Chapter X: Part 10

=Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de= (1620-1698). =F= Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of _marechal de camp_, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life, 63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65; endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67; action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Recollets, 74; plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, 76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbe Fenelon, 90-104; captures twelve _coureurs de bois_, 99; sends Perrot and Fenelon to France with report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Recollet confessor, Father Maupassant, 165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, 227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336; gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of _Tartuffe_, 337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, 355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, 357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and critical annotations thereon, 361. =L= Governor, erects fort at Cataraqui, 84, 145; takes Recollets under his protection, 112; arrival of, 143; his services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; prejudiced against the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest _coureurs de bois_, 160; imprisons Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at sermon preached by Abbe Fenelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of Jesuit Father, 161; demands copy of Fenelon's sermon, 162; difficulty with De Bernieres, 162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels with intendant, 167; recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding clergy, 170; summons conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed governor, 218; arrival of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate against English colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the Iroquois, 233; death of, 234. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Myrand, _Frontenac et ses Amis_; Lorin, _Le Comte de Frontenac_; Legendre, _Frontenac_; Brady, _Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada_.

=Fulford, Francis= (1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828. Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Canada. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and _Last Three Bishops_; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Fuller, Thomas Brock= (1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada; archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Fundy, Bay of.= Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie Francaise. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of which any narrative survives, but also the first European, settlement on the shores of the bay. _See also_ Acadia. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_.

=Fur Trade.= =F= Burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154. =Ch= Short history of, 119 _et seq._ =E= Under the French regime, 183. =Dr= Complicated questions in connection with, 57. =Hd= Importance attached by Haldimand to, 260-261. =S= In Upper Canada, 105-107. =D= Maintained supremacy of British flag in far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and exploration, 38; forerunner of civilization, 49. =MS= Growth of, under North West Company, 7; _coureurs de bois_ and _mangeurs de lard_, 14, 168; traders were men of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27; _bois-brules_, 167; predominance of Scottish element, 219; _mariage du pays_, 263; Canada's debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given to Canadian rivers, lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of settlement, 283-284; character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law and order, 289. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y Company; Pacific Fur Company; Company of New France, etc. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Works_; Henry, _Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_; Franchere, _Narrative_; Larpenteur, _Forty Years a Fur Trader_; Chittenden, _History of the American Fur-Trade_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _The Great Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Begg, _History of the North-West_.

=Gabriel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222.

=Gage, Thomas= (1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755, and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England, 1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, recalled. =Index=: =Dr= Requests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78. =S= In command at Boston, 19. =Hd= At Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33; governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83; correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147; his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249; death of, 335. =Bib.=: _Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals Gage and Washington_; _Detail and Conduct of the American War, under General Gage_. _See also_ Mass. Hist. Soc. _Colls._, vols. 12, 14, and 34; and _Haldimand Papers_ (Canadian Archives). For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Gaillardin, Claud J. C.= (1810-1880). =F= French historian, referred to, 152. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Louis XIV_.

=Gaillon, Michel.= =Ch= Member of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44.

=Galiano, Dionisio.= Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast. Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in conjunction with Vancouver. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast with Valdez, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802, 36. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Galinee, Rene de Brehant de.= A member of a noble family of Brittany; came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson (_q.v._), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie, where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinee's narrative of the journey was sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671. =Index=: =L= With Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives from France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies him to Niagara, 148. =Bib.=: _Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-1670_: _Galinee's Narrative and Map_, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont. Hist. Soc., 1903).

=Gallatin, Albert= (1761-1849). American statesman. =Bk= United States secretary of the treasury, 81, 108. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Adams, _Writings of Albert Gallatin_; Adams, _Life of Gallatin_.

=Galleran, Guillaume.= =Ch= Recollet priest, 149.

=Gallicanism.= =L= Cause of difficulty between the court of France and the pope, 184, 201.

=Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch= (1817-1893). Son of John Galt (_q.v._). Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of several administrations before and after Confederation; high commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883. =Index=: =Md= Declines task of forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134; resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff (1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219; appointed high commissioner, 227. =T= Makes Confederation a Cabinet question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 129, 130. =B= Asked by Sir Edmund Head to form government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858 federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England, 133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152, 154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186. =C= Goes to England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57; refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127. =Bib.=: Works: _Canada from 1849 to 1859_; _Union of the British North American Provinces_. For biog., _see_ Taylor, _Brit. Am._: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_.

=Galt, John= (1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England; came out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland. Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him. _See_ Canada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland. =Bib.=: Works: _Ayrshire Legatees_; _Annals of the Parish_; _Sir Andrew Wylie_; _The Entail_; _Bogle Corbet_; _Stanley Buxton_; _Eken Erskine_; _The Lost Child_; _The Member_; _The Radical_; _Laurie Todd_; _Life of Byron_; _Lives of the Players_; _Autobiography_; _Literary Life and Miscellanies_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.

=Galt.= A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827. Named after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River. =Bib.=: Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.

=Gamache, Rene de Rohault, Marquis de.= =Ch= Endows Jesuit College at Quebec, 228.

=Gannentaha.= =L= Mission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Garakontie.= =L= Iroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of, 73.

=Garfield, James Abram= (1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United States. =Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. =Bib.=: Hinsdale, _Works of Garfield_; Gilmore, _Life of Garfield_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Garneau, Francois-Xavier= (1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of the _Institut Canadien_. =Index=: =P= Condemns Papineau's conduct in rejecting Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =E= Attacks Hincks for suggesting amendment to Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123. =Hd= On the evils of English law, 59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292. =Bib.=: _Histoire du Canada_, trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, _F.-X. Garneau_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ and _Bib. Can._

=Garnier, Charles.= Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron mission, 1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near Nottawassaga Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, died a martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet. =Index=: =L= Death of, 5. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant, _Relation des Hurons_, 1640.

=Garnier de Chapouin.= =Ch= Provincial of Recollets, appoints four missionaries for Canada, 85.

=Garreau, Leonard.= Jesuit father. =Index=: =L= Death of, 11.

=Garry, Nicholas.= The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey is published in the Royal Society _Trans._, 1900. Subsequently deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named after him. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Gaspe.= _See_ Aubert de Gaspe.

=Gaspereau River.= A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of Minas. Grand Pre, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands upon its banks.

=Gates, Sir Thomas= (1596-1621). Governor of Virginia. =Index=: =Ch= Grant to, by James I of England, 223. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Gaudais-Dupont, Louis.= =L= Comes out as royal commissioner to take over Canada from Company of New France, 41.

=Gaufestre, Jean.= =Ch= Recollet, returns to France, 209.

=Gavazzi Riots.= =E= Father Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in Quebec and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the government for failure to suppress riots, 125. =Bib.=: Gavazzi, _Lectures and Life_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_.

=Gazette (Halifax).= Established 1752. First newspaper published in what is now the Dominion of Canada. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.

=Gazette (Montreal).= Established 1778. =Index=: =C= Denounces ministerial responsibility, 97. =Hd= Establishment of, 276. =BL= Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140. =Bk= Editor of, arrested by order of the Legislative Assembly, 93. =Mc= Mackenzie's obituary in, 514. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.

=Gazette (Quebec).= Established 1764. =Index=: =Hd= First newspaper printed in Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes letters contained in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in, 231-242; articles on moral themes, 246. =Sy= Its opposition to union of the provinces, 194, 211, 212. =Bk= Falls under displeasure of Legislative Assembly, 93. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.

=Gazette (Toronto).= =Mc= Mackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12, 1838, 433; last issue, 461. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=General Election=, 1841. =Sy= Rioting in connection with, 290, 291; result of, 291.

=Genest, Edmond Charles= (1765-1834). =Dr= Minister of France to the United States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Genevay, Jean Francois Louis.= =Hd= French secretary to Haldimand, 305; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346.

=Geological Survey.= First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E. (afterwards _Sir_) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and, the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the province, he took charge of the work the following year. The establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843. Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of 983 pages, _Geology of Canada_. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports 1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906.

=George IV= (1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III. =Index=: =W= Grants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=George, Sir Rupert D.= =H= Provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57; dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Georgian Bay.= An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year. =Index=: =Ch= Champlain crosses, 88.

=Germain, Charles.= Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the St. John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for the purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De Ramezay in his plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to Miramichi, 1757. After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the British. Received a pension of L50 a year from the government at Halifax, 1761. Retired to Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian families. Died, 1779. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Germain, Lord George.= _See_ Sackville.

=German and Swiss Colonists.= =Hd= In America, scheme to enroll, 9.

=German Troops.= =Hd= Commanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293, 296.

=Germans and Dutch.= =Dr= Large admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240.

=Gerris, Sarah.= =F= Captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of Phipps's prisoners, 303.

=Gerry, Elbridge= (1744-1814). American statesman. =Index=: =Bk= Governor of Massachusetts, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Gerrymander.= _See_ Redistribution Bill.

=Gibault, Pere.= =Hd= Absolves French of the west from their allegiance to Britain, 167.

=Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson= (1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec. Engaged in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the Assembly for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to represent South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated candidate being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland revenue in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to the senate, 1880.

=Gibson, David.= =Mc= Organizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at his house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375; objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Gibson, John Morrison= (1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889; commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Giffard, Robert.= First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in 1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury, 1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667. =Index=: =Ch= Landed with his family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Gilbert, Thomas.= =W= Member for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of old-time Toryism, 96. =T= Proposes to convert King's College into agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91.

=Gillam, Benjamin.= Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition from Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the Nelson River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a prisoner to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor. Sailed for Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company for poaching in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or two later; captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who had been arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate. =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Gillam, Zachariah.= A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of the _Nonsuch_, on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (_q.v._) sailed with him, while Pierre Radisson (_q.v._) followed, in 1669, in the _Waveno_. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson's _Hudson's Bay_. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished. =Bib.=: Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Gillmor, A. H.= =T= Provincial secretary in Smith ministry, New Brunswick, 91; a strong Liberal, 91.

=Gilmore, George.= =Hd= School teacher at St. Johns, 235.

=Ginseng.= =Hd= Gathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought $5 a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148.

=Gipps, Sir George= (1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich. Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales, 1836-1846. =Index=: =P= Royal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lang, _New South Wales_.

=Girouard, Desire= (1836- ). Born at St. Timothee, Quebec. Educated at Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court of Canada, 1895. =Index=: =F= On loss of life in massacre of Lachine, 224; at La Chesnaye and other places, 226. =Bib.=: _Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle._ For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Girouard, John Joseph= (1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life. =Index=: =BL= Associated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124; declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel in _Transcript_, 141; attacked by Tory press, 150. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Gisborne, Frederick Newton= (1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in 1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed, 1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and signal service, 1879. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Giscome Portage.= Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in northern British Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which was not discovered until some years later. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Givins, James.= =Bk= Appointed aide-de-camp, 247.

=Gladstone, William Ewart= (1809-1898). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= Elected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48. =E= His opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202. =B= Defends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial Railway, 143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of Canada, 186. =BL= His speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his interview with Hincks, 328. =Md= Opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41; withdraws claim against United States on account of Fenian Raids, 176-177. =T= Insists on sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57. =Bib.=: Works: _The State in its Relations with the Church_; _Gleanings from Past Years_. For biog., _see_ Morley, _The Life of William Ewart Gladstone_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Gladwin, Henry.= Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition under Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit during siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary War; major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791. =Index=: =Dr= Defence of Detroit by, in Pontiac's War, 5. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Moor, _The Gladwin Manuscripts_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Glandelet, Abbe Charles.= =L= Accompanies Laval to Canada, 141; theologist of chapter of Quebec, 197. =F= Preaches against theatre, 336.

=Glassion, de.= =Dr= Superior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king, through Carleton, 35.

=Glegg, Captain J. B.= Aide-de-camp to General Brock. =Index=: =Bk= Carries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches to Quebec, announcing victory, 259. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_, ed. by Casselman; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Glen, John Sanders.= =F= Magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247.

=Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron= (1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India. Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons, 1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax commissioner. Died in Cannes. =Index=: =W= His incompetence and procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New Brunswick, 61-62. =Sy= President of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16; unequal to duties of colonial office, 57. =BL= Appointment of Head as governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41. =H= Instructs Sir Colin Campbell to grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232. =Mc= Opposes responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Glengarry.= A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after the famous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the bay of Quinte, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in 1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service during the war. =Bib.=: Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_.

=Glengarry Fencibles.= =Bk= Canadian Highland corps, 180.

=Glenie, James.= =W= Member for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly, 1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13.

=Globe.= Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844. =Index=: =B= Advocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct. 1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbs _North American_ and _Examiner_, 1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the Quebec _Rouges_, 78-79; contains appeal on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121, 123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130; assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West, 1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244, 245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250; attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication, 255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258. =E= Hostile at first to Clear Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111. =BL= Established by George Brown, Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks Metcalfe, 225; denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman Catholicism, 343. =Mc= Justifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on Mackenzie's retirement from public life, 498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511; on Mackenzie's personality, 523. =Md= Founded by George Brown with his father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill, 275; on the elections of 1887, 282-283; supports commercial union, 295. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Historical Sketch of Canadian Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5; Buckingham, _George Brown and the Globe_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5; Mackenzie, _Hon. George Brown_.

=Godard, Charles.= =S= Agent for government of Upper Canada, 178.

=Goddard, John.= =T= Elected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25.

=Gode, Nicolas.= =L= Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.

=Godefroy, Jean-Paul.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.

=Godefroy, Thomas.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.

=Goderich, Viscount.= _See_ Ripon.

=Goderich.= Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827. =Bib.=: Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.

=Gomara, Lopez de.= =Ch= Suggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14.

=Gondoin, Nicolas.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

=Gordon, Brigadier-General.= =Dr= Murder of, 152.

=Gordon, Arthur Hamilton.= _See_ Stanmore.

=Gordon, Robert.= =T= Member for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly, votes against Liberals, 18.

=Gore, Sir Charles S.= Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the second Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the Peninsular War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present at the battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the troops in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently knighted and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. =Index=: =C= At St. Denis, 7. =P= In command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada, 128-129; marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against St. Denis, 134. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Gore, Sir Francis= (1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817. =Index=: =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and military service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the west, 132; Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159. =E= Postpones secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing Legislature, 146. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Gore District.= In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore. =Index=: =Sy= Resolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting of inhabitants, 125, 126.

=Gorham, John.= A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to Massachusetts, 1752. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Marshall, _Life of Pepperell_.

=Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of= (1775?-1849). Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838. =Index=: =P= His mission of conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110; replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament, 113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms, 114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bedard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official class in Lower Canada, 158. =BL= His attempts to placate popular leaders in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151. =C= His amnesty proclamation, 9. =W= Conversation with William IV, 22. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Gosselin, Abbe Auguste= (1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar of the Basilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to literary work, 1893. =Index=: =L= On Laval's absolution, 35; on mandement creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great extent of parishes in Laval's time, 195. =F= His opinion of Talon, 54; on administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de Saint-Vallier, 191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359. =Bib.=: Works: _Vie de Laval_; _Henri de Bernieres_; _Le Docteur Labrie_; _Quebec en 1730_; _Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps_; _D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Gouin, Sir Lomer= (1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at Sorel College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James division of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Gourlay, Robert Fleming= (1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres, Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada, 1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial, expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In 1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died. =Index=: =Mc= Comes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89; tried for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at both places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province, 90; refuses and is committed to jail, 90; _habeas corpus_ proceedings fail, 90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to leave province, 92; banished, 93. =BL= Exaggerated language of his petition, 12. =E= Collects information on best means of developing resources of Upper Canada, 147. =R= His statistics of education in Upper Canada, 55; his imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67. =Bib.=: _Statistical Account of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Governors.= =Sy= Their powers and functions, and relations to the home government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other, 74-76.

=Gowan, Ogle R.= (1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years the _Antidote_, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834, and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861. Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For twenty years grandmaster of the Orange Order. =Index=: =BL= His interview with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218; loses his seat in Assembly, 279. =E= Insults Lord Elgin at Brockville, 79. =Bib.=: _Responsible or Parliamentary Government_. For biog., _see Cyc. Am. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Goyer, Olivier.= =F= Recollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, 361.

=Goyogouins.= _See_ Cayugas.

=Graham, Sir James.= =Sy= His views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40.

=Grammar Schools.= =S= Simcoe's desire to establish, 169. _See_ Education.

=Grand Jury.= =Dr= Presentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15.

=Grand Portage.= Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in 1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Nouee in 1717; but there is no evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Verendrye, 1731. From that time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon River. =Index=: =MS= Described, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day, 13; in Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Carver, _Travels_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Grand Pre.= A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon or near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the principal settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts between the French and English; and of the final expulsion of the Acadians. _See_ Acadians. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Grand Trunk Railway.= =C= Entrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22; Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from Quebec to Riviere du Loup, 49, 114. =BL= Construction of, up to 1848, 301. =B= Owners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of Confederation, 176; Tache-Macdonald government condemned for subsidizing, 176. =E= Early history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's connection with, 100, 115. =H= Hincks makes arrangements in England for construction of, 143; terms and conditions not altogether satisfactory, 143. =Md= Early history, 45; financial difficulties, 90. =Bib.=: Brown, _History of Grand Trunk Railway_; Lanning, _Historical Sketch of the Grand Trunk Railway_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.

=Grant, Alexander= (1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General Hunter, 1805. =Index=: =Bk= Administers government of Upper Canada, 69. =S= Member of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive Council, 80. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Grant, Cuthbert.= One of the leading traders of the North West Company in the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and sent by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at Fort Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on the Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799. =Index=: =MS= Partner of the North West Company, 58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and Assiniboine) country, 58. =Bib.=: _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Grant, Cuthbert.= Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company. Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the Council. =Index=: =MS= Leader of the half-breeds at Red River--serves notice on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party of _bois-brules_ down from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Grant, George Monro= (1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia. Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872. Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank among Canadian universities. =Index=: =Md= Principal of Queen's University--on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155; opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the wrong, 341. =Bib.=: Works: _Ocean to Ocean_; _Advantages of Imperial Federation_; _Our National Objects and Aims_; _Religions of the World in Relation to Christianity_; _Picturesque Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Grant and Hamilton, _Principal Grant_.

=Grant, Sir William= (1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of Quebec, 1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of Chester, 1798; solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls, 1801-1817. =Index=: =Dr= Removed from judgeship, returns to England and becomes Master of the Rolls, 184. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Grave, Jeanne.= =Ch= Daughter of Dupont-Grave, 47.

=Grave, Robert.= =Ch= Son of Dupont-Grave, accompanies Champlain on voyage of discovery, 34.

=Graves, Samuel= (1713-1787). British admiral. =Index=: =S= Godfather of Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19. =Dr= Refuses to send transports to Quebec, 92. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Gray, John Hamilton= (1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political life in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the provincial government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to Confederation, and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for the city of St. John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. =Index=: =T= Elected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his character and appearance, 13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the government, 18, 23; his course condemned, 24; member for St. John County, 30; becomes attorney-general, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation candidate in St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker of Assembly, 114; elected to House of Commons, 1867, 131. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Gray, John Hamilton= (1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852. Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at the Charlottetown Conference, and also attended the Quebec Conference. Made a C. M. G., 1871. =Index=: =T= Chairman of Charlottetown Conference, 76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.

=Gray, Robert= (1755-1806). American captain and explorer. =Index=: =D= Voyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second voyage--enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the river, 24. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Great Bear Lake.= In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles. Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore, 1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the lake. =Index=: =MS= Area of, 39. =Bib.=: Franklin, _Second Expedition_; Simpson, _Narrative of Discoveries_; Bell, _Great Bear Lake_ (Geol. Survey, 1899); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Great Lakes.= =WM= The domain of France, 18. _See also_ under names of the individual lakes. =Bib.=: Curwood, _The Great Lakes_; Channing, _Story of the Great Lakes_.

=Great Mohawk (Grand Agnie).= =F= Christian Mohawk leader, 246.

=Great Portage.= =Hd= Trade route to the interior, 163. _See_ Grand Portage.

=Great Slave Lake.= In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles. Discovered by Samuel Hearne (_q.v._), in 1771. A post built there, 1786, by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West. =Index=: =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on, 18; Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey to Coppermine_; Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Great Western Railway.= Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845. Absorbed by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the international boundary opposite Detroit. =Index=: =E= Construction stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. =Bib.=: Trout, _History of Canadian Railways_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.

=Greeley, Horace= (1811-1872). American journalist. =Index=: =Mc= Editor of New York _Tribune_, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with Mackenzie, 474. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Green, Benjamin= (1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of the government, 1776. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Greene, Nathanael= (1742-1786). =Dr= American general, watches Leslie's army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Greenway, Thomas= (1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to Canada with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron County, Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia. Defeated on two occasions for election to the House of Commons, but elected, 1875; did not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878, and engaged in farming. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the Liberal opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899. Elected to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the Dominion Railway Commission, 1898. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Gregory, John=. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the fur trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Pangman, and others, in opposition to the North West Company. =Index=: =MS= In opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Gregory, William=. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec. His commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey, September 25, 1766.

=Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl= (1815-1891). Entered Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874, 1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886. =Index=: =Md= Colonial secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories to Canada, 157. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron= (1759-1834). Entered Parliament, 1782; paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789; created Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791; first lord of the treasury, 1806. =Index=: =Dr= Succeeds Sydney in colonial office, 248; sends out draft bill for better government of the province, 248. =S= Sends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester, 2. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Grenville, Thomas= (1755-1846). =Dr= Accompanies Oswald to Paris to discuss terms of peace, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Grey, Charles, second Earl= (1764-1845). Distinguished British statesman, noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform Bill. =Sy= Becomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45. =Mc= W.L. Mackenzie's opinion of, 221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478; Mackenzie's letter to, 479. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Grey, _Life of Lord Grey_.

=Grey, Henry George, third Earl= (1802-1894). Secretary for the colonies, 1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the earldom, 1845; again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852. =Index=: =E= Colonial secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's letters to, 54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77; and the Clergy Reserves, 164-165. =BL= Colonial secretary--his attitude towards Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285. =Md= Friendly attitude towards responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. =W= His despatch on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113; disallows Hemp Bounties Bill, 118. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl= (1851- ). Born Howick, England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company, 1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904. =Bib.=: _Hubert Hervey: a Memoir_. For biog., _see Who's Who_.

=Grey, Sir Charles Edward= (1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University; called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent, 1835; elected to the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados, 1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853. =Index=: =P= Royal Commissioner, sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in 1835, 111. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Greywell Hill.= =Dr= Hampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307.

=Grisler, Charles.= =S= Shot for desertion, 73.

=Griffon.= =F= Vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159.

=Grignan, de.= =F= Son-in-law of Mme. de Sevigne, a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65.

=Grondines.= =WM= French vessels retreat to, 152.

=Groseilliers.= _See_ Chouart.

=Guelph.= A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (_q.v._), 1827. =Bib.=: Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_.

=Guernsey.= =Bk= Island of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6.

=Guerriere.= =Bk= British ship taken by the _Constitution_, 284.

=Guers, Jean-Baptiste.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121.

=Gugy, Conrad= (1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive Councils. =Index=: =Hd= Swiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Gugy, Conrad Augustus.= Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at the assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and commissioner of police. =Index=: =P= Defends the government in the Assembly, 1835, 101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in the militia, 103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103; advocates native-born ministry, 196. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Guienne Regiment.= =WM= Soldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _Fight with France_.

=Guilbault.= =Ch= Merchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236.

=Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of= (1732-1792). Entered Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770; resigned in 1783. =Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his government, 191. =Hd= His difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92; burnt in effigy, 97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a military settlement in the Eastern Townships, 264. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._