Chapter XII: Part 12

=Hornwork.= =WM= A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, 207; panic among troops crowding into, 207.

=Hospital Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115.

=Hosta, Captain d'.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 312.

=Hotel-Dieu Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in General Hospital, and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.

=Houeel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pre.= =Ch= Consulted by Champlain as to obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of New France, 168; made director, 170.

=House of Assembly.= =Hd= British government prepared to grant, 174; Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. =Dr= Of Lower Canada, agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by seigniors, 55; indifference of _habitants_, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; not provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. =W= In New Brunswick, early character of, 6.

=Houssart.= =L= Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished by, 251-253.

=How, Edward.= Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Howard, Joseph.= =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.

=Howard, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.

=Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount= (1724-1758). Came to Halifax, 1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at Fort Ticonderoga. _See_ Abercromby; Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Hd= Killed at Ticonderoga, 18, 21. =Bib.=: Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight for North America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Howe, John.= =H= Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes king's printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his character, 4; religious views, 279.

=Howe, Joseph= (1804-1873). =H= Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, John Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, 1, 2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; tributes to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, 5; establishes the _Acadian_, 6; buys _Nova Scotian_, 6; extends its influence, 7; his _Rambles_, 8; his marriage, 8; _The Club_, 9; friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates in his paper, 20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature, 1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837, 36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47; advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73; re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists, 77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central, undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90; assumes editorial management of the _Nova Scotian_ and _Morning Chronicle_, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101; justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847, 106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113; his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115; advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121; favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125; his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132; secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146; visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155; defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government, 163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; offered editorship of New York _Albion_, 182-183; his articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the union, 203; meets Tupper in London, 205; hesitates as to further agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukes _Acadian Recorder_ for suggesting violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax, 213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand, 217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet, 1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227; correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235; challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel, 241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244; Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851, 250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of 1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life, 277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872, 299-300. =E= A consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236. =B= In Dominion government--relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. =Sy= Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's propositions, 261; editor of _Nova Scotian_, 110. =T= Goes to England in Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for and against Confederation, 117. =Bib.=: Works: _Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe_, ed. by Chisholm; _Poems and Essays_. For biog., _see_ Fenety, _Life and Times of Joseph Howe_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Howe, William, Viscount= (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus, Viscount Howe (_q.v._), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. =Index=: =Hd= Replaces Gage as commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. =Dr= Orders reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York, 160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him of his plan of campaign, 172. =WM= Calls for volunteers for first landing at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Rhodes, _History of the United States_.

=Howland, Sir William Pearce= (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York. Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature, 1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866; minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868; retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. =Index=: =Md= Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. =T= Invited to join first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Howe's Pass.= _See_ Howse Pass.

=Howse Pass.= In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River. Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the North West Company. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 58.

=Hubert, Jean Francois.= Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. =Index=: =Dr= Bishop of Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes reasonableness of not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.

=Hubou, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.

=Huddy, Captain Joshua.= =Dr= Hanging of, 198.

=Hudson, Henry.= Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth, in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay. Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again heard of. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Read, _Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See also_ bibliog. list in Asher.

=Hudson Bay.= Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him. Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James. 1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River. =Index=: =F= English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; English possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. =L= Expedition against English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville in, 233. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Gosch, _Expedition of Jens Munk_; Christy, _Voyages of Foxe and James_; Coats, _Geography of Hudson's Bay_; Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay_; Dobbs, _Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay_; Gordon, _Report on Hudson's Bay Expedition_; Wakeham, _Second Hudson Bay Expedition_; Low, _Expedition to Hudson Bay_; Berrier, _Report on Expedition to Arctic Islands_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. _See also_ General Indexes to Reports of Geol. Survey; Henry Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.

=Hudson's Bay Company.= Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the _Nonsuch_, in 1668. This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific, and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West Company (_q.v._) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to Canada its territorial rights in British North America. =Index=: =F= 203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for losses inflicted by the French, 343. =Dr= Its territory not included in Canada, 7. =B= Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company not valid, 212; _Globe_ on company's misgovernment of North-West Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the _Globe_, signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates Company therefor, 220-221. =MS= Early policy of, 1; attitude of natives to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company), 2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6; absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner, 1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222; establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of 1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. =D= Influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73; provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78; its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises, 78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79; treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River, 119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River, 121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before 1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers, 126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192; acquires Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195; quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202; license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant church at Victoria, 1855, 269. =C= Cartier and MacDougall sent to England by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of Company's territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, 68; persuaded by Lord Grey to accept L300,000, 68. =Bk= Its voyageurs assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. =Md= Its claims investigated, 83; terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in Red River Settlement, 157. _See_ North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur Trade; Selkirk. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _Great Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Begg, _History of the North-West_.

=Huet, Paul.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as assistant commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns to Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.

=Huguenots.= =Ch= Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, 110; disagreements with Recollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing on board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful loyalty, 254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.

=Hugues.= =L= Priest, comes to Canada, 41.

=Hull, William= (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805; commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812. Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until his death. =Index=: =Bk= Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada, 213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238; summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army, 255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole, 283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled, sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Campbell, _Life and Services of General William Hull_; Cruikshank, _General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812_ (R. S. C., 1907-1908).

=Humbert.= =W= Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible government, 64.

=Hume, Joseph= (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied medicine; entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned to England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected, 1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms. =Index=: =BL= Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. =Mc= Lays Mackenzie's petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper Canadian officials, 231; suggests independence of Canada, 250; his "baneful domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; predicts civil war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and question of amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his speech on union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. =B= Attacks Metcalfe's policy, 23. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Humphreys, Captain.= =Bk= Captain of _Leopard_, fires on _Chesapeake_, 83.

=Hundred Associates.= _See_ Company of New France.

=Hundredth Regiment.= =Bk= Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; disaster to, by shipwreck, 74.

"=Hungry Year.=" =S= Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, 69.

=Hunt, Thomas Sterry= (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to Canada, 1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the position of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he held until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval University, 1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 professor of geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Author of several scientific works, and a large number of papers contributed to learned societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New York. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Hunter, Peter= (1746-1805). =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of Barbados, 51; death of, 69. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.

=Hunter.= =Bk= British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner _Cayahoga_, with stores of General Hull, 218.

=Hunter, Captain of.= =WM= Obtains information as to movements of French provision boats, 172.

=Hunters' Lodges.= =Mc= Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.

=Hunting Permits.= =F= Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.

=Huntington, Herbert.= =H= Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 47; sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Huntington, Lucius Seth= (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878. Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New York. =Index=: =C= Brings charges against government in connection with Pacific Scandal, 53. =Md= Prefers his charges in the House of Commons, 201-203. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Buckingham and Ross, _Alexander Mackenzie_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Huot, P. G.= =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.

=Huron Indians.= Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went among them, they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648, and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to 35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United States. =Index=: =F= Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222. =L= Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion displayed by a band of, 64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by their enemies, 72. =Ch= Champlain visits country of, 88; their cultivation of the soil, 89; their language very widely spoken, 90; their mode of life, 94; customs and beliefs, 95-100. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Huron, Lake.= Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, and first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries, explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste. Marie, at the western end.

=Huskisson, William= (1770-1830). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= Criticizes British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, 15; colonial secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's speech on Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, 18; death of, 25. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Hutcheson, Major.= =Hd= Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge of Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.

=Hutchinson, Richard.= =T= Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.

=Hutchinson, Thomas= (1711-1780). =Hd= Governor of Massachusetts, quoted, 84. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'= (1661-1706). Third son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in 1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the _Hampshire_, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690 took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet, and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels, 325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship _Pelican_ successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349. =L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of, 233. =Bib.=: Reed, _First Great Canadian_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; Desmazures, _Histoire du Chevalier d'Iberville_; Gayarre, _History of Louisiana_; Margry, _Decouvertes des Francais_; Wallace, _Louisiana under the French_; Martin, _History of Louisiana_; Bacqueville de la Potherie, _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_; Jeremie, _Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson_ (Bernard, _Recueil de Voiages au Nord_). _See also_ bibliography at the end of Reed's work.

=Ihonatiria.= =Ch= Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.

=Ile a la Crosse.= Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper waters of the Churchill River, in about long. 108 deg. Its name is derived from the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The first trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the lake by Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a strategic point in the western fur trade.

=Ile-aux-Coudres.= On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay. =Index=: =WM= Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp established on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.

=Ile-aux-Noix.= =WM= Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, 158, 233.

=Ile Jesus.= At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =L= Seigniory of Beaupre exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.

=Ile Perce.= =L= Recollet mission at, 111.

=Ile Royale.= A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory. Mentioned in Carver's _Travels_ and other early narratives.

=Illinois Indians.= Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain, in Oklahoma. =Index=: =F= Allies of the French against the Iroquois, 144. =L= La Salle forms alliance with, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Immaculate Conception.= =L= Church at Quebec placed under patronage of, 85. =Ch= Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name of, 240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.

=Immigration.= =Mc= To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. _See also_ Irish Immigrants.

=Imperial Conference.= Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by Sir Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions discussed were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific cable, etc. Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (_see_ Colonial Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada being represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897, another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again, in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the interests of the Empire.

=Imperial Federation.= Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. =Index=: =B= Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. =H= Joseph Howe a pioneer in the movement for, 174. =Bib.=: Denison, _Struggle for Imperial Unity_; Macphail, _Essays in Politics_; Brassey, _Imperial Federation and Colonization_; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_, _Imperial Federation_, etc.; Parkin, _Imperial Federation_; Young, _A Pioneer of Imperial Federation in Canada_; Milner, _Speeches in Canada_; _The Empire and the Century_; Argyll, _Imperial Federation_.

=Imperial Federation League.= Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal, in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles Tupper. _See_ Denison.

=Incarnation, Marie de L'.= _See_ Marie de L'Incarnation.

=Inches, Dr.= =T= Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.

=Independence.= =B= George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread sentiment in England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies securing complete autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239; advocated by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. =P= Advocated by Papineau, 167. =Mc= Declaration of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object of Association of Canadian Refugees, 449.

=Indians.= =Ch= Superstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by, 115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating their children, 233. =S= Their general friendliness to Upper Canada settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St. Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with American commissioners, 123-125. =WM= Generally friendly to France, 17; appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129; scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less amount for scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Levis's army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. =Hd= Their lands secured by treaty, 12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, 25; Sir William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with, prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66, 71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, 157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307. =F= Menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. =Dr= Those with Burgoyne worse than useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and American colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; attacked by American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, 276. =L= Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of the nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; difficult to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. _See_ Abnaki; Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Dene; Etchemin; Huron; Illinois; Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tete de Boule. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Brinton, _The American Race_; Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_; Catlin, _Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians_; Drake, _Aboriginal Races of North America_; Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_; Maclean, _Canadian Savage Folk_; Morgan, _Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_.

=Indian Department.= =S= In Upper Canada, independent of the governor, 126-127.

=Indian Posts in West.= =Dr= Temporary retention of, by Great Britain, 231.

=Inflexible.= =Dr= Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.

=Inglis, Charles= (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America; taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In 1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In 1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec, of which Jacob Mountain (_q.v._) became first bishop. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241. =Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Inglis, John.= =MS= Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red River valley to Selkirk, 146.

=Ingraham, Captain.= =D= Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25.

=Innocent XI, Pope= (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676. =Index=: =L= Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.

=Institut Canadien.= A literary and scientific society, founded at Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of the parent society led to the founding of similar Instituts throughout the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser Institute. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Intendant.= An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, including the administration of justice, but his most important function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated with their perpetual quarrels. =Index=: =F= Jean Talon appointed as, 51; office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. _See also_ under names of individual intendants. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Old Regime_; Munro, _The Office of Intendant in New France_ in _The American Historical Review_, October, 1906.

=Intendant's Palace.= =Bk= In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775, 90.

=Intemperance.= =S= A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. _See_ Liquor question; Brandy question.

=Intercolonial Railway.= Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in 1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal. =Index=: =Md= Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern route finally adopted, 153. =E= Project to combine with Grand Trunk, 100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101. =H= Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119; "Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (_see_ under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused, 143. =BL= Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332. =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175. =C= Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. =T= Proposal to build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, 53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. =Bib.=: Fleming, _The Intercolonial_; Fleming, _Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2.

=Interpreters.= =Ch= Brule, Marsolet, _et al._, 144.

=Irish Immigrants.= =E= Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work. 48-49.

=Iroquet.= Algonquian chief. =Index=: =Ch= Urges Champlain to attack the Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; chief of the Petite Nation--captures small party of Iroquois, 102; adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Iroquois.= A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations. They called themselves _Ongwanonsionni_, "we are of the extended lodge." When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York. =Index=: =F= Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady massacre, 248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350. =Ch= Champlain assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St. Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to, 163. =Hd= Destroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. =WM= Traditional foes of the French, 16. =L= Destroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233. =Bk= Their lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263. _See_ Senecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_; Colden, _History of the Five Nations_; McKenzie, _The Six Nations Indians in Canada_; Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_; Parkman, _Old Regime_, _Jesuits in North America_, _Frontenac_, and _Half Century of Conflict_; Fiske, _New France and New England_.

=Irving, Jacob AEmilius= (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina. Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. =Index=: =BL= Appointed to Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Irving, Paulus AEmilius= (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent. =Index=: =Dr= Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Isbister, Alexander K.= (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of 1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. =Index=: =B= A native of the North-West Territories--his good work on behalf of the Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation by Canada of western territory, 213. =Bib.=: _Report on Hudson's Bay Company_, 1857; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Isis.= =Dr= British war vessel, arrival of, 137.

=Isle aux Noix.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =Hd= Fortifications of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported to, 250.

=Jack, William Brydone= (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St. Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from office, 1885.

=Jackson.= =T= British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; agreement with government, 27.

=Jackson, Francis James= (1770-1814). British diplomatist. =Index=: =Bk= Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Jackson, Sir Richard Downes.= Served in Peninsular campaign; commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Carries on government after Sydenham's death, 113. =Sy= Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada, 194. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Jacob, Dr.=, of Salisbury. =Sy= Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.

=Jacques.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.

=Jacques Cartier River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore, above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217; retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.

=James Bay.= Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the _Discovery_. The bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the west coast in 1631.

=Jameson, Anna Brownell= (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson, afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada. =Index=: =E= On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. =Bib.=: Works: _Diary of an Ennuyee_; _Characteristics of Women_; _Visits and Sketches_; _Essays_; _Sacred and Legendary Art_; _Legends of the Madonna_; _History of Our Lord_; _Early Italian Painters_; _Sketches in Canada_; _Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Jameson, Robert Simpson.= A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government, 1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Jamet, Father Denis.= =Ch= Recollet missionary and commissary of the order in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.

=Jarvis, F. S.= =Sy= Gentleman usher of black rod, 334.

=Jarvis, William.= =S= Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46; provincial secretary, 79, 178.

=Jarvis, W. B.= =Mc= Loyalists retreat under, 373.

=Jay, John= (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. =Index=: =Dr= Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Jay's Treaty.= Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations. Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord Grenville representing Great Britain. =Index=: =S= Between Britain and the United States, 142. =Dr= Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290; ratified, 291. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Jefferson, Thomas= (1743-1826). Third president of the United States. =Index=: =Dr= His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat for the presidency, in 1797, 298. =Bk= Purchases Louisiana from France, 41, 42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85, 108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259, 285. =D= His influence in determining policy of United States as to the Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66. =Bib.=: His _Works_, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. _See also_ Randolph, _Memoirs, Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson_. For biog., _see_ Randall, _Life of Jefferson_; Tucker, _Life of Thomas Jefferson_; Parton, _Life of Thomas Jefferson_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Jemseg.= On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. =Index=: =F= For a time headquarters in Acadia, 270.

=Jenkins, William.= =T= Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New Brunswick, 5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard Tilley in 1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.

=Jersey Volunteers.= =Dr= Loyalists, 202.

=Jervis, John.= _See_ St. Vincent.

=Jesuits' Estates Act.= Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec, 1888. Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in 1773, the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, and was set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec. By the British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial government. The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as compensation to the Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An agitation in Ontario for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a formal motion in the Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only thirteen members voted for disallowance. =Index=: =Md= Origin, 286; claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; Act passed by Quebec Legislature authorizing payment for lands Jesuits held before the conquest, 286, 287; motion favouring federal disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion defeated, 289; agitation ends by formation of Equal Rights Association and later by the Protestant Protective Association, 289. =Dr= Proposal to apply revenues of, to educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's claim to, 230. =BL= Revenue from, 18. =Bk= Appropriation of property a grievance with French-Canadians, 77. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Grant and Hamilton, _Principal Grant_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Jesuit Missions.= =L= Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of the Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to the Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =F= Pure lives of missionaries produces good effect, 168. _See_ under names of individual missionaries. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. _See also_ Jesuits.

=Jesuit Relations.= _The Relations_ were published in Paris, by the provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. =Index=: =Ch= Promoted immigration to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, 256-258; also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. =F= Parkman on, 30; Rochemonteix on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in securing support for the missions, 30-31. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 1610-1791_, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 vols.; _Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.