Chapter VI: Part 6

=Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier= (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated at Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First entered public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County. Represented the same constituency in the Assembly until 1855. Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal. =Index=: =Md= Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. =C= Conservative leader in Quebec, 24; superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his character, 68. =E= One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45; returned in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 113; provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164. =Bib.=: Works: _Charles Guerin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes_; _Francois-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres_; _L'Instruction Publique au Canada_; _Souvenirs et Legendes_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit.= A Huguenot, born at Dieppe. Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600, bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in 1602. Died, 1603. =Index=: =Ch= Attempts to form settlement at Tadoussac, 8; left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. =F= Obtains patent for exclusive trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_.

=Chedabucto=, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. =Index=: =F= Frontenac arrives at, 232.

=Cheffault.= =Ch= Agent of Company of New France, 244.

=Cherououng.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.

=Chesapeake.= =Bk= Affair of, 82-86.

=Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley= (1827-1896). Entered the House of Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. =Index=: =W= Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Chimeourimou.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.

=Chipman.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine Boundary commissioners, 8.

=Chipman, Ward.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. =T= Resigns as chief justice, 17.

=Chippewa Indians.= A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging along both shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640, as living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over 30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. =Index=: =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Grant, _Sauteux Indians_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.

=Chisholm, G. C.= =Sy= Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative Assembly, 334.

=Chittenden, Thomas= (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797. =Index=: =Hd= Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201; negotiates with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213; Ira Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. =Bib.=: Chipman, _Thomas Chittenden_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Choiseul, Etienne-Francois, Duc de= (1719-1785). Minister of foreign affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761. =Index=: =WM= French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11.

=Cholera Epidemic=, 1832 and 1834. =P= Imported by immigrants, 87; government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. _See also_ Epidemics.

=Chouageun.= _See_ Oswega.

=Chouart= _dit_ =des Groseilliers, Medard=. Born in France about 1621. Came to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a _donne_, or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his brother-in-law Radisson (_q.v._) made extensive explorations in the West and North, 1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was instrumental in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the foundations of its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the shores of Hudson Bay. =Bib.=: Dionne, _Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte, _Radisson in the North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, _Decouverte du Mississippi_ (R. S. C., 1903); Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the.= =L= Arrival of, in Canada, 125.

=Christian Guardian.= =R= Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious, educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95; Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137.

=Christie, Alexander.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and later governor of Assiniboia, 222. =Bib.=: Ryerson, _Story of my Life_.

=Christie, David= (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers. Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly, 1851-1854, and for East Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878. Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor, 1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. =Index=: =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =E= Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Christie, Robert= (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled from the Assembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec _Gazette_ and _Mercury_. =Index=: =F= Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from Assembly, 80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters to, 144, 181-182, 191-193. =Mc= On Union Act, 405. =Bib.=: _History of the Late Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of its Existence as a Separate Province_. For biog. _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Chronicle.= Newspaper, published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Published by Wm. Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in, on Irish question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's "Botheration Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes Confederation, 189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of, 210-212.

=Chronicle and Gazette.= Newspaper published at Kingston. =Index=: =Sy= Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. =BL= On the debate on responsible government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. =Mc= Question of government printing, 103.

=Chrystler's Farm.= Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813. The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men, and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to 2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. _See also_ War of 1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Chubb.= =F= Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under flag of truce, 331; killed, 332.

=Church.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on debate on responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine, 125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319-320. =B= Controversy with the _Banner_--opposes responsible government, 6.

=Church of England.= The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent, September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan, Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk. In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was legally constituted; and after that year bishops were elected by the votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held, 1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established, 1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray. =Index=: =B= And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49; privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; =E= Its claims to the Clergy Reserves under the Constitutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 _et seq._ =R= Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in Canada, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =Dr= Allowed use of Recollet church at Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first Anglican conference and confirmation held in Recollet church at Quebec, 242, 272. =W= In New Brunswick, 7. =T= Controls King's College, 21. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2; Cross, _The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies_; Anderson, _History of Church of England in the Colonies_; Akins, _Church of England in North American Colonies_; Taylor, _The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown_; Lowndes, _Bishops of the Day_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_; Champion, _The Anglican Church in Canada_; Wynne, _The Church in Greater Britain_.

=Churchill, Fort.= _See_ Prince of Wales, Fort.

=Churchill River.= Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56 deg. 10' N., long. 109 deg. 40' W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay. The mouth of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in 1619, but it was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by Joseph Frobisher (_q.v._), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and Alexander Henry, _the Elder_ (_q.v._), in 1775. The Churchill was formerly known under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk; English River, so called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name. =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Citizen.= Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518.

=Civil Law.= =Dr= Importance of the question to the French population, after 1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in defining, 11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray establishes courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of English and French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking inhabitants, 41; Maseres suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice Morgan sent out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the French civil code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs, 51-54; report of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54; Ordinance of 1770, 54; French-Canadians petition for their own laws, 61; French law established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British Parliament, 65-68; confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada and How Canada is Governed_; Ashley, _Earlier Constitutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian Constitutional Documents_.

=Civil List.= =Sy= Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120; Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. =S= In Upper Canada, under Simcoe, 177.

=Civil Secretary.= =Sy= Of the governor, large range of duties undertaken by, in pre-union times, 331.

=Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of= (1800-1870). Ambassador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal, 1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870. =Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Clark, George Rogers= (1752-1818). American frontier leader. =Index=: =Hd= Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168. =Bib.=: _Campaign in the Illinois_; English, _Conquest of the Country North-West of the Ohio_.

=Clark, Peter.= =S= Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183.

=Clark, Samuel.= =T= Rector of Gagetown, 5.

=Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas.= =Bk= Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206. =Hd= Death of his wife, 237.

=Clark, Sir William Mortimer= (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Clarke, Captain.= =F= Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to Quebec, 303.

=Clarke, Sir Alured= (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made field-marshal, 1830. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249; administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to counties, 269. =S= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Clarke, Jonathan.= =S= Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda, 167.

=Claus, Colonel.= =Bk= Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206.

=Clay, Henry= (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. =Index=: =Bk= His confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Works_, ed. by Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, _Life of Henry Clay_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Clayoquot Sound.= West coast of Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Natives of, attack _Tonquin_, 1811, and massacre crew, 37.

=Clear Grits.= =B= Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40; denounced by the _Globe_, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement, 235. =C= Clamouring against institutions of Quebec, 25. =E= Leading members of party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes recognized leader, 112; influence of party--defection of Rolph and Cameron, 112; attack government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite with Conservatives and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their strength in 1854, 134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to French-Canadians, 137; advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161, 163. =BL= Beginnings of, 335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection with, 342. =Md= Struggle against religious and racial influence, 46; George Brown first opposes and later becomes leader of, 54. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; MacKenzie, _George Brown_.

=Clement, Pierre.= =Dr= On causes of failure of West India Company, 149; on galley service, 215. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Colbert_; _Madame de Montespan et Louis XIV_.

=Clergy, French-Canadian.= =Dr= Faithful to the British government, 72, 80. =Hd= Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's attitude towards, 180, 181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large numbers of Protestant settlers, 264.

=Clergy Reserves.= =Md= Question embitters public life of Upper Canada, 13, 28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of, carried out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces bill, Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill passed by Assembly, November 23, and by Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. =S= Created by Constitutional Act, 12, 156. =Dr= Created by Constitutional Act, 267. =Sy= Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of, in Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for settlement of questions, 245-246; attitude of Reform party respecting, 246; bill recommended by governor passed and sent home for approval, 248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. =BL= Set apart by Constitutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement, 339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of question, 343-349. =B= Tache advises French-Canadians to oppose secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. =R= Ryerson enters the controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided for, in Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37; dominance of Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the Reserves, 47; question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of Scotland, 48-49; petition and claims referred to select committee of British House of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and appropriation of proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir George Arthur proposes division among various religious bodies, 119; Ryerson's attitude towards division, 119-120. =E= Granted to Protestant clergy by Constitutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's attitude towards, 102-103; La Fontaine's attitude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature receives power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132; secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169; report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act passes, 158-159; its repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161--162; provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168. =Mc= Created by Constitutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71; Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's position, 283. =Bib.=: Lindsey, _The Clergy Reserves_; Hincks's Letters in Montreal _Herald_, December, 1882; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_.

=Clermont, Chevalier de.= =F= Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.

=Clermont, College of.= =L= Laval studies at, 21.

=Clinton, Sir Henry= (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served in the South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. =Index=: =S= Replaced as commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for Queen's Rangers, 39. =Dr= Returns to England, 192. =Hd= In command at New York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring Vermont back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to, on Ira Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of Vermont, 208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211; Haldimand's letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels, 280; his emoluments in America, 330. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the Campaign in North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations_; _Observations on Stedman's American War_. For biog. _see Dict. Am. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Clitherow, John= (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel, 1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805; the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War. Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. =Index=: =Sy= Closes session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Closse, Major.= =L= His piety, 8.

=Cloutier, Zacharie.= =Ch= Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.

=Club Democratique.= =C= Their appeal to the public, 26-27.

=Cobb, Sylvanus= (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Mass. Served in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Cobden, Richard= (1804-1865). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= A more advanced radical than Sydenham, 20. =Bib.=: Morley, _Life of Richard Cobden_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cochrane, Thomas= (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck of the _Speedy_, while on his way to hold court. =Index=: =Bk= Drowned in foundering of the _Speedy_, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Cockburn, James= (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the Assembly, 1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. =Index=: =T= Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. =E= Last Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Cockrel.= =S= Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster, 167.

=Coffin, William Foster= (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England, 1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830. Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of Canada and in the militia. =Bib.=: Works: _History of the War of 1812_; _Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Annual Register_, 1878.

=Coke, Sir John= (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. =Index=: =Ch= English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Colbert, Jean Baptiste= (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV. =Index=: =F= Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's action in summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; Madame Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119; overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. =L= Minister of marine and colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch on subject of liquor traffic, 170. =Bib.=: Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._

=Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George= (1787-1870). After serving in the army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor of the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in 1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856. =Index=: =W= Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 76; action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity, 100-101. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Coles, George= (1810-1875). =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.

=Collins, Francis.= =Mc= Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes _Canadian Freeman_ in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and imprisoned, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Collver, Jabez.= =S= Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper Canada, 165.

=Colonial Advocate.= Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85; reviews condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97; reports debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to York, January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108; destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay L625 damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221; last issue, November, 1834, 259. =BL= Its extravagant language, 12; established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13; its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. =R= Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64, 66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98.

=Colonial Conference, 1894.= Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were passed in favour of an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned, July 11. _See also_ Imperial Conference. =Bib.=: _Proceedings of the Colonial Conference_, 1894; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_.

=Colonial Empire.= Newspaper, published at St. John. =Index=: =T= Brings charge against government, 51.

=Colonial Gazette.= Newspaper, published in London. =Index=: =Sy= Publishes article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not entirely confident of his success, 140.

=Colonist.= Newspaper, published in Toronto. =Index=: =B= Edited by Samuel Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135.

=Colonization.= =L= Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from La Rochelle, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80. =F= Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec, 7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable girls sent out, 57. =Ch= Character of, in New France, 143-147; by Company of New France, 168-169. =D= Impetus to, from western side, 2.

=Coltman, W. B.= A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. =Index=: =MS= Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196.

=Columbia.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183.

=Columbia Fur Company.= =D= Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North West Company, 134. _See also_ Astor; Astor Fur Company.

=Columbia River.= Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50 deg. 10', long. 115 deg. 50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles. Its mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named by him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark, in 1805; and first explored throughout its entire length by David Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its principal branch is the Kootenay. =Index=: =D= Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian colony projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for, 59; Lewis and Clark on, 67.

=Comfort, Thomas.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384.

=Commerce.= =Bk= In Upper Canada, 50. _See also_ Trade.

=Commercial Union.= Complete and entire free trade with the United States, first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, February, 1852. (_See_ Montreal _Gazette_, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The question was repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in and out of Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party as a trade policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896. =Index=: =Md= Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to protection, 261-262; history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial Union League, 293-298. _See also_ Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; Zollvrein. =Bib.=: _Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union_; Adam, _Handbook of Commercial Union_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Commissariat Department.= =S= Abuses in, 212.

=Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada).= Organized by David Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St. Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an untimely end. =Index=: =Ch= Letters patent granted to, 176. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Company of De Caen.= Organized by William de Caen and his nephew Emery, merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company, 1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. =Index=: =Ch= Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; amalgamation of two companies, 136-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associes).= Established, 1627, by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A monopoly of fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire valley of the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take out three hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was made to carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to enjoy its monopoly until 1663. =Index=: =L= Resigns its charter, 41; renders assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, 145. =Ch= Established, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating to, 171; sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, 213; terms of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, 228; sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244; appoints Champlain governor, 244. =F= Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king, 1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. =E= Creates seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Company of Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Consecrates the island of Montreal to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St. Sulpice, in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.

=Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company).= Established at the instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought out Louis Hebert and his family. Hebert's experience as a colonist was not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's monopoly was cancelled in 1620. =Index=: =Ch= Formed by Champlain, 122; its chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to the Prince de Conde, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129; absorbed by Company of De Caen, 130, 137; conflict with new Company, 133-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales).= Chartered by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter of the Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, covering the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from the Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed, it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. =Index=: =L= Resigns its charter, 145. =E= Creates seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Conde, Prince Henri de= (1588-1646). =Ch= Licenses three vessels to trade in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's _Quatrieme Voyage_, 79; contributes to building of Recollet Convent, 117; source of trouble to the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. =F= Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Confederation.= The first definite step in the movement looking towards the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866 delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905. =Index=: =Mc= Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105. =T= History of, 59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; accepted by New Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. =Md= History of the movement, 93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by British American League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; advocated by Howe and Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; Galt's speech, 96; Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial government, 96-97; growth of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald and George Brown, 100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec Conference, 104-114; legislative _versus_ federal union, 106-110; resolution of Quebec Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed by Assembly, 120; mission sent to England to confer with home government on this and other questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in favour of, 121; supported by Brown in _Globe_, 123; Monck's impatience over delays, 123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, 125-127; British North America Act passed and receives royal assent, 127; Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. =Sy= Favoured at first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. =H= J. W. Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards, 180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216; advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax _Chronicle_, 189. =C= Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists on federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57; Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61; weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in Quebec, 63-64. =E= Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of Union Act, 118. =B= Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi; indirectly promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American League advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; George Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and 1859 discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal union, 132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces tending towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec Conference, 163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in Parliament, 169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the mission to England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, 187-188; attitude of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and greatest step in process of expansion, 264. =BL= The Toronto _Church_ proposes federal union of all British North American provinces, 125. =P= Papineau's opposition to, 199. _See also_ Charlottetown Conference; Quebec Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; Howe; Cartier. =Bib.:= Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; Cauchon, _Union of British North American Provinces_; Howe, _Organization of the Empire_; McGee, _Two Speeches on Union of the Provinces_; Hamilton, _Union of the Colonies of British North America_; Pope, _Confederation Documents_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation_, 1865; Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_. References to pamphlet and other material on this subject will be found in Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.

=Congregation de Notre Dame.= =F= Montreal, established, 29.

=Congress, United States.= =Dr= Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77; action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199. =Hd= Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, 124; its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude towards Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of army opposed, 225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada, 259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.

=Conkling, Senator Roscoe= (1829-1888). American statesman. =Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.

=Connecticut.= =F= Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.

=Connell, Charles.= =T= Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 49-51; runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.

=Connolly, William.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; his family, 224. =D= Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his native wife, and family, 99.

=Conolly, William.= =Dr= Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death, 1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.

=Connor, George Skeffington.= Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Conseil Souverain.= _See_ Sovereign Council.

=Conservative Party.= =B= Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Constitution.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob, 321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356.

=Constitutional Act, 1791.= The Act was designed to harmonize the conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two provinces,--Upper and Lower Canada,--thereby giving to each a larger control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people. _See_ other constitutional acts: Quebec Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. =Index=: =E= Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. =C= Its weak points, 6; constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults exposed by Durham, 12-13. =B= Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. =Sy= A fatal compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British constitution, 73; its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power of French majority in Lower Canada, 72, 80. =S= Introduction of, 1; discussion of, 5-9; passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching effects, 13; put in force by proclamation, 48. =R= Its terms and how they were applied, 29-35; Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's interpretation of, on question of established church, 78; its effect on religious questions, 103. =BL= Its terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its results, 8; intended to obviate racial conflict, 8; makes landed provision for Church of England, 42, 343-344. =P= Divides Canada into two provinces, 21; its shortcomings, 21-23; abuse of personal power under, 24; constitution suspended, 25; suspension recommended by Sir James Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in 1820, 34-38. =Mc= Its objects, 48, 49; debate on the bill, 49, 50; handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal system, 51; divided Canada into two provinces, 52; created Legislative Assembly, 52; created Legislative Council, 52; created Executive Council, 53; General Simcoe on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's commentary on, 53, 56; recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating Clergy Reserves, 70; effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; Mackenzie declares war against, 72; silent on question of executive responsibility, 80; evils of system of government summarized, 73-75; Durham on evils of, 76, 77. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary Procedure and Government_ and _Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report_, 1890; Watson, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Selected Speeches and Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_.

=Constitutional Associations.= =Sy= Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims, 112; send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of the provinces, 112.

=Constitutional Reform Society.= =BL= Organized in Upper Canada, July 16, 1836. =Dr= William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, 42; its programme, 42.

=Cook, Dr. Henry.= =T= Tilley in his service, 7.

=Cook, Captain James= (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770. In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. =Index=: =D= At Nootka, 14; motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778, 20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives, at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784, 21. =Bib.=: _Voyage to the Pacific Ocean._ For biog., _see_ Besant, _Captain Cook_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cook River.= =D= Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in 1788, 27, 28.

=Coote's Paradise.= =Bk= Early name of Hamilton, 52. _See also_ Hamilton.

=Copenhagen, Battle of= (1801). =Bk= Description of, 25-31; bombardment of, and capture of Danish fleet, 106.

=Coppermine River.= Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110 deg., and south of lat. 66 deg., and after a course of 525 miles flows into Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin, 1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. =Index=: =D= Discovered by Hearne, 51. =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. _See_ Hearne. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen Ocean_; Franklin, _Journey to the Polar Sea_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_.

=Coquart, Claude-Godefroy.= Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Verendrye on his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than Michilimackinac. His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting light on La Verendrye's explorations.

=Coram, Joseph.= =T= Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.

=Corbiere, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

=Corlaer.= _See_ Schenectady. =Index=: =F= Indian name for governors of New York, 253.

=Corn Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52. =B= Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.

=Cornwall Canal.= =BL= Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98. =Bib.=: Keefer, _Canals of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L. N. Rheaume, _Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._).

=Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis= (1738-1805). Served in American Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781 defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender. Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. =Index=: =Bk= British plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. =Dr= Surrender at Yorktown, 191. =Hd= His capitulation, 211-212, 297. =Bib.=: Cornwallis, _Despatches_; Kaye, _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Johnston, _Yorktown Campaign_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Cornwallis, Edward.= Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753; major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Corpo, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62.

=Correspondent and Advocate.= Newspaper. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published by Dr. O'Grady, 259.

=Corrupt Practices.= =BL= Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by Legislative Council, 100.

=Corvee.= =Hd= Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting provisions to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, 182, 291; MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.

=Cosmos, Amor de.= =D= Editor of _British Colonist_, 271; bitter opponent of Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute to Douglas, 307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Costa, Francis.= =S= Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178.

=Costigan, John=, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867; interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882; secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894. =Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure separate schools for New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Cote Ste. Genevieve.= =WM= Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham, 186, 252.

=Coteau du Lac.= =Hd= Canal at, 185.

=Coton, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Recollets, 151.

=Couillard, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, 145.

=Couillard, Henry.= =Ch= Captain of the _Don de Dieu_, 39.

=Couillard, Jacques.= =Ch= An interpreter, 144.

=Council.= _See_ Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign Council.

=Council of Assiniboia.= Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Tache, Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a public building. =Index=: =MS= Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; its character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_.

=County Courts.= =Sy= Act passed establishing, 339.

=Courcelles, Daniel de Remy, Sieur de.= Governor of Canada, 1665-1672. His tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits. The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon was twice intendant of New France during the same period. =Index=: =F= Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois, 52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. =L= Appointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief, 65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Sulte, _Regiment de Carignan_ (R. S. C., 1902).

=Coureurs de bois.= =WM= Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to militia, 31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. =Hd= Stir up Indians against British, 55. =F= Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two classes of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments prescribed for offenders, 128. =L= Mentioned, 158; decree against, 159. =D= Their character, 52. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index, R. S. C.; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Courier.= Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.

=Courier, Upper Canada.= =Mc= Publishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165.

=Courtemanche, De.= =F= Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. =WM= Goes to island of Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.

=Courts of Justice.= =Dr= Established, 13; not satisfactory to Canadians, 41; reform of, 54.

=Courval, De.= =WM= Directs movements of fire rafts, 130.

=Couture, Guillaume.= Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues (_q.v._), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers Dablon and Drouillette (_q.v._) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay. Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Cowlitz=. =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.

=Cox, Ross.= Went to Astoria on the _Beaver_ in 1811-1812 as an employee of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal sources of Irving's _Astoria_, and is a valuable account of the fur trade on the Pacific coast. =Bib.=: _Adventures on the Columbia River._ For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Craig, Sir James= (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811. =Index=: =P=Governor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against French-Canadians, 28; suppresses _Le Canadien_, and sends its contributors to jail, 28-29; advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived of appointment of parish priests, suspension of constitution of 1791, union of Upper and Lower Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians' estates, 29, 159; his administration, 30-31. =Bk= Governor-general and commander-in-chief, 90, 91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name "Brock's battery" to "King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing arms to French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his speech at opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions of Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly, 116; popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for reinforcements, 118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves the Assembly, 127; seizes _Canadien_ newspaper and arrests its proprietors, 127; makes other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his proclamation defending British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, 129; expresses very unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; praises Legislative Council, 130; releases Bedard, 145; breakdown of his health, 147, 155; gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; leaves Canada, 156; appearance and character, 156. =E= His shortcomings as a colonial governor, 1, 19. =BL= His "blundering patriotism" as governor, 17. =Bib.=: Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; _Dict. Eng. Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Cramahe, Hector Theophilus=. =Dr= Member of Council, sent by Murray on mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61; lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. =Hd= Haldimand solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal relations with Haldimand, 313. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Cramoisy, Sebastien=. =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 171.

=Crane, William.= =W= Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to Council, 69; resigns, 72.

=Crawford, Isabella Valancy= (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume of her _Poems_ published, 1905, with biographical and critical introduction by Ethelwyn Wetherald.

=Crawford, John Willoughby= (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the Legislative Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South Leeds in the House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1873-1875. Died at Government House, Toronto. =Index=: =B= Defeats George Brown in East Toronto, 1861, 141. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Crawford, Colonel.= =Hd= Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.

=Crawley, Edmund Albern= (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College, Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar, 1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College. =Index=: =H= Halifax lawyer--becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; Dalhousie College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.

=Credit River.= Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario, fourteen miles west of Toronto. =Index=: =Bk= Tract of land on, purchased by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. _See also_ Ryerson.