Chapter XIV: Part 14

=La Loutre, Louis Joseph de.= Sent to Canada by the Society of Foreign Missions at Paris, 1737. Missionary to the Micmac Indians, 1740. Vicar-general of Acadia under the bishop of Quebec. A determined enemy of British supremacy in Acadia. After the fall of Fort Beausejour, escaped and fled to Quebec. The following year embarked for France, but on the voyage was taken prisoner by a British vessel and kept in confinement for eight years. Returned to France when peace concluded in 1663. Died in obscurity. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Richard, _Acadia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. _See also_ Acadians, Expulsion of the.

=Lambert, Captain.= =Bk= Commander of _Iphigenie_, and subsequently of _Java_, 123; his death, 123.

=Lamberville, John de= (1633-1714). Jesuit missionary to the Onondagas; forced to leave his mission in 1687, because of Denonville's expedition against the Iroquois. Remained at Cataraqui as chaplain for a time, and at Denonville's request returned to the Onondagas to arrange a treaty of peace. Succeeded in this mission, and resumed his ministry at Cataraqui. In 1688 carried to Montreal, suffering from a severe attack of scurvy. The following year returned to France, as procurator of the mission. Died in Paris. =Index=: =F= Jesuit father, missionary to the Iroquois, 144, 188, 208. =L= Describes the death of Garakontie, 73, 74; his position imperilled, by action of governor and intendant, 215. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Jesuits in North America_.

=Le Milletiere, Dubois de.= =WM= Perishes with his men on fireship, 98.

=La Minerve.= Montreal newspaper, established 1826. =Index=: =P= Morin's seditious articles in, 101; denounces every one opposed to Papineau, 122-123. =BL= Praises policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 142; discusses debate in Imperial Parliament on colonial government, 232; La Fontaine's speech in reply to Papineau, printed in, 292. =C= Praises Cartier, 88.

=Lamontagne.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.

=La Montagne.= A settlement near Montreal. =Index=: =L= Settlement of Christian Indians at, 9, 74.

=Lamotte.= =WM= Chief of the Follis-Avoines, 41.

=La Motte, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de.= Came to Canada with the Carignan Regiment, 1665. Built Fort Ste. Anne, at the northern extremity of Lake Champlain, 1666. Two years later took the place of Zacharie Dupuis as commandant at Montreal. Returned to France, 1670. =Index=: =L= Foundation stone of the parish church of Montreal laid on his behalf by Philippe de Carion, 88.

=La Motte Cadillac, Antoine de.= Son of Jean de La Motte, Sieur de Cadillac, de Launay et de Montet. Served for a time in the army, and about 1683 came to Canada in search of fortune or adventure. Married Marie-Therese Guyon at Quebec in 1687; stationed for several years at Port Royal; returned to Quebec, and sent by Frontenac in 1694 to command the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a post at Detroit, went to Quebec in 1709, sailed for France, and in 1713 sent out to Louisiana as governor. =Index=: =F= Post commander at Michilimackinac, 340. =Bib.=: _Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Hist. _Papers_, 1903); Sulte, _Les Tonty_ (R. S. C., 1893); Roy, _Le Baron de Lahontan_ (R. S. C., 1894); Verreau, _Quelques Notes sur Antoine de Lamothe de Cadillac_; Parkman, _Old Regime_ and _Frontenac_.

=La Mouche.= =L= Nephew of Huron chief, deserts to the Iroquois at Long Sault, 71.

=Lampman, Archibald= (1861-1899). Educated at Trinity University, Toronto, graduating in 1882; appointed to a clerkship in the post-office department at Ottawa the following year, and remained there up to the time of his death. Put the best of himself into his poems, in which he interpreted with rare discernment and charm the spirit of the woods and fields of his native country. =Bib.=: Works: _Among the Millet_; _Lyrics of Earth; Poems_, ed. by Duncan Campbell Scott, with biog. sketch. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Lancaster, Joseph= (1778-1838). Founded the Lancasterian system of education. In 1798 began teaching poor children on the Madras system; and gradually introduced improvements. In 1818 came to America, and at one time conducted a school in Montreal. Published several books on his system of education. =Index=: =W= Founder of Madras system of national schools, 86. _See also_ Madras schools. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Landry, Pierre Armand= (1846- ). Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick. Educated at St. Joseph's College, Memramcook; studied law and called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1870. Member of the Assembly, 1878-1883; elected to the House of Commons, 1883; appointed judge of the County Court, 1890; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, 1893. =Index=: =Md= His motion of regret that sentence of death passed upon Riel not commuted, 280-281. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Lands, Public.= =Mc= Evils of methods of granting, 74; list of grants in first thirty-five years, 74. =Bk= Grants made near Niagara to previously disloyal persons, 64. =W= Dissatisfaction over management of, in New Brunswick, and movement to bring under provincial control, 18-30, 38, 48. =T= Improper sales of, 51-52. =S= Land boards attempt to check speculation, 102; discontinued, 104; grants of, dealt with by Executive Council after discontinuance of boards, 101-103, 104; grants of, made to officers of the government, 215.

=Langelier, Francois Charles Stanislas= (1838- ). Born at Ste. Rosalie, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar, 1861. Joined the staff of Laval, and became dean of the law faculty, and member of the council. Entered public life in 1871; returned for Montmagny, 1873, and for Portneuf, 1878, in Legislature; sat for Megantic, 1884; and for Quebec Centre, 1887, in Dominion House. Held the offices of commissioner of crown lands, and provincial treasurer, in the Quebec government, 1878-1879. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_ and its organ _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Langevin, Sir Hector Louis= (1826-1906). Born at Quebec. Entered Parliament in 1867, as member for Dorchester; subsequently represented, successively, Charlevoix, and Three Rivers. Appointed secretary of state, 1867; minister of public works, 1869; postmaster-general, 1878; and again minister of public works, 1879; resigned 1891. =Index=: =Md= Secretary of state in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; his organizing ability and great local influence, 140; announces death of Sir John A. Macdonald, 325-326. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec Conference, 76; member of first Dominion ministry, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Langhorn, John.= =S= Second Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper Canada, 158.

=Langlade.= _See_ Mouet de Moras de Langlade.

=Langlois, Francoise.= =Ch= Wife of Pierre Desportes, 146.

=Langlois, Marguerite.= =Ch= Wife of Abraham Martin, 146.

=Langlois, Noel.= =Ch= Settler from Normandy, 252.

=Langoissieux, Pierre.= =Ch= Recollet, assumes monastic habit, 149; returns to France, 209.

=Languedoc.= =WM= Battalion of regular troops, 29, 105, 118, 192.

=La Nouee.= _See_ Robutel.

=Lanjuere, de.= =L= _Life of Olier_ by, 135.

=Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth Marquis of.= Born in 1845. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded to marquisate, 1866. After holding minor offices in the government, became under-secretary for war in 1872, and in 1880 under-secretary for India. In 1883 appointed governor-general of Canada; and at the end of his term, 1888, went to India as viceroy. On his return, became secretary for war in 1895, and in 1900 foreign secretary. Since the death of the Duke of Devonshire, has been the leader of the Conservatives in the House of Lords. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.

=Lapause, De.= =WM= Sent to erect defences at fords of Montmorency, 112; accompanies Levis to the West, 147; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 261.

=La Peltrie, Marie Madeleine de= (_nee_ =de Chauvigny=). Daughter of the Seigneur de Vaubougon, in Normandy; married early in life, and while still young was left a widow with a large fortune. Filled with religious zeal, devoted herself and her fortune to the founding of the Ursuline convent in Canada. In 1639 sailed for Quebec, and with her companions began there the important work of ministering to the sick and educating Indian girls. With tireless energy, carried on the work for thirty-two years, dying in November, 1671, a few months before her lifelong friend and co-worker, Marie de l'Incarnation (_q.v._). =Index=: =F= Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33. =L= Her piety, 92; Ursuline convent established by, 125; death of, 153; appearance and character, 153, 154. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Regime_.

=La Perouse, Jean Francois de Galaup, Comte de= (1741-1788). French admiral. =D= Explores North-West Coast in 1788, 25. =Bib.=: _Voyage autour du Monde_; Marcel, _Vie de La Perouse_.

=La Perriere.= =WM= Commanded to evacuate Johnstone's redoubt, 140.

=La Place, Jacques de.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

=La Potherie.= _See_ Bacqueville.

=Laprairie.= On south shore of St. Lawrence, above Montreal. =Index=: =F= Attack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter at, between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312.

=La Rabeyre, De.= =L= French officer, put to death by Iroquois, 227.

=La Ralde, Raymond de.= =Ch= Accompanies De Caen to Quebec, 138; returns to France, 141; appointed admiral of Company's fleet, 154.

=La Riborde, Gabriel de.= Recollet missionary; arrived from France in 1670, and sent to Cataraqui as chaplain to the garrison. Was in the West with La Salle and Hennepin, in 1679-1680. =Index=: =L= With Tonti and Membre at Fort Crevecoeur, 149; murdered by the Illinois, 150. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_.

=La Rochebeaucour, De.= =WM= Second aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; forms cavalry corps, 87; commands Bougainville's cavalry, 222; brings provisions into Quebec, 232.

=La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Francois Alexandre Frederic, Duc de= (1747-1827). Chiefly remembered because of his valuable and entertaining _Travels_, "full of keen, fair-minded observation regarding every variety of detail of life in America as this exiled French nobleman found it, told in a readable style, not without an occasional touch of humour." Exiled from France in 1768; returned, for several years, and went into retirement until after Waterloo. Made a peer of France at the Restoration. =Index=: =Dr= Not allowed to visit Lower Canada, 290. =S= Visitor to Upper Canada, 56; his observations, 71, 73, 74; describes opening of Legislature, 92, 93; high opinion of Simcoe's secretary, 178; describes Colonel Smith's house, 179; on scarcity of servants, 182; entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 187, 230; on Simcoe's household, 187; Simcoe objects to some of his remarks, 188; on Simcoe's military talent, 225. =Bib.=: Works: _Voyage dans les Etats-Unis d'Amerique fait en 1795-97_; _Etat des Pauvres en Angleterre_; _Le Bonheur du Peuple_.

=La Rochelle.= French seaport, on the Atlantic, long a stronghold of the Huguenots. =Index=: =Ch= Merchants of, contraband traders, 140.

=La Rouette.= =Ch= Pilot, accompanies Champlain in his expedition against the Iroquois, 52.

=La Salle, Jean Baptiste de= (1651-1719). Abbe; canon of Rheims. =Index=: =L= Founder (1684) of the order of Christian Brothers, 125.

=La Salle, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de= (1643-1687). Sailed for Canada in the spring of 1666; granted by the Sulpicians the seigniory of Lachine, from which, in 1669, he set out with Dollier de Casson and Galinee upon the first of those explorations towards the west and south for which he was to become famous. Meeting Jolliet at the western end of Lake Ontario, Dollier de Casson and Galinee decided to make their way to the upper lakes, while La Salle turned south and explored the Ohio. His later explorations have been the subject of long controversy--the point in dispute being whether he explored the Mississippi before or after Marquette and Jolliet. In any event, he first descended the river to its mouth, 1681-1682. Upon his return, sailed for France, and in 1684 set out with four ships to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. This unfortunate expedition culminated in the murder of La Salle by his own men. =Index=: =F= Sent to invite Indians to conference, 79; first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 86; reports Perrot's defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from the king, 156; obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158; difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162; discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre, restored to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180. =L= Sells liquor to Indians, 116; obtains letters of nobility, and concession at Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 145; birth and character, 147; explorations, 148-153; goes to France, 151; misfortunes and death of, 152; reports sermon of Abbe Fenelon, 160. =WM= Discovers mouth of Mississippi, 19. =Bib.=: _Memoir_, in French, _Hist. Coll._ of _Louisiana_, 2d Ser., vol. 2; letters and other documents, in Margry, _Decouvertes_; Shea, _Voyages up and down Mississippi_; Parkman, _La Salle_; Winsor, _Nar. and Crit. Hist._; Falconer, _Discovery of Mississippi_; Griffin, _Discovery of Mississippi_; Sparks, _La Salle_ in _Lib. of Am. Biog._; Gravier, _Decouvertes_; Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_; Joutel, _Journal Historique_; Chesnel, _Histoire de Cavelier de la Salle_; Guenin, _Cavelier de la Salle_; Sulte, _La Morte de la Salle_; Girouard, _Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle_.

=La Sarre Regiment.= =WM= One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12, 29; in battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.

=Lascelles' Regiment.= =WM= In centre under Murray, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.

=La Taille.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41.

=La Terriere, Pierre de Sales.= Came to Canada from France, 1766; appointed agent at Quebec for the St. Maurice forges, 1771; his place of business in front of the lower town market, facing the church of Notre Dame; in 1775 appointed inspector of works, and removed to the forges, on the banks of the St. Maurice, a few miles above Three Rivers. Left an interesting account of the works, in his _Memoires de Laterriere_. Implicated in the American invasion of 1776, and arrested. =Index=: =Hd= Inspector of St. Maurice forges, 48; arrest of, 277; dislike of Haldimand, 277; suspected of supplying Americans with petards and cannon-balls from St. Maurice forges, 277-278; his defence of Du Calvet, 284-287; his description of Haldimand, 293. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=La Terriere de Sales.= Represented Saguenay in Assembly, 1844-1854; appointed to Legislative Council, 1856. =Index=: =E= Votes against secularization of Clergy Reserves, 164.

=La Tesserie, De.= =L= Member of the Sovereign Council, 158.

=Latour, Abbe Bertrand de.= =L= On the humility of Laval, 33; on the evils flowing from the sale of liquor to the Indians, 36; on mental characteristics of Canadian children, 100; on the virtues of Laval, 187. =Bib.=: _Memoire sur la Vie de Laval_.

=La Tour, Charles Amador de.= Son of Claude de la Tour. Came to Acadia in 1610 with his father. Driven out of Port Royal by the English; built a post near Cape Sable, on what is now known as Port Latour. In 1632, when Acadia was restored to France, Razilly came out with Charnisay to strengthen the colony. Razilly died in 1636, and a bitter conflict followed between Charnisay and La Tour, both of whom claimed to represent the king in Acadia. Charnisay had rebuilt Port Royal, and La Tour occupied a fort at the mouth of the St. John. The outcome of the quarrel was an order for the arrest of La Tour. Charnisay attacked La Tour's fort, but was driven off. When he blockaded the harbour, La Tour escaped to Boston, returned with English ships, and drove Charnisay to the shelter of Port Royal. The latter's opportunity came, however, later. He attacked the fort during La Tour's absence. La Tour's wife made a gallant defence, and Charnisay succeeded in the end only by resorting to treachery. He carried Madame La Tour to Port Royal, where she died in 1645. Some years later, after the death of Charnisay, La Tour brought this curious drama to a conclusion by marrying the widow of his rival. He had already obtained restitution from the king, who made him governor of Acadia; and some years later showed his powers of persuasion by obtaining a generous grant of land from Cromwell, who had, in 1654, taken possession of the colony. Died about 1666. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=La Tour, Claude de.= A Huguenot gentleman; came to Port Royal in 1610 with Poutrincourt; in 1614 had a trading-post on the Penobscot. Sailed for France in 1627, and on his return the following year, with supplies for the defence of Acadia, captured by Kirke and carried to England. There married one of the queen's French maids of honour, and was persuaded to throw in his lot with the English. Promised to win over his son Charles (_q.v._), but the latter scornfully refused to change his allegiance. Afterwards built a fort at the mouth of the St. John, for the French, to whom he had once more transferred his services. =Index=: =Ch= Captured by Kirke, 177. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Lattaignant, Gabriel de.= =Ch= Assists in forming Company of New France, 168; made a director, 170.

=L'Auberiviere, Francois Louis de Pourroy de.= Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 1739-1740, succeeding Dosquet. Died at Quebec, 1740. =Index=: =L= bishop of Quebec, 12.

=Laurier, Sir Wilfrid= (1841- ). Born at St. Lin, Quebec. Studied law at McGill University, and called to the bar, 1864. Entered public life in 1871 as member for Drummond and Arthabaska in the Quebec Assembly; three years later returned to the House of Commons for the same constituency. Entered the Mackenzie Cabinet, 1877, as minister of inland revenue. In 1887 leader of the opposition; and in 1896, upon the defeat of the Tupper government, called upon to form an administration, himself taking the office of president of the Council. Received the honour of G. C. M. G. in 1897, and the same year called to the Imperial Privy Council. =Index=: =Mc= Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 30, 31. =Md= His administration repeals Franchise Act of 1885, 260; succeeds Blake as leader of Liberal party, 1887, 261, 263; lukewarm towards policy of commercial union, 296; his reply to Macdonald's appeal to the electorate, 1891, 311; finally disposes of unrestricted reciprocity, 317; his speech in Parliament on death of Macdonald, 326-329. =C= On the Quebec radicals, 27-28; one of the founders of _Le Parti National_ and its organ _Le National_, 30; on Cartier, 116-117. =Bib.=: _Discours sur le liberalisme politique_; Barthe, _Discours de Laurier, depuis 1871 a 1890_. For biog., _see_ Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Frechette, _Wilfrid Laurier_; Moreau, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier_; David, _Laurier et son Temps_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Lausaunne.= =Hd= The resort of savants, 3.

=Lauzon, Jean de.= Born, 1582. Governor of New France, 1651-1656; had already been associated with the interests of the colony by reason of his position as president of the Company of New France, and had used his office to acquire the island of Montreal and Point Levis opposite Quebec. His administration as governor made odious not only by a long series of public mistakes, but by his too obvious intention of using the office to enrich himself and his sons. Returned to France in 1656; and mentioned in contemporary narratives as late as 1660. =Index=: =Ch= Intendant of Company of New France, 170; objects to return of Recollets, 225. =F= Governor, 38; returns to France, 42. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Lauzon-Charny, Charles de.= Son of Jean de Lauzon, and administrator of New France after the departure of his father in 1656. During his father's governorship, had been invested with the high-sounding but empty title of _Grand Maitre des Eaux et Forets de la Nouvelle France_. Returned to France in 1656; entered the church; and returned in 1659 with Laval, who made him a member of the Ecclesiastical Council. =Index=: =L= Director of Seminary, 55; grand vicar, accompanies Laval to France, 134. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Laval, Anne Charlotte.= =L= Only sister of Bishop Laval, 19.

=Laval, Charles Francois Guy= (=Fanchon=). =L= Nephew of Laval, educated by him at Quebec, 140.

=Laval-Montmorency, Francois de= (1623-1708). =L= Appointed apostolic vicar with title of bishop of Petraea _in partibus_, 7; opposes liquor traffic, 10; founds Seminary at Quebec, 10; created bishop of Quebec, 12; not fully appreciated in his lifetime, 15; his noble birth, 17; his devotion to St. Francois Xavier and St. Francois d'Assisi, 18; a scholar at College of La Fleche, 19; inherits patrimony of Montigny, and called for a time Abbe de Montigny, 19; yields patrimony to his younger brother, Jean-Louis, 19, 21; admitted to congregation of the Holy Virgin, 20; receives tonsure at nine years of age and made canon of Evreux at fifteen, 20; leaves La Fleche at nineteen and goes to the College of Clermont at Paris, 21; death of his two elder brothers, 21; his mother desires him to marry, 21; appointed archdeacon of cathedral of Evreux, 22; his zealous performance of his duties, 23; goes to Rome in expectation of an appointment as one of three bishops for Asia, 23; resigns his archdeaconry, 23; becomes inmate of Hermitage of de Bernieres at Caen, 24, 25; recommended by Jesuits as vicar apostolic for Canada, 26; consecrated as such by papal nuncio, 26; arrives at Quebec, June 16, 1659, 26; his authority questioned, 27; demands written recognition of his authority, 28; suspends the Abbe de Queylus, 28; manner and personal appearance, 28, 29; attention to the sick, 33; his different places of residence in Quebec, 33; friction with Governor D'Argenson, 34; his efforts to prevent sale of brandy to the Indians, 36-39; sails for France, obtains recall of D'Avaugour, and military reinforcements for colony, 39; his influence in the creation of the Sovereign Council, 40; returns to Canada, 41; founds Seminary, 47, 48; his regulations therefor approved by the king, 50; obtains authority to collect tithes, 50; receives flattering letters from the king and Colbert, with gift of money, 52; resides at Seminary, 55; opposed to permanent livings for clergy, 55; his personal income transferred to the Seminary, 56; imposes on himself many privations, 56; affiliates Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57; acquires seigniory of Beaupre and exchanges it for Ile Jesus, 58; baptizes Iroquois chief, 65; visits various settlements of Christian Indians, 74; bears testimony to the high character of De Tracy, 81; describes church at Quebec in letter to Pope, 84; approves of works of piety instituted by Jesuits, 86; encourages devotion to the Holy Family, 86; his visits to Montreal, 87; his wise views, 98; watches over instruction of youth, 99; establishes boarding school at St. Joachim, 100; encourages Brotherhood of Ste. Anne, 101; builds first sanctuary of Ste. Anne at Beaupre, 101; makes pilgrimage to Beaupre, 101; his instructions to missionaries, 105-107; receives Recollets with benevolence, 111; his zeal for primary education, 124; appointed bishop, 129, 136; his letter to the Propaganda, 131; has manager appointed for his abbey of Lestrees, 138; rents it to Berthelot, 138; exchanges Island of Orleans for Ile Jesus, 138; visits his family in France, 139; family troubles, 139; renews connection of Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 140; returns to Canada, 141, 169; sails for France in connection with liquor traffic question, 173; erects parish of Notre Dame de Montreal, 175; joins it to Seminary of St. Sulpice, 175; his interest in chapel of Bonsecours, 178; bows to king's decision on tithes question, 181; returns to Canada, 184; resists attempt to connect his diocese with archbishopric of Paris, 184; bestows all his property on the Seminary of Quebec, 185; letter to the king, 187; visits parishes and missions, 189, 190; illness, 190; letter to king as to need for reinforcements, 192; establishes chapter of diocese, 197; sails for France, 198; resigns as bishop in favour of Saint-Vallier, 200; returns to Canada, 202, 220; physical suffering, 205; letter to Saint-Vallier, 206; disagreement with Saint-Vallier on the subject of the Seminary, 208; his return to Canada delayed, 211; returns, 219, 220; receives his successor, 221; his conduct during siege of Quebec, 231; his grief over the policy adopted in regard to the Seminary, 235; his escape from burning building, 240; his labours in extreme age, 244; his admiration of the Charron brothers, 247; his habits and practices described by Brother Houssart, 251-256; by De la Colombiere, 256, 257; his death, 263; miraculous cures attributed to, 264; burial in cathedral and subsequent transfer of remains to Seminary, 265, 266. =F= Arrival of, as vicar apostolic and bishop of Petraea _in partibus_, 43; sends De Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with Governor D'Argenson, 45; also with D'Avaugour, 46; sails for France, 1662, 46; procures recall of D'Avaugour and appointment of Mezy, 48; returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with Mezy, 50; sails for France to settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes Ecclesiastical Court, 111; curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 116; sends grand-vicar to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views, 1678, 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not favourable to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Recollets to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses Saint-Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of miracles," 301. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Esquisse Biographique de Laval_; _Esquisse de la Vie, etc., de Laval_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Gosselin, _Francois de Montmorency-Laval_; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; _Le Venerable Francois de Montmorency-Laval_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Laval, Guy de.= =L= Ancestor of Bishop Laval, 17.

=Laval, Henri de.= =L= His letter to his brother the bishop, 139; second letter, 141.

=Laval, Hugues de.= =L= Father of Bishop Laval, 17.

=Laval, Jean-Louis.= =L= Brother of Bishop Laval, 19; bad conduct of, 139.

=Laval University.= Founded, 1668, as the Quebec Seminary, and granted a royal charter in 1852, at the instance of Lord Elgin, then governor-general. =Index=: =L= Its origin traced to Quebec Seminary, 99. _See also_ Quebec Seminary. =Bib.=: Hamel, _Sketch of Laval University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Roy, _L'Universite Laval et les Fetes du Cinquantenaire_.

=Lavalette.= =Ch= A Basque, fishes on Acadian coast as early as 1565, 59.

=La Vallee, de.= =Ch= Godfather of young Hurons, 233.

=La Valtrie, Seraphin Marganne, Sieur de= (1643-1693). A native of St. Benoit de Paris. Obtained a lieutenancy in the Lignieres Regiment; took service under De Tracy, 1664, and came to Canada the following year. Granted the seigniory of Lavaltrie in 1672; sent to the western posts as commandant, and replaced by La Durantaye, 1683; accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687. Killed, 1693. =Index=: =F= Seignior, commands militia; in 1687 in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed by Iroquois in 1693, 323. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Laverdiere, Charles Honore= (1826-1873). Educated at Laval University. Studied for the church and ordained priest. Joined the faculty of Laval, and became university librarian. =Ch= On question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. =Bib.=: Edited the _Works_ and _Voyages_ of Champlain; and completed Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_; author of _Histoire du Canada_; _Samuel de Champlain_; edited, with Abbe Casgrain, the _Journal des Jesuites_, 1645-1668.

=La Verendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de= (1685-1749). Son of Rene Gaultier, Sieur de Varennes, governor of Three Rivers. Served in the New England campaign of 1704, and the following year in Newfoundland. In 1707 with the army in Flanders, and wounded at Malplaquet in 1709. Returning to Canada, engaged in the fur trade, for some years on the St. Maurice, and 1727-1728 on Lake Nipigon. There conceived the idea of exploring the unknown country beyond Lake Superior, to discover the Western Sea, a project to which he devoted the remainder of his life. Left Montreal for the West in 1731; built forts on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and in the succeeding years penetrated to Lake Winnipeg, Red River, and the Assiniboine. In 1738 made a journey to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and the following year one of his sons penetrated to the Saskatchewan. In 1742, unable to go himself, sent two of his sons far to the south-west. They hoped, as he had always hoped, to reach at last the Western Sea, but were baffled by hostile tribes and the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. In 1743 returned finally to Montreal, broken in health and heavily in debt. Six years later died there. His sons begged to be allowed to continue his western explorations, but hostile influences made this impossible. =WM= Discoverer of the Rocky Mountains, 19. =L= Carries explorations as far as the Rocky Mountains, 11. =MS= Leads the way inland from Lake Superior, 3; his search for Western Sea, 40; his reply to charge of making money in fur trade, 281. =Bib.=: Prud'homme, _Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Verendrye_ (R. S. C., 1905); Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. _See also_ his journals in _Canadian Archives Report_, 1889; Richard's _Summary_ (Can. Arch., 1904); and Margry, _Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais_. His _Journals_ are now being edited for the Champlain Society, Toronto.

=La Vigne, Captain de.= =Ch= Sails for France with Champlain, 141.

=Laviolette.= =Hd= Three Rivers founded by, in 1634, 43-44.

=Law.= =Dr= Confusion and abuse in administration of, 51-55.

=Law, Captain John.= =S= First sergeant at arms of the Upper Canada Assembly, 85; a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, 85.

=Law, John.= =R= Headmaster of Gore district Grammar School, Upper Canada, 4; Egerton Ryerson studies under, 5.

=Lawrence, Charles.= Entered the army as ensign, 1727; captain, 1742; and major, 1747. Accompanied Warburton's Infantry to Nova Scotia, and engaged in the French wars at Cobequid, 1749-1750; brigadier-general under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. Nine years earlier had been appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; administered the government on the retirement of Governor Hopson, 1753; lieutenant-governor, 1754; and governor, 1756. The first Assembly met under his governorship, 1758. Responsible for the expulsion of the Acadians. Died at Halifax, Oct. 19, 1760. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Akins, _History of Halifax_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Richard, _Acadia_. _See also_ Acadians, Expulsion of the.

=Lawrence, Joseph W.= =T= Supports Tilley in 1850, 10.

=Laws, Captain.= =Dr= Sent with seventy men to attack Arnold in rear, 129; completes discomfiture of enemy, 131. =Hd= Effects arrest of Du Calvet, 285.

=Le Baillif.= =Ch= Under clerk at Tadoussac, 133; placed in charge of storehouse by Kirke, 195; a bad character, 202-204.

=Le Baillif, George.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; goes to France, as delegate from colony, 136.

=Lebel, J. G.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.

=Le Ber, Jeanne=, daughter of Jacques Le Ber, of Montreal. =Index=: =L= Birth, baptism, and virtues of, 91; mortifications practised by, 92.

=Le Ber, Pierre.= =L= House of charity established by, 245.

=Le Ber de Senneville, Jacques= (1633-1706). One of the principal merchants of Montreal; married in 1658 Jeanne, sister of Charles Le Moyne. In 1673 engaged with Aubert de la Chesnaye in the fur trade at Cataraqui, and aroused the hostility of Governor Perrot of Montreal, who was also interested in the fur trade. In 1675 sold out his rights at Cataraqui to La Salle; and four years later acquired the seigniory of Senneville. Mentioned in 1691 as in a fur-trading partnership with Frontenac. =Index=: =F= Imprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings with, 175. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Le Borgne de Belle Isle, Emmanuel.= =Ch= Takes Fort St. Pierre, 236.

=Le Brun de Duplessis, Jean-Baptiste.= Born at Corbie, in Picardy, about 1730. Came to Canada about 1755 and joined the Bearn Regiment; practised as a notary in Quebec for many years. Died there some time after 1796. _See_ R. S. C., _Trans._, 1900, I, 129-130. =Index=: =Dr= Carleton's account of, 68.

=Le Canadien.= Newspaper, published at Quebec. =Index=: =BL= On the political situation in 1842, 116. =C= First French newspaper in Quebec, 95; suppressed by Governor Craig, 95. =P= Established in 1806 by Bedard, Panet, and other French-Canadian leaders, 28; suppressed by Sir James Craig, 29.

=Le Caron, Joseph.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; goes to country of the Hurons, 88; with Champlain visits the Tionnontates or Petuneux, 106; meets Father d'Olbeau at Three Rivers, 107; sails for France, 111; becomes commissary of the Recollets, in Canada, 112; performs first marriage ceremony in Canada, 113; proceeds to Huron country, 149; returns to France, 208; death of, 226. =L= Missionary labours of, 3. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Le Chausseur.= =F= Secretary to Frontenac, 139.

=Le Clercq, Chrestien.= Recollet missionary in Canada, and historian of his order. =Index=: =F= On great need for Recollet order in Canada, 72; on Schenectady massacre, 247; on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 296. =Ch= Quoted, 112, 114; praises virtue of early Canadian settlers, 258. =Bib.=: _Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France_, trans. by Shea, under the title _First Establishment of the Faith_; _Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie_, trans. for the Champlain Society by Ganong, under the title _New Relation of Gaspesia_. Both these translations give in the introductions biographical details of the author as far as known.

=Lecompte-Dupre, J. B.= =Dr= Colonel of Quebec militia, 246.

=Le Diable.= =WM= Name given to floating battery, 87, 104.

=Le Du.= =S= French priest, deported, 190.

=Lee.= =W= Receiver-general, New Brunswick, 69.

=Le Faucheur.= =Ch= One of the men landed by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174.

=Le Foulon.= Now known as Wolfe's Cove. =Index=: =WM= Guard of 100 men at, 160; Wolfe carefully examines from the river, 168; learns that it is poorly guarded, 171; effects landing at, 181.

=Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Jean Baptiste= (1632-1709). Son of Pierre Le Gardeur (_q.v._). His father brought him to Canada at the age of four years. Resided in Montreal, 1642-1643; and in 1656 married Marguerite, daughter of Jean Nicolet, the explorer. In 1663 elected mayor of Quebec, but promptly resigned under official pressure, the policy of the government being opposed to anything approaching popular government. Raised a company of volunteers at Quebec in 1665, and accompanied the regulars to Three Rivers, which they were just in time to save from an Iroquois attack. In 1687 accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois. =Index=: =F= Goes to France on behalf of Montreal colonists, 36. =Ch= Acts as godfather to young Hurons, 233. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Pierre.= Arrived at Quebec from Normandy with his wife and family, 1636. Obtained a grant of land from the Company of New France, and engaged in the fur trade. In 1644 went to France to secure concessions for the Company of Habitants, which he had been instrumental in organizing. In 1647 granted the seigniories of Cournoyer and Repentigny, but did not live long to enjoy them, as he died the following year on his way to France. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Le Gardeur de Tilly, Charles= (1611-1695). Brother of Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny; a native of Normandy; came to Canada in 1636; and in 1648 made governor of Three Rivers. Married the same year Genevieve Juchereau. In 1660 granted the fief of St. Michel by the Company of New France; and transferred it to the Seminary in 1668. In 1673 acted for the governor, Frontenac, during his absence at Cataraqui, but afterwards fell into his bad graces. =Index=: =L= Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Legendre, Lucas.= =Ch= Purchases supplies for De Monts's second expedition to Quebec, 56.

=Legislative Assembly.= =Mc= Composition of, under Constitutional Act, 53; Goldwin Smith on, 54; irritation between, and Executive Council, 54, 55; Lord Durham on, 56, 58, 59, 60; true principle of government, 61, 63. =S= First of Upper Canada, list of members and their counties, 80; opening of, at Niagara, 82.

=Legislative Council.= =Mc= Created by Constitutional Act, 52; Lord Durham criticizes and suggests revision, 57; attitude of Lower Canada Reformers to, 69; rejects three hundred and twenty-five bills in eight years, 73; Sir John Colborne on, 268; collision with Assembly, 276; should be elective, 277; Glenelg insists that it shall be non-elective, 324. =Sy= Its constitution, 77, 175; its activity under Constitutional Act, 80; in Lower Canada English-speaking element dominant in, 81; demand that it should be made elective, 84; Sydenham's description of, 220; enlarged by Sir George Arthur with good results, 220; members opposed to union record their dissent, 231; =S= Suspicious of later Loyalist emigration, 57. =Dr= Appointed under Quebec Act, first meeting of, 90; how composed, 269; its power of veto, 277; its sympathies with governor and against people, 277. =Hd= Its welcome to Haldimand, 117-118; composition of, 175; statement made regarding power of, 188; sees Haldimand depart, 309; changes in membership of, at change of governor, 314.

=Legislative Union.= =Md= Strongly favoured by Macdonald; opposed by Maritime Provinces and Lower Canada, 107-109, 245.

=L'Huillier, Raoul.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Leisler, Jacob.= =F= Seizes government of New York, 266.

=Le Jeune, Paul.= Superior of Jesuits in Canada. Came to Canada in 1632, and went on a mission to the Algonquians the following year; succeeded by Vimont as superior, 1639; appointed to the governor's Council, 1640; returned to France the same year; proposed for bishop of Quebec. =Index=: =L= Bishopric of Quebec offered to, 25. =F= Preaches funeral sermon on Champlain, 27. =Ch= Celebrates mass in house of Mme. Hebert, 148; his letter on education of Indian children, 230, 231; describes first service in church, 239; preaches funeral sermon over Champlain, 261; advises Mme. Champlain, 264. =Bib.=: _Relations_, 1632-1640; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Lelievre, S.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.

=Lemaire.= =L= Servant in the Seminary, Laval's account of, 250.

=Lemaistre, Simon.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Lemaitre.= =L= Sulpician, comes out in _St. Andre_, 31; his attentions to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.

=Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard= (1803-1874). =H= Becomes governor of Nova Scotia, 1852, 143; his connection with the Foreign Enlistment Act, 149-152. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Lemoyne, Mme. Jacques.= =L= Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.

=Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt= (1663-1704). Son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Born in Montreal. Accompanied De Troyes and Iberville on the expedition against the Hudson Bay forts, Moose Factory, Rupert, and Albany, in 1686; and left in charge of the captured posts when the leaders returned to Quebec. Again served with Iberville on the bay in 1689, in the capture of the _Hampshire_. The following year brought a party of voyageurs to help in the defence of Quebec against Admiral Phipps. Once more with his brother Iberville on Hudson Bay, in 1694, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson. Inherited much of his father's remarkable influence over the Iroquois, and negotiated an important treaty with them about the beginning of the eighteenth century. =Index=: =F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; arrives at Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in Hudson Bay, 343. =L= Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See also_ Iberville.

=Lemoyne, Simon.= =Ch= Jesuit, professor in College of Rouen, 207.

=Le Moyne de Ste. Helene, Jacques= (1659-1690). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and other members of this noted family. Trained, like Iberville, for the navy; returned to Canada, and in 1686 accompanied De Troyes on the Hudson Bay expedition. Took part in the raid on Schenectady in 1690; and mortally wounded during the siege of Quebec by Phipps. =Index=: =F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 208; commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 299. =L= Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204; killed in siege of Quebec, 231. =Bib.=: _See_ Iberville.

=Le Moyne de Serigny, Joseph= (1668-1734). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and St. Helene. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay, 1690, and left in command of Fort Albany after its capture. Again in the bay with Iberville in 1694 and in 1697. Given command of Fort Nelson the latter year. Joined Iberville in Louisiana in 1700, and associated with him in the development of the colony. Reached high rank in the navy, and was governor of Rochefort at the time of his death. =Index=: =F= Goes to France on affairs of Hudson Bay, 345. =Bib.=: _See_ Iberville.

=Le Moyne.= _See_ Bienville; Iberville; Longueuil.

=Le National.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =C= Founded as organ of _Le Parti National_, in 1872, 30.

=Leonard, Samuel.= =T= English schoolmaster, 5.

=Leopard and Chesapeake.= =Bk= Affair of, 82-86.

=Leroux, Laurent= (1758-1855). Western fur trader. =Index=: =MS= Builds post on Great Slave Lake, 18; sends Sutherland and the "English Chief" to northern tribes, 18; with Mackenzie at Chipewyan, 33; Mackenzie's return, 48; post on Great Slave Lake, 49; sent to Beaver Indians, 49. =Bib.=: Morice, _Dict. Hist. des Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Le Roy, Marguerite.= =Ch= Mother of Champlain, 1.

=Le Sage, Captain.= =WM= Repulses landing of English, 107.

=Lesage, Marguerite.= =Ch= Wife of Nicolas Rivert, 146.

=Lescarbot, Marc.= Born at Vervins, near Laon, France, about 1570. Studied law and called to the bar in 1599. The previous year delivered two Latin orations before the papal legate sent by Clement VIII to arrange the terms of the treaty of Vervins. Through Poutrincourt (_q.v._), who had been one of his clients, induced to sail for Port Royal, 1606; and spent twelve months in the New World, returning to France in 1607. While at Port Royal, took an active part in the work of building, gardening, etc., spent much of his time hunting and fishing; and in the evening read and composed many of the poems afterwards included in his _Muses de la Nouvelle France_. On his return, set to work to prepare his account of Acadia. Spent the years 1612 to 1614 in Switzerland; married in 1619. Beyond this year, nothing is known of his life. =Index=: =Ch= Arrival of, at Port Royal, 35; useful in the colony, 37; returns to France, 37. =Bib.=: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, Paris, 1609; 2nd ed., 1611; reprinted 1612; 3rd ed., 1618; reprint of 1612 issue, 1866. In 1907 the Champlain Society, Toronto, published a new edition, with an English translation and notes by W. L. Grant, and an introduction by H. P. Biggar. _See also_ Demarsy, _Notes sur Marc Lescarbot_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_.

=Le Sire.= =Ch= Clerk in De Caen's company, 138.

=Leslie, Alexander= (1740?-1794). British general. =Index=: =Dr= In command at Charleston, S. C., 197; embarks his force with large number of refugees, 204; joins Carleton at New York, 205.

=Leslie, James.= =BL= Victim of election frauds in 1841--elected for Vercheres, 1842, 116; president of Executive Council, 1848, 284; a radical, 284; given seat in Legislative Council, 285; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Lesseps, Ferdinand de= (1805-1894). Eminent French engineer. =Index=: =Ch= Undertakes Panama Canal, 6. =Bib.=: Chambers, _Biog. Dict._

=Leslie, James= (1802-1885). Born in Dundee, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1820, settling first at Kingston, and afterwards at Toronto. A member of the first city council of Toronto. Arrested and imprisoned in connection with the Rebellion of 1837. Purchased the _Examiner_, 1844, and conducted it for ten years. One of the founders of the Clear Grit party. =Index=: =E= Proprietor of the Toronto _Examiner_, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110-111. =Mc= President of Canadian Alliance Society, 258; delivers rejoinder to governor, 300; refuses to sign "declaration of independence," 331. =B= Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Lestrees, Abbey of.= =L= Bestowed by king on diocese of Quebec, 136.

=Le Sueur, Jean de St. Sauveur.= =Ch= Comes to Quebec, 252; Godfather to young Hurons, 223.

=Le Tardif, Olivier.= Born in Normandy, 1601. Came to Canada, 1620, and employed as an interpreter at Quebec. Married Louise Couillard, 1637. =Index=: =Ch= Interpreter, 144; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 208.

=Letellier de St. Just, Luc= (1820-1881). Born at Riviere Ouelle, Quebec. Called to the Senate for the division of Grandville, 1867; a member of the ministry, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec; dismissed from office, 1879. =Index=: =Md= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 247; quarrels with and dismisses the provincial ministry, 247-248; Macdonald brings the matter before Parliament, 248-249; his dismissal on the advice of the Dominion Cabinet, 249-250; his death, 250; political reasons for his dismissal, 251. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Le Testu, Captain.= =Ch= Member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43.

=Le Valois, Father.= =L= Recommends Saint-Vallier to succeed Laval, 199.

=Levis, Gaston-Francois, Chevalier de= (1720-1787). Entered French army in 1735; named second in command to Montcalm, 1756; sailed for Canada the same year. On the death of Montcalm at Quebec, succeeded to the command of the French forces, and won the battle of Ste. Foy, 1760. After the capitulation, returned to France, and served under Conde against Prince Ferdinand. Created a marshal, 1783, and the following year a duke and peer of France. =Index=: =WM= Second in command to Montcalm, 2; his birth and descent, 8; military service 9, 10; character, 11; at battle of Carillon, 55, 60; confidence of Montcalm in, 85; persuades Montcalm to extend line of defence to Montmorency River, 105; his great activity, 110, 118, 126; his bravery, 137; praises courage of troops, both regulars and Canadians, 143; congratulated by Vaudreuil on victory at Montmorency, 144; sent to defend western frontiers, 147; his absence from principal scene of conflict has disastrous results, 147; sends encouraging news from Montreal, 157; his presence and counsel much desired by Montcalm, 165; his absence on eve of battle greatly felt by Montcalm, 195; Montcalm bequeaths his papers to, 219; arrives at Jacques Cartier and takes command, 227; disapproves of retreat, 227; marches army back in hope of relieving Quebec, 229; his regret for death of Montcalm, 233; hears of capitulation of Quebec, 234; decides to march on Quebec in the spring, 241; his efforts to supply needs of his army, 242; occupies Ste. Foy, 256-266; takes possession of General Hospital, 265; arrival of British fleet compels him to retire, 267; surrender at Montreal, 268; his high military qualities, 268. =L= French general, burning of his flags by, 12. =Hd= Defeats Murray, 34; his final struggle, 36-37; surrenders, 38; account of having burned French flags, 39; not forgotten, 122. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _Fight with France_; _Collection des Manuscrits du Marechal de Levis_, ed. by Casgrain.

=Levis, Heights of.= Opposite Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Skirmishing on, 102.

=Lewis, John.= =T= Confederation candidate, elected in Albert County, New Brunswick, 89, 107.

=Lewis, Meriwether= (1774-1809), and =Clark, William= (1770-1838). American explorers. Sent by the United States Government, in 1803, to find an overland route to the Pacific by way of the Missouri. They ascended the Missouri in 1804, to the Mandan villages; wintered there; continued their journey in 1805, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and descended the Columbia River to its mouth. They spent the winter there, and retraced their steps in 1806 to the Missouri and St. Louis. Their party consisted of fourteen soldiers, nine young men from Kentucky, two boatmen, an interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark. =Index=: =D= At Clatsop, 44; on the Columbia, 59; their overland expedition, 60, 64, 66; mouth of the Columbia the objective, 66; objects of the enterprise, 66; personnel of the expedition, 67; route followed by, 67; information collected, 67; winter at Fort Clatsop, 67. =Bib.=: _History of the Expedition to the Pacific Ocean_, Philadelphia, 1814; new ed., New York, 1843. In addition to other reprints, three recent editions are: the Chicago edition of 1902, with introd. by Dr. J.K. Hosmer; the edition of 1893, in 4 vols., with copious notes and other critical equipment by Dr. Elliott Coues; and the even more elaborate edition prepared by Dr. R.G. Thwaites, New York, 1905, 8 vols. For biog. of Lewis and Clark, _see_ Jefferson's _Life of Lewis_ in _Old South Leaflets_, no. 44, and in the Hosmer edition; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Lexington.= =Hd= Skirmish at, 103.

=Liard River.= A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in the Yukon district, south-west of Frances Lake, about lat. 61 deg., long. 131 deg. Its length is about 550 miles. Explored by McLeod in 1834, and by Campbell in 1840. The Upper Liard is known only by Indian report. Fort Simpson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, is at the mouth of the main river; and Fort Liard at the confluence of Black River and the Liard, not far from the point where British Columbia, the Yukon, and the North-West Territories meet. =Index=: =D= Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123.

=Libel.= =Mc= Mackenzie's bill on, 163.

=Liberal.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Radical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235.

=Liberal Party.= =B= Growth of, 209; overthrows Sir John A. Macdonald's government, and Ontario coalition government, 209-210. _See_ Reform Party.

=Libraries.= The first public library in Canada was the Quebec library, founded in 1779 largely through the efforts of Haldimand. After many vicissitudes, the library was absorbed by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. The first college library was that of the Seminary at Quebec, 1668; Montreal College library was opened in 1767; and King's College library in 1790. Legislative libraries were established in each of the provinces at an early date. In 1841 the libraries of Upper and Lower Canada were combined, and from this year dates the establishment of the library of Parliament. The first circulating library in Upper Canada was founded at Niagara in 1800. Similar libraries existed in Montreal as early as 1824, and at Kingston in 1836; the Red River library was founded at Fort Garry in 1847. =Index=: =Hd= First in Canada established by Haldimand, 190; merged in 1869 into Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 190; objects and cost of, 191; appreciation of, 191. =R= Public school libraries established by Dr. Ryerson, for use by the community, 185-187. =MS= One established by Roderick Mackenzie at Fort Chipewyan, 26. =BL= W. L. Mackenzie maintains a circulating library, 13. =E= Provided for in Upper Canada after 1841, 88. =S= For Upper Canada, Simcoe recommends government to establish, 46; plan not adopted, 175. _See also_ Books. =Bib.=: Bain, _Public Libraries of Canada_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.

=Licorne.= =WM= Frigate in which Montcalm embarked at Brest, 12.

=Lieutenant-governor.= =Mc= Office of, Durham's view of power of, 56, 57; surroundings of, in 1838, 61; position in both Upper and Lower Canada, 62.

=Lieutenants.= =S= Intended to be analogous to lords-lieutenant in England, appointed by Governor Simcoe for the principal counties in Upper Canada, 197; measure not approved by secretary of state, 197; appointments not continued by later governors, 198.

=Ligneris.= =WM= Force gathered by, and Aubry, dispersed, 146.

=Lincoln, Abraham= (1809-1865). Fourteenth president of the United States. =Index=: =B= Believed by George Brown to be favourable to renewal of Reciprocity Treaty, 192. =Bib.=: For biog. sketch, and bibliog. of lives, _see Cyc. Am. Biog._; Larned, _Lit. Am. Hist._

=Lincoln, Benjamin= (1733-1810). American general. =Index=: =S= United States commissioner, entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Lindsay, W. B.= =Sy= Made clerk of Legislative Assembly, 334.

=Lindsay, William.= =T= Elected for the county of Carleton, New Brunswick, 89, 107.

=Linschot.= =Ch= His definition of the territory of New France, 211.

=Lippincott, Captain.= =Dr= Hangs Joshua Huddy, 198.

=Liquor Question.= =B= Agitated by Brown and the _Globe_, 75; the Canada Company and cheap whiskey, 75; the movement in and out of Parliament, 75-76. _See also_ Brandy question; Stills; Cas reserve.

=Lisgar, John Young, Baron= (1807-1876). Born at Bombay. Entered Parliament in 1831; became lord of treasury in 1841, and secretary of the treasury, 1844-1846; chief secretary for Ireland, 1852-1855; and lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-1859. In 1861 sent to New South Wales as governor-general. Seven years later came to Canada as administrator; and the following year appointed governor-general. Succeeded by Lord Dufferin in 1872. =Index=: =C= His arrival in Canada, 89; expresses views of Little Englanders--advises Canada to declare her independence, 89. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.= =P= Founded by Lord Dalhousie, 41. =Bib.=: _See_ list of publications, from 1829, in _Lit. Am. Hist._; _also_ Wurtele, _List of Lectures, Papers, etc., 1829-1891_.

=Little Belt.= =Bk= British corvette, fired on by United States frigate _President_, 173.

=Littlehales, Edward B.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe as major of brigade, 47; clerk of Council, 79; aide-de-camp to governor, 177; describes the site of the present city of London, 200, 201.

=Livingstone.= =Dr= Of Montreal, his disaffection, 79; commands rebel Canadians at Quebec, 132.

=Livingstone, Philip= (1716-1778). =Dr= President of Continental (American) Congress, 201. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._