Chapter XIII: Part 13

=Jesuits.= The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and Brebeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Fremin, and De Carheil; and with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brebeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel, Garnier, and Chaumonot. _See also_ under names of individual missionaries. =Index=: =Hd= Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an unworthy member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, 130, 181; engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church turned into theatre, 306-307. =F= Arrival of, 17; return after restoration of Canada to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; their missions, 166. =L= Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; recommend Laval as vicar apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois country, 73; place church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate Conception, and St. Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86. =Dr= Expelled from France, controversy respecting their property in Canada, 23; petition the king for restoration of their property, 35. =Ch= Recollets decide to ask assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, 152; arrival of, at Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; embark for Tadousac on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; take charge of Quebec mission on restoration of the country to France, 225; establish their convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent at Quebec, 228, 229; give banquet to Emery de Caen, temporary governor, 228; found missions at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at Miscou and Cape Breton, 229. =D= As factors in spread of civilization in America, 2-3. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Rochemonteix, _Les Jesuites et la Nouvelle France_; Kip, _Early Jesuit Missions_; Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.

=Jette, Sir Louis= (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857. Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1909. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_, and its organ _Le National_, 29-30; defeats Cartier in Montreal East, 84. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Jews.= =Bk= Resolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further discussion of question, 116.

=Joannes.= =WM= Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, 230; protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.

=Jogues, Isaac= (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the Society of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost immediately for the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco nation; and in 1641 visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood upon the shores of Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and on the return journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to the Iroquois country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort Orange, with the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, arriving at Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, Anne of Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the lodges at Tionnontoguen. =Index=: =Ch= Professor in college of Rouen, 207. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Martin, _Isaac Jogues_; Withrow, _Adventures of Isaac Jogues_ (R. S. C., 1885).

=John and Thomas.= =F= Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.

=Johnson, Guy= (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England. Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York Assembly, 1779. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155; removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Johnson, John.= =T= Returned for St. John, 25.

=Johnson, John M.= (1818-1868). =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 32-33; member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; attorney-general, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for Northumberland as Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as Confederation delegate, 120; his views on County Courts, 125. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Johnson, Sir John= (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (_q.v._). Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America. =Index=: =Dr= Commissioned to raise regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper Canada, 302. =S= Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper Canada, 99; head of Indian department, 127. =Hd= Made Indian agent, 156; raises King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions to, in regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237; Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Myers, _The Tories or Loyalists in America_.

=Johnson, Sir William= (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in 1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren. Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of L5000. Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. =Index=: =Dr= Quiets discontent of Six Nations, 5, 6. =Hd= Takes possession of Fort Niagara, 26; takes precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations Indians, 27; his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires for the winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his opinion on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his Indian widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave granted to, to hold western posts for England, 257. =WM= Captures Fort Niagara, 146. =Bib.=: _Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations_ (Phil. Soc. of Phila. _Trans._, 1772); _Correspondence_ (Doc. Hist. N. Y.); Reid, _Story of Old Fort Johnson_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Stone, _Life of Sir William Johnson_; Buell, _Sir William Johnson_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Johnson-Clarendon Treaty.= =Md= Attempt to settle Alabama question by, 167; United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Johnston, Hugh.= =W= Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 1843, 72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.

=Johnston, Sir W.= =C= Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on French-Canadian cooking, 119.

=Johnstone, Chevalier.= =WM= Aide-de-camp to Levis, 139; his redoubt evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Johnstone, James William= (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year. =Index=: =H= Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71; opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly, 75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland, 1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity, 1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. =T= Advocates Confederation in Nova Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Johnstone's Redoubt.= =WM= French position on Beauport shore, 133, 136, 140.

=Joint High Commission, British-American=, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, Aug. 23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued until Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon. C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine. Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien labour laws, and mining rights. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Jolliet, Louis= (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in the employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and took minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the fur trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and met La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (_q.v._) to discover the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July 17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St. Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. =Index=: =F= Discoverer of Mississippi, 155. =WM= Descends Mississippi, 19. =L= Follows course of Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Faillon, _Colonie Francaise en Canada_; Margry, _Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais_; Gagnon, _Louis Jolliet_. _See also_ Marquette.

=Jolliet, Zachary.= =F= His December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec, 240.

=Joly de Lotbiniere, Sir Henri Gustave= (1829-1908). Studied law and called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbiniere, 1861. Took a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1900. =Index=: =Md= Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the Letellier case, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Jones, Alfred Gilpin= (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation. Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year, and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891. Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. =Index=: =H= Asked by Howe to attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; his reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova Scotia, 224. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Jones, John Paul= (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured the _Serapis_, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of rear-admiral. Died in Paris. =Index=: =Hd= Mentioned in Haldimand's correspondence, 245. =Bib.=: Sherbourne, _Life of Paul Jones_; Mackenzie, _Life of Paul Jones_; Hamilton, _Life of Paul Jones_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Jones, Jonas= (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Jones, Peter.= =R= His visit to England in 1831, 90.

=Jonquest, Etienne.= =Ch= Marries Anne Hebert, 113; death of, 117.

=Jordan, John.= =W= Member for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105; referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. =T= Defeated in St. John County in 1850, 11.

=Joseph, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; patron saint of Canada, 87. =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93; French colony placed under patronage of, 150.

=Jotard.= =Hd= Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277.

=Journal de Quebec.= =C= Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.

=Journal Tenu a l'Armee.= =WM= Quoted, 169; severe criticism of Montcalm, 205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, 205.

=Juan de Fuca.= =D= His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his _Voyage_, 9, 19; his name rescued from oblivion, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Juan de Fuca Strait.= Between Vancouver Island and United States mainland. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by Kendrick, 25. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Jubilee.= =Ch= Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.

=Juchereau, Jean.= =Ch= A settler from La Ferte Vidame, in Thimerais, 252.

=Juchereau, Mere.= =F= Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Riviere Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301. =L= On Laval's patience in trial, 240.

=Juchereau de St. Denis.= =F= Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.

=Judah, Henry Hague= (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the Assembly, 1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act abolishing the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. =Index=: =E= Commissioner under Federal Tenure law, 186.

=Judges.= =Bk= Bill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly, but thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116; instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion passed, 145.

=Judicature.= =E= Measures relating to, passed by second La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86-87; =S= Act for establishing Superior Court for Upper Canada passed, 92; amended, 94. =Sy= Bill passed by Special Council, 255. =BL= Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of the Act, 292, 302-303, 339.

=Jurisdiction, Question of.= =L= In New France, 163.

=Justices of the Peace.= _See_ Magistrates.

=Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort.= At mouth of river of same name, north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Nouee, in 1717. La Verendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort.

=Kane, Paul= (1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years 1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches. =Bib.=: _Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Kaye, John W.= =BL= Quoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237. =B= Defends Metcalfe's attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24. =Bib.=: Works: _Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe_; _Administration of East India Company_; _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Life of Sir John Malcolm_.

=Keefer, Thomas Coltrin= (1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in the enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to the Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence rapids, 1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the building of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing the deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the standard gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of 1878, and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of a number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions. =Bib.=: Works: _Philosophy of Railways_; _Canals of Canada_; _Report on Victoria Bridge_; _Canadian Waterways_. _See also_ in Bourinot's bibliography (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Kempt, Sir James= (1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812; and division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830; master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841. =Index=: =BL= His efforts at conciliation, 20. =P= Succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor, 70; his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the political situation in Lower Canada, 71. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Kendrick, Captain John.= American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast, 1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793. =Index=: =D= Voyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25.

=Kennebec River.= A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead Lake; about 200 miles long. =Index=: =Dr= Arnold's march up, 107.

=Kennedy, Captain.= =B= Agitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216; writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216.

=Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward= (1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island, 1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane.

=Kennedy, William Nassau= (1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario. Served as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River Expedition, 1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds, 1872. A member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg, 1875-1876. Organized the Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently colonel of the 90th Rifles. Accompanied the Canadian _Voyageurs_ to Egypt, as paymaster of the contingent, 1885. Served through the campaign, but died at London on his way home to Canada.

=Kennedy's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189.

=Kenny, Sir Edward= (1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland. Emigrated to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation. Became receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the Privy Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876. =Index=: =Md= Receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman Catholics, 135. =T= receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =H= Member of first Dominion Cabinet, 198.

=Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of= (1767-1820). Fourth son of George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served in West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar, 1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805. =Index=: =S= Commands 7th Fusiliers in garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184. =Dr= Arrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276. =MS= Stationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Kent Lodge.= Near Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Formerly Montmorency House, Haldimand's summer residence, 345.

=Kentucky.= =Dr= Movements on foot in, for separation from other American states, 247, 249.

=Kerr.= =T= Elected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N. B., 107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.

=Kerr, D. S.= =W= Council for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75.

=Kerr, W. J.= =Mc= Attempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and convicted, 220.

=Ketchum, Jesse.= =Mc= Elected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder to governor, 300.

=Kicking Horse Pass.= Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51 deg., length 104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is followed by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was explored and named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858.

=Killaly, H. H.= Represented town of London in first Parliament after the union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and 1844-1846. =Index=: =Sy= Made president of board of works for united province, 333. =BL= Commissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Killian, Doran.= =T= Recruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force arrives at Eastport, 105.

=King, Dr.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 389.

=King, Rev. Wm.= =B= Moving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada, 113.

=King's American Regiment.= =Dr= Commanded by Fanning, 202.

=King's College (New Brunswick).= =W= Charter granted by George IV, 1828, 49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church of England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86; originated in College of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86. =T= Proposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49. _See_ New Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of.

=King's College (Nova Scotia).= An academy opened at Windsor, Nova Scotia, 1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent establishment and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and L400 per annum granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's College opened in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802. =Index=: =H= Founded by Church of England, 81. =E= Directly under control of Church of England, 93. =Bib.=: Partridge, _University of King's College_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Akins, _Brief Account of the Origin of King's College_; Hind, _University of King's College_.

=King's College (Upper Canada).= Granted royal charter, Mar. 15, 1827. =Index=: =Md= Proposed government subsidy in connection with university scheme, 29; college and its property secularized, becoming University of Toronto, 30; replaced as Church of England College by University of Trinity College, 30. =BL= Conceived by Simcoe, land grant made, royal charter granted, Strachan president of, 191-192; opposition to terms of charter, amendments, building erected, teaching begins, 1843, 192-193; its land grant, 194; Baldwin proposes transfer of its property to University of Toronto, 195, 293; Strachan opposes transfer, 195, 196. =E= Its history and connection with the university question, 93-94. =R= Strachan secures royal charter, 72; and becomes first president, 73; terms of charter, 73-74; inauguration, 1843, 147; its financial position, 147; council of, charged with control of grammar schools, 248-249. _See_ Toronto University. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_; Robinson, _Sir John Beverley Robinson_.

=King's Printer, Upper Canada.= =S= Louis Roy, first incumbent of office, 172; Roy succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.

=King's Royal Regiment of New York.= =Hd= Raised by Sir John Johnson, 156; Beverley Robinson colonel of, 201; disbanded and receive grants of land, 255.

=Kingsford, William= (1819-1898). Came to Canada from England in 1837. Qualified as a civil engineer in Montreal, and practised his profession for some years. The author of many pamphlets, in addition to his monumental history, the preparation of which he took up late in life, and completed shortly before his death. =Index=: =L= On Dollard's exploit, 75. =Bib.=: Works: _Impressions of the West and South during a Six Weeks' Holiday_; _Canadian Canals_; _Canadian Archaeology_; _Early Bibliography of Ontario_; _History of Canada_, 10 vols. For list of Dr. Kingsford's contributions to periodicals, _see_ R. S. C. _Trans._, 1894, 47-48. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Kingston.= City of Ontario, founded by United Empire Loyalists, 1783. =Index=: =Md= Sir John A. Macdonald's early life in, 2; practises law there, 5; elected alderman of, 10; asked to be Conservative candidate for, 11; elected for, 12; constituency represented by Macdonald, with one short break, throughout his whole public career, 12, 16, 31, 211; its rivalry for seat of government, 39; meeting at, protests against Rebellion Losses Bill, 42; dissatisfied with selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; difficulty over visit of Prince of Wales, 1860, 88; Macdonald defeated in, 1878, 228. =S= Government of Upper Canada organized at, 79; rejected by Simcoe in favour of York as arsenal for Lake Ontario, 204; Simcoe spends winter of 1794-1795 at, 211; growth of the town, 211. =BL= Selected by Sydenham as capital, reasons for the choice, 73; its history, 73-75; the legislative building, 85-86; Assembly passes resolution declaring city not suitable as seat of government, 147; reception to Metcalfe, 155; not satisfactory as capital, 180; Harrison member for, 182; serious trouble between Orangemen and Roman Catholics, 187; severe fire of 1812, 298; special powers granted to magistrates of, 298, 300. =Sy= Chosen as seat of government, 282, 292; accommodation at, for Legislature and government offices, 293. =Bk= An important military post, 56; differing views of Dorchester and Simcoe respecting, 56; Brock stations deputy quartermaster-general at, 80. _See_ Frontenac; Cataraqui. =Bib.=: Machar, _Old Kingston_.

=Kinnear.= =W= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1846, 116; joins the government, 116; proposed for judgeship, 130.

=Kirby, William= (1817-1906). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Came to Canada, 1832, but educated at Cincinnati, Ohio. Settled at Niagara, Ontario, 1839, where edited and published the _Mail_ for twenty years. Collector of customs at Niagara, 1871-1895. =Bib.=: Works: _The United Empire_; _Le Chien d'Or_; _Pontiac_; _Canadian Idylls_; _Annals of Niagara_. For biog., _see_ MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Kirke, Sir David= (1596-1655?). Born in Dieppe, son of a Scottish merchant. Went to England, and, with his two brothers, given command of an expedition against the French in Canada, 1627. Appeared before Quebec, but Champlain, who was then in charge, refused to surrender. Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under De Roquemont, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender. Knighted by Charles I, 1633, and obtained a grant of lands in Newfoundland. Appointed governor of the island; removed by Cromwell; and returned in 1652. =Index=: =Ch= Commands expedition against Quebec, 173; acts under authority of Sir William Alexander, 176; his letter to Champlain, 176; sails for Europe, 179; spends several days in Quebec, 204; accused by Champlain of intolerance, 205, 206; learns of treaty of peace between England and France, 207. =F= Captures Quebec, 21. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Kirke, Sir Lewis.= Born 1599. Accompanied his brother Sir David Kirke on his expeditions to Canada and Newfoundland. Fought on the side of Charles during the Civil War. Commanded a troop of horse at the battle of Edgehill; took part in the siege of Gloucester and in the battle of Newbury; knighted by the king, 1643; made governor of Bridgenorth Castle; heavily fined under Cromwell for his loyalty to Charles. After the Restoration appointed captain and paymaster of the corps of gentleman-at-arms. =Index=: =F= Left in charge of Quebec, surrenders it to French on conclusion of peace, 23. =Ch= Resides in Fort St. Louis after capitulation, 158; demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; grants articles of capitulation, 191, 192; receives keys of the fort, 195; hoists English flag, 196; his courteous treatment of Champlain, 199; shows religious intolerance, 206. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Kirke, Thomas.= Born 1603. Brother of Sir David and Sir Lewis Kirke. Accompanied them on their expeditions in Canada and Newfoundland. Killed during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Charles. =Index=: =Ch= Demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; signs articles of capitulation, 192; takes Emery de Caen prisoner, 220. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey= (1841-1899). Born in Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; studied law, and called to the bar, 1865. Sat for Frontenac in Dominion House, 1870-92; Speaker, 1883-1887; member of Privy Council, 1891; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1892-1897; K. C. M. G., 1897. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Kishon= (=the Fish=). =F= Indian name for governors of Massachusetts, 253.

=Knox, Henry= (1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War. =Index=: =Dr= Commissioner on American side for exchange of prisoners, 208. =Bib.=: Drake, _Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox_.

=Knox, Captain.= Served under Wolfe at Quebec. Wrote an account of the campaigns in North America from 1757 to 1769. =WM= His first impression of Island of Orleans and surrounding country, 91; his description of fireships, 99; as to appearance and demeanour of French troops, 163, 164; on Murray's order that civilians should leave the city, 250. =Bib.=: _An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 1757-60_. _See also_ Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Knox College.= Presbyterian Theological College, established, 1844. =Index=: =R= Established by Free Church Presbyterians, a secondary school at first, 155. =Bib.=: Caven, _Historical Sketch of Knox College_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, first Viscount= (1825- ). Represented Midhurst in Parliament, 1874-1885, and Hampstead, 1885-1888; secretary of state for the colonies, 1887-1892. =Index=: =Md= Macdonald's letter to, on Confederation, 158.

=Kondiaronk.= =F= Huron chief, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, 222. =L= Treachery of, 216; becomes friend of the French, 235. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Kootenay District.= In British Columbia. =Index=: =D= First explored by David Thompson, 58.

=Kuprianoff, Ivan Andreevich.= =D= Succeeds Wrangell in Russian America, 1836, 45.

=L'Alouette.= =Ch= One of De Caen's vessels, 156.

=L'Ange, Captain.= =Ch= Meets Champlain on his return from the Upper Ottawa, 78.

=L'Anticoton.= =Ch= Pamphlet against Jesuits, 153.

=L'Avenir.= Newspaper, of Montreal. =C= Organ of _Club democratique_, 26, 27. =E= Organ of the _Parti Rouge_, 108. =BL= Organ of the Radicals of Lower Canada,--demands universal suffrage, etc., 343.

=Laas, Captain de.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 263.

=La Barre, Joseph Antoine Lefebvre de.= Governor of La Guyane in 1665; and in 1682 arrived in Quebec as governor of Canada. His administration marked by hopeless incompetence; recalled, 1685. =Index=: =L= Succeeds Frontenac as governor, 168; a feeble administrator, 185; prejudiced at first against the bishop, 188; convokes a special assembly, 190; asks for more troops, 191; his expedition against Iroquois, 193; makes terms of peace, 193; recalled, 193. =F= Governor, arrival of, 171; summons conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading, 175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his property, 180; his unwise instruction to Iroquois, 180; decides to make war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace, 186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak policy, 198, 209. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _La Salle_.

=Laberge, C. J.= =C= A Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; on Dorion, 28; kept in opposition by Radical programme, 29.

=Labrador.= The name has been popularly applied to the whole territory bounded by the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, which includes not only the Labrador coast-strip, but also a portion of the North-West Territories. Also known at one time as New Britain. The name is properly applied to the strip of coast from Cape Chidley to Blanc Sablon, forming a dependency of the colony of Newfoundland. On various theories as to origin of name, _see_ Ganong, _Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence_ (R. S. C., 1889). The boundaries have long been in dispute between Newfoundland and Canada, and the territory has several times changed hands. The Labrador coast was first discovered by the Northmen, in the tenth century. Cabot sailed along the coast in 1498, and Corte-Real in 1500. The interior remained practically unexplored till traversed by officers of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1840. There are a few posts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the coast. The southern portion is inhabited by a primitive race of fishermen; in the north are several missions of the Moravian Brethren, first established there in 1764. =Index=: =Dr= Canadians petition for its restoration to Canada. =Bib.=: Cartwright, _Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador_; Hind, _Explorations in Interior of Labrador_; Packard, _The Labrador Coast_; Stearns, _Labrador_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Grenfell, _Labrador_; Hubbard, _A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador_; Gosling, _Labrador, Its Discovery and Development_.

=Labreche, L.= =E= Member of the _Parti Rouge_, 108.

=La Caffiniere, De.= =F= Commander of squadron sent against New York, 234.

=La Canardiere.= =F= Former name of Beauport flats, 293. =WM= French position on Beauport shore, 94, 105, 134.

=Lac aux Claies.= =S= Renamed Lake Simcoe in honour of Governor Simcoe's father, 207. _See_ Simcoe.

=Lac de Soissons.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to Lake of Two Mountains, 75.

=La Chaise, Francois d'Aix= (1624-1709). Born at the castle of Aix in Forez. Entered Society of Jesus, and provincial of his order when selected by Louis XIV as his confessor in 1675. Retained that difficult position up to the time of his death. =Index=: =L= His report on the liquor question, 174; his letter to Laval, 238.

=La Chesnaye.= _See_ Aubert de la Chesnaye.

=La Chesnaye Settlement.= =F= Iroquois raid on, 226. =L= Ravaged by Iroquois, 228.

=Lachine.= Said to have been named by La Salle's men, in derision of his dream of a westward passage to China. The land was granted by the Sulpicians to La Salle as a seigniory in 1666; and from here he set forth on his memorable explorations, in 1669. Twenty years later, this was the scene of a terrible massacre by the Iroquois. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Lachine became of importance as the starting-point of the brigades of the fur traders, bound for the far West. =Index=: =L= Origin of the name, 148; massacre of, 225. =F= Description of massacre at, 10, 224, 225. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_ and _Frontenac_; Girouard, _Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle_.

=Lachine Canal.= =BL= Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98. =Bib.=: Rheaume, _Lachine and Origin of its Canal_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. _Trans._, vol. 2). _See also_ Canals.

=Lachine Railway.= =E= Commenced in 1846, 99.

=La Colonbiere, De.= =L= On zeal and devotion of Laval, 23; preaches Laval's funeral sermon, 40, 265; his account of Laval, 256, 257.

=Lacombe, Albert= (1827- ). Born at St. Sulpice, Quebec. Ordained priest, 1849, and immediately left for the western field. Laboured among the Crees and other western tribes for many years, and devoted much time to the study of their languages. Vicar-general of the diocese of St. Albert. =Bib.=: _Dictionnaire et Grammaire de la Langue des Cris_. _See also_ Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_.

=La Corne de St. Luc, Louis Luc.= Stationed at Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point), 1741-1747; at La Presentation in 1752; and the following year sent to take command of the posts west of Lake Superior. In 1758 mentioned at Quebec; and the following year back once more at La Presentation. In 1761, one of the seven survivors of the wreck of _L'Auguste_. Remained in Canada after the conquest, and in 1775 raised a company of Indians to act against the Americans. =Index=: =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38; member of Council appointed under Quebec Act, 91. =WM= Unable to cope with Sir William Johnson's army, 146. =Hd= Repulsed by Haldimand at Fort Ontario, 26; one of the few saved in wreck of _L'Auguste_, 40. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and _Pontiac_.

=La Corne, Pierre.= Accompanied Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of Niagara, 1720. Sent to Acadia with De Ramezay, 1747. Took part in the action at Grand Pre. Returned to Quebec, but again sent to Nova Scotia to induce the Acadians to remove from the province. After the failure of the attempt, returned to Quebec, and took an active share in the military expeditions of the next ten years. Distinguished himself at the siege of Quebec, 1759, where he had command of a body of local troops. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Historical Documents relating to the Province of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Lacoste, Sir Alexandre= (1842- ). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1863. A member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, 1882; and in 1884 called to the Senate; appointed Speaker, 1891. Chief-justice of the Court of Appeal of Quebec, 1891-1907. Sworn of the Privy Council, and knighted, 1892. Administrator of Quebec, 1898. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Lacoste, Louis= (1798-1878). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and called to the bar of Lower Canada. Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, 1834-1838, and in the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1843-1861. Elected a member of the Legislative Council, 1861. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.

=La Dauversiere, Roger de.= =F= One of the founders of Montreal colony, 32.

=La Durantaye.= _See_ Morel de la Durantaye.

=Lady Maria.= =Dr= British vessel on Lake Champlain, 154.

=La Famine.= =F= La Barre's army encamps at, 184.

=Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de= (1757-1834). Sailed for America in 1777, with a number of other French officers, and appointed by Congress a major-general. Met Washington at Philadelphia, and a close friendship sprang up between the two. Wounded at Brandywine. Given command of a division of Washington's army. In 1778 appointed to the command of an expedition against Canada, which ended in a fiasco. Served with distinction at Monmouth, and later in Virginia. Secured from France an auxiliary force of 6000 men to assist the Americans. After the close of the war, commanded a division of the French army in the war against Austria, 1792, but removed by the Jacobins, and fled to Belgium. Captured, and imprisoned by the Austrians, and not set free until 1797. After Waterloo, sat in the Chamber of Deputies, 1818-1824; visited the United States in the latter year; and in 1830 instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to Canadians, 128; Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278. =Bib.=: _Memoires, etc., de Lafayette_; La Bedolliere, _Vie Politique du Lafayette_; Cloquet, _Souvenirs de la Vie Privee du Lafayette_. _See also_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._, with further bibliog.

=Lafitau, Joseph-Francois.= Jesuit missionary in Canada for many years. Afterwards returned to France, where he became a professor of belles-lettres. Chiefly remembered because of his invaluable work on the manners and customs of the Indian tribes of Canada in the early years of the eighteenth century. =Bib.=: _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_.

=Laflamme, Rodolphe= (1827-1893). Born in Montreal. Entered public life as member for Jacques-Cartier in Dominion House, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1876; resigned with the government, 1878. =Index=: =E= Member of _Parti Rouge_, 108. =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25, 20; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=La Fleche, College of.= =L= Laval studies at, 19, 20.

=La Fleque.= =Ch= One of De Caen's vessels, 156.

=La Fontaine, Sir Louis-Hippolyte, Bart.= (1807-1864). =BL= His name associated with responsible government, ix; espouses cause of Reformers in Lower Canada, 46; no sympathy with Rebellion, 47; his birth and parentage, 47; education--practises law in Montreal--his marriage, 47; in politics, 47-48; arrested for complicity in Rebellion, but released, 49; on the union, 57; opposes union of the provinces, 61; offered and refuses solicitor-generalship, 61; meets Hincks, 63; defeated in Terrebonne, 70; favours ministerial responsibility, 70-71; reconciled to the union, 71; his refusal to accept office leaves French-Canadians without representation in executive, 1841, 78, 79; elected for York,116-117; Bagot's letter to, offering attorney-generalship of Lower Canada, 123-124; declines appointment, 125; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; his speech in reply to Draper, 128; takes office, 132; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 133; re-elected in York, 134; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with Baldwin, 142-143; personal appearance, 147-148; attacked by London _Times_, 150; relations with Metcalfe, 164-176; Kaye's description of, 169; Hincks' comments on Kaye, 170; interview with Higginson, 172-173; his published memorandum, 173-176; his work in the Assembly, 178-179; seconds resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his act for securing independence of Legislative Assembly, 184; reorganization of judicial system of Lower Canada, 184-185; resigns office, 1843, 199; interview with Metcalfe, 201; draws up official statement of reasons for resignation of ministers, 201-205; Metcalfe's statement, 205-209; announces resignation in Assembly, 213; returns to practise law in Montreal, 217; Wakefield on, 219; his health proposed at Toronto banquet, 221; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in Terrebonne, 251; his proposed resolution on use of French in the Legislature, 255; Draper's overtures to, 258-263; his contention for responsible government, 273; seconds Baldwin's amendment to address on responsible government, 277; his speech, 277; elected, 1848, for both Montreal and Terrebonne, 279; forms with Baldwin the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281, 284; interview with Elgin, 285-286; re-elected, 286; secures a pardon for Papineau, 288; attacked by Papineau, 289; his reply, 290-292; his bill amending judicial system of Lower Canada, and the general law of amnesty, 302-303; his bill for redistributing seats in the Legislature is defeated, 303; the Rebellion Losses Bill, 303, 305-334; his political views, 339, 340; relations with George Brown, 342; opposition of Papineau and the Radicals, 342, 343; not in favour of secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348; his views on Seigniorial Tenure, 350-351, 353; votes against Mackenzie's motion for abolishing the Court of Chancery, 352; his letter to Baldwin, 353; his retirement from public life, 354; banquet in his honour at Montreal, 1851, 354; his farewell speech, 354-357; his resignation, 357; appointed chief-justice, of Lower Canada, and created a baronet, 358; his second marriage, 358; his death at Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864, 358; value of his political work, 239-260. =B= Brought into Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; his wise leadership, 24; introduces resolutions on Rebellion Losses questions, 35; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. =E= Denounces Union Act, 24; accepts the union and turns it to the advantage of his compatriots, 32; conflict with Metcalfe, 33-34; as opposition leader, 44-45; returned in 1848, 50; his plans thwarted by Papineau, 51, 108; forms administration with Baldwin, 52, 53; his resolution on Rebellion Losses Bill, 67-68; takes part in the debate, 69-70; mob attacks his house and burns his library, 74; second attack by mob, 76-77; his retirement, 1851, and dissolution of government, 85; his part in the establishment of the parliamentary system, 90; his attitude towards Clergy Reserves question, 102, 103, 162-164; his resignation, 104, 107; practises law, 105; becomes chief justice of Court of Appeals of Lower Canada, 105; receives baronetcy, 105; his rank as statesman and jurist, 105; his death, 105, 220; his conservative influence, 138; his views on Seigniorial Tenure question, 185, 187; as a constructive statesman, 236. =C= Sides against the government, 6; statesmanlike attitude towards Union of 1841, 16; forms alliance with Baldwin, 16, 97; forms ministry, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again in 1846, 18; standing as a statesman, 23; his party splits in two, 25-26; protests against Union Act of 1840, 96; his fight for ministerial responsibility, 97; long lease of power, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; his retirement from politics, 132. =P= Refuses seat in Draper ministry, 72; joins Papineau's party, 78; supports him in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 88; his character, 109; ridiculed by the _Mercury_, 123; relations with Papineau in 1847 and after, 167-180; split in Liberal party causes retirement, 179-180; his farewell speech, 179. =R= Forms opposition party with Baldwin, Hincks, and others, 122. =Mc= Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328. =Md= Given seat in administration by Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; attacked by extreme Reformers, 22; forms administration with Baldwin, 30; elevated to the bench, 46-47. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; David, _Biographie et Portraits_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_.

=La Forest.= =F= Left in charge of Port Nelson, 346.

=La Franchise, Sieur de.= =Ch= Letter from in Champlain's first narrative, 14.

=La Galissonniere, Rolland-Michel Barren, Comte de.= Came to New France as administrator of the government until the arrival of the governor, Marquis de la Jonquiere. Returned to France, 1749; the same year appointed one of the commissioners on behalf of the French government, to settle the boundaries of Acadia. Head of the department of nautical charts at Paris. Commanded the French fleet at Minorca, 1756, and defeated the British under Admiral Byng. Died in Nemours, France, 1756. Is said to have furnished money and supplies to the Abbe de la Loutre to enable him to carry on his work in Acadia. =Index=: =WM= Foresaw danger from British colonies, 21. =Bib.=: _Memoire sur les Colonies de la France dans l'Amerique Septentrionale_. For biog., _see_ Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Tyrrell, _Papers_ in _Nova Scotia Documents_.

=La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de.= =F= Becomes wife of Frontenac, 63.

=Laguide, Madeleine.= =F= Niece of Talon, wife of Francois Perrot, 97.

=La Hontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de= (1666-1715). Arrived in Canada in 1683; spent some time at Quebec, and also travelled extensively in the West. Embodied the result of his Canadian experiences in a volume of travels, which, especially his extraordinary story of the Riviere Longue, has been the subject of much controversy. Visited Newfoundland in 1692 and 1693; and afterwards travelled in Portugal, Spain, and Holland. =Index=: =F= On treatment of captured Indians at Fort Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233; declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on Quebec by Phipps, 285. =Bib.=: _Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amerique Septentrionale_, La Haye, 1703. Published in English, London, 1735. For other editions, _see_ Thwaites's edition of the _Voyages_, Chicago, 1905. _See also_ Roy, _Le Baron de Lahontan_ (R. S. C., 1894).

=Laird, David= (1833- ). Born at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island. Represented Queens County, in House of Commons, 1873-1876; became became minister of the interior, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories. Succeeded by Edgar Dewdney in 1881. Appointed Indian commissioner for the western provinces and territories, 1898. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.

=Lajoie, Antoine Gerin= (1824-1882). Born in Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College, and while there wrote the song _Le Canadien Errant_. Studied law and called to the bar, 1848. One of the founders of the _Institut Canadien_, 1849. Took up journalism and was editor of _La Minerve_, 1845-1852. Appointed a French translator to the Canadian Assembly, and later made assistant to the librarian of Parliament. Retired from the public service, 1880. =Bib.=: Works: _Cathechisme Politique, ou Elements du Droit Public et Constitutionne du Canada_; _Jean Renard_.

=La Jonquiere, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de.= Rear-admiral under d'Anville in the disastrous expedition against Acadia, 1746. Commanded another expedition with a similar purpose, 1747, which was defeated by Anson and Warren. Captured and held for a time in England as prisoner of war. Governor of Canada, 1749-1752. His administration marked by nothing that would further the welfare of the colony; but rather by a determined effort to enrich himself at the expense of the country. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half-Century of Conflict_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Lake Champlain.= _See_ Champlain, Lake.

=Lake George.= South of Lake Champlain. This beautiful lake was known to the Indians as Horicon, and to the French as Lac St. Sacrament. The outlet of the lake, after circling through the forest and passing over a series of leaps in the falls of Ticonderoga, flows nearly two miles and enters Lake Champlain just above Fort George. Lying on the recognized thoroughfare, north and south, this lake has been the scene of many memorable conflicts, in the Indian and colonial wars. =Index=: =Ch= Champlain's expedition against Iroquois arrives at, 53. =WM= Battle at, 22; commanded by Fort William Henry, 43. =Bib.=: Reid, _Lake George and Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_.

=Lake of the Woods.= On the international boundary, west of Lake Superior. Probably discovered by Jacques De Noyon, about the year 1688. Fort St. Charles was built by La Verendrye, on the western shore of the lake, in 1732. His son Jean, with the Jesuit missionary Aulneau, and a number of voyageurs, were murdered by the Sioux on an island in the lake, in 1736. In addition to its present name, which is a translation of the name given it by the French, Lac des Bois, it has also borne several other names, Lac des Sioux, Lac des Isles, Lake of the Sandhills, etc.

=Lalemant, Charles.= First superior of Jesuit missions in Canada; arrived at Quebec from France in 1625, with Enemond Masse and Jean de Brebeuf. They were the guests of the Recollets for two years, until their own home on the banks of the St. Charles was built. Lalemant's _Relation_ of 1625 affords a graphic picture of the life of the little settlement at Quebec, and the early beginnings of the Jesuit missions. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, director of missions, 152; his letter to Provincial of Recollets, 154; wrecked off Canseau Island, 200; professor in College of Rouen, 207; conducts seminary for young Indians, 229; first parish priest, 238; administers last rites to Champlain, 261, 263. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Relation_, 1625; Le Clercq, _Etablissement de la Foy_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Lalemant, Gabriel= (1610-1649). Jesuit missionary; laboured with Brebeuf at the mission of St. Ignace, among the Hurons, where he was killed by the Iroquois in 1649. A Parisian by birth, and his family belonged to the class of _gens de robe_. =Index=: =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62; mentioned, 16. =Bib.=: Ragueneau, _Relations des Hurons_, 1649; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Lalemant, Jerome= (1593-1673). Superior of Jesuit missions in Canada, 1645-1650, and 1659-1665. A missionary to the Hurons until 1645, when called to Quebec to assume the office of superior. Sailed for France in 1650, and returned in 1659 to resume the office of superior. Appointed grand vicar, and his name suggested for bishop of Quebec. =Index=: =L= His opinion of Laval, 35; his exaggerated account of the earthquake, 42-45. =Bib.=: _Journal des Jesuites_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.