =5=, 285-7.
Frankists baptized at, =5=, 288.
beginnings of culture among the Jews of, =5=, 612.

=Lemberg= (district), Jacob Frank the leader of the Sabbatians in,
=5=, 273-4.

=Lemon, Herz de=, member of the Felix Libertate, =5=, 453.
zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, =5=, 455.
deputy to the National Assembly, =5=, 458.

=Lemos, Henrietta de.= _See_ Herz, Henrietta.

=Lenæus=, guardian of Ptolemy V’s sons, =1=, 450.

=Leo X=, pope, friendly to the Jews, =4=, 407, 592.
employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 408.
appealed to by Reuchlin, =4=, 453, 454.
worldly character of, =4=, 453-4.
orders the examination of Hoogstraten and Reuchlin, =4=, 454.
appealed to by Hoogstraten, =4=, 455.
appoints Cardinal Grimani judge in Reuchlin’s cause, =4=, 458.
yields to Hoogstraten, =4=, 464.
submits the Reuchlin affair to the fifth Lateran Council, =4=, 464.
suspends the Reuchlin suit, =4=, 465.
Reuchlin’s work on the Kabbala dedicated to, =4=, 466.
encourages the printing of the Talmud, =4=, 468, 565.

=Leo of Crema=, a wealthy Italian Jew, =4=, 287.

=Leo Hebræus.= _See_ Judah Leon Abrabanel.

=Leo the Hebrew.= _See_ Levi ben Gerson.

=Leo the Isaurian=, emperor, forces baptism upon the Jews of the
Byzantine empire, =3=, 122-3.
forces Jews to emigrate, =3=, 139.
oppresses the Jews, =3=, 175.

=Leo Medigo.= _See_ Judah Leon Abrabanel.

=Leo the Philosopher=, emperor of the Byzantine empire, punishes
backsliding Jewish converts, =3=, 176.

=Leo (Judah) ben Isaac Modena= (1571-1649), sceptic, =5=, 56.
ancestry of, =5=, 65.
precocity of, =5=, 65.
varied attainments of, =5=, 65-6.
lacks genius and character, =5=, 66.
scepticism of, =5=, 66-7.
on card playing, =5=, 67.
on the transmigration of souls, =5=, 67.
member of the Venice rabbinate, =5=, 67.
and Sarah Sullam, =5=, 70.
teacher of Christians, =5=, 71.
publishes a work on Jewish customs, =5=, 71-2, 81.
attacks the Kabbala, =5=, 74.
death of, =5=, 74.
teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, =5=, 75.
fickleness of, =5=, 84.
criticism of the Kabbala by, attacked by Luzzatto, =5=, 240.

=Leon, the Jews of=, in the twelfth century, =3=, 384.
suffer from the forces of Castile and Aragon, =3=, 387.
not compelled to wear Jew badges, =3=, 513.
letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 544.
taxed under Sancho, =3=, 617.
accept baptism under Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 205.

=Leon.= _See_ Jehuda ben Meïr; Judah ben Yechiel.

=Leon de Bagnols.= _See_ Levi ben Gerson.

=Leon of Filneck=, character in “Nathan the Wise,” =5=, 324.

=Leon, Jacob Jehuda= (Templo, 1603-1671), supposed author of
“Colloquium Middelburgense,” =4=, 691.
work of, on the Temple, =5=, 114-15.
work of, translated, =5=, 115.
translator of the Psalms, =5=, 115.
unaffected by Spinoza’s attack on Judaism, =5=, 117.

=Leone Romano.= _See_ Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel.

=Leonora=, duchess of Tuscany, friend of Benvenida Abrabanel, =4=,
410, 553, 544.

=Leonora=, widow of Ferdinand I, regent of Portugal, =4=, 160.
removes Jews from office, =4=, 160.
renounces the regency, =4=, 160-1.
quarrels with Juan I of Castile, =4=, 161.

=Leonora de Guzman=, mistress of Alfonso XI of Castile, arouses his
suspicions against Gonzalo Martinez, =4=, 85.
sons of, oppose Pedro the Cruel, =4=, 113.
causes the ill-treatment of Alfonso’s wife, =4=, 114.

=Leonore d’Este=, attachment of the Jews to, =4=, 660.

=Leontin.= _See_ Jehuda ben Meïr.

=Leontopolis=, the Temple of Onias built at, =1=, 508.