Chapter VIII: Part 8

=Douglas, Sir Howard= (1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840. =Index=: =W= His efforts on behalf of King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51. =T= His appearance described, 6. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Douglas, Sir James= (1803-1877). =MS= A man of Imperial mind, 225; highest qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225; marries daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226; governor of Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson at Fort St. James, 238. =D= Visits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842, 45-46; in New Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary material for his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage, 92; educated in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters service of North West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort William, 93; McLoughlin persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; accompanies McLoughlin to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's friendship for Douglas, 94; his training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to New Caledonia, 96; accompanies William Connolly over mountains, 99; with Connolly at Fort St. James, 100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his activities there, 100-102; marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to Fort Vancouver, 1830, 103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter marries Dallas, afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg, 103; his work in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George massacre, 105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver, 121; in charge of York Factory express, 1835, 121; in charge of party that raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor, 1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843, 146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site, 178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187; succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207; establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia, etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228; appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245; proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247; settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254; financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy, 264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments, 270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273; governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,--knighthood,--succeeded by Arthur Kennedy,--retires from governorship of mainland of British Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309; death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Douglas, Captain W. M.= =D= With Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27; at Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28; sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29.

=Doutre, Joseph= (1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the founders of _Le Pays_, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier, but without serious consequences. Joined the _Institut Canadien_ at Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case." Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission. =Index=: =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. =Bib.=: Works: _Les Fiances de 1812_; _Le Frere et la Soeur_; _Les Sauvages du Canada_; _The Constitution of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Doutre, R.= =E= Member of the _Parti Rouge_, 108.

=Douville, d'Agneau.= =Hd= Abandons French post at Toronto, 26.

=Dow, Dr=. =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 108.

=Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of= (1718-1793). Secretary of state for colonies, 1768-1772. =Index=: =Dr= Approves Carleton's recommendations, 51. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings= (1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870; commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in 1868, 213, =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor=. =H= Contributed to _The Club_ in Howe's _Nova Scotian_, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_.

=Drake, Sir Francis= (1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried at sea. =Index=: =D= On Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147. =Bib.=: Southey, _Lives of the Admirals_; Corbett, _Drake and the Tudor Navy_; Payne, _Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America_; Froude, _English Seamen in the Seventeenth Century_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Draper, William Henry= (1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his youth ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in 1821 and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed. In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada, and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July, 1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued to act in this position until his death. =Index=: =Md= Joins Metcalfe's administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration, 24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26; accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83. =BL= Appointed attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry, 115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127; resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251; his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation, 299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308. =Sy= Solicitor-general, introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206, 213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245; made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283. =B= Becomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20; _Globe_ criticizes his attempt to form a coalition, 27. =C= Forms ministry, 17. =E= Acknowledges necessity of bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry under Lord Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43. =R= Ryerson's public letters to, 100, 120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case for King's College before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University Bill, 153; bill defeated, 155. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. For his own writings, _see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._

=Dreuilletes, Gabriel= (1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse. In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language. Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =L= One of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie mission, 11. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _La Salle_.

=Drew, Andrew= (1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of the most important engagements during the war with France, including the Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the fight between the _Eurotas_ and the French frigate _Clorinde_, 1814. Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the capture of the _Caroline_, for which he received the thanks of the Upper Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine. A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council. Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the command of the _Wasp_ on the West India Station, where he discovered and surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until his death. =Index=: =Mc= In charge of the expedition which cut out the _Caroline_, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423. =Bib.=: Drew and Woods, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_. _See also_ Caroline.

=Drewe, Rev. Edward.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47.

=Driscoll, Captain.= =Bk= Letter of, relating to death of Brock, 307.

=Drummond, Sir Gordon= (1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec. Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798, and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prevost, 1813. Took a most prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815, president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George Prevost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr. 4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20, 1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G. C. B. Died in London. =Index=: =Bk= Takes command of troops at Montreal, 115; commander of forces in Canada, 157. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.

=Drummond, Lewis Thomas= (1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal, 1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry as solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851. Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned, owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal. =Index=: =E= One of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851, 109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of the Seigniorial Tenure, 186. =B= Enters George Brown's ministry, 102. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Du Bois d'Egriseilles, Abbe J. B.= =L= Devotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135.

=Du Calvet, Pierre.= Under the French regime engaged in the fur trade, and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace. Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780; from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In this connection published an "_Appel a la Justice de l'Etat_," setting forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for London on board the _Shelburne_, which is supposed to have been lost with all on board. =Index=: =Hd= Arrested on suspicion of treason, 279-280; evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282; being released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord Sydney, 284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against Haldimand by Maseres, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and the _Habeas Corpus_ Act, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Frechette, 292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against Haldimand, 310. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_. For full titles of his _Appel a la Justice de l'Etat_, and _The Case of Pierre Du Calvet_, _see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._ _See also_ Haldimand, Sir Frederick.

=Duchesne, Adrien.= =Ch= Surgeon, early settler, 145.

=Duchesne, David.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.

=Duchesneau, Jacques.= Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His commission invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign Council, an office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As Frontenac, a man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable disputes arose between him and the intendant touching questions of precedence. Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and the intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling brandy to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king, and both governor and intendant were recalled. =Index=: =L= Appointed intendant, 166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168. =F= Intendant, 108; his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; causes king's prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in Frontenac's absence, 117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects of liquor traffic, 118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his sphere, 120; his recommendations on the _coureurs de bois_ question, 127; dispute with Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council, 133-140; severely censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses Frontenac of manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his son imprisoned for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes report on Acadia, 271. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in New World_; Parkman, _Frontenac_; Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).

=Duclos, Captain.= =WM= Constructs and commands floating battery _Le Diable_, 82, 87, 104.

=Dudley, Joseph= (1647-1720). =F= Provisional governor of Massachusetts, 264. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Dudouyt, Jean.= =F= Grand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to France by bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to bishop, 171. =L= Director of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his mission to France, 171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death of, 219. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of= (1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada, 1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople, 1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891. =Index=: =D= Visits British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323. =Bib.=: Works: _Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen_; _Letters from High Latitudes_; _Inquiry into State of Ireland_; _Irish Emigration_; _Speeches and Addresses_, ed. by Milton. For biog., _see_ Leggo, _History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada_; Stewart, _Canada under Lord Dufferin_; Black, _The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava_; Lyall, _The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava_; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Dufort, Thomas.= =Mc= Agent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out for Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427.

=Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts.= _See_ Monts.

=Duggan, Jeremiah.= =Dr= Citizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120.

=Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon= (1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him. =Index=: =F= Explorer, discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake Huron, 202. =Bib.=: Margry, _Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais_; _Sieur Du Lhut_ (Minn. Hist. _Coll._, vol. 1); McLennan, _Death of Duluth_ (R. S. C., 1903); _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites, vol. 62; Roy, _DuLhut_ (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_.

=Du Marche.= =Ch= Priest at Miscou, 234.

=Dumas, N.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.

=Dumas, Major.= =WM= Commands night expedition to destroy British batteries at Pointe Levis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the Plains, 192, 195.

=Dumay, Captain.= =Ch= Champlain consults with, 133.

=Dumont's House.= =WM= Occupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258.

=Dumoulin.= =Ch= Murdered by Montagnais Indians, 164.

=Duncan, Adam= (1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded the _Royal Exchange_, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801; defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as Viscount Camperdown. =Index=: =Bk= Gains victory off Camperdown, 12. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Duncan, Alexander.= =D= Sails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22; confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.

=Duncan, Richard.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79.

=Duncan, William.= =D= Sent out from England, 1856, by Church of England Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal to Alaska, 270. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Arctander, _Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan_.

=Duncombe, Charles.= Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843 returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time. =Mc= Complains to Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter referred to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles his forces at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425; increased by one thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Dundas, George= (1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West India Islands, where he died.

=Dundas, Henry.= _See_ Melville.

=Dundas Street.= Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were named after the then secretary for the colonies. =Index=: =S= Name given by Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present city of London, 201. =BL= Its extent, 8.

=Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron= (1776-1858). Sat in British Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons, 1835-1839. =Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog_.

=Dunkin, Christopher= (1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution. Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada, 1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for the county of Brome, 1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act." =Bib.=: Dent's _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Dunlop, William= (1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John Galt (_q.v._); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company (_q.v._). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson ("Christopher North," of _Blackwood's_), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846. =Index=: =BL= Attacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132; significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132. _See also_ Canada Company; Galt; Talbot. =Bib.=: _Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_ and _Humours of '37_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Morgan, _Bib. Can._

=Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of= (1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia, appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in 1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to Haldimand, 92. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Dunn, John Henry.= Came to Canada in 1820, from England. Receiver-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of Upper Canada. Died in London, 1854. =Index=: =BL= Receiver-general, appointed to Council by Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a moderate Reformer, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253. =Sy= Made receiver-general of united province, 283, 332. =Mc= Appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Dunn, Oscar= (1844-1885). Journalist. =Index=: =C= His statements as to Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America Act, 103. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Dunn, Robert.= =S= Presbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services in contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara district, 165; drowned in wreck of the _Speedy_, 165.

=Dunn, Thomas= (1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed the administration of the province and continued to act until the arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir George Prevost, entrusted with the administration. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed judge, 183. =Bk= Becomes civil administrator with title of president on departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with Brock, 77; confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out one-fifth of militia, 94, 96; becomes administrator again on departure of Craig, 157. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Dunning, John.= _See_ Ashburton.

=Dunvegan.= A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about lat. 56 deg., and long. 118 deg. 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North West Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye." Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears his name. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur.= =Ch= Comes to Canada, 47; left in charge of colony (1610), 60.

=Dupleix, General.= =WM= Abandonment of, by French government, 53.

=Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot.= Sent to Canada, 1632, by the Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River, 1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651. =Index=: =Ch= Presents pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings out settlers, 252.

=Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Duplessis de Ste. Helene, Mere Andre.= =L= Her piety, 92.

=Duplessis-Mornay.= _See_ Mornay.

=Duplessis, Pacifique.= Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year. =Index=: =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; death of, 117. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Dupont, Nicolas.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L= Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166.

=Dupont.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52.

=Dupont-Grave.= _See_ Pont-Grave.

=Duprat, Captain.= =WM= Brings word of impending attack on left of French position, 138.

=Dupuis, Captain.= =L= Heads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67.

=Dupuy, Claude Thomas.= Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a man of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).

=Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de.= Appointed governor of New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquiere. His policy was to intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of 1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Boeuf, inland on River Le Boeuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300 were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated. Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French. Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops. Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight for Canada_; Fiske, _New France and New England_.

=Durell, Philip.= Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before Quebec, 1759. =Index=: =WM= Instructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75; makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of= (1792-1840). Entered British Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821. Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St. Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return. =Index=: =Mc= "A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform Bill, 14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position of lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J. Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80; recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection, 402; the remedy, 403. =Md= On representation by population, 71; on federal union, 93-95. =T= His views on union, 61. =C= His inquiry and report, 11-12; Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of ministerial responsibility, 96. =H= His report before Nova Scotia Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99. =P= On Papineau's refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77; exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157; denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170. =R= Ryerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his Report, 120-122. =MS= Comes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints Adam Thom to his staff, 245. =Sy= His lack of discretion, 57, 89; his Report, 85, 89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower Canada, 95; and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of the Upper Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of Legislative Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162. =B= On causes of Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political discontent, 12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in Upper Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative union, 263. =BL= On political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53; previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in House of Lords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277. =E= His characteristics as a statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15; sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145; on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in 1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195. =Bib.=: _Report on the Affairs of British North America_; Haliburton, _Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_; Garnett, _The Authorship of Lord Durham's Report_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Reid, _Life and Letters of Lord Durham_.

=Dutch Colonists.= =Ch= Their relations with the Iroquois, 52. =Dr= Admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240. =Bk= Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.

=Duval, Jean.= =F= Executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8. =Ch= Locksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to assassinate him, 42; executed, 43. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Duval, Jean Francois Joseph= (1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec. =Index=: =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Du Verger, Father.= =Ch= Promotes Recollet mission to Canada, 83.

=Du Vernet.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.

=Du Vignau, Nicolas.= =Ch= His alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter, 144. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Earthquake of 1663.= Known in Canadian history as the "Great Earthquake." The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the circumstances attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most serious disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of which we have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St. Lawrence from Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic disturbance than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites contemporary reports of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766. =Index=: =F= Described by Avaugour, 46-47. =L= Lalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 45; conversions resulting from, 45-46. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lalemant, _Relation, 1663_; Ragueneau, _Vie de Catherine de St. Augustin_; Marie de l'Incarnation, _Lettres_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Eastern Townships.= =Hd= Proposition to settle with disbanded Loyalists, 264. =Dr= Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population of, 288. =Bib.=: Day, _Pioneers of the Eastern Townships_; Day, _History of the Eastern Townships;_ Thomas, _History of the Eastern Townships_.

=Easton, James.= =Dr= American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at Sorel, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Eau, Chevalier d'.= =F= Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 262.

=Echemin Indians.= A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern Maine and New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. =Index=: =WM= Enemies of the English, 16.

=Edgar, Sir James David= (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the House of Commons, 1896. =Index=: =Md= Sent to British Columbia by Mackenzie government, 234. =D= Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent of Dominion government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, 320. =Bib.=: Works: _This Canada of Ours and Other Poems_; _The White Stone Canoe_; _Canada and its Capital_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Edmonton.= Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des Prairies. =Bib.=: Cameron, _The City on the Saskatchewan_.

=Edmonton House.= =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.

=Education.= =Md= University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; Macdonald's connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory education established, 116. =W= State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's interest in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; Madras System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; Wilmot's views on education, 90-91. =T= Improvement in school system, 20; King's College, 20-22. =WM= Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. =R= In Upper Canada, 51-59; petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,--its provisions, 56-57; Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, 1824, 58; the university question, 133-162; the common school system, 163-213; separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, 247-268. =E= Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841, 87-89; Mrs. Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord Elgin's interest in educational problems, 88. =BL= System of common schools provided for in government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105; previous legislation for higher education, 105-106; for elementary schools, 106-107; terms of new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of 1843,189-190; Baldwin's University Act, 190; history of the university movement in Upper Canada, 191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 281, 286, 292, 338-339. =Sy= Demand that Clergy Reserves should be applied to purposes of, 240-242. =S= Simcoe's efforts in cause of, 166. =C= In the clerical colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; Cartier's work for, in Lower Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. =Dr= Committee on, appointed, 226; conflicting views on, 227-229. =H= In Nova Scotia,--Joseph Howe advocates compulsory education, 79; and an undenominational provincial university, 82; again introduces his measure for public schools, 115. =B= George Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, 75, 121-123, 145; separate school question, 121-123, 144-145. =Hd= In the early days of British rule, 233-236. _See_ Ryerson, Egerton; Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; Grammar Schools; Universities; Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba School Question; Separate Schools. =Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vols. 2, 3, and 4; Chauveau, _L'Instruction Publique_; Dawson, _Fifty Years' Work in Canada_; Hodgins, _Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Meilleur, _L'Education du Bas-Canada_; Millar, _Educational System of Ontario_; Ross, _Universities of Canada_; _Education in the Canadas_ (Archives Report, 1899).

=Edward VII= (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. =Index=: =E= His visit to Canada in 1860, 7. =Md= Visits Canada in 1860, and opens Victoria bridge, 87. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Tour of Prince of Wales through Canada_; Gough, _The King's Visit to Canada_.

=Edward and Annie.= =MS= The vessel which brought the Red River settlers from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.

=Effiat, Duc d'.= =Ch= Second in list of Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 170.

=Eldon, John Scott, first Earl= (1751-1838). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Election Frauds.= =B= In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, 99-100, 106.

=Election Laws.= =BL= Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms, 144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform measures, 286.

=Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of= (1811-1863). =E= His qualities as a statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham, 15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49; on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56; views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82, 101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84; views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House, 120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament, 135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203; his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213; negotiates treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies, 215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215; governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death, Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the American political system, 257-258. =B= On causes of depression in Canada, 32; his far-sighted statesmanship,--views on imperial unity, 33; introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 34-38. =Md= Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds responsible government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill, 36-38; mobbed in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people justifies his action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by British government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 45, 98, 216. =T= Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. =BL= Mentioned, 75; attitude to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal government as governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of the colonial situation, and attitude towards responsible government, 273; first to apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally interprets his instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a thorough believer in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of the true attitude of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, 1847, 275; Hincks on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, Dec. 6, 1847, 278; his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls Parliament at Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to form ministry, 284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 285; interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings session to a close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; consents to Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, 324; his attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in Toronto, 338. =R= Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126. =C= On education in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of the country in 1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor before Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. =H= Attends public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents British North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. =Mc= Assents to Amnesty Act, 480. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Walrond, _Letters of Lord Elgin_; Wrong, _The Earl of Elgin_; Le Moine, _Le Comte d'Elgin_ (R. S. C., 1894).

=Eliott, G. A.= _See_ Heathfield.

=Elisa, Francisco.= Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790. Carried on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the following year. =Index=: =D= His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait in 1790, 26; sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _North-West Coast_.

=Ellice, Edward= (1781-1863). =P= Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. =MS= Opposes sale of Red River land to Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin, 220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Elliott, Colonel.= =Bk= Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in charge of Indians in western district, 230.

=Elliott.= =Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.

=Elmsley, John= (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode as chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive Council. In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative Council--a position he held until his death. =Index=: =S= Becomes chief-justice, 178. =Bk= His death, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Embargo.= =Bk= On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian trade, 109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in England, 110, 111; withdrawn, 114.

=Emigration.= =Sy= Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government in aid of, 322.

=Emulous.= =Bk= British ship, prizes taken by, 224.

=End, William.= =W= Votes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46; referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants, 97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.

=Endemare, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, 237.

=England.= =Bk= At war with republican France, 8; its invasion threatened, 10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; isolation of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, 44; threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81; without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula (1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on struggle in Europe, 269.

=English Colonies.= =F= Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, 154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II, 263. =WM= Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous terms than the French, 21.

=English Colonization.= =WM= Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, 20; demoralizing effect of, 20. =Bib.=: Fiske, _New France and New England_.

=English Law.= =Hd= Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. =Dr= Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected thereto, 40.

=English Settlers in Canada.= =Dr= Position taken by, 9; find French laws irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton, 47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to administration of justice, 55.

=Enos, General Roger= (1729-1808). =Hd= In command of Vermont troops, 211; proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Epidemics.= =L= Ravages of, 239. _See_ Smallpox.

=Equal Rights Association.= Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and Clarke Wallace. =Index=: =Md= Grew out of agitation over Jesuits' Estates question, 289.

=Erie Indians.= A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656, the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Erie, Lake.= Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brebeuf and Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's _Relation_ of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's _Griffon_ was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly shown on Sanson map of 1650. =Bib.=: Chaumonot, _Vie_; Harris, _Early Missions_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Ermatinger, Francis.= =D= His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132. =Bib.=: Simpson, _Journey round the World_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron= (1776-1855). =Bk= British minister at Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to orders-in-council, 120. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Eskimos.= American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the entire coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian Islands; now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the Arctic Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name "Eskimo" having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Reclus, _Primitive Folk_. _See also_ United States Bureau of Ethnology _Reports_.

=Esquimalt.= Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of name, 175; H. M. S. _Constance_ arrives there, 184.

=Essex.= =Bk= United States frigate, captures British transport, 225.

=Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d'= (1729-1794). =Hd= His proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Esten, James C. Palmer= (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed vice-chancellor, 1849. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich.= Director of the Russian-American colonies, 1841-1845. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Kuprianoff as governor of Russian America, 1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited by James Douglas, 45.