Chapter XX: From the Persecution in Poland to the Present Time (6)

=Egyptians=, the, culture of, =1=, 8.
pantheon of, =1=, 9.
enslave the Israelites, =1=, 11.
refuse to liberate the Israelites, =1=, 16-17.
at the Red Sea, =1=, 18-19.

=Ehud=, judge, routs the Moabites, =1=, 60-1.

=Eibeschütz, Jonathan= (1690-1764), disciple of Nehemiah Chayon, =5=,
218.
supposed Sabbatian, =5=, 229, 248.
early education of, =5=, 246-7.
as a Talmudist, =5=, 247.
mysticism of, =5=, 248.
weakness of the character of, =5=, 248-9.
as teacher in Prague, =5=, 249, 250.
excommunicates the Sabbatians, =5=, 249.
clemency shown towards, =5=, 249-50.
in intercourse with Jesuits, =5=, 250.
obtains the right of printing the Talmud, =5=, 250.
and the rabbinate of Metz, =5=, 251.
accused of treason, =5=, 252.
intercedes for the Jews of Moravia and Bohemia, =5=, 253.
declared a traitor, =5=, 253.
popular in Metz, =5=, 253.
rabbi of the “three communities,” =5=, 254, 256.
distributes amulets, =5=, 257, 260.
called on by Emden to clear himself of the charge of Sabbatianism,
=5=, 258.
supported by his disciples, =5=, 258, 259.
cause of, espoused by the “three communities,” =5=, 260-1.
opponents of, excommunicated, =5=, 261.
publishes an encyclical, =5=, 261-2.
invited to exculpate himself, =5=, 262, 263.
excommunicated, =5=, 263-4.
cause of, espoused by some rabbis, =5=, 264.
case of, submitted to the king of Denmark, =5=, 265, 268, 269.
letter to, from Ezekiel Landau, =5=, 265-6.
associates himself with an apostate, =5=, 267.
protected by the princes of Brunswick, =5=, 267-8.
before a rabbinical court, =5=, 268-9.
publishes a defense, =5=, 270.
supposed to be a secret Christian, =5=, 270.
again acknowledged rabbi of the “three communities,” =5=, 271.
and the Frankists, =5=, 289.
distrust of, =5=, 289.

=Eichhorn=, exegete, =5=, 623, 695.

=Eighteen Benedictions.= _See_ Berachoth.

“=Eighteen Things=, The,” decreed by the school of Shammai, =2=, 270.
permitted by Judah II, =2=, 483-4.

=Eisenach=, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, =4=,
109.

=Eisenmenger, John Andrew=, Hebraist, revives the blood accusation,
=5=, 187.
title of the book by, against the Jews, =5=, 188.
charges raised against the Jews by, =5=, 188-9.
work of, suppressed, =5=, 190.
death of, =5=, 190.
_See_ “Judaism Unmasked.”

“=Eisenmenger the Second=, an open letter to Fichte,” by Saul
Asher, =5=, 463.

=Ekron=, Philistine city, =1=, 54.
left in the possession of the Philistines, =1=, 117.
center of Baal-zebub worship, =1=, 207.
given to Jonathan Haphus, =1=, 496.
fortified by the Syrians, =1=, 529.

=Elah=, king of Israel, dissipation and death of, =1=, 192.

=El-Arish=, taken by Napoleon, =5=, 459.

=El-Arish=, the river of Egypt, boundary under David, =1=, 129.

=Elath=, port on the Red Sea, =1=, 170, 171, 177, 230.

=Elchanan ben Isaac=, descendant of Rashi, Tossafist, martyr, =3=,
404.

=Eldad=, Karaite, adventurer, =3=, 182.
spreads the news of the Jewish Chazar kingdom, =3=, 220.

=Elder=, title of the ordained, =2=, 361.

=Elders=, Council of the, formed by Moses, =1=, 25-6.

=Eleanor=, mother of Edward I, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 641, 645.

=Eleanor=, wife of Edward I, favorably inclined to the Jews, =3=, 644.

=Eleanora=, wife of Louis VII of France, accompanies him on the
second crusade, =3=, 349.

=Eleasa=, camp of Judas Maccabæus at, =1=, 486.
the battle of, Judas Maccabæus falls in, =1=, 487.

=Eleazar=, Galilæan Judæan, persuades Izates of Adiabene to be
circumcised, =2=, 217.

=Eleazar=, high priest, and the Septuagint, =1=, 514.

=Eleazar=, Jewish name of Bishop Bodo, =3=, 169.

=Eleazar=, one of David’s warriors, =1=, 116.

=Eleazar of Antioch=, refuses to sacrifice to the Greek gods, =1=,
456.

=Eleazar of Modin=, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.
prays for Bethar, =2=, 417.
accused as a spy, =2=, 417-18.

=Eleazar ben Ananias=, leader of the Zealots, =2=, 256.
brings about the rupture with Rome, =2=, 258-9.
relations of, to the leader of the Sicarii, =2=, 260-1.
destroys the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, =2=, 261.
disinterestedness of, =2=, 261.
governor of Idumæa, =2=, 270.

=Eleazar ben Arach=, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 324, 326.
tries to establish a school at Emmaus, =2=, 334.

=Eleazar ben Azariah=, president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 342.
vice-president of the Synhedrion, =2=, 345.
and Flavius Clemens, =2=, 387, 389, 392.
influence of, on Nerva, =2=, 392.

=Eleazar ben Dinai=, Zealot leader, =2=, 238.
exterminates the Samaritans of Acrabatene, =2=, 243.

=Eleazar ben Jacob=, disciple of Akiba, =2=, 433.

=Eleazar ben Jair=, grandson of Judas of Galilee, leader of the
Sicarii, =2=, 239.
flees from Jerusalem, =2=, 261.
commander of Masada, =2=, 292, 316.

=Eleazar ben Jehuda= (Rokeach), Kabbalist, at the Mayence
synod, =3=, 517.

=Eleazar ben Joel Halevi= (Abi-Ezri), Talmudist, at the Mayence
synod, =3=, 517.

=Eleazar ben Joseph= of Chinon, martyr, =4=, 49.

=Eleazar ben Joseph= (ben Chalafta), accompanies Simon ben Jochai to
Rome, =2=, 449.

=Eleazar ben Kalir=, the greatest of the poetans, =3=, 116-17, 245.
poetry of, rugged, =3=, 223.

=Eleazar ben Poira=, Pharisee, reproves John Hyrcanus, =2=, 32.

=Eleazar ben Shamua=, teacher of Judah I, =2=, 451.

=Eleazar ben Simon=, Zealot leader, treasurer of the Temple, =2=,
270-1, 301.
opposed to the Synhedrion, =2=, 293-4.

=Eleazar ben Simon= (ben Jochai), reproaches the Samaritans with
having altered the Law, =2=, 457.
denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, =2=, 464-5.

=Eleazar Chasma=, in the Jamnia Synhedrion, =2=, 357.

=Eleazar Hawran=, son of Mattathias the Hasmonæan, =1=, 459.
death of, =1=, 479.

=Eleazar.= _See also under_ Eleazer and Eliezer.

=Eleazer=, commander of Machærus, =2=, 315.

=Eleazer ben Nathan= of Mayence, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=,
377.

=Eleazer ben Simon= of Cologne, at the first rabbinical synod, =3=,
377.

=Eleazer.= _See also under_ Eleazar and Eliezer.

=Elegabalus=, emperor, vices of, =2=, 468.
relations of, to the Jews, =2=, 469-70.

=Elesbaa= (Atzbaha), king of Ethiopia, at war with the Jewish king of
Yemen, =3=, 66.

=Elhanan=, of Bethlehem, Israelite champion under David, =1=, 117.

=Eli=, judge, characterization of, =1=, 69.
inveighs against idolatry, =1=, 70.
sons of, =1=, 70.
death of, =1=, 71.
grandson of, =1=, 79.
descendants of, murdered by Saul, =1=, 100.
descendants of, inhabit Mamal, =2=, 575.

=Elia.= _See_ Mar-Elia.

=Eliakim=, in Speyer, Rashi’s Talmud teacher, =3=, 286.

=Eliakim=, son of Hilkiah, made Sochen, =1=, 272.

=Eliakim.= _See_ Jehoiakim.

=Eliam=, father of Bathsheba, =1=, 133.

=Eliano, Victor=, grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, =4=, 564.
defames the Talmud, =4=, 583.
editor of the Cremona Zohar, =4=, 584.

=Elias of London=, chief rabbi of England, =3=, 588.
asks permission for the Jews to leave England, =3=, 590-1.
deposed, =3=, 591.

=Elias del Medigo= (Cretensis, 1463-1498), philosopher, =4=,
289, 290-3.
classical culture of, =4=, 290.
teacher of Pico di Mirandola, =4=, 290-1.
umpire chosen by the University of Padua, =4=, 291.
public lecturer on philosophy, =4=, 291.
denounces the Kabbala, =4=, 292; =5=, 78.
views of, on the Talmud and religion, =4=, 292-3.
character of the influence of, =4=, 293.
hostility to, =4=, 293.
and Judah Menz, =4=, 295.
disciple of, =4=, 386.
sons and relatives of, leaders in Canea, =4=, 406.
descendant of, =5=, 75.

=Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali= (1490-1555), rabbi at Canea, and Judah
Delmedigo, =4=, 406.
as an historian, =4=, 406-7.
style of, =4=, 557.

=Elias Chendali=, husband of Esther Kiera, =4=, 629.

=Elias Cretensis.= _See_ Elias Del Medigo.

=Elias Halevi=, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, =4=, 270.

=Elias Levita= (1468-1549), grammarian, teacher of Christians, =4=,
471, 507.
pupils of, =4=, 472.
publishes a Hebrew grammar, =4=, 472.
mediocrity of, =4=, 472.
on the accents and vowel signs, =4=, 472-3.
declines to go to France, =4=, 473-4.
establishes a Hebrew press at Isny, =4=, 474.
grandchildren of, apostates, =4=, 564.

=Elias Mizrachi= (1455-1526), rabbi of Constantinople, character and
attainments of, =4=, 402-3.
feud of, with the Karaites, =4=, 403.
protects the Karaites, =4=, 403-4.

=Elias Montalto=, physician, employed by Christians, =4=, 653.
dissuades Paul de Pina from becoming a monk, =4=, 670.
buried at Ouderkerk, =4=, 672-3.
physician to Maria de Medici, =4=, 673.

=Eliashib=, high priest, countenances marriages between Judæans and
Samaritans, =1=, 362.
in friendly communication with the Samaritans, =1=, 383.
dismissed by Nehemiah, =1=, 385.

=Eliezer ben Hyrcanus=, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, =2=, 326.
teacher of the Law at Lydda, =2=, 335.
opposes decisions by the Bath-Kol, =2=, 338.
brother-in-law of Gamaliel II, =2=, 339.
excommunicated, =2=, 339-40, 347-8.
devotion of, to tradition, =2=, 346-7, 356.
called Sinai, =2=, 347.
opposed to Gamaliel II, =2=, 347.
end of, =2=, 348.
ban removed from, =2=, 350.
supposed teacher of Akiba, =2=, 351.
and the Jewish Christians, =2=, 370.
on the admission of proselytes, =2=, 384.
and Akylas, =2=, 385.
mourns for Gamaliel II, =2=, 404.
condemns the instruction of women in the Law, =2=, 474.
compared with Chanina bar Chama, =2=, 491.

=Eliezer Kapsali=, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, =4=, 270.

=Eliezer.= _See also under_ Eleazar and Eleazer.

=Elijah=, the Tishbite, prophet, character of, =1=, 199.
a Nazarite, =1=, 200.
disciples of, =1=, 200.
rebukes Ahab, =1=, 202-3.
announces a famine, =1=, 203.
assembles the priests of Baal, =1=, 203-4.
flees from Jezebel, =1=, 204.
instructed to anoint Jehu, =1=, 204.
chooses Elisha as his successor, =1=, 207.
prophesies the death of Ahaziah, =1=, 207.
disappears, =1=, 207.
result of the activity of, =1=, 208.
precursor of the Messiah, =2=, 143.
in the Zohar, =4=, 12, 16.

=Elijah, disciples of=, Nazarites, =1=, 200.
persecuted by Jezebel, =1=, 201.
saved by Obadiah, =1=, 201.
on Mount Carmel, =1=, 203.

=Elijah Wilna= (1720-1797), draws attention to the Scriptures, =5=,
329, 390.
disinterestedness of, =5=, 389.
critical powers of, =5=, 389-90.
simple exegetical method of, =5=, 390.
fondness of, for the Kabbala, =5=, 390-1.
slandered by the Chassidim, =5=, 391.
excommunicates the Chassidim, =5=, 392, 393.
persecutes the Chassidim, =5=, 394.

=Elijah Zevi=, brother of Sabbataï, =5=, 145.

=Elionai=, high priest, under Agrippa I, =2=, 198.

=Elisha=, Essene, punished for the use of Tephillin, =2=, 424.

=Elisha=, father of Ishmael, =2=, 427.

=Elisha=, prophet, successor to Elijah, =1=, 207.
accompanies Elijah, =1=, 208.
lives on Mount Carmel, =1=, 208.
hates Jehoram, =1=, 208-9.
disciple of, appoints Jehu king of Israel, =1=, 210.
position of, compared with Elijah’s, =1=, 217-18.
in Samaria, =1=, 218.
respected by Jehoash of Israel, =1=, 223-4.
influence of, on Jehoash, =1=, 225.

=Elisha ben Abuya= (Acher), teacher of the Law, apostate, =2=,
358, 377.
theosophist, =2=, 381.
assists Hadrian in persecuting the Law, =2=, 426.
and Meïr, =2=, 437.
daughters of, =2=, 452.

=Elisha Gallaico=, member of Karo’s rabbinical college, =4=, 616.

=Elishama=, keeper of the lists, favors submission to Nebuchadnezzar,
=1=, 305.

=Elizabeth=, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, =5=, 114-15.

=Elizabeth=, of England, and Maria Nuñes, =4=, 664.

=Elkanah Kapsali=, of Candia, ransoms Spanish exiles, =4=, 364.

=Elon=, judge, =1=, 66.

=Elulai=, king of Tyre, subdued by Shalmaneser, =1=, 263.

=El-Uz.= _See_ Usha.

=Elvira.= _See_ Illiberis.

=Elymæans=, the, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, =2=, 201.

=Elymais=, falls to Nabopolassar, =1=, 303.

=Emancipation of Jews=, the, advocated by John Toland, =5=, 197-8.
favored by Mirabeau, =5=, 433-4.
accomplished by the French, =5=, 459.
urged by Michael Berr, =5=, 460-1, 527.
opposed by Fichte, =5=, 462.
dependent on that of French Jews, =5=, 480.
favored by Dalberg, =5=, 504.
favored by Hardenberg, =5=, 507.
favored by Denmark, =5=, 519, 531.
advocated before the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, =5=, 525-7.
favored by Alexander I, =5=, 527.
urged by Italian Jews, =5=, 527.
advocated by Zunz, =5=, 621.
hindrances to, in Judaism, =5=, 675.
completed by the February revolutions, =5=, 696-7.
_See also_ Citizenship.

=Emancipation= of the Austrian Jews, the, by Joseph II, =5=, 357-8.

=Emancipation= of the Baden Jews, the, =5=, 502-3.

=Emancipation= of the Bavarian Jews, the partial, =5=, 508.

=Emancipation= of the Dutch Jews, the, celebrated by Friedrichsfeld,
=5=, 400.
promoted by French victories, =5=, 452.
opposed by Van Swieden, =5=, 453-4.
opposed by representative Amsterdam Jews, =5=, 454.
Jewish advocates of, =5=, 454-5.
Christian objections to, =5=, 455-6.
favored by Noel, =5=, 456.
passed by the National Assembly, =5=, 456.
does not delight the Jews, =5=, 456-7.

=Emancipation= of the English Jews, the, =5=, 336-8, 430, 698.
discussed in Parliament, =5=, 601.
advocated by O’Connell, =5=, 653.

=Emancipation= of the Frankfort Jews, the, =5=, 505.
discussed in the Senate, =5=, 598.

=Emancipation= of the French Jews, the, promoted by Cerf Berr, =5=,
430, 431.
discussed by the National Assembly, =5=, 439-41.
favored by the heroes of the Revolution, =5=, 441.
opposition to, =5=, 441-2.
equivocal decision on, =5=, 442.
granted to the Portuguese section, =5=, 442-3, 444-5.
subject of a petition to the National Assembly, =5=, 443.
before the Paris Commune, =5=, 443-5.
Abbé Mulot on, =5=, 443-4.
opposed by the Duc de Broglie, =5=, 447.
advocated by Duport, =5=, 447-8.
passed by the National Assembly, =5=, 448.
celebrated by Berr Isaac Berr, =5=, 448-9.
recognized by the Constitution of the Directory, =5=, 452.
endangered, =5=, 476.
objected to by Bonald, =5=, 478-9.
laid before Napoleon’s council, =5=, 479.
determines that of Jews in other countries, =5=, 480.
advocated by Beugnot, =5=, 480.
opposed by Napoleon, =5=, 480.
urged by Regnault and Ségur, =5=, 480-1.
guaranteed by Napoleon, =5=, 492.
curtailed by Napoleon, =5=, 498-9.
under Louis XVIII, =5=, 524-5.
curtailed under the Bourbons, =5=, 596.
considered by Louis Philippe, =5=, 597.
advocated by Mérilhou, =5=, 597.
completed in the Chamber of Peers, =5=, 597.

=Emancipation= of the German Jews, the, promoted by Dohm’s plea,
=5=, 356-7.
promoted by the French, =5=, 459.
urged by the Peace Congress of Rastadt, =5=, 463.
writers against, =5=, 468-70, 472.
retarded by the reaction after Napoleon’s fall, =5=, 512.
urged before the Congress of Vienna, =5=, 513-14.
favored by Hardenberg and Metternich, =5=, 514.
promised in the constitution drawn up by Humboldt, =5=, 514.
retarded by Teutomania, =5=, 516.
opposed by Rühs, =5=, 517.
promised by the Act of Federation, =5=, 518.
opposed by the Hanse Towns, =5=, 519.
favored by Holstein, =5=, 519.
defeated at the Congress of Vienna, =5=, 519-20.
pamphlet literature against, =5=, 521.
favored by Krämer, =5=, 521-2.
leads to estrangement from Judaism, =5=, 560.
Riesser interested in, =5=, 599-600.
on the programme of the liberal party, =5=, 602.

=Emancipation= of the Hessian Jews, the, legalized, =5=, 601.

=Emancipation= of the Italian Jews, the, undone by Pius VII, =5=, 518.

=Emancipation= of the Jews in the Hanse Towns, the, =5=, 506-7.

=Emancipation= of the Mecklenburg Jews, the, =5=, 507.

=Emancipation= of the Prussian Jews, the, struggle for, begun,
=5=, 414-16.
partial, =5=, 507.
granted by Frederick William III, =5=, 508, 630.
a dead letter, =5=, 524.

=Emancipation= of the Turkish Jews, the, by Abdul Meg’id, =5=, 641.

=Emancipation= of the Westphalian Jews, the, =5=, 500-1.
medal commemorative of, =5=, 501.

=Emanuel=, Byzantine emperor, and his Jewish physician, =3=, 425.

=Embicho=, bishop of Würzburg, protects the Jews, =3=, 354.

=Emden, Jacob= (Ashkenazi, Jabez, 1698-1776), grandson of Jacob
Ashkenazi, anti-Sabbatian, =5=, 221.
son of Chacham Zevi, studies of, =5=, 254-5.
character of, =5=, 255.
as rabbi, =5=, 255.
candidate for the rabbinate of the “three communities,” =5=, 255-6.
antipathy of, to heretics, =5=, 256.
induced not to expose Eibeschütz, =5=, 257-8.
calls on Eibeschütz to clear himself, =5=, 258.
punished by the Council, =5=, 258-9.
persecuted in Altona, =5=, 260.
excommunicated and flees to Amsterdam, =5=, 261.
returns to Altona, =5=, 265, 266.
historian of the Sabbatian movement, =5=, 266.
maligned by Charles Anton, =5=, 267.
refutes Eibeschütz’s defense, =5=, 270.
appealed to by the Polish rabbis, =5=, 277-8.
exposes the Zohar as a forgery, =5=, 278.
sanctions Frankist persecutions, =5=, 278.
triumphant, =5=, 289.
refers the Schwerin Jews to Mendelssohn, =5=, 318.
opposes Mendelssohn on the subject of hasty burial, =5=, 318-19.

=Emden=, Portuguese Marranos arrive at, =4=, 665.
Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.

=Emek ha-Bacha=, by Joseph ben Joshua Cohen, =4=, 590, 608.

=Emesa=, native town of Julia Domna, =2=, 468.

=Emicho.= _See_ Emmerich.

=Emim=, descendants of the Anakim and Rephaim, =1=, 2.

=Emmaus= (Gimso), Synhedrion established at, =2=, 71.
burnt, =2=, 126.
effort to establish an academy at, =2=, 334.
destroyed by an earthquake, =2=, 408-9.

=Emmerich= (Emicho), of Leiningen, leader of the first crusade,
massacres the Jews, =3=, 303.
disgraceful end of the crusaders under, =3=, 306.
accused before Henry IV, =3=, 307.

“=Emunoth=,” Kabbalistic work by Shem Tob ben Joseph, =4=, 197.

=Emunoth we-Deoth=, philosophical work by Saadiah, =3=, 197-8.

=Endor=, camp of Gideon, =1=, 62.
Saul’s camp, =1=, 103.
the witch of, =1=, 103.

“=Enemy= of the Jews, The,” Pfefferkorn’s second pamphlet, =4=,
427-8.

=Engadi=, Essene center, =2=, 25.

=Engel=, friend of Mendelssohn, =5=, 372.

=England=, rabbis of, emigrate to Jerusalem, =3=, 505-6.
Marranos unkindly received in, =4=, 509.
struggles for religious freedom in, =5=, 25-8.
Jews gradually establish themselves in, =5=, 49-50.
anomalous position of Jews in, =5=, 50.
ambassador of, intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian
Jews, =5=, 253.
the first country to emancipate the Jews, =5=, 430.
in the Quadruple Alliance, =5=, 658.

=England, the Jews of=, protected during the second crusade, =3=, 356.
prosperous under Henry II, =3=, 409.
under Richard I, =3=, 409-16.
abused at Richard’s coronation, =3=, 410-11.
massacre of, =3=, 412-16.
under John, =3=, 416, 504-5.
imprisoned, =3=, 505.
wear the Jew badge, =3=, 515, 516.
hated on account of their usurious rates, =3=, 571.
under Henry III, =3=, 587-92.
Christians not permitted to sell food to, =3=, 588.
tax imposed on, =3=, 589.
charges against, =3=, 589.
pledged to the king’s brother, =3=, 590.
restrictions put on, by the Church, =3=, 590.
not permitted to leave England, =3=, 591.
the blood accusation preferred against, =3=, 591.
under Edward I, =3=, 640-6.
the statute of Judaism passed against, =3=, 642.
charged with counterfeiting and clipping coin, =3=, 642.
imprisoned, =3=, 642-3, 645.
forced to listen to Dominican sermons, =3=, 643.
denounced to Honorius IV, =3=, 645.
banished and ill-treated, =3=, 645-6.
take refuge in France, Germany, Spain, =3=, 646.
emancipation of, advocated, =5=, 197-8.
pay the alien duty, =5=, 337.
urge their emancipation, =5=, 337.
naturalization of, =5=, 337-8.
under Polish influence, =5=, 558.
emancipation of, =5=, 601, 653, 698.
act in the Damascus affair, =5=, 644-5, 651-2.
public-spiritedness of, =5=, 703.
number of, =5=, 703.

=England, the re-settlement of Jews in=, prospects of, =5=, 18-19.
suggested by Messianic hopes, =5=, 28.
negotiations for, interrupted, =5=, 34.
before the Short Parliament, =5=, 34.
the subject of three petitions, =5=, 35.
reasons for, stated by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 39-42.
favored by Cromwell, =5=, 42-3.
in the hands of a commission, =5=, 43-5.
objections to, =5=, 44-5.
literature on, =5=, 45-6.

=Enns=, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, =4=, 223.

=Enoch, the Book of=, Kabbalistic source, =4=, 17.

=Enoch Saporta=, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, =4=, 270.

=Enriquez, Antonio de Gomez.= _See_ Paz, Enrique Enriquez de.

=En-Rogel=, spring south of Jerusalem, =1=, 114.

=Ensheim, Moses=, one of the Measfim, mathematician, and the
emancipation of the French Jews, =5=, 401, 450.

=Ensisheim=, tower of, Meïr of Rothenburg imprisoned in, =3=, 639.

=En-Sof=, title of God in the Kabbala, =3=, 550.
emanations of, =3=, 550-1.
in the Zohar, =4=, 14.
the son of heaven, =5=, 124.

=En-Vidal Ephraim Gerundi=, rabbi of Majorca, =4=, 162.
martyr, =4=, 171.

=En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa=, rabbi, calumniated, =4=, 155.

=Epaone=, the council of, forbids Christians to take part in Jewish
banquets, =3=, 37.

=Épée, de l’=, Abbé, anticipated by Pereira, =5=, 343.

=Ephes-Damim=, scene of David’s victory over Goliath, =1=, 97.

=Ephesus=, a Greek-Christian community in, =2=, 227.
chief seat of the Pagan Christians, =2=, 367.

=Ephoros=, Jewish overseer in Greece, Macedonia, Illyria, =3=, 27.

=Ephraim, the tribe of=, in contact with the Egyptians, =1=, 7.
takes Bethel, =1=, 34.
claims the central lands of Canaan, =1=, 35-6.
and the Danites, =1=, 39.
holds assemblies at Shiloh, =1=, 41.
opposes intermarriages with the heathen, =1=, 56.
keeps worshipers from Shiloh, =1=, 57.
assists Ehud against the Moabites =1=, 60.
in conflict with Manasseh, =1=, 63.
attacked by the Ammonites, =1=, 64.
quarrels with Jephthah, =1=, 65.
oppressed by the Philistines, =1=, 71.
not well disposed towards David, =1=, 114.
sides with Absalom, =1=, 140.
persuaded to separate from Solomon, =1=, 176.
chooses Jeroboam as king, =1=, 182-3.
end of, =1=, 265-6.

=Ephraim of Tyre=, head of the Jews of Tyre, =3=, 426.

=Ephraim ben Jacob= of Bonn (1132-1200), Talmudist and liturgical
poet, =3=, 419.

=Ephraim=, mountain, description of, =1=, 45.

=Epicrates=, general of Ptolemy VIII, fights against the Judæans,
=2=, 11.

=Epicurus=, teachings of, accepted in Judæa, =1=, 429.

=Epiphanes=, son of Antiochus of Commagene, affianced to Drusilla,
=2=, 195, 235.

=Epistles= to the Hebrews, the, urge the separation of Jewish
Christians from Jews, =2=, 371.

=Epistolæ= Obscurorum Virorum, by Crotus Rubianus, a Reuchlinist
work, =4=, 461-2.
_See_ “Letters of Obscurantists.”

=Eras= used by the Jews, =1=, 417; =2=, 134; =3=, 433; =4=, 394-5.

=Erasmus=, as humanist, =4=, 432, 433.
supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” =4=, 462.
on hatred of the Jews, =4=, 462-3.
in the pantomime on the Reformation, =4=, 468.

=Eravi.= _See_ Airvi.

=Erfurt=, refuge of Archbishop Ruthard of Mayence, =3=, 307.

=Erfurt, the Jews of=, persecuted, =3=, 611.
during the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 109.

=Erfurt, the university of=, consulted regarding the confiscation of
Hebrew books, =4=, 437, 441.
theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,”
=4=, 452.

=Ergas, Joseph=, Kabbalist, denounces Chayon, =5=, 227.

=Ermengarde=, princess of Narbonne, Jews under, =3=, 392.

“=Errors= of the Doctrine of the Trinity,” by Michael Servetus, =4=,
541.

=Erter, Isaac= (1792-1851), Galician scholar, re-animates the Hebrew
language, =5=, 612-13, 617.
education and marriages of, =5=, 613.
self-culture of, =5=, 613-14.
influence of Rapoport and Krochmal on, =5=, 614.
excommunicated, =5=, 614-15.
satirizes Orenstein, =5=, 615.
style of, =5=, 615-16.
poverty of, =5=, 616.
poetry of, compared with S. D. Luzzatto’s, =5=, 623.
writes an account of the Damascus affair, =5=, 671.

=Erwig=, Visigothic king, usurper, enacts anti-Jewish laws,
=3=, 106-7.

=Esarhaddon=, king of Assyria, reduces Babylonia, =1=, 284.
takes Manasseh prisoner, =1=, 285.

=Esau=, honored by a Gnostic sect, =2=, 375.

=Eschenloer=, town clerk of Breslau, protests against cruelty towards
Jews, =4=, 262.

=Escrivao=, Jewish-Portuguese official, =4=, 159.

“=Eshkol ha-Kofer=,” Karaite work by Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi, =3=,
362.

=Eskapha, Joseph=, Talmudist, teacher of Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 118.
excommunicates him, =5=, 122.

=Eskeles, Issachar Berush=, intercedes for the Moravian Jews, =5=,
252, 253.

=Eski-Crimea.= _See_ Sulchat.

=Esperaindo, Juan de=, assassin of Arbues, =4=, 330.

=Essenes=, the, offshoot from the Assidæan party, =2=, 16-17, 24.
give rise to the Pharisees, =2=, 17.
wherein opposed to the Pharisees, =2=, 18.
allied with the Pharisees, =2=, 24.
rigid celebration of the Sabbath by, =2=, 24.
Nazarite practices of, =2=, 24-5.
celibates, =2=, 25.
settle in Engadi, =2=, 25.
communism of, =2=, 26.
habits of, =2=, 26-7.
mysticism of, =2=, 27-8.
popular, =2=, 29.
fatalists, =2=, 30.
avoid the Temple, =2=, 30.
initiation into the brotherhood of, =2=, 30-1.
prophetic power ascribed to, =2=, 100.
exempt from swearing allegiance to Herod, =2=, 108.
conception of the Messianic age by, =2=, 145.
the first to proclaim the advent of the Messiah, =2=, 145.
Jesus attracted to, =2=, 150-1.
displeased with Jesus, =2=, 162.
followers of Jesus, =2=, 219-20.

=Essenism=, the kernel of Christianity, =2=, 142.

=Essex=, Earl of, takes Cadiz, =4=, 665.

=Essinger, Samuel=, testifies in favor of Eibeschütz, =5=, 262.

=Estella=, the Jews of, massacred, =4=, 77-8, 144.

=Esther= (Esterka), mistress of Casimir III, =4=, 112.

“=Esther=,” epic by Ansaldo Ceba, =5=, 69, 70.

=Esther, the Book of=, additions to, =2=, 359.
read in Spanish translation, =4=, 148.

=Estori Parchi=, on the suffering of the French Jews, =4=, 48-9.
emigrates to Palestine, =4=, 49.
on the Karaites, =4=, 72.

=Etam=, springs of, supply the second Temple, =1=, 421.

=Etampes, d’=, Count, protects the French Jews, =4=, 130, 132.

=Eternal Punishment=, dogma of, in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.

=Ethbaal I=, of Tyre, allied with Omri of Israel, =1=, 194.

=Ethbaal II=, of Tyre, vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 304.
rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 306.
urges war against Nebuchadnezzar, =1=, 309.

=Ethics=, The, by Aristotle, translated, =4=, 193.
by Spinoza, =4=, 167.

=Ethnarch=, the prince of the Judæans in Egypt. _See_ Alabarch, the.

=Ethnarch, office of=, created for the Judæans of the Nabathæan
kingdom, =2=, 202.

=Ethnarch, title of=, conferred on Hyrcanus II, =2=, 66, 76.
on Archelaus, =2=, 127.
on the President of the Synhedrion, =2=, 360.

=Eucærus=, king of Syria, invades Judæa, =2=, 44.
forced to retreat, =2=, 45.

=Euchel, Isaac Abraham=, Hebrew style of, =5=, 398.
establishes the Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, =5=, 398.
founds a journal, =5=, 399.
mediocrity of, =5=, 417.
founder of the “Society of Friends,” =5=, 418.

=Eugenius III=, pope, absolves the debtors of Jews from payment,
=3=, 349-51.

=Eugenius IV=, pope, exhorts Juan II of Castile to humiliate the
Jews, =4=, 229.
hostile to the Jews, =4=, 249, 275.
confirms the privileges of Jews, =4=, 249.
influenced by Alfonso de Cartagena, =4=, 249-50.
revives anti-Jewish restrictions, =4=, 250-1.
issues a bull against the Italian Jews, =4=, 251.
and John of Capistrano, =4=, 257.

=Eulæus=, guardian of Ptolemy V’s sons, rules Egypt, =1=, 450.

=Eumenes=, king of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of
Syria, =1=, 443.

=Euonymus= of Gadara, philosopher, and Meïr, =2=, 437-8.

=Euphrates=, the, depredations in the district of, =2=, 527.
fortresses on, captured by Hulagu, =3=, 606.

=Euphrates, the, district of, the Jews of=, rebel against
Trajan, =2=, 397.
opposed by Lucius Quietus, =2=, 398-9.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 428-33.
_See also under_ Babylonia.

=Eupolemos=, Judæan envoy to Rome, =1=, 485.

=Eupraxios=, Byzantine viceroy, Sabbataï Donnolo, physician
to, =3=, 213.

=Europe=, the seat of Judaism in the twelfth century, =3=, 383.

=Europe, the Jews of=, in the sixth and seventh centuries, =3=, 24-5.
in the latter half of the eighth century, =3=, 141.
in the tenth century, =3=, 212.
admired by the Jews of the East, =5=, 662-3.

=Europe, western=, early Jewish settlements in, =3=, 35.
position of the Jews of, =5=, 704.

=Eusebius=, bishop of Cæsarea, historian, asperses Judaism, =2=, 562.
patron of Joseph the apostate, =2=, 565.

=Eusebius=, chamberlain of Constantius, burdens the Jews with
taxes, =2=, 572.

=Eutropius=, chamberlain of Arcadius, favorably inclined to the Jews,
=2=, 615-16.
fall of, =2=, 616.

=Evangelists=, the, and the revolt of Bar-Cochba, =2=, 412-13.
describe Hadrian’s persecutions, =2=, 431.

=Evangels=, the, colored by Jewish and Pagan Christian views,
=2=, 368-9.
influence of, on Judaism, deprecated by the Tanaites, =2=, 378.

=Evil-Merodach=, king of Babylon, releases Jehoiachin, =1=, 331.
murdered, =1=, 331.

=Evora=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.
the Marranos of, spied upon, =4=, 490.
tribunal of the Inquisition at, =4=, 508.

=Ewald, Heinrich=, historian of Israel, =5=, 696.

=Ewald, Johann Ludwig=, defends the Jews, =5=, 522.

“=Examination= of the Pharisaic Traditions, An,” by Uriel da
Costa, =5=, 60.

“=Example= of Human Life, An,” autobiography of Uriel da Costa,
=5=, 64-5.

=Exchequer= of the Jews, in England, =3=, 588.

=Excommunication=, as used by Gamaliel II, =2=, 339, 347.
regulated by the Usha Synhedrion, =2=, 405.
practiced by Simon II, =2=, 446.
introduced into Babylonia, =2=, 517.
used by Judah ben Ezekiel, =2=, 551-2.
the right of, granted to the Patriarchs, =2=, 612-13.
as dispensed in Jewish Babylonia, =2=, 99-100.
introduced among the Karaites, =3=, 151.
freely used by Paltoi ben Abayi, =3=, 177.
threatened for violating the secrecy of a letter, =3=, 245.
threatened for reproaching a repentant apostate, =3=, 246.
threatened for accepting an office from Christian authorities, =3=,
518.
pronounced in Poland only with the concurrence of the whole
community, =4=, 265.
employed by the rabbis of Turkey, =4=, 599.
objected to by Mendelssohn, =5=, 362-3.
forbidden by the Austrian government, =5=, 614.

=Excommunication of=, the community of Fars, =3=, 194.
Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur, =3=, 238.
informers and traitors revived, =3=, 378.
fault-finders with a bill of divorce after its delivery, =3=, 378.
the Maimunists, =3=, 528-9, 535.
the Anti-Maimunists, =3=, 530, 536.
Donin, =3=, 572-3.
students of science, =4=, 39-40.
Uriel da Costa, =4=, 58-63.
Spinoza, =5=, 93, 94.
Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 122.
Chayim Malach, =5=, 214.
Nehemiah Chayon, =5=, 216, 224.
Chacham Zevi, =5=, 226.
Podolian Sabbatians, =5=, 228.
Sabbatians at Frankfort, =5=, 230.
Moses Chayim Luzzatto, =5=, 240, 242.
Eibeschütz’s opponents, =5=, 259, 261.
Eibeschütz, =5=, 263-4.
the Frankists, =5=, 276-7.
Wessely, =5=, 370.
the Chassidim, =5=, 392, 393.
young Galician scholars, =5=, 614.

=Exegesis of the Bible=, taught Origen by the Jews, =2=, 488.
Simlaï’s sober method of, =2=, 499, 501-2.
incorrect, favored by the Talmud, =2=, 633.
by Anan ben David, =3=, 133.
freedom in, the principal dogma of Karaism, =3=, 157.
special study of the Karaites, =3=, 180.
cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh
centuries, =3=, 235.
by Ibn-Janach, =3=, 262, 263.
by Yizchaki, =3=, 273.
by Rashi, =3=, 288.
by Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, =3=, 290.
supplanted by the study of the Talmud in Spain, =3=, 317.
by the Tossafists, =3=, 345-6.
by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, =3=, 368, 370-1, 371-3.
by David Kimchi, =3=, 394.
decay of, in the post-Maimunic time, =3=, 561.
neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, =4=, 91.
Jewish, praised by Reuchlin, =4=, 441-2.
scientific, founded by Richard Simon, =5=, 178.
by S. D. Luzzatto, =5=, 623-4.
by Sachs, =5=, 692-3.
by the rationalistic school, =5=, 695-6.
_See also_ Scriptures, the, commentary on.

=Exeter=, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, =3=, 645.

“=Exilarch=, the, Feast of,” court at the Exilarch’s, =3=, 95.

=Exilarchate=, the, on an equality with the Patriarchate, =2=, 454.
extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, =2=, 457.
in abeyance after Kobad’s persecutions, =3=, 4.
from 589 to 640, =3=, 10.
restored to power by Bostanaï, =3=, 10.
hereditary in the house of Bostanaï, =3=, 94, 137.
as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, =3=, 100.
co-extensive with the Ommiyyade Caliphate, =3=, 100.
dependent on the Gaonate, =3=, 137.
contests for, =3=, 155, 439.
decay of, =3=, 183, 188.
attachment to, =3=, 185-6.
during Saadiah’s Gaonate, =3=, 193-4.
end of, =3=, 201-2.
revived in the twelfth century, =3=, 369, 428.
extent of, =3=, 428-9.
revived in the thirteenth century, =3=, 627.

=Exilarchs=, the (Princes of the Captivity, Resh-Galutha), leaders of
the Jews in the East, =2=, 393.
political chiefs of the Babylonian Jews, =2=, 508.
vassals of Persia, =2=, 508.
royal position of, =2=, 508-9.
descendants of David, =2=, 509.
supreme judges of the Jewish community, =2=, 509; =3=, 93.
revenues of, =2=, 509-10; =3=, 96.
homage paid to, =2=, 510, 515, 606-7.
religious ignorance of, =2=, 510.
political and spiritual authority of, =2=, 511.
devoted to the study of the Law, =2=, 544.
appoint judges, =2=, 547; =3=, 98, 428.
barbarity of, in the time of the Amoraim, =2=, 554.
exercise civil and judicial functions, =3=, 89.
depose the principals of the Babylonian academies, =3=, 91.
history of, dark, =3=, 92.
office of, political, =3=, 93.
installation of, =3=, 94-5.
annual court at the house of, =3=, 95.
authority of, lessened by the Karaite schism, =3=, 137.
power of, reduced, =3=, 177, 183.
hold public assemblies at Pumbeditha, =3=, 177.

=Exilarchs=, the, list of:
Achiya,
Bostanaï,
Chananya (Achunaï),
Chaninaï,
Chasdaï,
Chiskiya,
Daniel, son of
Solomon (Chasdaï?),
David of Mosul,
David ben Daniel,
David ben Judah,
David ben Zaccaï,
Huna,
Huna-Mari,
Josiah Hassan,
Judah ben David,
Judah ben David, son of
Kafnaï,
Mar-Kahana,
Mar-Ukban,
Mar-Zutra I,
Mar-Zutra II,
Nathan,
Nehemia,
Solomon,
Solomon (Chasdaï?),
Yishaï ben Chiskiya,
Zaccaï ben Achunaï.

=Exile=, the Babylonian, described, =5=, 720-1. _See_ Babylonia, the
Judæans of.

=Exorcism.= _See_ Demons, exorcism of.

=Ezekias=, leads the revolt in Galilee against Rome, =2=, 77.
executed, =2=, 77-8.
son of, =2=, 125.

=Ezekiel=, prophet, encourages and rebukes the Babylonian exiles,
=1=, 332-4.
prophecy of, leads to theosophic speculations, =2=, 380-1.
pilgrimages to the grave of, =3=, 440-1.
in Immanuel Romi’s work, =4=, 67.

=Ezer ha-Emuna=, work by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, =4=, 141.

=Eziongeber=, port on the Red Sea, =1=, 170.

=Ezobi= (Esobi). _See_ Joseph Ezobi ben Chanan.

=Ezra=, descent of, =1=, 365.
studies the Law, =1=, 365.
leads a company of Judæans to Palestine, =1=, 366.
opinion of, on intermarriages, =1=, 367-8.
induces the Judæans to repudiate their heathen wives, =1=, 368-9.
opposition to the severity of, =1=, 370.
reads the Law in Jerusalem, =1=, 378-80.
subordinates the priesthood to the Scriptures, =1=, 379.
exacts an oath from the Judæans to observe the Law, =1=,
380-1, 387-8.
at the consecration of the walls of Jerusalem, =1=, 381.
guardian of the Temple, =1=, 382.
regulations ascribed to, =1=, 395.
the chief of the Scribes, =2=, 19.
Mahomet on, =3=, 76.
pilgrimages to the supposed grave of, =3=, 441.

=Ezra=, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, =3=, 548.

=Ezra Gatiño=, commentator on Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, =4=,
144.

=F=

=Fables=, written by Meïr, =2=, 436.

“=Fables= of Ancient Times,” by Ibn-Sahula, =3=, 560.

=Fabulists=, list of:
Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan,
Ibn-Sahula,
Meïr.

=Fadak=, submits to Mahomet, =3=, 83.

=Fadus, Cuspius=, procurator, strengthens Rome in Judæa, =2=, 197.
rising of Theudas under, =2=, 198.
deposed, =2=, 198.

=Fagius, Paulus=, disciple of Reuchlin, and Elias Levita, =4=, 474.

“=Faith= and Creed,” by Saadiah, =3=, 197-8.

=Falaquera.= _See_ Shem-Tob Falaquera.

=Falcos=, the Jews of, attacked, =4=, 78.

=Falero, Abraham Aboab=, builds the second synagogue at Hamburg, =4=,
691.

=Faliachi, Jacob=, Sabbatian, =5=, 156.

=Falk, Jacob Joshua=, rabbi of Metz and Frankfort, =5=, 251.
against Eibeschütz, =5=, 262, 263, 268, 269.
disciple of, =5=, 263.

=Fall=, the. _See_ Original Sin.

=Fall, the, of the Angels=, dogma of, in the Kabbala, =4=, 292.

=Famagusta=, besieged by the Turks, =4=, 600.
taken, =4=, 601.

“=Familianten=,” privileged Jews, =5=, 253.

=Famine=, in Israel under Ahab, =1=, 203.
in Judah under Uzziah, =1=, 229-30.
in Jerusalem during the siege of Titus, =2=, 304, 305-6.
under Marcus Aurelius, =2=, 451.

=Farchi, Chayim Maalem=, Jewish minister at Accho, =5=, 460.

=Farchi, Raphael Murad=, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 639.
restored to his position, =5=, 661.

=Farchi family=, the, accused of ritual murder, =5=, 638.

=Farissol, Abraham.= _See_ Abraham Farissol.

=Farnese, Alexander.= _See_ Paul III, pope.

=Farnese, Alexander=, cardinal, intercedes for the Jews, =4=, 567.

=Faro=, Count of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 338.

=Faro=, Jewish center in Portugal, =4=, 159.

=Farraj Ibn-Solomon= (Farragut), physician to Charles of Anjou, =3=,
628.

=Fars.= _See_ Hamadan.

=Farsistan=, the Exilarch’s income from, =3=, 96.

=Fast=, proclaimed under Jehoiakim, =1=, 304.
in memory of Gedaliah, =1=, 325.
in memory of the Blois martyrs, =3=, 380-1.
during the disputation with Donin, =3=, 577.
on the anniversary of the burning of the Talmud, =3=, 579.
against Gonzalo Martinez, =4=, 85.
to avert the Black Death persecutions, =4=, 100.
during the Hussite war, =4=, 225-6.
commemorating the Nemirov massacre, =5=, 13.

=Fast days=, observed by the Babylonian exiles, =1=, 337.

=Fast of Tammuz abolished=, by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 151-2.
by the Sabbatians, =5=, 159.

=Fast of Tebeth=, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, =5=, 143.

“=Father= of the Judæans.” _See_ Ragesh.

=Fatimide Caliphate=, the, Talmud schools established in, =3=, 210.
Jewish science in, =3=, 211.
fanaticism of, =3=, 212.
Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur in, =3=, 238.
the Jews of, persecuted, =3=, 247-8.
extent of, =3=, 248.
consequences of the fall of, =3=, 461.

=Fauma Kadin=, Sarah Zevi’s Mahometan name, =5=, 154.

=Fayum=, Saadiah’s birthplace, =3=, 188.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, =3=, 444.

=Feast of Ingathering=, celebrated in the eighth month, =1=, 186.
_See_ Tabernacles, the feast of.

=Feast of Lights.= _See_ Chanukah.

=February revolution=, the, completes the emancipation of the Jews,
=5=, 696-7.

=Federation= of the German states, Act of, assures citizenship to the
Jews, =5=, 518.

=Felgenhauer, Paul=, mystic, Messianic speculations of, =5=, 35-6.

=Felix=, governor of Galilee, husband of Drusilla, =2=, 235, 242,
245.
rouses the Zealots against the Samaritans, =2=, 243.
sides with the Galilæans, =2=, 244.
procurator of Judæa, rapacity of, =2=, 245.
allied with the Sicarii, =2=, 246.
sides with the Greeks against the Judæans, =2=, 247.

=Felix Libertate=, Dutch club, joined by Jews, =5=, 453.

“=Fence=,” the, about the Law, =1=, 397.

=Ferber, von=, and the Jews of Dresden, =5=, 344.

=Ferdinand I=, emperor, permits the expulsion of the Bohemian
Jews, =4=, 544.
expels the Jews from Lower Austria, =4=, 585.
expels the Jews of Prague, =4=, 585-6.
embassy of, negotiates with Joseph Nassi, =4=, 597.
appeals to Joseph Nassi, =4=, 601.

=Ferdinand II=, emperor, reproves Hamburg for permitting a synagogue,
=4=, 689-90.
protects the Jews, =4=, 701-2.
imprisons Lipmann Heller, =4=, 705.
fines him, =4=, 706.
introduces conversion sermons in Vienna, =4=, 706.

=Ferdinand III=, emperor, extends the rights of the Bohemian
Jews, =4=, 707.

=Ferdinand I=, of Aragon, regent of Castile, =4=, 194.
issues an anti-Jewish edict, =4=, 203-4.
becomes king of Aragon, =4=, 205.
defers to Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 206.
arranges for the disputation at Tortosa, =4=, 207.
advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, =4=, 216.
threatens to besiege Benedict XIII, =4=, 217.
death of, =4=, 217.

=Ferdinand II=, of Aragon. _See_ Ferdinand V, of Castile,
the Catholic.

=Ferdinand III=, of Castile, the Holy, hostile to the Jews, =3=, 519.
employs a Jewish physician, =3=, 537.
Jews under, =3=, 592.

=Ferdinand IV=, of Castile, employs a Jewish treasurer, =4=, 51-2.
death of, =4=, 52.

=Ferdinand V=, of Castile (II, of Aragon), the Catholic, marriage
of, =4=, 280.
ascends the throne of Castile, =4=, 284.
avarice of, =4=, 310, 318.
sanctions the Inquisition for Marranos, =4=, 310-11.
obtains sanction for the Inquisition in Aragon, =4=, 319.
introduces the Inquisition into his hereditary lands, =4=, 325-6.
inclined to revoke the Jewish edict of banishment, =4=, 348.
confiscates the possessions of the Jews of his hereditary
lands, =4=, 350.
threatens Navarre for protecting Marranos, =4=, 357.
urges the expulsion of the Jews from Navarre, =4=, 358.
and Judah Leon Abrabanel, =4=, 384, 385.
establishes the Inquisition at Benevento, =4=, 385.
_See also_ Ferdinand and Isabella.

=Ferdinand (V) and Isabella (I)=, of Castile, establish the
Inquisition in Spain, =4=, 309.
appoint the commission to frame the statute for the Inquisition,
=4=, 312.
papal letter to, concerning the Inquisition, =4=, 318.
refuse to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, =4=, 322.
ask for an inquisitor-general, =4=, 324.
establish the Inquisition at Seville, =4=, 335.
urged to expel the Jews from Seville, =4=, 336.
protect the Jews from chicanery, =4=, 336.
appoint Isaac Abrabanel minister of finance, =4=, 343.
secret treaty of, with Boabdil, =4=, 345.
enter Granada, =4=, 345.
decide on the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 346-7.
proclamation of, expelling the Jews, =4=, 347-8.
confiscate the treasures of the exiles, =4=, 354-5.
censured for the expulsion of the Jews, =4=, 356.
marry their daughter to Manoel of Portugal, =4=, 372-3.
oppose the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, =4=, 379.

=Ferdinand I=, of Naples, employs a Jewish physician, =4=, 287.
receives Spanish exiles kindly, =4=, 358-9.
patron of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=, 359, 383.
refuses to expel the Jews, =4=, 359-60.
death of, =4=, 360.

=Ferdinand I=, of Portugal, prosperity of the Jews under, =4=, 158-9.
Jewish favorites of, =4=, 159-60.
death of, =4=, 160.

=Ferdinand=, duke of Braganza, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, =4=,
338, 340-1.

=Ferdinand de Medici=, duke of Tuscany, receives Jewish exiles from
the Papal States, =4=, 659.
permits the use of the expurgated Talmud, =4=, 659.

=Fermo=, residence of Immanuel Romi, =4=, 68.

=Fernando, Manuel, de Villa-Real=, Marrano, martyr, =5=, 91.

=Ferrajo, Lucio=, tries to prove the blood accusation out of the
Talmud, =5=, 639.

=Ferrara=, Hillel of Verona in, =3=, 629.
Jewish printing house in, =4=, 289.
Jewish exiles in, =4=, 412-13.
Marranos well treated at, =4=, 526.
refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, =4=, 544.
Samuel Usque at, =4=, 558.
the Talmud burnt in, =4=, 565.
a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 568, 569.
refuge of Gracia Mendesia, =4=, 575.
Marranos of, in distress, =4=, 581.
refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, =4=, 592.
becomes part of the Papal States, =4=, 660.
no longer a refuge for Marranos, =4=, 661.
earthquake in, =4=, 615.

=Ferrara, the Jews of=, liberties of, =3=, 628.
appeal for permission to own the Talmud, =4=, 658.
attached to the house of Este, =4=, 660.

=Ferrer.= _See_ Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

=Ferrer, Vincent=, humility of, =4=, 200-1.
revives flagellation, =4=, 201.
as an orator, =4=, 201.
fanaticism of, =4=, 201-2.
crusade of, against the Jews, =4=, 202.
extorts Christian confession from the Marranos, =4=, 202-3.
influences Jews to accept Christianity, =4=, 204-5, 206, 214.
procures the crown of Aragon for Ferdinand of Castile, =4=,
205, 206.
denounces Benedict XIII, =4=, 216.
death of, =4=, 217.
refused aid by João I of Portugal, =4=, 218.
in Savoy, =4=, 218.
terror of, spreads to Germany and Italy, =4=, 218.
policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, =4=, 246.
compared with John of Capistrano, =4=, 257.
compared with Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=, 296.

=Ferrus, Pero=, apostate, satirist, =4=, 181.

=Festus=, procurator of Judæa, administration of, =2=, 247-8.

=Fettmilch, Vincent=, leader of the Frankfort guilds against the Jews,
=4=, 696-7.
attacks the Jew quarter, =4=, 697.
hanged, =4=, 699-700.

=Fez=, Dunash ben Labrat in, =3=, 226.
Maimun’s family in, =3=, 451-6.
forced converts emigrate to, =4=, 179.
suffering of Spanish exiles in, =4=, 361-2.
the Spanish exiles in, =4=, 390.

=Fez, the Jews of=, consult Haï Gaon, =3=, 252.
persecuted, =3=, 360.
fortunes of, =5=, 168.

=Fezara=, the, Arab tribe, promise assistance to the Jews of
Chaibar, =3=, 82.

=Fichte=, classes Jews with the nobility and clergy, =5=, 461.
opposes the emancipation of the Jews, =5=, 462, 468.
Saul Asher refutes, =5=, 463.

=Fields=, the blessing of, by Jews, forbidden, =2=, 620; =3=, 44.

=Fifth Monarchy=, the, believers in, regard the Jews favorably,
=5=, 23, 27.
view of, held by Christians, =5=, 37.
as interpreted by Manasseh ben Israel, =5=, 38.
believers in, fix the Messianic year, =5=, 120.

=Firme-Fé.= _See_ Nuñes, Henrique.

=First-born=, the, Mosaic law of, as interpreted under Ahaz, =1=, 261.

=Firuz= (Pheroces, 457-484), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, =2=,
628-30; =3=, 1.
persecutes the Jews of Ispahan, =2=, 629.
closes the Jewish schools, =2=, 629.
forces Magianism upon Jews, =2=, 629.
death of, =2=, 630.

=Firuz-Shabur= (Anbar), important Babylonian town, =2=, 505.
the Jews of, in the war between Julian the Apostate and Shabur
II, =2=, 601.
academy opened at, =3=, 8, 9.
taken by Ali, =3=, 90.

=Fiscus Judaicus=, tax instituted by Vespasian, =2=, 316.
extorted from the Jews, =2=, 332.
_See_ Tax.

“=Five Evidences= of the Faith,” Sabbatian work, =5=, 162.

=Flaccus=, prætor in Asia Minor, seizes upon the votive offerings in
the Temple, =2=, 68.
defended by Cicero, =2=, 68-70.

=Flaccus, Pomponius=, governor of Syria, Agrippa I courtier
of, =2=, 175.
tool of the Alexandrians, =2=, 181.
deprives Judæans of Alexandrian citizenship, =1=, 182.
deposed, =2=, 183.

=Flagellants=, the, in Hanover, =4=, 111.
under Vincent Ferrer, =4=, 201.
condemned by the Council of Constance, =4=, 217.

=Flanders=, Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, =4=, 387.
Portuguese Marranos imprisoned in, =4=, 509.

=Flavian house=, the, and the Jews, =2=, 388.

=Flavio Jacopo de Evora=, on Amatus Lusitanus, =4=, 610.

=Flavius Josephus.= _See_ Joseph ben Matthias.

=Florence=, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, =4=, 285.
Elias del Medigo lectures on philosophy at, =4=, 291.
the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, =4=, 297.
the Marranos of, not molested, =4=, 500.
the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, =5=, 205.

=Florentin, Solomon=, Talmudist, supporter of Jacob Querido, =5=, 210.

=Florus, Gessius= (64-66), last procurator of Judæa, rapacity and
profligacy of, =2=, 249-50.
favors the Sicarii, =2=, 250.
bribed by the Judæans of Cæsarea, =2=, 252-3.
imprisons Judæan deputies, =2=, 253.
demands a part of the Temple treasures, =2=, 253.
in Jerusalem, =2=, 253-4.
plunders the upper town, =2=, 254.
appealed to by Berenice, =2=, 254.
demands a friendly reception for his troops, =2=, 254.
troops of, attack the Temple, =2=, 255.
leaves Jerusalem, =2=, 255.
Jerusalem rebellious towards, =2=, 258.
refuses to aid the Peace party, =2=, 259.
refrains from interference between the Zealots and the Roman
garrison in Jerusalem, =2=, 261-2.
enslaves the Judæans in Cæsarea, =2=, 262.
accused before Nero, =2=, 268.

=Fons Vitæ=, philosophical work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 270-1.
_See_ “Fountain of Life, The.”

=Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, Sarah de=, Jewish poetess, =5=, 203.

=Fontaine, de=, Countess, owns the Jews of Metz, =5=, 348, 446.

=Fontanes=, reactionary influence of, =5=, 477, 479.

“=Fool’s Voice=, The,” by Leo Modena, =5=, 73.

=Forli=, Hillel of Verona in, =3=, 629.
synod at, =4=, 218.

“=Fortalitium Fidei=,” anti-Jewish work by Alfonso de Spina, =4=,
277, 415.

“=Fortress=, The,” polemic, =4=, 234.

=Fortunatus, Venantius=, poet, celebrates the achievements of
Avitus, =3=, 39.

=Forum Judicum=, Visigothic code, translated into Castilian,
=3=, 594-5.

=Fossano=, French exiles settle in, =4=, 177.

=Fostat.= _See_ Cairo.

=Fould, Achille=, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, =5=, 649.

“=Fountain= of Life, The,” (Mekor Chayim, Fons Vitæ), philosophical
work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, =3=, 270.
translated into Latin, =3=, 270.
used by the schoolmen, =3=, 271.

=Four Countries, the, Synod of= (Vaad Arba Arazoth), functions of,
=4=, 643-4; =5=, 3-4.
authority of, =4=, 644.
supposed originator of, =4=, 645.
president of, =4=, 645.
and the Kamieniec disputation, =5=, 281.
forbidden to assemble, =5=, 387.
dissolution of, favorable to Chassidism, =5=, 387.

=Fourth of August=, the, glory of, =5=, 437.

=Fox Fables=, the, by Berachya ben Natronaï, =3=, 560.

=Fraga=, the Jews of, converted, =4=, 214.

“=Fragments= of an Unknown,” published by Lessing, =5=, 320-1.
effect of, =5=, 321-2.
attributed to Mendelssohn, =5=, 322.

=France=, Talmud schools established in, =3=, 208.
Talmudists of, imported into Egypt, =3=, 444.
rabbis of, emigrate to Jerusalem, =3=, 505-6.
rabbis of, in sympathy with Solomon Petit, =3=, 627.
refuge of the Jews banished from England, =3=, 646.
quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, =4=, 152-3, 162.
the Protestant Reformation in, =4=, 469.
professorships for Hebrew instituted in, =4=, 471, 473, 474.
Portuguese Marranos arrested in, =4=, 509.
ambassador of, and Joseph Nassi, =4=, 595, 598-9.
Joseph Nassi seizes the merchant vessels of, =4=, 597.
the Measfim in, =5=, 401.
the first country to emancipate the Jews, =5=, 430.
congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, =5=, 496.
Central Consistory of, keeps aloof from the Reform movement, =5=,
572.

=France, the Jews of=, participate in the memorial services at the
Babylonian academies, =3=, 101.
advanced under Charlemagne, =3=, 141.
devote themselves to the Agada, =3=, 160.
under Charles the Bald, =3=, 170-4.
decrees against, revived, =3=, 171.
tax levied on, =3=, 172.
antagonized by Bishop Amolo, =3=, 172-3.
exposed to Easter attacks, =3=, 173-4.
under Charles the Simple, =3=, 175.
treated as the wards of the king, =3=, 175.
yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, =3=, 236.
oppressed under the last Carlovingians and the first Capets,
=3=, 241-2.
the clergy arouse hatred against, =3=, 241.
accused of using spells against Christians, =3=, 242.
not creative in the eleventh century, =3=, 281.
occupations of, =3=, 281.
compared with the Christians, =3=, 281.
devoted to the study of the Talmud, =3=, 281, 343-5.
protected during the first crusade, =3=, 299.
beginnings of culture among, =3=, 343.
debts owing to, repudiated, =3=, 349-51.
Louis VII roused against, =3=, 349-50.
a persecution of, prevented, =3=, 351.
martyrdom of, during the second crusade, =3=, 354-6.
Jewish culture of, =3=, 357.
and the secular courts, =3=, 377.
observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, =3=, 380.
banished by Philip Augustus, =3=, 402-3.
charges against, by Innocent III, =3=, 499.
forbidden to employ Christian nurses, =3=, 508.
suffer during Gregory IX’s crusade, =3=, 570.
forced into Christianity, =3=, 570.
appeal to Gregory IX, =3=, 570.
under Louis IX, =3=, 570-1.
charged with usury, =3=, 571.
fast during the disputation with Donin, =3=, 577.
charged with the blood accusation, =3=, 583-5.
banished by Louis IX, =3=, 585-6.
return of, =3=, 586.
forced to wear a badge, =3=, 612.
address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, =3=, 620.
banished by Philip IV, =3=, 646; =4=, 46.
reasons for the exile of, =4=, 47.
suffering of, =4=, 47-9.
emigrate, =4=, 49.
recalled by Louis X, =4=, 53.
conditions for the re-admission of, =4=, 53-4.
privileges of, extended by Philip V, =4=, 54.
massacred by the Pastoureaux, =4=, 55-7.
accused of poisoning wells, =4=, 57.
permitted to return by John the Good, =4=, 129.
privileges granted to, =4=, 129-31, 150.
hostility to, =4=, 131, 132.
attacked by mobs, =4=, 151-2.
refuse to submit to the German chief rabbi, =4=, 152-3.
conditions of the residence of, in France, =4=, 174.
forced into usury, =4=, 174.
banished by Charles VI, =4=, 175-6.
remain in certain towns and provinces, =4=, 176-7.
settle in Germany and Italy, =4=, 177.
number of, =5=, 435.
not united for concerted action, =5=, 436.
petition for admission into the fraternity of the French
people, =5=, 438.
Saint Etienne speaks in behalf of, =5=, 439.
improvement of, planned by Berr Isaac Berr, =5=, 449.
interested in the government, =5=, 449-50.
and the religion of Reason, =5=, 451-2.
recognized as equals by the Constitution of the Directory, =5=, 452.
object to the poll-tax in Germany, =5=, 464-5.
in danger of losing their privileges, =5=, 474.
opposed by the reactionary party, =5=, 477-8.
deprived temporarily of civil equality, =5=, 482.
restrictive laws for, =5=, 498-9.
rights of, not curtailed after Napoleon’s fall, =5=, 512-13.
restrictions against not renewed, =5=, 524-5.
rapid advance of, =5=, 557.
under Polish influence, =5=, 558.
influenced by the Reform movement, =5=, 582-3.
and the Damascus affair, =5=, 644, 651.
asked to support Crémieux’s Eastern schools, =5=, 671.

=France, the Jews of, emancipation of.= _See_ Emancipation of the
French Jews, the.

=France, northern=, home of Talmudic studies after Rashi, =3=, 289.
rabbis of, at Donin’s disputation, =3=, 576.

=France, northern, the Jews of=, devoted to Talmud study, =3=, 289,
290, 345, 407-8.
expect the Messiah, =3=, 298.
prosperous in the twelfth century, =3=, 343.
banished during the third crusade, =3=, 405.
received by Philip Augustus, =3=, 405-6.
not permitted to move from province to province, =3=, 406.
forbidden to buy property confiscated from Jews, =3=, 406-7.
treated as bondmen, =3=, 407.
naïve faith of, =3=, 549.
wear Jew badges, =3=, 612.

=France, southern=, Judæans in, =2=, 203.
culture and rulers of, =3=, 390.
tolerance in, =3=, 390.
Spanish culture introduced into, =3=, 392.
Jews from, in Palestine, =3=, 427-8.
rabbis of, renounce Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 539, 541.
_See also_ Languedoc; Narbonne; Provence.

=France, southern, the Jews of=, dependent on vassal princes, =3=,
242.
in the twelfth century, =3=, 389-91.
idolize Maimonides, =3=, 488-9.
Maimonides on, =3=, 492.
relation of, to the Albigenses, =3=, 501, 513-14.
suffer during the Albigensian crusade, =3=, 501-3.
not employed as state officials, =3=, 503-4.
send delegates to the Fourth Lateran Council, =3=, 509.
struggle against badges, =3=, 513.
Innocent III’s decrees enforced against, =3=, 518.
Maimunists, =3=, 526-7.
excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, =3=, 530.
philosophical leanings of, =3=, 549.
ordered to enter into disputations with Pablo Christiani, =3=, 602.
obtain the abrogation of the law on badges, =3=, 612.
persecuted in the fourteenth century, =4=, 53.
during the Pastoureaux rising, =4=, 56-7.
massacred on the charge of having caused the Black Death, =4=, 102.
hostility towards, =4=, 132.

=Francesco Maria I=, duke of Urbino, brings Molcho to Pesaro, =4=,
501.

=Francesco Maria II=, duke of Urbino, David de Pomis dedicates a book
to, =4=, 657.

=Francis I=, of Austria, emperor, imposes restrictions on the
Jews, =5=, 508.
the Jews under, =5=, 523.
intolerance of, =5=, 579.

=Francis I=, of France, patron of Hebrew learning, =4=, 473.

=Franciscans= (Minorites), the, order of, originates in the Fourth
Lateran Council, =3=, 509.
persecutions by, in southern France, =3=, 519.
in the Maimunist controversy, =3=, 542-3.
judges of the Talmud, =3=, 575.
free English Jews imprisoned on the blood accusation, =3=, 591.
censors of the Talmud, =3=, 603.
in Hungary, =3=, 614.
mock at the Dominicans, =3=, 641.
object to a synagogue on Mount Zion, =4=, 274.
espouse Reuchlin’s cause, =4=, 457.

=Franciscus of Sardinia=, persecutes the Damascus Jews, =5=, 639-40.

=Franco, (Christoval) Mordecai Mendes=, Marrano in Holland, =4=, 667.

=Franco, Nicolo=, papal nuncio, urges the Inquisition for
Marranos, =4=, 310.

=Franco, Samuel=, Kabbalist, =4=, 405.

=Franconia, the Jews of=, suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution,
=4=, 35.
privileges granted to, =4=, 259.
banished, =4=, 259-60.
attacked by Lutheran peasants, =4=, 542.
persecuted, =5=, 529.

=Frank, Eva=, daughter of Jacob Frank, =5=, 289.

=Frank, Jacob=, roguery of, =5=, 272.
joins the Sabbatians, =5=, 272.
accepts Islam, =5=, 272.
Kabbalistic views of, =5=, 273.
considered an incarnation of the Messiah, =5=, 273, 274.
leader of the Polish Sabbatians, =5=, 273-4.
prayers addressed to, =5=, 274.
emigrates to Turkey, =5=, 276.
advises his followers to accept Christianity, =5=, 278-9, 284.
invited to return to Podolia, =5=, 283.
baptized, =5=, 287-8.
betrayed, =5=, 288.
end of the career of, =5=, 289.

=Fränkel, David=, rabbi of Berlin, Mendelssohn’s teacher, =5=, 293-4.

=Fränkel, Jonas=, founder of the Breslau Seminary, =5=, 700.

=Frankel, Sæckel=, compiles Hebrew prayers, =5=, 564.

=Frankel, Zachariah= (1801-1875), orthodox leader, compared with
Holdheim, =5=, 684.
character and scientific activity of, =5=, 684, 694-5.
attitude of, towards reforms, =5=, 684-5.
at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, =5=, 685.
founder of the Breslau seminary, =5=, 700.

=Frankenberg, Abraham von=, mystic, on the restoration of
Israel, =5=, 24.

=Frankfort=, duchy of, created, =5=, 505.

=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, diet at, to consider the Jewish question,
=4=, 463, 464.
Jews tolerated in, =4=, 686.
refuses to receive Portuguese Jews, =4=, 695.
Polish-Jewish fugitives in, =5=, 16.
rabbis of, Poles, =5=, 17, 206.
Joseph Delmedigo at, =5=, 80.
“Judaism Unmasked” printed at, =5=, 189.
Judah Chassid at, =5=, 213.
Moses Meïr Kamenker at, =5=, 229-30.
Börne’s life in, =5=, 539.
without a rabbi, =5=, 566.
Talmud school of, closed, =5=, 567.
honor shown to Crémieux at, =5=, 668.
the Reform movement in, =5=, 674.
rabbinical conference at, =5=, 683-4, 685-6.