Chapter XXVI: Part 26

=Vancouver Island.= The largest island on the west coast of North America. Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast in the years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver in honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry out the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing on the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787. Captain James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in 1788. From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or less time at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun. The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856; and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government. =Index=: =D= Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13, 1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195; first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198; quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature, 210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald, _British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; MacFie, _Vancouver Island and British Columbia_. _See also_ British Columbia.

=Van Egmond, Anthony.= Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America, settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo; in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. =Index=: =Mc= Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured, 382; dies in prison, 382. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_.

=Vanelly.= =Ch= Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.

=Vanfelson, Judge.= =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

=Van Horne, Major.= American officer. =Index=: =Bk= Force of, dispersed by Tecumseh's Indians, 237.

=Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius= (1843- ). Born in Will County, Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway service as telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888; chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G. =Index=: =Md= Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott= (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council, and minister of agriculture, in the Tache administration, and in November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From 1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of selling townships _en bloc_, and the opening up and improvement of roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. =Index=: =T= Delegate to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer= (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van Rensselaer of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the post office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west for the _Albany Daily Advertiser_, came in contact with the Canadian revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839, and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250. After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. =Index=: =Mc= Fights under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives there, 415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on Kingston, 429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates Mackenzie, 430. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Van Rensselaer, Solomon= (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at Albany, 1822-1839. =Index=: =Bk= Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer, 284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Van Rensselaer, Stephen= (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789 elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795; lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and 1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from 1823 to 1829 served in Congress. =Index=: =Bk= In command on Niagara frontier, 284; correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Varin, J. B.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.

=Vauban, De.= =F= French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, 326.

=Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de= (1698-1778). Born at Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (_q.v._). Entered the army at an early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana, 1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of Canada, but released after trial before the Chatelet de Paris. =Index=: =WM= Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the sending out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, 29; his inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; his military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Levis on victory of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, 145; thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; writes Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives orders for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness about Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and British fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs Montcalm not to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, 201; prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate capitulation, 208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to Jacques Cartier, 212; his letter to Levis on loss of battle, 212; letter to Montcalm, 214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, 214; his lack of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226; Quebec having fallen, he marches with Levis to retake it, 241-242; maintains spies in Quebec, 243; congratulates Levis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. =P= Extent of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, 143. =BL= His capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. =Hd= Last French governor of Canada, 36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de.= Came to Canada, 1687, in command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696 commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal, 1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725. =Index=: =L= Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callieres as governor, 235. =F= Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny, 308. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Vauquelin, Jean= (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, and in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In 1754 did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and subsequently given command of the _Arethuse_. In 1758 despatched to Louisbourg with reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got into the harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In 1759, with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On his release returned to France, and was arrested. =Index=: =WM= Hero of Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates _Atalante_ and _Pomone_, 243. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Vaux, Mme. de.= =WM= Grandmother of Montcalm, 4.

=Vendremur, Corneille de.= =Ch= Clerk, returns to France, 209.

=Ventadour, Henri de Levy, Duc de= (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada, 1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De Ventadour. Pointe Levy, or Levis, opposite Quebec, was named after him. =Index=: =F= Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. =Ch= Appointed viceroy of New France, 151; resigns, 168. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Vercheres, Marie-Madeleine Jarret.= Born in 1678 in the fort on her father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers, demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudiere; and in 1722 De la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date of her death is not known. =Index=: =F= Defends fort against Iroquois, 319. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Richard, _Supplement to Report on Canadian Archives_, 1899.

=Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de= (1717-1787). Born in Dijon. Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria, Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768 ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774 appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778. =Index=: =Dr= His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Vergor, Duchambon de.= In command of Fort Beausejour, 1745. A confederate of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder both the people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and compelled to surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and censured for his actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the siege by Wolfe, 1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. =Index=: =WM= Placed by Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously censured for giving up Fort Beausejour, 178; roused from sleep by Wolfe's soldiers, 181; wounded, 181. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. _See also_ Siege of Quebec, 1759.

=Vermont.= =Dr= People of, anxious for canal communication with St. Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245; annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial reasons, 299; =Hd= Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York, 197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217; emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.

=Verrazano, Giovanni du.= Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America, and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's report of his voyage. _See_ Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the _Bollettiano_ of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909. =Index=: =Ch= His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. =Bib.=: Murphy, _Voyage of Verrazano_; De Costa, _Verrazano, the Explorer_.

=Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste= (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848. In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Therese College. In 1851 ordained priest. In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a member of the Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the Societe des Arcadem of Rome. =Index=: =L= On educational work of Marguerite Bourgeoys, 127. =F= On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; on character of Frontenac, 360. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Versailles, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern Townships. =Index=: =WM= Concluded in 1783, 269; assured the independence of the thirteen colonies, 269. =S= Its provisions for protection of Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the united colonies, 118. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Vesey, Colonel.= =Bk= Question of land grant for, 138; letters to Brock, 153, 154, 157.

=Vicaille.= =Ch= Vessel of David Kirke, 178.

=Victoria= (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg 1840. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 48. =Md= Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as seat of government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. =Bib.=: Works: _Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands_; _Letters of Queen Victoria_; _Royal Correspondence_. For biog., _see_ Fawcett, _Life of Queen Victoria_; Gurney, _Childhood of Queen Victoria_; Holmes, _Queen Victoria_ Lee, _Queen Victoria: a Biography_; Oliphant, _Queen Victoria: a Personal Sketch_.

=Victoria.= Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864. =Index=: =D= Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of Indian village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; Sir George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines locality, 1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at Camosun approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March 1, 1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, 177; lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations begun, 178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command with Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182; early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit of frigate _America_, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184; H.M.S. _Constance_ arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate _Fisguard_, 184; surveying ships _Herald_ and _Pandora_, 184; trade gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations, 185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of 1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189; effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks, building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, _British Colonist_, 1858, 271. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Victoria Bridge.= At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of $6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. =Index=: =E= Built by Grand Trunk Railway, 115. =Md= Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87. =Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._

=Victoria University.= In affiliation with the University of Toronto. Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in 1830; opened 1836. =Index=: =BL= Refuses to come into the provincial university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. =R= Founded, 86; Ryerson president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum, 144; legislative grant, 148. =E= Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. =Bib.=: Burwash, _Historical Sketch of Victoria University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Vidal, Alexander= (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England. Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with his parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873 appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. =Index=: =B= His resolution in favour of prohibition, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Viel, Father Nicolas.= =Ch= Recollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; drowned, 209. =L= Missionary labours of, 3.

=Vieux-Pont, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked at Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.

=Viger, Denis Benjamin= (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808 elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and 1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. =Index=: =BL= Member for Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. =C= In Draper government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St. Hyacinthe, 18. =P= Delegate to England to present grievances of French Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; ridiculed by the _Mercury_, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. =Md= Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. =Bib.=: Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Viger, Louis Michel.= =E= Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66; receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the _Parti Rouge_, 108. =BL= Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Vignal.= =L= Sulpician, comes out in _St. Andre_, 31; ministers to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.

=Ville Marie.= =L= Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants of, all aspired to martyrdom, 90. =Bk= Former name of Montreal, 99. _See also_ Montreal.

=Villebon, Chevalier de.= Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691, received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec, and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel, with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696, captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. =Index=: =F= Governor of Acadia, mentions burning of prisoners, 328. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Villieu, De.= =F= Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330.

=Vimont, Barthelemy.= Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal, accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the land." =Index=: =C= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of Cape Breton mission, 237. =F= Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at Montreal, 34. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, 1640-1645; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Vincennes.= =Hd= Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93; occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.

=Vincent, John= (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army as ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in 1795 major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In 1841 reached the grade of general. =Index=: =Bk= Of the 49th, his military service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Vincent de Paul, Saint= (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St. Lazare in Paris, 1632. =Index=: =L= Olier a pupil of, 24.

=Vindicator.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =P= Edited by Dr. O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the _Patriotes_, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Virginia.= =Ch= Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.

=Vitelleschi, Father.= =Ch= General of Jesuits, accepts donation of Marquis de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.

=Vitre Charles Denis de.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.

=Vitre, Jean Denis de.= =WM= Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's fleet, 78.

=Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de= (1694-1778). French writer. =Index=: =WM= Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. =L= On men and empires, 123. =Bib.=: For biog. and bib. of his works, _see_ Larousse, _Dict. Univ._

=Voltigeurs.= =Bk= Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, 189, 191.

=Volunteer.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.

=Volunteers at Quebec.= =Dr= On conclusion of siege, dismissed and thanked, 144.

=Von Shoultz.= A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten others were tried by court martial and hanged. =Index=: =Mc= Plans attack on Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, 443; engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444. =Md= With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald counsel for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Vorhees.= =S= Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.

=Voyageurs.= =D= Character of, 52. =Bk= Of the Hudson's Bay Company, assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.

=Voyer, Colonel.= =Dr= Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.

=Vrooman's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.

=Wadsworth, William= (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the War of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. =Index=: =Bk= Commanding United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with nine hundred men at Queenston Heights, 312. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Wages.= =S= Rate of, 113.

=Wake, Sir Isaac= (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire, England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609 secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons; and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632. =Index=: =Ch= English ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between Kirke and De Caen, 218. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Wakefield, Edward Gibbon= (1796-1862). Born in London, England. Educated at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the National Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham (_q.v._) to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up the _Report on the Affairs of British North America_. In 1843 elected to the Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert Wynyard. =Index=: =BL= Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; attacked by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Garnett, _Edward Gibbon Wakefield_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Walcheren Expedition.= =Bk= Failure of, 119.

=Walker, Sir Hovenden= (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England. Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the _Vulture_ fireship; in 1695 in command of the _Foresight_, and in 1696, when in charge of convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive expedition to Canada. =Index=: =WM= Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands, 83. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Walker, Thomas.= =Dr= Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18; assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in court, 38. =Dr= Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol, American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.

=Wallace, Hugh.= =Hd= Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.

=Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke= (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over twenty years. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Men_.

=Walley, John= (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded expedition against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689. In 1690 sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a failure. Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston. In 1687, being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected a member of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston. =Index=: =F= Second in command to Phipps, 281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of expedition, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Walpole, Horace.= _See_ Orford.

=Walrond, Theodore.= =E= On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's work there, 215. =Bib.=: _Life of Elgin_.

=Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron= (1719-1781). =Dr= Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=War of 1812.= Declared by the United States against Great Britain in June, 1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council; interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports; impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the northern border, and several of the most important engagements were fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to the war were left unsettled by the treaty. =Index=: =R= Loyalty of Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. =P= Services rendered by Papineau, 5. =BL= Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. _See also_ Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Chateauguay; Chrystler's Farm; Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Richardson, _War of 1812_; Cruikshank, _Documentary History of the Campaign_ and _Record of the Services of Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812_; Roosevelt, _Naval War of 1812_; Auchinleck, _War between Great Britain and the United States_; Coffin, _1812: the War and its Moral_; Lossing, _Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812_; Irving, _Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the War of 1812-14_; Mahan, _Naval War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812-14_. _See also_ other references in _Lit. Am. Hist._

=Wark, David= (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative Assembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the session of the Senate in his hundredth year. =Index=: =W= Moves resolutions in New Brunswick Assembly on foreign commercial relations, 118. =T= Member of Fisher government, 43. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Warner, Seth= (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots, and as second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General Montgomery. Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the American army until 1782, when he retired. =Index=: =Dr= Attacks Ticonderoga, 179. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Washington, George= (1732-1799). First president of the United States. =Index=: =Dr= Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views, 286. =Hd= Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110; objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126, 253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129; Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250; Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of methods of, 298. =Bib.=: _See_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._ for sketch, and list of lives.

=Washington Treaty=, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain rivers and canals and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit; exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge Hoar, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the instance of the United States, July, 1885. =Index=: =Md= History of, 165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165; questions of special interest to Canada--San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid claims, inshore fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission, 168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169; difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire, 184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. =B= Brown's mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct result of, 225. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Houston, _Constitutional Documents_; Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; _Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council Relative to the Treaty of Washington_, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, _The Treaty of Washington_; Adams, _Before and after the Treaty of Washington_.

=Waterways.= =B= Improved as a result of British preference, 31; navigable rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for improvement of, provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. _See also_ Canals; Rivers.

=Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart.= (1819-1901). Born in Manchester, England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway, and at various times connected with the London and North-Western Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway. =Index=: =C= President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's, 125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Watson, Samuel James= (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. =Bib.=: Works: _The Constitutional History of Canada_; _The Powers of Canadian Parliaments_; _The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine_; _The Legend of Roses_; _Ravlan: a Drama_.

=Watters, Charles.= =T= Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11; becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84.

=Waverley Abbey.= =Sy= In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5.

=Wayne, Anthony= (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain. In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief, 1792. =Index=: =Dr= Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands evacuation of British fort on the Miami, 286. =S= Army under, threatens Detroit, 133; defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139; demands evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid anything that might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton= (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia College, Wolfville. Edited the _Acadian Recorder_. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice, 1905-1907; knighted, 1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Webb, Samuel Blatchley= (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775. Commanded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777 took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards brigadier-general. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort Edward, 45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Webb's Regiment=. =WM= Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains, 189. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Wedderburn, Lord=. _See_ Rosslyn.

=Weir, Lieutenant George=. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was killed by his rebel guards. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Weldon, John Wesley= (1804-1885). For many years a member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and held the position until his death, 1885. =Index=: =W= Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in Doak and Hill case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94. =T= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 94. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Welland Canal=. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last, through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841 work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in 1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in 1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. =Index=: =Mc= Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director of, 265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267; report of committee, 268. =BL= Bought by government from private company, 1841, 98; completion of improvements, 337. _See also_ Canals. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _Early Canals_; Merritt, _Biography of W. H. Merritt_; Matheson, _Welland Canal_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. _Trans_., vol. 2).

=Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of= (1769-1852). Entered the army in 1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge. Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and 1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph. On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The following year, with the co-operation of Bluecher, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in Peel's ministry, 1834. =Index=: =Bk= His successes in the Peninsula, 119; retreats into Portugal, 123. =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne, summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231. =B= Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. =Mc= His connection with Catholic Emancipation Bill, 16-17. =Bib.=: _Despatches, 1799-1832_; _Speeches_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Wentworth, Sir John= (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America. While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775 to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. =Index=: =Dr= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=West.= =W= Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1818, 87.

=West India Company.= Established by royal edict in 1664, under the usual conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter was granted to a new West India Company. =Index=: =F= Creation of, 49; failure of, 149. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_.

=Western Forts.= =S= Held by Great Britain pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. =Bk= Transfer of, to United States, 53. =Hd= Necessity for strengthening, 137; Haldimand declines to surrender till instructed by his government, 260; surrender of, 262. =Dr= Retained by Great Britain as security for concessions to Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303. _See also_ Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc.

=Westminster Conference, 1866.= To settle finally the plan on which the Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867, with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and passed by the Imperial Parliament. =Index=: =Mc= Conference meets in London, 125-127. =Bib.=: _See also_ British North America Act; Confederation.

=Wetherall, Sir George Augustus= (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In 1803 joined the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father, General Sir Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Canada in command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St. Charles and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to 1850 deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854; lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. =Index=: =C= At St. Charles, 7. =P= Attacks rebels at St. Charles, 129. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Wetmore, A. B.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New Brunswick, 84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101; elected as Confederate candidate in St. John, 109.

=Wheat.= =B= Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to Canadian wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31; _Globe_ on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. =MS= Red River settlers raise first crop of, 1813, 160, _See also_ Agriculture.

=Whelan, Edward= (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the _Nova Scotian_, under Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. =Index=: =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. =Bib.=: Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.

=White, John.= =S= First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his duel with John Small, clerk of council, 181.

=White, Philip.= =Dr= Loyalist, murder of, 198.

=White, Thomas= (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high school there. Joined the editorial staff of the _Quebec Gazette_; and in 1853 founded the _Peterborough Review_, which he edited for seven years. In 1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother founded the _Hamilton Spectator_. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A. Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out the political organization of the North-West Territories. =Index=: =E= On the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald ministry, 1885-1888, 139. =Md= Takes part in political picnic campaign, 220. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Whitney, Sir James Pliny= (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario. Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876 called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal government. Knighted, 1908. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Wilcox, Absalom.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383.

=Wilcox, Allan.= =Mc= Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386.

=Wilkins, Lewis Morris= (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son of Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry, 1854-1856. =Index=: =H= Delegate to England to represent views of Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56; supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Wilkinson.= =B= Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson with bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson, 249; sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt of court, 252.

=Wilkinson.= =Dr= Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's rapid retreat, 147.

=William III= (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689, William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. =Index=: =Hd= Forms regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=William IV= (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded George IV. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45; death of, 48. =Dr= Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238, 240; his popularity, 240. =W= Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22; dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=William Henry.= =Dr= Name of Sorel changed to, 240.

=Williams, Sir William Fenwick= (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army, 1825; and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his return to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and granted a pension of L1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed constable of the Tower. =Index=: =Md= Co-operates with Tupper in Confederation movement, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Willis, John Walpole= (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone, in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment, 1743. =Index=: =Mc= Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges, 131; his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in favour of, refused, 133. =BL= Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken up by Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.