Chapter XVIII: Part 18

=Morin, Augustin Norbert= (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration, Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853; commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada, 1859. =Index=: =BL= On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his letters to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; commissioner of crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, 252; Draper attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, 283; occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint premiership with Hincks, 359. =B= Brown acknowledges his services in cause of responsible government, 67. =C= Sides against the government, 7; his standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99-100. =E= Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in 1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113; commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127; defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court, 187; his services as a statesman, 236. =Sy= His letter to Hincks, 294. =P= Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85; supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109; his articles in _La Minerve_, 101. =Md= Forms administration with Hincks, 47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; accepts, in 1855, a seat on the bench, 74. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_.

=Mornay, Louis-Francois Duplessis de.= Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733. Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but never came to America. =Index=: =L= Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.

=Morris, Colonel.= =Dr= Presided over department of Loyalist claims, 202.

=Morris, Alexander= (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated at the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public life in 1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, 1869-1872; appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1872; and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the Ontario Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. =Index=: =B= Member for South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, _Nova Britannia_, 129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. =Bib.=: Works: _Nova Britannia_; _Canada and Her Resources_; _Treaties of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Morris, Charles.= Born in England. Under the direction of Governor Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In command of a company during the action at Grand Pre. Assisted in laying out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775; surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Morris, James= (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St. Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In 1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. =Index=: =E= Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Morris, William= (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general; and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. =Index=: =Sy= Claims share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. =BL= Member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Morrison, Joseph Curran= (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847 deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the same year receiver-general in the Tache-Macdonald administration. Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1877, which position he filled until his death. =Index=: =E= Solicitor-general, West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. =B= His connection with the contempt of court case against George Brown, 249-254; solicitor-general under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. Macdonald, 250. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Morrison, Thomas David.= =Mc= Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids Mackenzie's petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign "Declaration of Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct explained, 350; joins Rebellion movement, 357. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Morse, Colonel.= =S= Recommends union of British North American provinces, 4.

=Moss, Sir Charles= (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897; chief justice of Ontario, 1902. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Moss, Thomas= (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875. Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877. Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice, France. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Motin.= =Ch= Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.

=Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de= (1729-1800). =WM= With band of Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. =Bib.=: Morice, _Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest_.

=Mounier.= =Dr= One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

=Mount Allison College.= Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to University of Mount Allison College, 1886.

=Mount Royal.= =L= Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.

=Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron= (1829- ). Born in Dufftown, Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal, and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating $1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In 1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. =Index=: =Md= Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_.

=Mountain, George Jehoshaphat= (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821 archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal, 1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850 bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. =Index=: =R= Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and _Last Three Bishops_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Mountain, Jacob= (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings, appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices. =Index=: =Dr= First bishop of Quebec, 271. =S= Appointed bishop of Quebec, 158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive councillor, 160. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Mounted Police.= _See_ Royal North-West Mounted Police.

=Moustier, Count.= =Dr= French minister to United States, proposes to visit Canada, 247-248.

=Mowat, Sir Oliver= (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864, and in the Tache coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to 1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897 lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death. =Index=: =B= Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership, 141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government, to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government, 158; reelected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight for provincial rights, 207. =Md= Enters Macdonald's office as a student, 6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario boundary dispute, 252-258. =T= Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends Quebec Conference, 76. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Biggar, _Sir Oliver Mowat_; Clarke, _Sixty Years in Upper Canada_.

=Muir, Major.= =Bk= Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown and Maguaga, 237, 238-241.

=Mulock, Sir William= (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the bar of Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of the Law Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905, postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of Ontario. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Municipal Government.= =BL= Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; _Law Journal_ on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298; terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. =Sy= Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277; Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill, 324; bill passed, 325. =S= Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. =Bib.=: Wickett, _City Government in Canada_ and _Municipal Government in North-West Territories_; Shortt, _Municipal Government in Ontario_; Ewart, _Municipal History of Manitoba_; Weir, _Municipal Institutions in Quebec_ (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).

=Munro, John.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79.

=Murders.= =Ch= Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.

=Murdoch, Beamish.= Historian. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_ edited by Joseph Howe in the _Nova Scotian_, 10; his independent stand in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. =Bib.=: _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Murdoch, T. W. C.= =Sy= Appointed civil secretary, 152.

=Murray.= =R= Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular education in Upper Canada, 163.

=Murray.= =Dr= One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

=Murray, Sir George= (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, 1794; in the West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic expedition, and in Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the Peninsular War, and for his services promoted major-general, and made K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, 1823; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, 1828-1830. =Index=: =Sy= Colonial secretary, 16. =Bk= Disapproves employment of German troops, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Murray, Mrs. George.= =Bk= Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) Murray 142.

=Murray, George Henry= (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration, 1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and 1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Murray, James= (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains, 1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772 lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted general. =Index=: =WM= Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of Canada, and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with four battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; takes command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet Levis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Levis, 256; orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with British colonies, 269. =Dr= Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahe to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21; summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship, 57. =B= Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and schools, 51-52. =Bk= His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. =P= His iron rule relaxed, 8. =Hd= Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, 41; his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary measures, 43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_ and _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_.

=Murray, Colonel John.= =W= Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.

=Musgrave, Sir Anthony= (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869; governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of Queensland, 1888. =Index=: =Md= Governor of British Columbia, succeeding Seymour, 149. =D= His work for Confederation, 312, 313. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= In command at Fort George, 225.

=Myrand, Ernest.= =F= Author of _Frontenac et Ses Amis_, 229; his work, _Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in siege of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's portrait, 361.

=Nairne, Captain John.= =Hd= Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.

=Napagabiscou.= =Ch= Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's arrival, 176.

=Napoleon I= (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799. Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped, raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to St. Helena, where he died. =Index=: =Bk= Crowned as emperor, 71; threatens Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin Decrees, 81; endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United States, 98, 111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, 106-108; his Milan Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; triumphs over Austria at Wagram, 117. =Bib.=: Larousse, _Dictionnaire Universel_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._, and lives mentioned in article.

=Natel, Antoine.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.

=Nation.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Radical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.

=National Club.= Social club at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded during Canada First movement, 235.

=National Policy.= =B= Secret of its success in 1878, 241. =Md= Description and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of placing its advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its advantages, 221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into effect, 228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, after its operation for three years, 273. _See also_ Macdonald, Sir John A.; Conservative Party.

=Navigation, Art of.= =Ch= Highly praised by Champlain, 7.

=Navigation Acts.= =Sy= Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. =E= Their disastrous effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes address praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.

=Navy Hall.= =S= Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests entertained at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for accommodation of naval officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. =Bk= Residence of Governor Simcoe at Niagara, 57.

=Naxouat.= =F= Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.

=Needham, William H.= =T= Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, 86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.

=Negroes.= =Dr= Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. _See also_ Slavery.

=Neilson, John= (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and in 1797 edited the Quebec _Gazette_. Member of the provincial Assembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. =Index=: =Sy= Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. =P= Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_--supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent attitude towards government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102; attacked by Papineau, 169. =BL= Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Nelles, S. S.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

=Nelson, Horatio, Viscount= (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. =Index=: =Bk= His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. =Hd= Captain of _Albemarle_, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Southey, _Life of Nelson_; Mahan, _Life of Nelson_; _Dispatches and Letters_, ed. by Nicolas. _See also_ lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton.

=Nelson, Robert= (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J. Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. =Index=: =P= Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nelson, Wolfred= (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison Inspectors, 1859. =Index=: =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads _Patriotes_ at St. Denis, 128; said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. =E= His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted to return from exile, 91. =BL= Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. =C= Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8. =Mc= Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nelson River.= Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there, 1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631. The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (_q.v._). =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Neptune.= =WM= Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.

=Nesbitt, William.= Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years. Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Nesle, Captain de.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252.

=Neuchatel, Canton of.= =Hd= Haldimand born in, 3.

=Neutral Nation.= An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brebeuf and Chaumonot, in 1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious. Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant, _Relations_, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau, _Relations_, 1648, 1651.

=New Brunswick.= The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a separate province. =Index=: =Dr= Creation of province, 224. =Sy= Satisfactory political condition of, 265. =B= Confederation an issue in, and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. =Md= Its attitude towards Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of 1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity, 298. _See also_ Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_ and _History of New Brunswick_.

=New Brunswick, College of.= =W= Early history of, 10. _See also_ New Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).

=New Brunswick, University of.= =W= Established as provincial university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. =T= History of, 48-49. _See also_ New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).

=New Brunswick Land Company.= =W= Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29, 36.

=New Caledonia.= =D= Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other products of the district, 99. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_.

=New Company.= =F= Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of Canada in 1645, 36.

=New France.= Name given to the French possessions in North America, otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. =Index=: =E= Government of, 171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. =Ch= Population of colony in 1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. _See also_ Canada; Acadia; Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lescarbot, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Cartier, _Voyages_; Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Works_.

=Newfoundland.= Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of _A Discourse and Discoverie of Newfoundland_. French influence on the island dated from the founding of Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in 1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. =Index=: =B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =F= English settlements in, attacked, 46. =L= French successful in, 232. =Md= Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Prowse, _History of Newfoundland_; Reeves, _Governors of Newfoundland_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Hatton and Harvey, _Newfoundland_; Willson, _The Tenth Island_.

=New Langley.= =D= Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

=New Ontario.= Includes that part of the province known as northern and north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the Albany River and James Bay on the north. =Bib.=: _North-Western Ontario, its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications_.

=New Orleans.= =Hd= Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73; dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops to, 80, 81.

=New Westminster.= A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C. Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 the seat of government was removed to Victoria. =Index=: =D= Chosen as capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, 247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=New York City.= =Hd= Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, 107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British in, 252.

=New York State.= =Hd= Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. =F= British colony, plan for conquest of, 231.

=Newark.= _See_ Niagara.

=Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of= (1811-1864). Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in 1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. =Index=: =E= Secretary of state for colonies, 167. =Md= Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. =T= And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=News.= Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. =Index=: =Mc= Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.

=Newspapers.= =Mc= Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, 509-523. _See also_ under names of individual newspapers.

=Niagara= (=Newark=). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first public library in the province established in 1800. =Index=: =Bk= First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. =S= First seat of government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. =L= Fort built at, 216. =Bib.=: Kirby, _Annals of Niagara_; _Reminiscences of Niagara_ (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, _Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820_.

=Niagara Falls.= First described from actual observation by Father Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in Ragueneau's _Relation des Hurons,_ 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin. =Bib.=: Hulbert, _Niagara River_; Spencer, _Falls of Niagara_.

=Niagara, Fort.= =S= Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, 129; handed over to United States, 142. =Hd= Surrendered to British, 26; number of refugees at, 152. =Bk= Its history, 54-56; its transfer to United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by Fort George, 309.

=Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.

=Nicholson, Sir Francis= (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, 1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, 1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a lieutenant-general. =Index=: =F= Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Nicolet, Jean= (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the _Jesuit Relations_. Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. =Index=: =Ch= Arrives in Canada, 144. =Bib.=: Butterfield, _Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Ninety-Two Resolutions.= =P= Drafted by Morin--embodied the grievances of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, 106. =BL= Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nipigon Lake.= Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Verendrye had charge of these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 Edouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.

=Nipisiguit.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 235.

=Nipissing Indians.= A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls them the _Nebecerini_. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman mentions that they were also known as _Sorciers_, from their ill repute as magicians. =Index=: =Ch= Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of North American Indians_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Nipissing Lake.= Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name. Discovered by the Recollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year. Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. =Index=: =Ch= Visited by Champlain, 88.

=Nipissirini.= _See_ Nipissing.

=Noble, Colonel Arthur.= A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pre without opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers surprised the British garrison at Grand Pre, and in the fight Noble and his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest forced to capitulate. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_.

=Nomenclature.= =D= Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; Spanish, 36. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Non-importation Act.= =Bk= Passed by Congress, 84.

=Nootka Affair.= =D= Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes _Iphigenie_ and _North-West America_, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of restitution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. =Dr= Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of North-West Coast_.

=Nootka Sound.= On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. =Index=: =D= Supposed to have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, 26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds _North-West America_ there, 28; natives destroy American ship _Boston_ and murder crew, 1803, 37. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of= (1797-1863). Entered Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, 1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, 1854-1858. =Index=: =Sy= Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Normandy.= =L= Many of colonists natives of, 116.

=Norquay, John= (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba, and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, 1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, when he resigned. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=North, Lord Frederick.= _See_ Guilford.

=North American.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index.=: =B= The organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the _Globe_, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. =BL= Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.

=North American Colonial Association.= =Sy= On appointment of Poulett Thomson (Sydenham), 132.

=North American Fur Company.= =D= Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor at head of, 134. _See also_ Astor; Pacific Fur Company.

=North-West America.= =D= Built by Meares at Nootka--first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to China, 29.

=North-West Coast.= =D= Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Perouse explores in 1788, 25; Etienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=North West Company.= Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or _bourgeois_, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =MS= Early beginnings--Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, 4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, 16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, 161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the colony, 174-176. =D= Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. =Hd= Establishment of, 261-263. =Bk= Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Henry-Thompson, _Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_; _Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Country_; _Sketch of the British Fur Trade_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Tasse, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=North-West Passage.= =D= Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.

=North-West Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion.

=North-West Territories.= Comprised all the western portions of Canada, except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were formed--Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. =Index=: =B= Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, 213; _Globe_ article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in the _Globe_ on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and settlement of, 216; _Globe_ carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by Niagara _Mail_, 217-218; and Montreal _Transcript_, 218; matter taken up by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate schools opposed by George Brown, 249. =Md= Terms upon which Hudson's Bay Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. _See also_ Assiniboia; Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. =Bib.=: Adam, _Canadian North-West_; Tasse, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Dugas, _Legendes du Nord-Ouest_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Hind, _North-West Territory_; MacBeth, _Making of the Canadian West_.

=Northern Railway.= Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk. =Index=: =E= Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.

=Norton, John.= Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went to Georgia. Died in Scotland. =Index=: =Bk= In battle of Queenston Heights, 310. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_, ed. by Casselman.

=Norway House.= Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in McLeod's _Peace River_, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed in building the old fort. =Index=: =MS= Selkirk colonists at Jack River, 163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Notre Dame de la Recouvrance.= First parish church of Quebec; built by Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, 1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the Basilica of Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception, 240; burnt, 241. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175, 176.

=Notre Dame des Anges.= =Ch= Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Recollet convent dedicated to, 148.

=Notre Dame des Victoires.= Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in 1817. =Index=: =L= Church of, 185. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Nouee, Anne de= (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. =L= Death of, 5. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Nouveau Monde.= =C= Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier, 81-82.

=Nova Scotia.= Acadia of the French regime. The present name dates from 1621, when Sir William Alexander (_q.v._) obtained from King James I a grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony. =Index=: =Ch= Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. =Dr= Carleton arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and Quebec, 236. =B= Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. =Md= Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives "better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. _See also_ Acadia; New Brunswick; Halifax. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Moorson, _Letters from Nova Scotia_; Cozzens, _Acadia_.

=Nova Scotian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Joseph Howe becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.

=Noyrot, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not reach Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.

=Oblate Fathers.= A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and in the North-West. =Index=: =L= Their labours in Canada, 1.

=O'Brien, William Edward= (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and Simcoe Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong opponent of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896. =Index=: =Md= His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; its defeat, 289. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Observer.= =Mc= Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.

=O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey= (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the _Vindicator_, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed in editing the records of the state at Albany. =Index=: =P= Edits the _Vindicator_, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec _Mercury_, 122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, 145-149. =BL= Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=O'Connell, Daniel= (1775-1847). Irish statesman. =Index=: =Mc= Befriends Mackenzie, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._, and lives mentioned in article.

=O'Connor, John= (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, 1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1884. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Ochateguin.= =Ch= Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; wounded in battle, 103.

=Ochterlony, Captain.= =WM= Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.

=Odell.= =W= Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57.

=Odell, William Franklin.= =W= Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.

=Odell, William Hunter= (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, 1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. =Index=: =T= Son of W. F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=O'Donoghue, William B.= A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.

=Ogden.= =S= Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen of the United States, 190.

=Ogden, Charles Richard= (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815; attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, 1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as well as district registrar at Liverpool. =Index=: =Sy= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 283. =BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Ogden, Isaac.= Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England. Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.