Chapter IV: Part 4

=Brock, Sir Isaac= (1769-1812). =Bk= Birth and descent, 6; enters army at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is sent to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22; joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31; arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63; assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66; takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86; dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government, 94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99; his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent, 124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians, 149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of the _Little Belt_ affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare, 176; sends plan of campaign to General Prevost, 177-179; recommends increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies adopted, 181; speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183; measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197; receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac, 210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260; his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice concluded by Prevost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by Prevost, 270, 271; letter to Prevost asking for reinforcements, 272, 273; replies to objections made by Prevost to Fort Wayne expedition, 275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs _Detroit_ and _Caledonia_ by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit, 295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last despatch to Prevost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313. =BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Bib.=: Tupper, _Life and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock_; Read, _Life of Brock_; Nursey, _Isaac Brock_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Can. Por._ _See also_ War of 1812.

=Brock, John.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, 70.

=Brock, John.= =Bk= Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.

=Brock, Mary.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.

=Brock, Savery.= =Bk= Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure, 161, 166.

=Brock, William.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70; disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.

=Brock, William.= =Bk= Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.

=Brock's Battery.= =Bk= Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec citadel, 94.

=Brockville.= Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St. Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name shortly after the death of Brock. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298.

=Broglie, Achille Charles Leonce Victor, Duc de= (1785-1870). Foreign secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister, 1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. =Bib.=: _Ecrits et Discours_; _Souvenirs_.

=Brooke, Frances.= =Hd= Her novel of Canadian life, 222. =Bib.=: _History of Emily Montague_, London, 1777.

=Brouage.= =Ch= In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.

=Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron= (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University. =Index=: =S= Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. =W= His sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Broughton, William Robert= (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790 explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809; at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. =Index=: =D= Sails a hundred miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, 34. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Brouillan, De.= Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia, and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. =Index=: =F= French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Brouse, W. H.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.

=Brown, George= (1818-1880). =B= His place as a Maker of Canada, ix; complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2; views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_ at New York, with his father, 4; comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5; establishes the _Banner_ at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of the _Banner_, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10; establishes the _Globe_, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent--his platform, 61; advocates free schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent, 64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population, 71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada, 71; tribute of the Cobourg _Star_, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young, 73-74; growth of the _Globe_--its declaration of principles, 74-75; in favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77; the alliance with the _Rouges_, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion, 80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head, 103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle," 106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862; interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144; reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in the _Globe_, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146; his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada, 211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233; attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party, 237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May 6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247; relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate, December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge Wilson in the _Globe_, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880, 258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a journalist, 265. =C= Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. =E= Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians, 112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals, 138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. =R= Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with Ryerson over separate schools, 233. =BL= His speech before Reform Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes _Globe_, March 5, 1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224, 342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. =T= Makes overtures to government, looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128. =Mc= Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487; Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. =Md= Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the _Globe_, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54; first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55; his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81; opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion--the "Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89; opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89; proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Tache ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102; delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition, 136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_.

=Brown, George Mackenzie= (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada. Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900 elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. =Index=: =B= Only son of George Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, 244. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910.

=Brown, Henry.= =WM= Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, 200. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Brown, James.= =W= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. =T= Surveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Brown, John Gordon= (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the Toronto _Globe_; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882 retired from the _Globe_; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of Toronto, 1883. =Index=: =B= Consulted by George Brown on political situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters _Globe_ office--his connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of, 245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Brown, John Storrow.= =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads the _Patriotes_ at St. Charles, 128, 133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Brown, Peter= (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in 1838; was owner and editor of the _British Chronicle_. Removed to Toronto, 1843, and founded the _Banner_, a Free-Church Presbyterian organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto _Globe_, and contributed to it for some years. =Index=: =B= Father of George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, 2; contributes to _Albion_, 2; publishes _The Fame and Glory of England Vindicated_, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_, New York, 4; removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the _Banner_, 5; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the _Globe_, 243-244; his death, 1863, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Brown's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.

=Bruey.= =F= Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.

=Brule, Etienne.= A famous _coureur de bois_ who accompanied Champlain on his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made extensive explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois (1615-1618). Treacherously murdered near the present town of Penetanguishene by a party of Hurons in 1632. =Index=: =Ch= Interpreter, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa River, 88; at Cap de la Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent on mission to Three Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in the Huron country, 202; his death, 203, 246. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Sagard, _Voyage du Pays des Hurons_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Butterfield, _History of Brule's Discoveries and Explorations_; Sulte, _Etienne Brule_ (R. S. C., 1907).

=Brulon, Jean Gauthier de.= =L= Canon and confessor of chapter of Quebec, 197.

=Bruyeres, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E.= =Bk= Reports on condition of forts in Upper Canada, 157.

=Bryce, George= (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford, Ontario. Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in the skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903. President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. =Index=: =Md= On causes of Riel Rebellion, 158. =Bib.=: Works: _Manitoba_; _Short History of the Canadian People_; _Apostle of Red River_; _Hudson's Bay Company_; _Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men._; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Bryce, James= (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities of Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886 under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British ambassador at Washington. =Index=: =E= On the disadvantages of congressional government, 255-257. =Bib.=: Works: _Holy Roman Empire_; _American Commonwealth_. For biog., _see_ _Who's Who_, 1910.

=Brymner, Douglas= (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857. For some time editor of the _Presbyterian_, and associate editor of the Montreal _Daily Herald_. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the history of Canada. =Index=: =Hd= His services as Dominion Archivist, 319; his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's diary, 321. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Buade, Antoine de.= =F= Grandfather of Frontenac, 61.

=Buade, Henri de.= =F= Father of Frontenac, 61.

=Buade, Louis de.= _See_ Frontenac.

=Buchanan, Isaac= (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of 1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864 appointed president of the Council in the Tache-Macdonald ministry, retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator. =Index=: =H= Joseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190. =BL= On responsible government, 90; in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters against the Baldwin Faction," 239-240. =B= Retires from government with Foley and Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. =Mc= Urges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Buchanan, James= (1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States. =Index=: =E= His tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of= (1823-1889). Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852; and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880. =Index=: =Md= Referred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with Confederation negotiations, 128-129. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bude, General de.= =Hd= Haldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191, 222; Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted on housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331; Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333; mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342.

=Bulkeley, Richard.= Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Buller, Charles= (1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in 1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner. =Index=: =BL= His connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government, 235. =Sy= Lord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to Upper Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union resolutions, 122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123. =Mc= Credited with authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Strachey, _Charles Buller_: Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_.

=Bullion.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.

=Bullion, Mme. de.= =F= Benefactress of Hotel Dieu at Montreal, 29.

=Bulyea, George Headley Vickers.= Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and public works in the Territorial government; appointed first lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Bunker Hill.= =Hd= Battle of, 108.

=Burel, Brother Gilbert.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.

=Burgoyne, John= (1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster, and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans, defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Arrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returns to Canada, haying been promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182. =Hd= A court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous campaign, 113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Burk, Rev. J.= =S= Censured by Simcoe, 190.

=Burke, Edmund= (1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New York province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In 1782 paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of Warren Hastings, 1788-1795. =Index=: =Dr= Wants more information on Quebec Act, 67; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. =S= Supports division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Burlamache.= =Ch= Commissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caen, 217, 218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French possessions, 220. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Burlington Bay Canal.= An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841. =Index=: =BL= Provision made for by government in 1841, 98.

=Burns.= =S= Presbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167.

=Burns, Edward.= =S= Clerk of Crown and Pleas, 178.

=Burns, Robert Easton= (1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and Hamilton. Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the Home District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Burpee, Isaac= (1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick. Represented city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister of customs, 1873-1878. Died in New York. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._

=Burr, Aaron= (1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec. In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. =Index=: =Dr= Aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Jenkinson, _Aaron Burr_; Todd, _The True Aaron Burr_.

=Burton, Sir Francis.= =P= Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada--meets views of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by Dalhousie, 61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70.

=Burton, Ralph.= Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec after the capture of the city. =Index=: =WM= Of the 48th, in action at Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189; Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. =Hd= Governor of Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at Montreal, 53. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Buteux, Jacques= (1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior of the missions from 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652. =Index=: =Ch= Stationed at Three Rivers, 256. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Butler, John.= Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition. During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara, 1794. =Index=: =Hd= Of Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value of his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers, 172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256; entertained by Haldimand, 327. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Butterfield, Major.= =Dr= Surrenders post at Cedars to British force, 142.

=Buttes-a-Neveu.= =WM= Name given to rising ground extending to city walls, Quebec, 186, 256.

=By, John= (1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In 1802 came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in the spring of 1832. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 1.

=Byng, John= (1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In 1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate. Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757. =Index=: =WM= His reserve at Minorca, 33. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bytown.= Former name of the city of Ottawa. =Index=: =Md= Chosen by the queen as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85; opposition to decision in Parliament, 85. =BL= An all-water route between Montreal and Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital, 1843, 181. =E= Water communication established with Montreal, 98. _See also_ Ottawa. =Bib.=: Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vols. 1 and 3.

=Cabir-Coubat.= =Ch= Indian name of St. Charles River, 148.

=Cables.= The first submarine cables in America were those laid between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New Zealand and Australia. _See also_ Gisborne; Fleming. =Bib.=: Bright, _Submarine Telegraphs_; Johnson, _The All Red Line_.

=Cabot, John.= Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice, March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he ever returned from this second voyage. =Bib.=: Beazley, _John and Sebastian Cabot_; Dawson, _The Voyages of the Cabots_ (R. S. C., 1894, 1896, 1897); Deane, _Voyages of the Cabots_, in Winsor, _Nar. & Cr. Hist. of America_, vol. 3; Harrisse, _John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America_; Weare, _Cabot's Discovery of North America_; Ober. _John and Sebastian Cabot_. =Cabot, Sebastian= (1477?-1557?). Son of John Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of England. =Bib.=: Biddle, _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_; Nicholls, _Life of Sebastian Cabot_; Tarducci, _John and Sebastian Cabot_. These are favourable to Sebastian's claims. _See_ references under preceding entry for the other side of the controversy.

=Cadboro.= =D= First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built 1824, destroyed 1862, 180.

=Cadet, Joseph Michel.= Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of the intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his infamous schemes for plundering the colony. =Index=: =WM= Commissary of stores, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry with grain, while the people starve, 88. _See_ Bigot.

=Cadieux.= A French _coureur de bois_, whose tragic death forms the subject of one of the popular _chansons_ of Quebec. His reputed grave is at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. =Bib.=: Le Moine, _Legends of the St. Lawrence_; Bourinot, _The Ottawa Valley_ in the _Canadian Monthly_, January, 1875; Gagnon, _Chansons Populaires_.

=Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte.= Came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana. Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; _Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Pion. & Hist. _Coll._, vol. 33).

=Cadot, Jean-Baptiste.= Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is said to have been still alive in 1812. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and Adventures in Canada_; Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America_; Morice, _Dict._

=Caen, Emery de.= =Ch= Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of colony, 141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke; returns to France, 185; his ship the _Helene_ restored to him, 221. =F= Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Caen, Ezechiel de.= =Ch= Brother of Guillaume, 137.

=Caen, Guillaume de.= =Ch= Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, 132; difficulties with the old Company, 133 _et seq._; returns to France, 136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives with supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian, 161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. =F= Head of trading Company, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Caesar, Sir Julius= (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; chancellor of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636. =Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cahaigue.= =Ch= Largest of the Huron villages, 89.

=Caire, M. de.= =WM= Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, 86.

=Caldwell, Henry.= =Dr= His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands British militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121. =Bib.=: Lemoine, _The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec_.

=Caldwell, Sir John.= Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third baronet. Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower Canada, and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made restoration afterwards of the greater part of the amount. Died in England, 1830. =Index=: =P= Receiver-general, Lower Canada,--misappropriates public funds, 56; government fails to prosecute him, 57. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Caledonia.= =Bk= Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289.

=Callicum.= Indian chief. =D= His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.

=Callieres, Louis-Hector de= (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of Jacques de Callieres, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the colony. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =F= Memorandum by, on French claims in Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 362. =L= Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 235; death of, 235. =Bib.=: Sulte, _La Famille de Callieres_ (R. S. C., 1890); Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Calvinistic Agents.= =Ch= Fanaticism of, 86.

=Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault).= =Ch= Cousin of Champlain, contests his will, 265.

=Cameron, David.= Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies, where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852 superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858. Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872. =Index=: =D= First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges preferred against, 200. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_.

=Cameron, Duncan.= Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady, on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in 1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814 sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada. =Index=: =MS= Sent by North West Company to Red River to break up Red River Colony, 173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; takes them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York Factory, and finally to England, 178. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. Cameron's _Sketch of the Customs, etc., of the Natives in the Nipigon Country_, and _Nipigon Journal, 1804-1805_, are in Masson, vol. 2.

=Cameron, James. Mc= Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.

=Cameron, John Hillyard= (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada, 1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and 1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876. =Index=: =E= Elected 1848, 50. =B= Opposes Confederation scheme, his motion for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. =BL= Defeated in elections of 1848, 279. =Bib.:= Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Cameron, Malcolm= (1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat, to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in Dominion House, 1874-1876. =Index: B= Opposes George Brown in Kent and Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. =BL= Opens discussion on responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head--held minor office under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a leader of the Radicals, 341. =E= Elected 1847, 50; becomes assistant commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112; president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves, 163. =R= Opposes separate schools, 224. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks= (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario. Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871; commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1884. =Index: B= Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme to the people, 185. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Cameronians.= =Bk= 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.

=Camosun. D= Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of name, 175.

=Campbell, Captain. Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.

=Campbell, General. Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.

=Campbell, Sir Alexander= (1821-1892). Studied law under John A. Macdonald, with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; and Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866; postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general, 1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880; minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death. =Index=: =Md= Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Campbell, Sir Archibald= (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 commanded a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, governor of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, correspondence with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same subject, 25; addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses to lay before Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; dissolves the Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; refuses to assent to Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Campbell, Sir Colin= (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon, 1840-1847. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58; antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by Lord Falkland, 69. =Bib.=: Howe, _Letters and Speeches_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Chisholm, _Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. _See also_ Joseph Howe.

=Campbell, Robert= (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852 made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing, Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and retired from the service of the Company, 1871. =Index=: =D= Builds Fort Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124; crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124; descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. =MS= Ascends Liard River and discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer of Upper Yukon, 228. =Bib.=: _Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon River._ For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of Robert Campbell_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Campbell, Stewart.= =H= Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in Nova Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, 194; elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports Confederation, 203. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Campbell, Major William.= =Dr= His correspondence with General Wayne, 286. =S= Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to evacuate fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly approved by Simcoe, 140.

=Campbell, Sir William= (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; knighted, 1829. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Camperdown.= =Bk= Naval victory of, 12.

=Canada.= Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, 1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act, 1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of 1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, 1905. =Index=: =Dr= Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional Act, 260. =B= Party government--origin of the double ministries, 81-82; election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion--Confederation and after, 264. =E= First railway in, 99; early political conditions in, 17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; principles of responsible government, 228; her political system contrasted with that of United States, 241 _et seq._ =WM= Interests French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. =Sy= Rapid progress made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64. =F= Population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. _See also_ New France; Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.

=Canada Act.= _See_ Constitutional Act.

=Canada Company.= Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in existence. =Index=: =E= An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its unpopularity, 145. =R= Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. =B= Recommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. _See also_ Galt, John; Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas. =Bib.=: Lizars, _In the Days of the Canada Company_; Strickland, _Twenty-seven Years in Canada West_; Galt, _Autobiography_; Jameson, _Winter Sketches_; Talbot, _Six Years in the Canadas_; McTaggart, _Three Years in Upper Canada_; Dunlop, _The Backwoodsman_.

=Canada Corn Act=, 1843. =C= Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.

=Canada First Association.= =B= Platform, 235; criticized by the _Globe_, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith, leader of party, attacked by _Globe_, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility to movement, 240-242. =Md= Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Canada First: A Memorial of the Late William A. Foster_; Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_.

=Canada Trade Act.= Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval of the Imperial Parliament. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Canadian Alliance Society.= =Mc= Founded, December, 1834, 258; its objects, 258. =BL= Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.

=Canadian Contingents in the Boer War= (1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final attack on Cronje's position. =Bib.=: Evans, _The Canadian Contingents_; Marquis, _Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt_; Doyle, _The Great Boer War_.

=Canadian Freeman.= =Mc= Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.

=Canadian Institute.= Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the _Canadian Journal_, 1852, and have been continued, as _Proceedings, Transactions_, etc., to the present time. =Bib.=: _The Canadian Journal_, 1852-1878; _Proceedings_, 1879-1890; _Transactions_, 1890- . A semi-centennial memorial volume, published 1899, contains _Early Days of the Canadian Institute_ by Sir Sandford Fleming.

=Canadian Magazines.= Among the earliest magazines published in what is now Canada were the _Nova Scotia Magazine_, Halifax, 1789; the _Quebec Magazine_, Quebec, 1791-1793; _L'Abeille Canadienne_, Quebec, 1818-1819; the _Canadian Review_, 1824-1826; the _Bibliotheque Canadienne_, Montreal, 1825; _Literary Garland_, Montreal, 1838; _Acadian Magazine_, Halifax, 1826; and the _Revue Canadienne_, 1845. There have been several periodicals bearing the name of _Canadian Magazine_, the earliest published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the _Literary Garland_ and the _Revue Canadienne_ alone lived for any considerable time, the former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter still survives. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.

=Canadian Northern Railway.= The first link in this transcontinental railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. =Bib.=: _Historical Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway_ in _Canadian Annual Review_, 1906.

=Canadian Pacific Railway.= The contract for construction of the railway was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project will be found in Johnson's _First Things in Canada_. =Index=: =Md= Compact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233; Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, 234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake attacks railway policy, 235; _Globe_ criticizes, and British financiers pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, 236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, 239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, 284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. =C= First charter engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in Parliament, 131. =B= Its building approved by country as a measure of national growth and expansion, 241. =D= Revolutionizes old conditions of trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to guarantee its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement for a transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326; completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2; Parkin, _The Great Dominion_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Fleming, _Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway_, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.

=Canadian Sharpshooters.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.

=Canadien.= =Bk= Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92; claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147. =Bib.=: Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Son Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898).