Chapter XXV: Part 25

=Tetes de Boule.= =Hd= Indian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54.

=Tetu.= =Hd= On Haldimand. 291.

=Theatre.= =F= At Quebec, 336. =Hd= Allan Maclean's effort for, 306-307; attempt to produce Moliere's _Les Fourberies de Scapin_, 307.

=Themines, Pons de Lauziere, Marquis de= (1552-1627). Marshal of France. =Index=: =Ch= Temporary viceroy of New France, 123.

=Thierry-Desdames.= =Ch= Company's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to St. Barnabe Island, 173.

=Thom, Adam.= Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. Came to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of Rupert's Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the following year. Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His arbitrary conduct made him extremely unpopular, especially among the French half-breeds, and he was compelled to retire from the bench in 1849. The following year reinstated, to try a complicated case of defamatory conspiracy, but the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that Governor Caldwell procured his permanent removal, and had him appointed clerk of the court. Resigned this office in 1854, and returned to Scotland. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson makes him recorder of Red River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper letters signed "Camillus," 245; on Durham's staff, 245; returns with him to England, 245; his influence in Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy petrel," of the Settlement, 247; returns to England, 1854, 247; his connection with Simpson's narrative of his journey round the world, 249. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Begg, _History of the North-West_. _See also_ Red River Colony.

=Thomas, John= (1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and afterwards lieutenant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776 commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery, arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat from Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Replaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of his forces when attacked by Carleton, 138. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See also_ Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776.

=Thompson.= =T= Elected in York, New Brunswick, 108.

=Thompson, David= (1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's, Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850. The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811, explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826 engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died at Longueuil, near Montreal. =Index=: =MS= Referred to in Mackenzie's letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107; leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map, 107; Thompson River named after, 109. =D= Completes his western work, 1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59; astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country, 58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of Spokane and Columbia, 58. =Bib.=: Tyrrell, _Journeys of David Thompson_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Thompson, David= (1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as a surveyor. In 1832 published _History of the late War between Great Britain and the United States of America_.

=Thompson, Edward.= =Mc= Defeats Mackenzie, 308.

=Thompson, James.= =Dr= Engineer, his work on the fortifications of Quebec, 117.

=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David= (1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter in the House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878 attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House, resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle. =Index=: =Md= Minister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A. Macdonald at Hamilton, 332. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hopkins, _Life of Sir John Thompson_.

=Thompson, Samuel.= =B= His pen picture of George Brown, 4-5.

=Thompson, S. R.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 108, 109.

=Thompson, William= (1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6, ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged two years later. =Index=: =Dr= Sent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers, 145; repulsed with loss, 146. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Thomson, Andrew.= =Sy= Elder brother and business partner of Sydenham, 9; annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14.

=Thomson, Edward William= (1849- ). Canadian author and journalist. =Index=: =B= His sketch of Gordon Brown, 245. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Thomson, John.= =Sy= Merchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to his name, 4.

=Thomson, Poulett.= _See_ Sydenham.

=Thornton, Sir Edward.= Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attache in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867 minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on the _Alabama_ claims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C. B., 1883. =Index=: =B= British minister at Washington, joint plenipotentiary with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity treaty, 1874, 226. =Md= Serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Thorpe, Robert.= A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time; elected a member of the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from his judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations of the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone; returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in England. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Three Rivers.= City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year; and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits were replaced by the Recollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a convent. =Index=: =L= Recollet mission at, 111. =WM= French provision ships retire to, 87. =Dr= Governorship of, abolished, 21; used as military depot by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's troops rendezvous at, 144. =F= Fort erected at, 24; population in 1666, 268. =Ch= Centre of fur trade for some years, 120; conference with Indian tribes at, 162; Jesuit mission founded at, 228. =Hd= Haldimand military governor of, 1; Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand appointed to district on Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293; early history of the settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in obtaining recruits at, 56; government divided between Quebec and Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians protected at, 147; Haldimand befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census taken, 190, 231; question of inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools of, 233, 235; banns of marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered near, 254; Du Calvet arrested at, 280. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Histoire des Trois-Rivieres, 1534-1537_ and _Album d'Histoire des Trois-Rivieres, 1634-1721_.

=Three Rivers.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52.

=Thurlow, Edward, Baron= (1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778 lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In 1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal. Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the American colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Attorney-general, on French-Canadian claims in matters of law, 62, 66. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Thury, Abbe.= =F= Missionary to Abenaquis, 250.

=Ticonderoga.= Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbiniere in 1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort, Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the United States. =Index=: =Ch= Scene of fight with Iroquois, 54. =Hd= Disastrous attack on, 18-21. _See_ Carillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_.

=Tilley, James.= =T= Grandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of Parrtown, 3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3.

=Tilley, John.= =T= Came over in the _Mayflower_ in 1620, 2.

=Tilley, Sir Leonard= (1818-1896). =W= Grandson of William Peters, 3; succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133. =T= Elected to New Brunswick Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, 1818, his descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5; begins commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his business career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John city, 10; his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18; resigns his seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30; becomes provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill, 34; defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial secretary, 43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway matter, 54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; again in England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59; proposes uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends Charlottetown Conference, 73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate in St. John, 84; resigns, 90; his influence, 104; again provincial secretary, 105; elected for St. John, 109; the Confederation movement, 112; his personal magnetism, 113; his work for Confederation, 114; his defence of the union, 116-118; delegate to England, 120; presented to the queen, 124; in first Dominion ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of finance, 130; represents St. John in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives honour of C. B., 132; his parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed lieutenant-governor, 134; his governorship, 135-136; returns to political life as minister of finance, 137; again lieutenant-governor, 138-139; his popularity, 140; his religious life, 140-141; given a K. C. M. G., 141; visits the queen at Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142; his second wife, 142; his family, 142-143; last illness and death, 1896, 144-145; funeral service, 146; his character, 147-148. =H= His government defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 179; returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on his return from England, 207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia and confer with leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209. =B= Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's Pro-Confederation ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203. =Md= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on Confederation, 117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports Intercolonial route running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports Macdonald and the national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect to the national policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald, 270-271. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Hannay, _Life and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley_ and _History of New Brunswick_.

=Tilley, Samuel.= =T= Sir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a Loyalist farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783, 3; dies there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3.

=Tilley, Thomas Morgan= (1790-1870). =T= Father of Sir Leonard Tilley, born, 1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.

=Tilsit, Treaty of.= =Bk= Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; failure of, 106.

=Timber Trade.= =Sy= Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, 130, 136. _See also_ Trade.

=Times.= Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785. =Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. =B= On Canadian independence, 143; attitude towards United States during war with the South, 144; on Canadian defence, 147. =C= Advocates independence of Canada and other great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. =Md= Account in, of memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of Macdonald, 322-324.

=Tippecanoe.= =Bk= General Harrison's encounter with Indians at, 174-176.

=Tipping, Captain.= =D= Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter skins, 22.

=Tithes.= =Dr= Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. =L= Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10; fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of 1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.

=Tobin, Michael.= =H= Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110; resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics, 164. =H= Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110; resigns seat in government, 164. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Tod, John.= Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved. Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service, 1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government; subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson's prejudice against, 268. =D= At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account of Fort George massacre, 105-106. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Todd, Alpheus= (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada in 1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada, assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of L10,000 having been made, sent to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867, appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. =Bib.=: Works: _Parliamentary Government in England_; _Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Tolmie, William Fraser= (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland. Studied medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at Fort Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor, 1856, and removed to Victoria, where appointed to the board of management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named after him. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Tonnancour, De.= =Dr= Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in command of militia, 187. =Hd= Commander at Three Rivers, his application to Haldimand, 243.

=Tonquin.= An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the news to Astoria. =Index=: =D= Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, June, 1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Tonti, Chevalier Henri de= (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands. Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in 1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above Niagara Falls, Tonti built the _Griffon_, while La Salle went back to Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crevecoeur. In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle. =Index=: =L= Left in charge of Fort Crevecoeur, 149; driven out by Iroquois, 194; La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. =F= La Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crevecoeur, 144, 160; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with _coureurs de bois_, 325. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Margry, _Relations et Memoires Inedits_. _See also_ La Salle.

=Toronto.= Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron origin and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouille was built on the site of the city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793, Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and renamed Toronto. =Index=: =E= Becomes joint seat of government with Quebec, 78. =B= Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of Trade of advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada, 216. =BL= Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, 220-221; aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and Hincks in effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat of government, 338. =S= Name of, officially changed to York, 203; building regulations in, 203. =C= City council asks Poulett Thomson to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. _See also_ York. =Bib.=: Robinson, _History of Toronto_; Robertson, _Landmarks of Toronto_; Adam, _Toronto Old and New_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_; Mulvany, _Toronto Past and Present_; Taylor, _Toronto Called Back_.

=Toronto Alliance Society.= =Mc= Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.

=Toronto University.= Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903. Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906. =Index=: =BL= Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293; terms of the bill, 294-295. =E= Its history, 93-95. =Md= Formerly King's College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69. =Bib.=: Loudon, _History of the University of Toronto_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Burwash, _Founding and Development of University of Toronto_ (R. S. C., 1905); _The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906_.

=Tourmente, Cap.= =Ch= Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle, 171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.

=Townshend, Lord Charles.= _See_ Bayning.

=Townshend, George, Marquis= (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England, served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to 1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend. =Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his command to join fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the Plains, 189; takes command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, 219; fortifies British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, 223; accepts capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Chateau St. Louis, 235; returns to England, 235. =Hd= His lack of interest in Canada, 184; Haldimand's letter to, 188. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Townshend, _Life of Marquess Townshend_.

=Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de= (1603-1670). Served in the French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663 appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30, 1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salieres Regiment as his weapon, at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched against the latter, burnt their villages, and drove them into the woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. =Index=: =F= Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, 54; recalled, 54. =L= Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81; high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81, 82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupre, 102. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Trade.= =E= Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. =S= Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108.

=Trading Permits.= =F= Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, 116; permitted under limitations, 128. _See also_ Liquor question; Brandy question.

=Trahan, Joseph.= =WM= His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.

=Traill, Catherine Parr= (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of Thomas Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an early age, her first volume of stories for children being published in 1818. In 1832 married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch Fusileers, and some months later they removed to Canada. Most of her books were written in Canada, and embody her experiences in the backwoods, and her intimate studies of plant life. =Bib.=: Works: _Plant Life in Canada_; _Canadian Wild Flowers_; _Canadian Crusoes_; _Pearls and Pebbles_, with biog. sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Transcontinental Railway.= =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. _See also_ Railways.

=Transcript.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =B= Opposes annexation of North-West Territories, 218. =BL= Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 141.

=Transportation.= =B= Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. =S= Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. =BL= Steamboat and stage travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. =E= Vigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-116. _See also_ Railways; Canals; Roads.

=Trayes.= =S= Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.

=Traytorrens, Captain.= =Hd= Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315.

=Treaties.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St. Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon; Washington.

=Tregatin.= =Ch= Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.

=Trent Affair.= Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer _Trent_ sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States seemed imminent, and was averted only by the release of the two commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. =Index=: =C= Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87. =T= Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. =Md= Storm aroused by seizure of the _Trent_, 97-98. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Harris, _The Trent Affair_; King, _Turning on the Light_; Roberts, _History of Canada_.

=Trenton (New Jersey).= =Dr= Surrender of Hessians at, 164.

=Trinite.= =Ch= French vessel, seized by the English, 222.

=Trinity College.= College with university powers, established at Toronto. Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. =Index=: =E= Established through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. =BL= Founded by Bishop Strachan, 1851, 295-296. =Md= Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30. =Bib.=: Clark, _The University of Trinity College_ in _Canada: An Ency_., vol. 4; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_.

=Troop, J. C.= =H= Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Troop, J. V.= =T= Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, Anti-Confederate candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.

=Trouve, Claude.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.

=Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de.= Born in France. Entered the army, and came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded an expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne family,--Iberville, St. Helene, and Maricourt. They were successful in surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died there of some malignant disease. =Index=: =F= Leads expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at Niagara, 214. =L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204, =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Tryon, William= (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British army. In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs succeeded him as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until 1771, when appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and in 1777 major-general. During his administration of the colony suppressed insurrections and political misdemeanours with great severity. In 1778 resigned the governorship. On his return to England promoted to lieutenant-general, 1782. =Index=: =Hd= Governor of New York, 89; his house burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand refuses to send troops to aid of, 197. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine.= =Hd= Mother of Haldimand, 2.

=Tucker, R. G.= =Sy= Appointed provincial registrar, 332.

=Tuffet, Jean.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Tupper, Charles= (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the age of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held charges at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Settled at Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School, 1834. Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851, where he remained until his death. =Bib.=: Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.

=Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart.= (1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia. Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D., and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed, became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870; minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873; minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals, 1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England, 1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet, 1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until 1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M. Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from active political life. =Index=: =E= Leads movement for Imperial Zollverein, 59, 101. =B= Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166. =C= Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to Duke of Buckingham, 129. =H= Establishes free school system in Nova Scotia, 1864, 80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland County, 1852, 155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in Legislature, 163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a handle to overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial secretary, 167; his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, 168; his retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in Cumberland, 171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe against himself in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union of Maritime Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms provincial government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first Dominion Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole advocate of Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits from the other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, 204-205; his interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; urges Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political articles to magazines, 258. =Md= Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges Conference at Charlottetown, to discuss Confederation, 104; attends Conference at Quebec, 104-114; passes through the House a law establishing compulsory education, 116; Macdonald's first lieutenant, 139; opposes Howe's petition to home government for repeal of British North America Act, 143-144; letter from Macdonald, 184; supports Macdonald and national policy, 220; his co-operation with Macdonald, 269-270; summoned from his post of high commissioner to assist in election campaign of 1891, 315. =T= Favourable to uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; given a C. B., 132. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Thibault, _Biography of Sir Charles Tupper_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert= (1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper. Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and 1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris arbitration, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Turcotte, J. G.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.

=Turgiss, Father Charles.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. =L= Dies of plague, 62.

=Turner, Philip.= Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of a _Journey from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back to York Factory, 1790-1792_, is preserved in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's _Search for the Western Sea_. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the western end of the lake as far west as 131 deg., and so gave rise to the impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean. =Index=: =MS= Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its position, 57. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Tuscarora Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario. =Index=: =Hd= Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois; Six Nations.

=Twelve Resolutions.= Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of Nova Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional government for which he so long and strenuously contended. =Index=: =H= Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly, 42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe, 43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions, 293-298. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. _See also_ Howe.

=Twiss, Captain.= =Hd= Of the Royal Engineers, superintends fortification of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St. Lawrence canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.

=Ulloa, Antonia de= (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet. In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval and astronomical objects. =Index=: =Hd= Spanish governor of Louisiana, 79.

=Uniacke, James Boyle.= Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in Nova Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in which he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Died soon after. =Index=: =H= Virtual leader of Tory party in Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57; resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership, 74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government, 97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general, 111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. =B= Submits scheme of colonial union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Uniacke, Richard John= (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork, Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland, to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death. Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount Uniacke. =Bib.=: Power, _Richard John Uniacke_ (N. S. Hist. Soc. _Coll._, vol. 9); Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Union of 1841.= =H= Act did not concede full measure of responsible government, 53. =BL= Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in Lower Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of Upper Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of Union enacted--its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight influence on force of racial discussion, 282. =P= Union first proposed in 1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44; petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill, 44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53; repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170; protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176; Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. =C= Recommended by Durham, 12; approved by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 13; terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson secures modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La Fontaine protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97. =E= Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its terms, 22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and despotism," 24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes repeal of clause restricting use of the French language, 55; restrictions removed, 1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; clauses relating to Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to representation, 122-123. =Sy= Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; advocated by Constitutional Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; favoured by Legislative Assembly of Canada on certain conditions, 113, 114; opposed by Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by French Canadians, 117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; Lord John Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; diverse views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council of Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press, 193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against, 207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the country, 283. =Md= Embodies theory of responsible government, 17; provides that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24. =Mc= Bill introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to secure consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; McMullen, _History of Canada_; Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Documents_; Houston, _Constitutional Documents_; Turcotte, _Canada sous l'Union_; Robinson, _Canada and the Canada Bill_; Bonnycastle, _Canada in 1841_.

=United States.= =Bk= Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England, 73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida, 139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203, 208. =Bib.=: Rhodes, _History of the United States_.

=Universities.= _See_ Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill; Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New Brunswick.

=University, Provincial.= =Mc= Mackenzie's views on, 95.

=University Endowment.= =Md= Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.

=Unrestricted Reciprocity.= =Md= Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign in favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by interprovincial conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; Farrer's pamphlet, 312-314. _See also_ Reciprocity; Commercial Union.

=Upper Canada.= The name originally applied by General Murray to the Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of 1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In 1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (_q.v._). =Index=: =B= Federal union of all British North American provinces not acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. =E= First railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. =Bk= Population of, 49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. =Sy= Its political condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203; equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316; its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. =S= Condition of, in 1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; population of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe presents books and premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. =BL= Coming of the Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, 16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298. =Sy= Defects in administration described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy by reorganization of public departments, 331. =R= Religious life in pioneer days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil and religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of popular government, 64-66, 120-132. =Mc= State of representation in Mackenzie's committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. _See also_ Ontario.

=Upper Canada Academy.= =R= Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135; Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841, 143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. =BL= Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194. _See also_ Victoria College.

=Upper Canada College, Toronto.= Originally established in 1807 as the Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School." Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to the present building in Deer Park. =Index=: =BL= Land grant for, in 1831, 191-192. =Bib.=: Adam and Dickson, _Upper Canada College_; _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Upper Canada Gazette.= =Mc= Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110.

=Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle.= =S= First paper published in Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. =Bk= First published at Newark (Niagara), 57.

=Urfe, Abbe d'.= =F= Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. =L= Sulpician, arrival of, 105.

=Ursulines.= A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries. In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of the massive stone convent still occupied by the order. =Index=: =L= Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent destroyed by fire, 210. =F= Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. =WM= Take refuge in general hospital, 115; and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. =Bib.=: _Les Ursulines de Quebec_.

=Usury Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.

=Utrecht, Treaty of.= Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713. Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape Breton by France. =Index=: =Ch= Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Vaccination.= =Hd= Subject discussed in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See also_ Smallpox.

=Vail, Edwin Arnold= (1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.

=Vaillant.= =F= Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.

=Valdes, Cayetano.= Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West Coast, 1792. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; his journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Valiniere.= =Hd= Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.

=Vallieres de St. Real, Joseph-Remi= (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813 elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828 appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842 chief-justice of Montreal. =Index=: =P= Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169. =E= Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. =BL= Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Valrennes, De.= =L= Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of Schuyler, 232. =F= Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.

=Van Buren, Martin= (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States. =Index=: =Mc= Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458; his political death-blow, 472. =WT= Sends Winfield Scott to settle Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Vancouver.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.

=Vancouver, George= (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in the _Resolution_ with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and in the _Discovery_ on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the _Martin_, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the _Europe_, 1784; and to the _Courageux_, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command of the _Discovery_, to survey the coast from lat. 30 deg. N. to Cook's River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life preparing his journals for publication. =Index=: =D= Outline of his voyages to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes thorough exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to Bering Sea, 1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, 1794, 15; meets Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. =MS= Mackenzie hears of, from Coast Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time of Mackenzie's journey, 86. =Bib.=: Works: _Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, 1790-1795_. _See also_ Bancroft, _History of North-West Coast_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; Meany, _Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._