Chapter III: Part 3

=Belleau, Sir Narcisse= (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862 appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government. Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned in 1873. =Index=: =B= Succeeds Sir E. P. Tache as titular head of coalition government--proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by George Brown, 191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. =C= His connection with British North America Act, 102-103.. =Md= Nominal head of government, 1865, 123. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Belleville=. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain Myers in 1790. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298; riot over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.

=Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of= (1636-1701). Member of Parliament, 1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. =Index=: =F= Corresponds with Frontenac, 355. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Belmont, Francois Vachon de.= Came to Canada from France in 1680, and joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a _History of Canada_, which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. =Index=: =F= On number of captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and footnote. =L= His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.

=Benediction.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.

=Bennett, George.= =B= An employee of the _Globe_, 256; shoots George Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.

=Bentham, Jeremy= (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and ethics. =Index=: =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13. =Bib.=: _Works_, ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bentivoglis.= Papal Nuncio. =Index=: =Ch= Authorizes establishment of church in Canada, 84.

=Bering, Vitus= (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a three-years' journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741. =Index=: =D= His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. =Bib.=: Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_; Muller, _Voyages from Asia to America_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Bering Sea Question.= Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States in 1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a _mare clausum_, or closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their vessels. =Index=: =D= Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.

=Berkeley, George Cranfield= (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766; accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the _Victory_ at Ushant, 1778. In 1786 surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the _Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_. =Index=: =Bk= Gave instructions in matter of deserters enlisted in _Chesapeake_, 83; recalled, 85. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Berlin Decrees.= Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain; merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was to close the continent against British commerce. The British government retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the right of trading from one hostile port to another. =Index=: =Bk= Directed by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, 171, 172. =Bib.:= _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Green, _Short History of the English People_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Bernard, Hewitt= (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, 1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties. Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. =Index=: =T= Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.= =L= On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.

=Bernetz, Chevalier de.= =WM= Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.

=Bernieres, Henri de= (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with Laval in 1659. Cure of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. =Index=: =F= Grand-vicar of bishop of Quebec, 111. =L= Head of retreat at Caen, 24; first superior of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin, _Henri de Bernieres_.

=Bernieres, Jean de.= =L= His "Hermitage," 24, 25.

=Berry Brigade.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.

=Berthelot, Francois.= =L= Laval's relations with, 138. =E= His seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.

=Berthier, Alexandre= (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in Bellechasse County, Quebec. =Index=: =F= Commands militia in campaign against Iroquois, 209. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Bethune, Alexander Neil= (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In 1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York (Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto; succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Bethune, John.= Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards appointed to a mission in Glengarry. =Index=: =S= Presbyterian minister, reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received stipend from the government, 164. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_.

=Betts.= =T= Proposes construction of European and North American Railway, 26, 27.

=Beveridge.= =T= Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.

=Biard, Pierre= (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse--the first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures Biard finally reached France and remained there. =Bib.=: Biard, _Relation_; Carayon, _Premiere Mission des Jesuites au Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Bibaud, Michel= (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael. =Index=: =L= Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. =P= On Papineau, 56. =Hd= On Haldimand, 291. =Bib.=: =Works=: _Epitres, Satires, Chansons Epigrammes, et autre Pieces de Vers_; _Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Bidwell, Barnabas.= =R= Election contests, 63.

=Bidwell, Marshall Spring= (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838 resulted in his banishment. =Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker of the House, 151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377; defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343; gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357; accepts voluntary exile, 358. =R= One of the leaders of the popular party in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.

=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles= (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and, somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held up to the time of his death. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Patterson, _Last Days of Charles de Biencourt_ (R. S. C., 1896).

=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just= (1557-1615). Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604 sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France and fell in the attack on Mery. =Index=: =Ch= Goes with De Monts to Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to France, 37. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. _See also_ Lescarbot; Champlain; De Monts.

=Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de= (1680-1768). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Joins war party against Schenectady, 235. =Bib.=: King, _Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville_; Reed, _The First Great Canadian_; Margry, _Decouvertes des Francais_. _See also_ Iberville.

=Bierce.= =Mc= Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447; retreats, 447.

=Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).= =F= Onondaga orator, 184, 221.

=Biggar, James L.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.

=Bignon.= =Ch= Crown lawyer in proceedings _re_ Champlain's will, 265.

=Bigot, Francois.= Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage. Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745, returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. =Index=: =WM= Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53; gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to Bougainville, 165. =Hd= Disliked, 52. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Billings, Elkanah= (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa. Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and in the same year established the _Canadian Naturalist_. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Ami, _Brief Biographical Sketch of Elkanah Billings_.

=Billings, Joseph.= Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on his last voyage on the _Discovery_; and afterwards entered the Russian navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in 1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska. =Index=: =D= Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bindon.= =Dr= Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.

=Bizard.= =F= Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.

=Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron= (1811-1889). Born in England. Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy councillor. =Index=: =Md= On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference, 126-127. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Black, John= (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land, 1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_.

=Black, John= (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of the church at Kildonan until his death. =Bib.=: Bryce, _John Black: The Apostle of the Red River_.

=Black, William= (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American Wesleyan missions. =Index=: =W= The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in Maritime Provinces, 137. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Black, William.= =W= President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses to furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council, retires, 72.

=Black, William.= =W= Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.

=Blackader, Hugh W.= (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began to learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest in the _Acadian Recorder_, 1837, and continued to publish the paper until his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a strong supporter of Joseph Howe. =Index=: =H= Called upon to prove publication of libel in the _Nova Scotian_, 24. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Black Rock.= =Bk= Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.

=Blackfoot Indians.= A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians; Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on reservations in Alberta. =Bib.=: Petitot, _Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest_; Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_; _Hendry Journal_ (R. S. C., 1908); _Cocking Journal_ (R. S. C., 1909); Franklin, _Polar Sea_; Catlin, _North American Indians_.

=Blair, Andrew George= (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in 1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of Canada, resigning in October of the same year. =Index=: =T= Premier of New Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Who's Who_, 1906.

=Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson= (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866. Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first Dominion Cabinet, 1867. =Index=: =Md= President of Privy Council in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his death, 138. =B= Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. =T= Member first Confederation ministry, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Blake, Edward= (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and 1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons; retired, 1907. =Index=: =Md= Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism, 277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity, 315-316. =B= His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235, 240. =Mc= On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Ewan, _Hon. Edward Blake_; Tache, _Men_.

=Blake, William Hume= (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring March, 1862. =Index=: =BL= Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in Europe, 284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab, 315; burnt in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. =E= Returned in elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks Family Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. =B= Speaks before Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the fight for responsible government, 261. =Md= Challenged by John A. Macdonald, 36. =Mc= Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._, and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of the Judges; Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Blanchard, Hiram.= =H= Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova Scotia government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.

=Blanchard, Jotham.= =H= Associated with Joseph Howe in _The Club_, 10; in House of Assembly, 18.

=Blanchet, F.= =Bk= Arrested, 127; discharged, 128.

=Blanshard, Richard=. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl Grey; left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following year by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to England. =Index=: =D= First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial government and leaves for England, 204. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Bleury.= =P= Joins Papineau party, 78.

=Bliss, Daniel= (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of the war, moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=: =W= Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Bliss, John Murray= (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Bliss, Jonathan= (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In 1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Blue, Archibald= (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881 engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884, and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census commissioner, 1900. =Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Bodega Bay.= On the coast of California, lat. 38 deg. 18' 20" N., long. 123 deg. 2' 28". =Index=: =D= Russian colony there in 1812, 45.

=Boileau, Maitre.= =Ch= Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will, 265.

=Bolduc, Father.= =D= Jesuit missionary--supposed to be first priest on Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.

=Bolton, Colonel.= =Hd= Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of _Ontario_, 163.

=Bompas, William Carpenter= (1853-1906). Born in London, England. Ordained deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and assigned to the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of Athabaska. In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to that of Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and Algonquian languages, as well as in Eskimo. =Bib.=: _Diocese of Mackenzie River_; Cody, _An Apostle of the North_; Machray, _Archbishop Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_. For his native primers, _see_ Pilling, _Bibliography of Athabaskan Languages_.

=Bond, William Bennett= (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church, Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901 archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_, 1905; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Bonne, Captain de.= Born in France, and before coming to Canada served in the regiment of Conde. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of the Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and Three Rivers militia, 105. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Bonnecamps, Joseph Pierre de= (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position until the fall of Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.

=Bonnerme.= =Ch= Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death of, 46.

=Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry= (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837. Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. =Bib.=: _The Canadas in 1841._ For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bonsecours, Chapel of.= =L= United to parish of Montreal, 176; commenced by Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.

=Bontemps, Captain.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252.

=Books.= =S= Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. _See also_ Libraries.

=Borden, Robert Laird= (1854- ). Born in Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed Q.C., 1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the Dominion Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901 succeeded Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who_.

=Borgia's House.= =WM= Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians, 193.

=Boscawen, Edward= (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello, 1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758 commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759 defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in Quiberon Bay. =Index=: =WM= In command of naval forces at Louisbourg, 73. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ Louisbourg.

=Bossuet, Jacques Benigne= (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. =Index=: =L= On poverty and liberty, 123. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire Universelle; Oraisons Funebres_. For biog., _see_ Chambers, _Biog. Dict._

=Boston.= =Bk= Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war against Great Britain, 208. =Hd= Rebellious sentiment comes to head at, 84; Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition of affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at, 107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave, 110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. =L= Americans of, their designs against priests and missionaries, 11.

=Boston.= =D= Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered, 37.

=Botsford, Bliss= (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick. Educated at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and practised at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly, with brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court. =Index=: =T= Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength to the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Bouchard.= =L= Founder of the Montmorency family, 16.

=Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre= (1622-1717). Came to Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little garrison of Quebec in 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers, and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667. Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year. =Index=: =L= His opinion of Laval, 29. =Bib.=: _Histoire Veritable et Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France_. Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the _Trans._ of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.

=Bouchette, Captain.= =Dr= Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers, 113.

=Bouchette, Joseph= (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England, where he published his topographical and geographical description of Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. =Bib.=: _Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada_; _British Dominions in North America_.

=Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes.= =P= Exiled to Bermuda for his participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs, Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.

=Boudon, Abbe Henri-Marie.= =L= Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux, 23.

=Boues, Charles de.= =Ch= Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to building of Recollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.

=Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de= (1729-1811). Born in Paris. Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign, much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's _Journal_, published by Abbe Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. =Index=: =WM= Aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158; interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177; criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his delay at Sillery, 211; arrives after battle, 222; his letter to Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates Levis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. =Bib.=: Works: _Traite du Calcul Integral_; _Voyage autour du Monde_; _Essai Historique sur les Navigations Anciennes et Modernes_ (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol., Vol. I); _Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale_ (_ibid._, Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian Archives. _See also_ De Kerallain, _La Jeunesse de Bougainville_; Michaud, _Biog. Univ._; Larousse, _Grande Dict. Univ._; Casgrain, _Montcalm et Levis_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Hart, _The Fall of New France, 1755-1760_.

=Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du.= =WM= Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief at his departure for Canada, 8.

=Boulduc.= =F= Prosecutor of Prevote, dismissed, 138.

=Boulle, Eustache.= =Ch= Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145; appointed by Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209; converted to Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.

=Boulle, Helene.= =Ch= Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in Quebec, 141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263; her life at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654, 266.

=Boulle, Nicholas.= =Ch= Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the king's chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.

=Boulton, D'Arcy.= Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England, 1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_.

=Boulton, Henry John.= Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790. Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816, and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general; attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. =Index=: =Mc= Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of Newfoundland, 235. =E= Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. =BL= Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate, 349. =Bib.=: _Short Sketch of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Boundaries of Canada.= =Dr= Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.

=Bouquet, Henry= (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland, Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at Pensacola, Florida. =Index=: =Dr= His services in Pontiac's War, 6; death of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. =Hd= Life-long friend of Haldimand, 5; his early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8; member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession, 16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62; his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of his letters missing, 338. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Canadian Archives Report_, 1889.

=Bourdages.= =P= Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =Bk= Made colonel of militia by Sir George Prevost, 158.

=Bourdon.= =L= Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. =Ch= Industrious settler, 252, 253.

=Bourdon, Sister Anne.= =F= On divine protection of Quebec, 301.

=Bourdon, Jean= (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634. Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as being at Quebec in 1665.

=Bourgard.= =L= On the zeal of the missionaries, 61.

=Bourgeoys, Marguerite= (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne. Entered the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of twenty, and while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New France. Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to the new settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a stable granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden chapel in Montreal. Founded the Congregation do Notre Dame de Montreal in 1659, and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained from France built the church of Bonsecours. =Index=: =L= Establishes school at Ville Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board the _St. Andre_, 32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her educational work, 126; Abbe Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds Bonsecours Chapel, 177. =F= Establishes Congregation de Notre Dame, 29, 39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39. =Bib.=: Ransonet, _Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_; Faillon, _Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Regime_; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_.

=Bourget, Ignace= (1799-1885). Born at Point Levis, Quebec. Ordained in 1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese, 1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums, among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal. In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In 1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, _in partibus_. =Index=: =C= His character, 80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Bourinot, Sir John George= (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the Royal Society of Canada. =Index=: =BL= On Baldwin's University Bill, 293; on Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, =Bib.=; Works: _Canada under British Rule_; _Federal Government in Canada_; _How Canada is Governed_; _Manual of Constitutional History of Canada_; _Parliamentary Procedure and Government in Canada_; _Canada_; _Builders of Nova Scotia_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Bourlamaque, de.= Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756 with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. =Index=: =WM= Third in command, 12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and Frederic and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself able to hold till fall, 158; joins army of Levis on march against Quebec, 245; repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies position at Lorette and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256; wounded, 260. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Bouteroue, Claude de.= Born in France. Came to Canada to act as intendant during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to France, 1671, and died there, 1680. =Index=: =L= Acts as intendant during Talon's absence, 116. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Bouthillier.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.

=Bow River Pass.= Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head waters of Bow River. =Index=: =D= Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.

=Bowell, Sir Mackenzie= (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with his parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to the Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed minister of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of militia, 1892; and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894 succeeded Sir John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896. Created a K. C. M. G., 1895. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Bowen, Edward= (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797; studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for Lower Canada. =Index=: =E= Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._

=Bowes, Colonel.= =Bk= Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.

=Bowring, Dr.= =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner to France, 29.

=Boyd, Colonel.= =T= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, 102.

=Boyd, John= (1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick, and engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and on Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 138. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Braddock, Edward= (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1710, and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748. Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755, commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was defeated and mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Death of, at Fort Duquesne, 22. =Hd= His defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military supplies, 13. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Bradstreet, Simon= (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from 1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686 governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the colony. =Index=: =F= Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of expedition against Quebec, 301. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Bragg's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.

=Brandon House.= Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post abandoned. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Brandy Question.= =F= Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. =L= Sale of liquor to Indians, 7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions, 170, 171; conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175; Dollier de Casson's testimony, 175. _See also_ Liquor question. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_.

=Brant, Isaac.= =S= Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks his father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.

=Brant, Joseph= (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name was Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue (London, 1787). =Index=: =S= Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75, 125; visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary, 121; part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of influence with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128, 129; kills his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. =Hd= Commands scouting parties, 153; made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation, 154; did not harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel force under Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258; highly esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308; visits Haldimand in London, 327. =Bib.=: Stone, _Life of Brant_; Cruikshank, _Joseph Brant in the American Revolution_; Eggleston, _Brant and Red Jacket_; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, _Life of Brant_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Brant, Molly.= =Hd= Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians, 154; pensioned, 155.

=Brantford.= City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.

=Brassy.= =T= Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25, 27.

=Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of= (1796-1862). Represented Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. =Index=: =Sy= Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Brebeuf, Jean de= (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy. Came to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by way of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission. Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved in the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= Sails for New France on De Caen's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, 228; goes to Huron country, 249. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Ragueneau, _Relation des Hurons_, 1649; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_.

=Breda, Treaty of.= Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was handed over to France. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Bresolles, Sister de.= =L= Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.

=Bretonvilliers, De.= =L= Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.

=Briand, Jean Olivier= (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, 1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In 1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759. =Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Dr= Appointed Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 23.

=Bride.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.

=Bright, John= (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. =Index=: =T= Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=British American League.= =Md= Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to the Annexation Manifesto--branches followed throughout the country, 40; its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95; Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy another, 219. =H= Howe's correspondence with the president, George Moffatt, 113-115. =B= Formed in Upper Canada--convention held at Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for Confederation, 38. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=British Chronicle.= Newspaper published in New York. =Index=: =B= Established by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.

=British Columbia.= Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. =Index=: =D= Organic existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1; origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229; early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238, 249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture, 256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas, 291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion, 311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328; agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals, 333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education, 338-340. =Md= Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871, 150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald, _British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; Macfie, _Vancouver Island and British Columbia_; Morice, _The History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_; Herring, _Among the People of British Columbia_; Fitzgerald, _The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island_; Mayne, _Four Years in British Columbia_; Baillie-Grohman, _Sport and Life in Western America and British Columbia_; Metin, _La Colombie Britannique; Indians of British Columbia_ (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, _Report on British Columbia_.

=British Law.= =Sy= Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act, 65. =S= Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.

=British Legion.= =Dr= Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.

=British Newspapers.= =Hd= Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. _See also_ Newspapers.

=British North America Act.= The constitution of the Dominion; the Act by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865; put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage, banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization, Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions, administration of justice, education. =Index=: =Md= Conference in London--Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up--completed bill submitted to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force, 127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by, 250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. =C= Delegation sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. =H= Passed by Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. =T= Quietly received in New Brunswick, 127. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitution of Canada_; Houston, _Constitutional Documents_; Doutre, _Constitution of Canada_; Munro, _Constitution of Canada_; Ashley, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Gooch, _Manual of the Constitution of Canada_; Howland, _The New Empire; Confederation Debates_, 1865; Pope, _Confederation Documents_.

=Brock, Daniel De Lisle.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief magistrate of Guernsey, 70.

=Brock, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.

=Brock, Ferdinand.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70.

=Brock, Harriet.= =Bk= Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.

=Brock, Sir Hugh.= =Bk= Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.

=Brock, Irving.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, 132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.