Chapter XVI: Part 16

=Mackenzie, Alexander= (1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of the _Lambton Shield_, a reform newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867; and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873 became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times. =Index=: =Mc= His letter in reference to George Brown, 496. =Md= Leader of opposition in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court organized under his administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the address, 208; called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic over the Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in leadership by Edward Blake, 235, 261. =E= Premier of Liberal government under which simultaneous voting was required by law, 133. =B= Signs requisition to George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against proposal that three members of opposition should enter the government, 157; opposes Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds that they should give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on George Brown's character, 243; on Brown's relations with the parliamentary leaders after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, 257; character of his speeches, 259. =D= His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway negotiations, 321. =T= His Cabinet, 90; opposes coalition idea, 128; his ministry resigns, 136. =Bib.=: Works: _Speeches in Scotland and Canada_; _Life and Speeches of George Brown_. For biog., _see_ Buckingham and Ross, _Life of Alexander Mackenzie_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Leggo, _History of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada_; Stewart, _Canada under the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin_.

=Mackenzie, Sir Alexander= (1755-1820). =S= Visits Simcoe, 188; recommends establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189. =MS= Joins North West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, 159, 167; his death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, Scotland, 10; parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, 10; enters fur trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his keenness and daring, 11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at Grand Portage, 1785, 12; becomes a _bourgeois_, 12; assigned to English River department, 14; friendly relations with officers of rival North West Company, 15; goes to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, 18; plans for expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave Lake, 18; and Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of fur trader, 22; his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with McTavish, 23; hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for his journey, 32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, 1789, from Fort Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets Yellow Knife Indians, 36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and Dog-Rib Indians, 28; their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of Great Bear River, 28, 47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; enters the delta, 39; lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; erects post with inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached the sea, 43, 61; the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; difficulties with "English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave Lake, 48; meets Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; results of the journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of Yukon, 50-51; his treatment of natives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; his character, 51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of partners of Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to Chipewyan, 54; his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in North West Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and instruments for his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; preparations for journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to cut timber for a post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends Peace River, passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and reaches Finlay's fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, 62-63; winters at the forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the mountains and beyond, 66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic mould, 68; leaves Finlay's fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, 69; difficulties in crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange Indians, 74; ascends the Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; descends the Fraser, 77; retraces his steps, and travels overland to the sea, 79-85; describes visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to Vancouver's party, 85; reaches coast and paints record of his journey on a rock, 86; the return journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; reaches Peace River, 88; reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; leaves the West, 89; increased reputation among partners of North West Company, 92; withdraws from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes his book, 94; King Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; Napoleon has his _Voyages_ translated into French, 96, 97; friendship of duke of Kent, 98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, 99; elected to Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, 1808, 100; opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, 101; his death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209. =D= His expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52; parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53; ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54; difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife, 55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56; results of his journey, 56. =Bib.=: _Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America_, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into French, Paris, 1802. _See also_ his letters, in Roderick McKenzie's _Reminiscences_ (Masson, _Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest_). For biog., _see_ Willson, _The Great Company_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Mackenzie, Donald= (1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for several years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading on the Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and in 1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to the United States. Died at Mayville, New York. =Index=: =MS= Chief factor, and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222. =Bib.=: Bryce, _The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_.

=Mackenzie, Geddes.= =MS= Marries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her parentage, 101.

=Mackenzie, George.= =Md= Macdonald studies law in his office, 4; death of, 9.

=Mackenzie, Hope.= =B= Moves approval of George Brown's course in Confederation negotiations, 156-157.

=Mackenzie, Isabel.= =Mc= Wife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 by Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508.

=McKenzie, Roderick.= Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In 1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before, but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company, 1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are included in Masson's _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. Settled at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative Council of the province. =Index=: =MS= Joins X Y Company, 14; friendly rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River department, 15; at Ile a la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska department, 23; their friendship, 23; his _Reminiscences_, 24; builds Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789, 27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great Slave Lake, 54. =Bib.=: _Reminiscences_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Mackenzie, William Lyon= (1795-1861). =Mc= His personality, Goldwin Smith on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to enunciate principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his time," 6; his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional reformer, 12; parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from charges of disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, 41; enters commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description of, 43; joins survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John Lesslie, 44; moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on Constitutional Act, 72; starts _Colonial Advocate_, 85; describes Upper Canada in 1820, 85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, 87, 97; attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial university, 95; reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, 98; defends himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates federation of all North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; pictures life of editors, 111; assists to bring about a party revolution, 112; mob destroys _Colonial Advocate_, 113; Macaulay offers damages, 115; personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, 121-123; retaliates, 124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets L625 damages, 129; refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for libel, 130; prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, 138; secures Randal's mission to England, 139; advocates responsible government, 146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan MacNab, 152; chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of committee on privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and addresses, 154; introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, 156; visits New York, 157; letter in _National Gazette_, 158; supports Robert Baldwin, 159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves Libel Bill, 162, 163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates responsible government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, 168; re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on state of representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals of House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly, 181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185; House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203; governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected, 205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219; _Colonial Advocate_ office again attacked, 221; his mission to England, 221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222; introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion, 232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishes _Sketches of Canada and the United States_, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors, 239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245; governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath, 251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255; designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257; defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288; opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty, 292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair, 309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York, 320; begins the _Constitution_, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his escape, 381 _et seq._; addresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island, 415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424; threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New York and Philadelphia, 433; begins _Mackenzie's Gazette_, 433; no connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454; rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishes _Caroline Almanac_, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464; publishes _Volunteer_, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishes _Lives of one Thousand Remarkable Irishmen_, 469; publishes the _Examiner_, 470; appointed to New York customs house, 470; publishes _Lives of Butler and Hoyt_, in 1845, 471; and _Life and Times of Martin Van Buren_, 1846, 472; goes on _Tribune_, 472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480; visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand, 486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492; again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship, 504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishes _Mackenzie's Message_, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505; financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28, 1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523. =Md= Leads Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. =R= Views on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for popular government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on Grievances," 112; opposes separate schools, 224. =B= His return to Canada, 36; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in Haldimand, 40, 44, 46; his resolution for abolition of Court of Chancery, 47. =BL= His parentage, 12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, 31; organizes revolutionary clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution for Upper Canada, 43; plans attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described as a "mountebank," 120; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; founds Canadian Alliance Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, 318, 319; one of the leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in motion to abolish Court of Chancery, 352. =Sy= Reform party falsely identified with his proceedings, 85, 138. =E= And the Rebellion of 1837, 17; leads Radical wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and parliamentary government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his exile, 91; causes of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes abolition of Court of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; attacks the government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190. =P= His correspondence with Papineau, 189. =H= Effect of his action in Upper Canada, upon popular party, in Nova Scotia, 49. =Bib.=: Works: _Life and Times of Martin Van Buren_; _Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler_; _Sketches of Canada and the United States_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lindsey, _Life and Times of W. L. McKenzie_; Dent, _Can. Por._, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_, and _Last Forty Years_; King, _Other Side of the Story_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada.)

=Mackenzie River.= Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length from Thutage Lake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence, near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63 deg.; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave River, to the Arctic Ocean. =Index=: =MS= Alexander Mackenzie discovers and explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River Disappointment," 55. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Franklin, _Narrative of Second Expedition_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Cameron, _The New North_.

=Mackenzie's Message.= Published at Toronto. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published 1853, 505.

=McKim, R. P.= =T= Assists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.

=McLachlan, Alexander= (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland, 1862. Collected edition of his _Poems_ published, 1900. =Bib.=: MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=McLane, David.= =Dr= Hanged for treason, 301.

=McLaren, Dr. Murray.= =T= Attends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.

=MacLean, Judge.= =B= Proposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society banquet, 27.

=MacLean, Colonel Allan= (1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in Holland, 1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, and in 1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775 lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776. =Index=: =Hd= Raises regiment of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of Arnold and Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians to, 171; his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure of, 294; his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the Americans, 307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, 209, 310; visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_.

=McLean, Archibald= (1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. =Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker, 1831, 170. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=McLean, John= (1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's, London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident. =Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_.

=McLeod, Alexander.= =Mc= Charged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial and acquittal, 424.

=McLeod, Alexander Norman.= Of the North West Company. =Index=: =MS= Associated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182; arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183.

=McLeod, Archibald Norman.= Entered the service of the North West Company some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan River, 1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and remained there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had already become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 as such.

=McLeod, Donald= (1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army, 1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication of the _Grenville Gazette._ Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where he died. =Index=: =Mc= Occupies Point Pelee Island, 430. =Bib.=: _History of the Canadian Insurrection_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=McLeod, John= (1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce's _Hudson's Bay Company_. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of his days on the banks of the Ottawa. =Index=: =MS= Leads the Selkirk colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds, 175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176. =D= Ascends upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=McLoughlin, John= (1784-1857). Born at Riviere du Loup. Studied medicine in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for several years in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in 1821, when the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, and appointed to take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. Built Fort Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole territory west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to strengthen the hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific coast. Through misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American settlers on the Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and spent the rest of his life in Oregon City. =Index=: =MS= Edward Ellice on, 220; impresses Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221. =D= First great Hudson's Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, 84, 86; takes Douglas under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort William, 93; persuades Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his friendship for Douglas, 94; born, 1784, at Riviere du Loup, 94; grandson of Malcolm Fraser, 94; his early home and training, 94-95; studies medicine in Edinburgh, 95; returns to Canada and enters North West Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste. Marie, 95; there when post burned in War of 1812, 95; marries widow of Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver, his practically absolute rule, 111; ambitious plans for development of western department, 114; sends expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115; builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, 116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116; builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, 117; sends Douglas to receive Fort Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; expedition to Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes agricultural possibilities of Oregon, 128; organizes Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude towards Oregon settlers, 144; forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145; Douglas and Ogden associated with him in management of western department, 187; resigns from Hudson's Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by American settlers, 187; his death, 187; his character contrasted with that of Douglas, 351-353. =Bib.=: Holman, _Dr. John McLoughlin: the Father of Oregon_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=McLoughlin, John.= =D= Son of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas to Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842, 122-123.

=McMaster University.= Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection.

=McMillan, John= (1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick, 1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867; surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of Confederation. =Index=: =T= Elected for Restigouche, 89; postmaster-general in Mitchell ministry, 105.

=MacNab, Sir Allan Napier= (1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara), Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and resigned, 1856. =Index=: =H= Entertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138. =BL= Brings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under Mackenzie, 44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his exploits in 1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in Legislature, 1841, 82; proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, 88; his faction welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises racial question, 178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; Baldwin on, 183; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to by George Brown, 224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; warns ministry of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; proposed for Speaker, Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin elected in his stead, 283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353. =E= His part in suppressing Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; defeated for speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; nominal leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for advice, 137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government with Morin, 140; his last resting-place, 224. =B= And the old Tory party, 69; his farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms coalition ministry with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, 89. =C= His alliance with Quebec Liberals, 33. =Mc= Committed to gaol by Speaker, 152; moves Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads forces against Navy Island, 417; orders cutting out of _Caroline_, 420; knighted, 423; goes to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, 426; goes to Sandwich, 427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. =Md= Called upon to form an administration, 61; forms government with A. N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns and he forms a new administration with Colonel Tache, 74; his ideal of government, 76; problem of superseding him, 76, 77; resigns, 80; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=MacNab, James.= =H= Member of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration as to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; offered seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes receiver-general, 112. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=McPhelim, Francis.= =T= Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18; postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41.

=McPherson, Charles.= =T= Member of Executive Council, New Brunswick, 41.

=Macpherson, Sir David Lewis= (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and associated with the construction of other lines; formed the Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker, 1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior, 1883-1885; knighted, 1884. =Index=: =Md= Heads the Inter-Oceanic Company which received charter from government, 200. =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=McTavish, Dugald.= =D= Member of Victoria board of management, 265; becomes president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265.

=McTavish, Simon= (1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man of "enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal. Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England, and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784. Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal. =Index=: =MS= A leader in the fur trade, 10; known as _le Marquis_ and _le Premier_, 23, 91; his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death, 1804, 99. =Bk= And McGillivray of North West Company, send news of declaration of war, 203. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=McTavish, William.= =MS= Chief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228.

=Madison, James= (1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States. =Index=: =Dr= His hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281. =Bk= Maintains non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships, 192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Madocawando.= =F= Abenaquis chief, 329.

=Madras Schools.= =W= Founded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system described, 86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87. =T= At Gagetown, 5; system popular, 5.

=Magdalen Islands.= In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles Ramees, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of his _Voyages_. It was afterwards applied to the whole group. =Bib.=: Ganong, _Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence_ (R. S. C., 1889).

=Magistrates.= =Dr= Poor character and scandalous methods of many of them, 52; some of them most worthy men, 55.

=Magnan, Pierre.= =Ch= Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, 164.

=Maguaga.= =Bk= Americans successful in skirmish at, 238-243.

=Mahicanaticouche.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been guilty of murder, 165.

=Mail.= Newspaper published at Niagara. =Index=: =B= Ridicules _Globe's_ proposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218.

=Maillard, Antoine Simon.= Missionary to the Indians and French of Acadia and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several years. Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, 1759. At first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong supporter of the government. Died in Halifax, 1768. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Mair, Charles= (1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869; condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge district, Southern Alberta. =Index=: =Md= Comes to Ottawa from Prince Albert to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241. =Bib.=: Works: _Dreamland and other Poems_; _Tecumseh: a Drama_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de.= In this "devout and valiant gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed from Rochelle, in 1641, with a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mesy, governor-general of Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office and resigned in 1669; died in 1676. =Index=: =F= Conducts mission colony to Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39; removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54. =L= Governor of Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177. =Ch= Comes out in 1613 with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in his ship, 79. =Bk= Founder of Montreal, 99. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Regime_; Faillon, _La Colonie Francaise_; Dollier de Casson, _Histoire de Montreal_.

=Maitland, Sir Peregrine= (1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. Entered the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 and 1812; promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of Waterloo and made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834. Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852. =Index=: =E= Grants charter to King's College, 93. =BL= Dismisses Willis from office, 28. =R= Favours encouragement to British Methodists in Canada, 87-88. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Maizerets, Louis Ange de.= =L= Comes to Canada, 41; director of the Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243.

=Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de= (1730-1800). Born in France. In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major. In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the War of Independence. =Index=: =WM= Anxious as to line of defence above the city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's conversation with, 269. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Malaspina.= =Dr= In search for Strait of Anian, 26.

=Malot, Louis.= =Ch= Jesuit, drowned, 200.

=Mance, Jeanne= (1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640 journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At Rochelle met Dauversiere and others interested in the project of a missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river, having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mance was put in charge, and devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as well as white. =Index=: =F= Establishes Hotel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death of, 78. =L= Founder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague on board the _St. Andre_, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of Montreal church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Faillon, _Vie de Mlle. Mance_.

=Manchester.= In England. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett Thomson elected for, 31; his free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, 37.

=Manet, Jean.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.

=Manitoba.= Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870, the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree word _Manitowaban_. La Verendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in 1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin. _See also_ Red River Colony; Winnipeg. =Index=: =C= Bill creating province introduced by Cartier, 71; meaning of name, _The God That Speaks_, 71. =Md= Bill passed for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against rival lines to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary dispute, 256; its connection with commercial union, 298. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_; Gunn and Tuttle, _History of Manitoba_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Bryce, _Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_.

=Manson, Donald.= Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to Langley on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace. =Index=: =D= At Fort McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118.

=Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de= (1663-1709). In 1689 defeated the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St. Anne, Hudson Bay. =Index=: =F= One of the leaders of war party against Schenectady, 235. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Maquinna.= =D= His relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps armourer and sailmaker of the _Boston_ in slavery four years, 37.

=Marcel, Captain.= =WM= Third aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours, 219; informs Levis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238.

=Marcet, Mrs.= =Hd= Grand-niece of Haldimand, 343.

=Marchand, Etienne= (1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25. =Bib.=: _Voyage autour du Monde_, ed. by Fleurien. For biog., _see Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Marchand, Felix Gabriel= (1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. Educated at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, 1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown lands, 1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, 1897. For many years proprietor and editor of _Le Franco-Canadien_. =Bib.=: Works: _Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat_; _Fatenville_; _Erreur n'est pas Compte_; _Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre_; _Les Faus Brillants_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Marche, Charles de.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

=Marcy, William Learned= (1786-1857). =Mc= Governor of New York, declines to surrender Mackenzie, 414. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Mariana.= =Ch= Jesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153.

=Marie.= =WM= A storeship launched at Montreal, 244.

=Marie Antoinette= (1755-1793). Queen of France. =Index=: =S= Public mourning in Upper Canada for death of, 193.

=Marie de l'Incarnation= (=Marie Martin=, =_nee_ Guyart=) (1599-1672). Born at Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two years, with an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his education; and then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 accompanied Madame de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first superior of the Ursuline convent at Quebec. Her _Lettres Historiques_, written for the edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the most valuable sources of information on the history of the period. Composed a catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of French and Algonquian. =Index=: =F= Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on _Jesuit Relations_, 30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid decline of Indian population, 168. =L= On the devotion of Laval to the sick, 33; on his saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the earthquake, 45; mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the soldiery, 79; her piety, 92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbe Ferland's account of, 93; on the zeal of Fenelon and Trouve, 109; on the sale of brandy to the Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, 119; on education of Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character and influence, 155. =Ch= Praises virtues of early settlers, 258. =Bib.=: _Lettres de la Venerable Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; Martin, _La Vie de la Venerable Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; Charlevoix, _Vie de Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; Casgrain, _Vie; Life_, by a Religious of the Ursuline Community.

=Marion, Nicholas.= =Ch= Captain of the _Levrier_, one of the two vessels of Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40.

=Maritime Provinces.= =B= Movement for union of, 161, 186; Tache argues advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170, 174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187; involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194. =Md= Their determined opposition to Confederation, 116-118. =T= History of union movement in, 69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75. _See also_ New Brunswick; Nova Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton. =Bib.=: _See_ under foregoing titles.

=Markland, George H.= =R= Member of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, and of Board of Education, 58.

=Marquette, Jacques= (1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France. Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666. Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf of California, but into the Gulf of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette remained at the mission of De Pere until 1675, when he established a mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried there. =Index=: =F= Accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155. =L= One of the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course of Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; his death, 146. =WM= Descends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19. =Bib.=: Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_; Griffin, _Discovery of the Mississippi_; Parkman, _La Salle_; Breese, _Early History of Illinois_; Sparks, _American Biography_, ser. 1, vol. 10.

=Marriages.= =W= Dissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in New Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question settled in 1834, 16. =F= Stimulated by civil authorities, 57. =S= Question of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161.

=Marriott, Sir James= (1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764; vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and 1796-1802. =Index=: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Marshall, John George= (1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax. =Bib.=: _Brief History of Events in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century_.

=Marsolet, Nicolas= (1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608, and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English. =Index=: =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to learn their language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides with the Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Marteilhe.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.

=Martial Law.= =Bk= Question respecting, 226. =Hd= Canada under, for four years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion of, for Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by Haldimand, 275.

=Martin, Abraham= (1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614, having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from Adrien Duchesne. =Index=: =WM= First proprietor of Plains of Abraham, 186. =Ch= Early settler, 145, 146; his property, 147. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _Fight for Canada_.

=Martin, Anne.= =Ch= Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.

=Martin, Charles Amador.= =Ch= Priest, 146.

=Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry= (1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese, 1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France, 1629-1630. =Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Martin, Joseph= (1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 1882, and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the Manitoba Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried through the Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 contested Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for Winnipeg, 1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; elected to the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909, and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London, 1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_; Ewart, _The Manitoba School Question_.

=Martin, Marguerite.= =Ch= Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.

=Martinez, Estevan Jose.= Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 as pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians; the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of the _Princessa_. Seized the _Iphigenia_ at Nootka, but afterwards released it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to Mexico. =Index=: =D= Asserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at Nootka, 28; seizes _Iphigenia_ and _North-West America_, and claims Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28; _Iphigenia_ released, but _North-West America_ retained, 29; seizes _Princess Royal_ and _Argonaut_, 29. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Marylanders.= =Dr= Loyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202.

=Mascarene, Paul= (1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France. Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706. Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in Boston until his death. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. _See also_ Acadians, Expulsion of the.

=Mascouten Indians.= An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie people." They were known to the French as _Nation du feu_. First mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in 1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared entirely before the end of the eighteenth century. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Maseres, Francis= (1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. In 1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until 1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer, 1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court, London. =Index=: =Dr= Attorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts prosecution in Walker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68. =Hd= Supports Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of Mabane, 315. =Bib.=: Works: _Account of the Proceedings of the British and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to Obtain an House of Assembly_; _Additional Papers Concerning the Province of Quebec_; _Canadian Freeholder_; _Collection of Commissions, etc., Relating to the Province of Quebec_; _Occasional Essays_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.

=Massachusetts.= =F= Charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in expedition against Quebec, 277. =Bk= War of 1812 unpopular in, 208.

=Masse, Enemond= (1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall (_q.v._), attacked the fort, and Masse and most of the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in 1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but afterwards released. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to college of La Fleche, 207; returns to Canada, 228. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Masson, Louis Francois Rodrigue= (1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. Entered Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia and defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate, 1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate, 1890. =Bib.=: _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Mather, Cotton= (1663-1728). =F= On failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Matheron.= =L= Steward of abbey of Maubec, 137.

=Mathews, Peter.= =Mc= Executed, 435; monument to, 436.