Chapter IX: Part 9

=European and North American Railway.= =W= Wilmot's attitude towards, 127. =T= Peto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies offered by province, 26; progress of, 44.

=Eustache, Sir J. R.= Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College, Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the 19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada; high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Eustis, William= (1753-1825). =Bk= United States secretary of war, his confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Evans, Lieutenant.= =Dr= Case against, in connection with Walker affair, dismissed by grand jury, 38.

=Evans, James= (1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Emigrated to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828 moved to Rice Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began his life-long Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary work in the North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already devoted much time to the study of the native languages, and while at Norway House invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic system, by means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising facility. At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed on birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic. =Bib.=: Young, _The Apostle of the North_; McLean, _James Evans, Inventor of the Syllabic System_; Carroll, _James Evans_ in the _Methodist Magazine_, October, 1882; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_.

=Ewan, John Alexander= (1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the Toronto _Globe_ for many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902. =Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256; seizes Bennett, 256.

=Examiner.= Newspaper published at New York. =Index=: =Mc= Published by William Lyon Mackenzie, 470.

=Examiner.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Sy= Advocates responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247. =E= Chief organ of the Clear Grits,--owned by James Lesslie, 110. =BL= Established by Hincks, July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58; excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341. =Mc= Of Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485.

=Executive Council.= =Mc= In Upper Canada; created under Constitutional Act, 53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of, 286. =Dr= In Lower Canada, how composed, 269. =Sy= Its powers and influence, 74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175; necessity for change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220, 221; changes made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334. =W= In New Brunswick, its irresponsibility, 5, 6.

=Executive Office.= =Sy= Tenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183, 184.

=Exhibitions.= The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in 1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality and the country. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.

=Expulsion of Acadians.= _See_ Acadians, Expulsion of the.

=Extradition with United States.= =Sy= Sydenham takes part in negotiations for, 336.

=Eyre, Eustache R.= =S= Fort major, 47.

=Faillon, Abbe Michel Etienne= (1799-1870). Historian. =Index=: =F= Quoted, 4, 9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of Montreal, 96, 97. =Ch= Error in history of, 207. =Bib.=: Works: _Vie de Mme. d'Youville_; _Vie de Mlle. Mance_; _Vie de Mlle. Le Ber_; _Histoire de la Colonie Francaise en Canada_. For biog., _see_ Desmazures, _L'Abbe Faillon: Sa Vie et ses [OE]uvres_.

=Fairchild, Mrs.= =Hd= Haldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329.

=Fairfield, John= (1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate, 1843-1847. =Index=: =W= His connection with the Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme= (1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887; chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount.= Governor of Nova Scotia, 1840-1846. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his character and policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his administration, 71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons for their resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his theories of government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for supremacy, 94, 97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature, 100-101; returns to England, 1846, 102. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Family Compact.= A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed by their political opponents because they held power as a distinct group, allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy. Term also used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar conditions. =Index=: =Mc= Their loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of, 62, 65, 66; great influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of power, 66; decides on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroys _Colonial Advocate_, 115; incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures Head's sympathy, 302. =Md= Its character and aims fiercely debated, 13; opposition to, of Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27. =Sy= Its beginning, 77; its foundations laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify Reform party with Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by Durham in his Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George Arthur allies himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130; Sydenham's opinion of, as given by _Colonial Gazette_, 138; its controlling influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially connected by family relationship, 180. =B= Rebellion in Upper Canada attributed by Durham to ascendancy of, 11. =E= Fight against, 21; attacked by Hume Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of its members, 92; Bishop Strachan and, 150. =BL= Its character, 11-12; denounced by W. L. Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61; its restoration hoped for, 113. =MS= Responsible for Rebellion of 1837, 242. _See also_ Strachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan Napier; Robinson, Sir John Beverley. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Mackenzie, _Sketches of Canada_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Robinson, _Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson_.

=Famine Creek.= =L= La Barre's expedition halts at, 193.

=Fancamp, Baron de.= =L= Presents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177.

=Fanning, Edmund= (1737-1818). Held various offices in the American colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786 governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the army, 1808. =Index=: =Dr= Commands King's American Regiment, 202; succeeds Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron= (1815-1886). Born in London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons, 1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee, 1866-1884. Appointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron Farnborough, 1886. =Index=: =Mc= On difficulties of granting responsible government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847, 25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on effect of responsible government, 490. =Bib.=: _Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III._

=Farrer, Edward= (1850- ). Canadian journalist. =Index=: =Md= Chief editorial writer of the _Globe_, 312; his pamphlet on annexation--its terms, 312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Fay, Jonas= (1737-1818). =Hd= Vermont emissary, 209. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Fenelon, Francois de Salignac.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109; school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164. =F= Intermediary between Frontenac and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96; summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103. _See also_ Frontenac; Perrot. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Garneau, _History of Canada_.

=Fenety, George E.= =W= On Wilmot, 131.

=Fenian Raids.= The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about 1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy's _History of our Own Times_, and in O'Leary's _Recollections of Fenianism_. Early in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil, crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec, but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West, but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed, arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (_q.v._) in Ottawa, 1868. =Index=: =Md= Claims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn, 175-177; irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes responsibility for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of loan for public works and defence in Canada, 178, 196. =T= Influence on Confederation, 98; history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in Assembly, 102. =BL= Feared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186. =B= Threatened in 1866--influences New Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188. =C= As an argument for retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's speech on, in House, 1872, 110. =Bib.=: Somerville, _Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada_; Campbell, _The Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Correspondence relating to the Fenian Invasion_, Ottawa, 1869; _Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at Toronto Who Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866_, ed. by George R. Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken, _Fenian Raid on Manitoba_ (Manitoba Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Macdonald, _Troublous Times in Canada_; Denison, _Soldiering in Canada_ and _The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_.

=Fer, Jules de.= =Dr= His report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301.

=Feret.= =Ch= Of Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain's _Brief Discours_, 7.

=Ferguson, Adam.= =R= Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126.

=Ferland, John Antony Baptist= (1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval University, 1855-1865. =Index=: =L= Quoted as to difficulty of educating young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mere de l'Incarnation, 93-95; on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688, 220. =Bib.=: Works: _Cours d' Histoire du Canada_; _Opuscules_; _La Gaspesie_; _Joseph-Octave Plessis_; _Voyage au Labrador_. For biog., _see_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Ferrier, James.= =B= His account of the negotiations between Brown and the government prior to Confederation, 152.

=Fidalgo, Salvador.= Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790; founded a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post the same year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the place. =Index=: =D= Sent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Fidler, Peter= (1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Fiedmont, Jacquot de.= =WM= Engineer, fortifies bridges over River St. Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire against British camp, 230.

=Finances of Canada.= =Sy= Sydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320.

=Finlay, Hugh.= =Dr= Deputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of the English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248. =Hd= On political situation, 174.

=Finlay, James.= =MS= Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of the Fur-Trade_ in his _Voyages_; _Hendry's Journal_ (R. S. C., 1907); _Cocking's Journal_ (R. S. C., 1908).

=Finlay, James, Jr.= =MS= Joins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792, 62.

=Finlayson, Duncan.= =MS= Chief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225.

=Finlayson, Roderick= (1818-1892). =D= Second in command at Victoria, 1843, 180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth, 181; joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character, 181; his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Fire Rafts.= =WM= Unsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131.

=Fireships.= =WM= Ineffectual employment of by French, 98; described by Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99.

=Fisher, Charles= (1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New Brunswick Assembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned, 1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton. =Index=: =W= Elected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe, 74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105; defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117; defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130. =T= His character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31; attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51; re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102; attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Fisheries Question.= =Md= Rights of American fishermen expire with denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans, 174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald, 181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182; Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185; Halifax Award, 190. =E= Under the Treaty of 1854, 198-200. =Bib.=: Isham, _Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation_; Bourinot, _Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance_; Elliott, _United States and the North-Eastern Fisheries_; Ricci, _Fisheries Dispute and Annexation to Canada_.

=Fitzgerald, Edward.= =B= On agricultural possibilities of North-West Territories. 214.

=FitzGibbon, James= (1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801 present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of 1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly. Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor. =Index=: =Bk= Describes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his reminiscences of Brock, 66-67. =Sy= Made clerk of Legislative Council, 334. =Mc= Defeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379. =Bib.=: FitzGibbon, _A Veteran of 1812_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Fitzherbert, Mrs.= =Hd= Haldimand's opinion of, 335.

=Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward.= =Dr= On Germain, 170.

=Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles= (1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials; represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Five Nations.= =Hd= Post at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies of the British, 148; their rights respected, 166. _See_ Iroquois.

=Flag Incident.= =L= In siege of Quebec, 230. =F= In siege of Quebec, 295-298.

=Fleet, British, before Quebec.= =WM= Placed under general command of Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at Ile-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238; reappears in the harbour, 267. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of Naval Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Fleet, French, at Quebec.= =WM= Protection afforded by to Bourlamaque's army, 167.

=Fleming, Sir Sandford= (1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880; president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature. =Bib.=: Works: _The Intercolonial; England and Canada_; and numerous historical and scientific papers. _See_ Bibliog. of Royal Society (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_; Grant, _Ocean to Ocean_.

=Flibot.= =Ch= Kirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196.

=Florida.= =Hd= Under British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from, 83, 87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104; his career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's property in, 316.

=Florida, West.= =Bk= Occupation of, by United States, 139.

=Flour-milling.= =B= Stimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32; advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54.

=Foley, M. H.= =B= In Tache ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan and Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition ministry, 159. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Foligne, Captain de.= =WM= On rapid construction of Beauport defences, 86; his report of fighting at Levis, 103; on pitiable condition of Quebec, 160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress following capture of Quebec, 236.

=Fontbonne, Colonel.= =WM= His disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192; mortally wounded, 199.

=Fonte, Bartholomew de.= His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West Coast was described in a letter published in the _Monthly Miscellany_, London, 1708. =Index=: =D= His reputed strait, 19; his voyage again credited, 23. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Fontenay, Mareuil.= =Ch= French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.

=Forget, Amedee Emmanuel= (1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir, Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to the Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West Council, 1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Fornel, Abbe.= =L= His funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted, 238.

=Forsythe, J.= =Sy= Member of Constitutional Association, 112.

=Forsyth, Richardson and Co.= Fur trading firm, of Montreal. =Index=: =Bk= Send Prevost news of declaration of war, 203.

=Fort Albany.= Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686, and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company. =Index=: =F= Captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and English, 343, 345. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The Saint Lawrence Basin_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_ and _Pathfinders of the West_.

=Fort Albert.= _See_ Victoria.

=Fort Alexandria.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River in 1821, 98.

=Fort Anne.= =Hd= Captured by Major Carleton, 149.

=Fort Babine.= In Northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99.

=Fort Bourbon.= On Hudson Bay. =Index=: =L= Captured by Iberville, 233. _See_ Fort Nelson.

=Fort Camosun.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of Victoria, 178.

=Fort Chilcotin.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort Alexandria, 99.

=Fort Chipewyan.= Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore of Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands. =Index=: =MS= Built by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation, 25; its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at the fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32; returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there, 53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236. =D= Mackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and Pacific expedition, 53. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _The Great Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Fort Chippawa.= =Bk= On Niagara River, a mile and a half above the falls, 58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a blockhouse enclosed with palisades, 59. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Fort Churchill.= _See_ Prince of Wales Fort.

=Fort Colville.= =D= Distributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay, Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded, 1825-1826, 116.

=Fort Conolly.= In northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104.

=Fort Crevecoeur.= =L= Established by La Salle in Illinois country, 148; attacked by Iroquois, 149. =F= Built by La Salle, 160. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Sulte, _Les Tonty_ (R. S. C., 1893).

=Fort Dearborn= (=Chicago=). =Bk= Captured by Indians, 266.

=Fort Dease.= On Dease Lake. =Index=: =D= Built by Robert Campbell in 1838, 123-124; burned by natives, 124.

=Fort de Chartres.= =WM= On the Mississippi, 22.

=Fort Douglas.= On Red River, about two miles below mouth of Assiniboine. =Index=: =MS= Built by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by Cuthbert Grant, 182; retaken by the De Meurons, 191. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Five Forts of Winnipeg._

=Fort Duquesne.= =WM= At junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 22; battle at, 22. =Hd= Name changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans for recapture of, 25-26. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Fort Edward.= =WM= General Webb in command at, 45.

=Fort Erie.= On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. =Index=: =S= Military post in 1782, 51. =Bk= New fort planned by General Hunter, 59. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Fort Essington.= On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's Bay Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort Simpson. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.

=Fort Fraser.= In northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= North West Company post, built on Fraser Lake, 98.

=Fort Frontenac.= =F= Erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, 156; seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands its destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; order partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341. =WM= Protected outlet of Great Lakes, 17. =L= Recollet mission at, 111. =BL= Name altered to Kingston by the British, 73. _See also_ Cataraqui; Kingston. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _La Salle_; Sulte, _Le Fort de Frontenac_ (R. S. C., 1901).

=Fort Garry.= At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city of Winnipeg now stands. =Md= Wolseley and the expeditionary force arrive there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242. _See_ Winnipeg.

=Fort George.= =Bk= Flag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its situation, 56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61; silences Fort Niagara, 309. =Hd= Captured by Major Carleton, 149. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Fort George.= On Fraser River. =Index=: =D= Simon Fraser sets out from, to descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by the North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by Indians, 1823, 105-107. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.

=Fort George.= At mouth of Columbia. =Index=: =D= Astoria renamed, 149.

=Fort Gibraltar.= =MS= Built by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg, 99; begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and dismantled, 179. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_ and _Five Forts of Winnipeg_.

=Fort Glenora.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, 121.

=Fort Grey.= =Bk= American fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305.

=Fort Halkett.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard River, 123.

=Fort Hope.= On Fraser River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, founded shortly after Fort Yale, 186.

=Fort Kamloops= (=Fort Thompson=). =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built in 1813, 98.

=Fort Kootenay.= On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as Kootenay House. =Index=: =D= Built by David Thompson, 58. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Fort Langley.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser River, 1827, 116. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.

=Fort Lawrence.= Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of Beausejour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under Monckton, to capture Fort Beausejour. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_.

=Fort Le Boeuf.= =WM= Established communication with Lake Erie, 22.

=Fort Liard.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123; pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123.

=Fort Loyal= (=Casco Bay=). =F= Captured by Canadians, 252. =L= Taken by Canadians, 229.

=Fort Machault.= =WM= Established communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122.

=Fort McLeod.= On McLeod Lake, British Columbia. =Index=: =D= North West Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia, west of the mountains, 97-98. =Bib.=: Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_.

=Fort McLoughlin.= On Milbank Sound, British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, 117; moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.

=Fort Miami.= =WM= On Miami River, 22. =Bk= Reconstruction of, by order of Lord Dorchester, 53. =S= Erected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River, 136; measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne demands evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command, refuses, 139; occupation of not approved by home government, 142.

=Fort Mumford.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, 121.

=Fort Nanaimo.= East coast Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built in 1852, 191. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Fort Necessity.= =WM= Battle at, 22.

=Fort Nelson.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of Liard River, 123.

=Fort Nelson.= _See_ York Factory.

=Fort Niagara.= =WM= At mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British, 62; capitulates, 146. =Hd= In command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken by British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136, 150, 163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in its defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in command at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal to relinquish, 260. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Fort Nisqually.= At head of Puget Sound. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118.

=Fort Ontario= (=Oswego=). =Hd= Haldimand in command of, 29.

=Fort Pemaquid.= =F= Destroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by Iberville, 331.

=Fort Pitt.= =Hd= Formerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40; Haldimand's interest in, 90. _See_ Fort Duquesne.

=Fort Presqu'ile.= =WM= Establishes communication with Lake Erie, 22.

=Fort Prud'homme.= =L= At junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 150.

=Fort Rupert= (=Fort Charles=). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert River, foot of James Bay, 1667. =Index=: =F= Captured by Troyes, 206. =L= Captured from English, 204. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Laut, _Canada_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Fort Rupert.= North end of Vancouver Island. _See_ Fort McLoughlin. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Fort St. Frederic.= _See_ Crown Point. =Index=: =WM= At head of Lake Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. =Bib.=: Garneau, _History of Canada_.

=Fort St. James.= On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238. =D= North West Company post, built on Stuart Lake, 98. =Bib.=: Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_.

=Fort St. Joseph.= =Bk= Stores despatched to, 202.

=Fort St. Louis.= On Illinois River, near site of present town of La Salle. =Index=: =F= Built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179.

=Fort St. Louis.= Quebec. _See_ Chateau St. Louis. =Index=: =Ch= A school of religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Gagnon, _Fort et Chateau St. Louis_.

=Fort St. Pierre.= =Ch= Founded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236. =Bib.=: Denys, _History of Acadia_.

=Fort Selkirk.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell on the Yukon River, 124. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Discovery of the Youcon_.

=Fort Simpson.= At mouth of Liard River. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_.

=Fort Simpson.= On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, 1831, 116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_ (under _Port Simpson_).

=Fort Stanwix.= On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. =Index=: =Dr= Unsuccessful attack on, 173. =Hd= Abandonment of by rebels, 151.

=Fort Stikine.= On Stikine River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.

=Fort Taku.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; known as Fort Durham--erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.

=Fort Ticonderoga.= _See_ Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Dr= Fort seized by American rebels, 82. =Hd= Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.

=Fort Umpqua.= =D= Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132.

=Fort Vancouver.= On Columbia River. =Index=: =D= Established by Hudson's Bay Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; described, 72, 110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, 111; range of its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, 1849, 145. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Fort Vincennes.= =WM= On Wabash River, 22.

=Fort Walla Walla.= Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River. =Index=: =D= Distributing point for Snake River country, 7.

=Fort Wayne.= =Bk= Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.

=Fort William.= At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. =Index=: =D= Headquarters of North West Company, 59. =MS= Replaces Grand Portage, 13; named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De Meuron soldiers, 189. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Fort William Henry.= On Lake George. =Index=: =WM= Siege and destruction of, 37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Fort Yale.= =D= Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser River, 186.

=Fort Yukon.= Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river, and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. =Index=: =D= Built by Murray (not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. =Bib.=: Murray, _Journal_ (Canadian Archives, 1910).

=Forts.= _See also_ Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac, Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.

=Foster, Captain.= =Dr= Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up his prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.

=Foster, George Eulas= (1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick. Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries, 1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick, 1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. =Index=: =Md= Minister of finance in Macdonald administration--moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Foster, S. K.= =T= Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.

=Fothergill, Charles.= =Mc= Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada _Gazette_, 38; accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for report of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, 110. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Foucher, Jean.= =Ch= Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain of destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.

=Fouez.= _See_ St. Maurice River.

=Fournier, Telesphore= (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1846; one of principal editorial writers on _Le National_; elected to the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue, in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874; postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter year; resigned, 1895. =Index=: =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical programme, 29. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._

=Fox, Charles James= (1749-1806). British statesman. =Index=: =Dr= Thought Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. _S_ Discusses Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. =Bk= Death of, 80. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Russell, _Life of Fox_; Trevelyan, _Early Life of Fox_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_.

=France.= =F= Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. =Dr= Declares war against Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; refugees from, permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters arrive from, 289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.

=Franchere, Gabriel= (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for the mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste. Marie in 1834; and later in New York. =Bib.=: _Relation d'un Voyage a la Cote du Nord-Ouest de l'Amerique Septentrionale_, trans. by J. V. Huntington. For biog., _see_ Morice, _Dict._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._

=Franchise Act, 1885.= =Md= Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Francois Xavier, Saint.= =L= Patron saint of Canada, 87.

=Franklin, Benjamin= (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher. =Index=: =Dr= Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; his report, 136. =WM= Did not believe British colonies would revolt, 269. =Bib.=: _Autobiography_; _Complete Works_, ed. by Bigelow. For biog., _see Cyc. Amer. Biog._; _also_ Larned, _Lit. Am. Hist._

=Franklin, Sir John= (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the _Bellerophon_. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent. Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage. The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Bib.=: Works: _Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, 1823_; _Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea_. For biog., _see_ Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Rae, _Narrative_; McClintock, _Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin_; Osborn, _Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Franklin, Michael.= Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor, 1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Fraser.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.

=Fraser, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.

=Fraser, Duncan Cameron= (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Fraser, John James.= =T= Opposition candidate in York County, 86; opposes Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; defeated in York, 108. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Fraser, Captain Malcolm.= =Dr= Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws on rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses Thompson's attack, 145. =D= Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; brings Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence seigniory, 95. =Bib.=: Wrong, _A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs_.

=Fraser, Simon= (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West Company in 1792, and ten years later became a _bourgeois_ or partner. Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district; in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. =Index=: =D= In service of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of Company west of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; builds forts on Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore river to the sea, 60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves Tacouche Tesse not the Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and other posts, 97-98; given command of Red River department, 1811, 98; offered and declines knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. =MS= Sent to explore New Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds fort on Stuart River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Fraser River.= Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length of the river is 695 miles. =Index=: =D= Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be the Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the Columbia, 59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of fur-brigades changed to, from the Columbia, 186. =MS= Mackenzie on, 77-79; Fraser on, 108-109. =Bib.=: Fraser _Journal_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.

=Fraser's Highlanders.= =WM= Captain of, replies to French sentries in French, 180. =Bib.=: Kelly, _The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and Quebec_.

=Frechette, Louis= (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism. Represented Levis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he was granted the first Montyon prize. =Index=: =Hd= His poem on Du Calvet, 292. =Bib.=: Works: _Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exile_; _Pele Mele_; _Les Fleurs Boreales_; _Legende d'un Peuple_; _Les Feuilles Volantes_; _Lettres Basile_; _Originaux et Detra-ques_; _Lettres sur l'Education_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Tache, _Men of the Day_; Chapman, _Le Laureat_; Sauvalle, _Le Laureat Manque_.

=Fredericton.= Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of the St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by him after the Duke of York. =Index=: =W= Popular demonstration at, 46; education in, 85-86. =T= Abandonment of government house, 138-139. =Bib.=: Hannay _History of New Brunswick_.

=Fredin, Jean.= =L= House of charity established by, 245.

=Free Trade.= =B= Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; recommended by Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George Brown, 47, 233. =C= Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, 43-44; Cartier's views on, 115-116. =E= Protest from Canadian Assembly, 29; discussed in Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. =T= Unpopular in New Brunswick, 9.

=Freeman.= Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= Edited by T. W. Anglin, 85.

=Freemason's Hall, Niagara.= =S= First session of Upper Canada Legislature held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159.

=Fremin, Father Jacques.= =Ch= Jesuit, put in charge of Richibucto mission, 235.

=French-Canadians.= =L= Aubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and customs, 120-124. =Sy= Tenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71; Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's estimate of, politically considered, 305. =E= Resent terms of Union Act, 23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23; increase of their influence, 31. =Dr= Murray's description of, 25; Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase, 47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61; disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150; Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles, 278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by Jules de Fer, 301. =B= Durham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union, 15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43, 48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about Confederation, 166. =Bk= Prosperity of, under British rule, 35; their loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103. =Hd= Characterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52; satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57, 139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of, 114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140, 174, 297; Estaing's proclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of corvees disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189; Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty, 273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306; Dorchester's policy with, 314-315. =Md= Ignorance of national affairs, 347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348. =WM= Their unfortunate position, 131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families, 152; placed on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British detachment from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave rally, 201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British, 237. =L= Pere Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mere de l'Incarnation on, 119; habits, dress, etc., of, 120 _et seq._ =Bib.=: Sulte, _Histoire des Canadiens-Francais_; Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_; Bibaud, _Histoire du Canada_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Davidson, _Growth of French-Canadian Race_; Aubert de Gaspe, _Les Anciens Canadiens_; Salone, _La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Etude sur les Origines de la Nation Canadienne Francaise_; Greenough, _Canadian Folk-Life_; Tanguay, _Dictionnaire Genealogique_; Sulte, _Origin of the French-Canadians_ (R. S. C., 1905); Nicholson, _The French Canadian_; Fiske, _New France and New England_; Lambert, _Travels in Canada_.

=French Colonization.= =WM= Principle of, 17; Parkman on, 19.

=French Language.= =BL= Imperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from the throne in French as well as English, 287.

=French Priests.= =Hd= Attempts to introduce, 181, 187.

=French Revolution.= =Dr= Its effect in the United States, 272, 273; principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279. =Sy= Effects of, in Britain, 11.

=Frobisher, Benjamin.= A partner of the North West Company. =Index=: =Hd= Petition to Haldimand, 261. =Bib.=: _See_ the memorials of Benjamin Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade, in _Archives Report_, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784, giving the early history of the North West Company; _also_ correspondence in _Archives Report_, 1888.

=Frobisher, Benjamin.= Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned; escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake. =Bib.=: Wilcocke, _Death of Frobisher_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.

=Frobisher, Joseph.= A partner of the North West Company. Member of the fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775. Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade until 1798, when he retired. =Index=: =Hd= His petition to Haldimand, 261. =MS= Builds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and Adventures_, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie, _History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_.

=Frobisher, Sir Martin= (1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages to America in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578. Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition, 1590. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Frobisher, Thomas= (1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West, 1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle a la Crosse Lake. =Index=: =MS= Builds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772, 4. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Mackenzie, _History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_.

=Frog Portage.= Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan River, by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron, Pelican, and Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph Frobisher, who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years later Thomas Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place. He was joined there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were matured for intercepting the western Indians on their way down the Churchill to trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says that the Indians called the portage _Athiquisipichigan Ouinigam_, or the Portage of the Stretched Frog Skin. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.