Chapter XX: Part 20

=Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de= (1709-1760). Born in Vannes, France. In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada. Soon after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of the general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which they claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king, however, confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree prohibited religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but the bishop refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he appointed a vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the terms of capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short illness. =Index=: =WM= Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to arms, 63; his palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in spite of fatal illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm, 220; issues _mandemant_ in support of Levis' attack on Quebec, 245. =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Eveques de Quebec_.

=Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Comte de= (1643-1727). Chancellor of France. =Index=: =F= Minister of marine, 72.

=Pont-Grave, Francois Grave, Sieur du Pont.= A merchant of St. Malo; sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of 1603, and again in 1613. =Index=: =Ch= Joins expedition to Acadia, 19; arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32; sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40; member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45; returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125; comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133; proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to Canada with De Caen, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec, 191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. =F= Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, 8. _See also_ Champlain. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Pontiac= (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his Indians assisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes, and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In 1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from Lake Michigan to Niagara, and massacred their garrisons. Detroit then attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only by the timely arrival of Colonel Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in 1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 assassinated by a Kaskaskia Indian. =Index=: =Hd= Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his rising quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_.

=Pontiac's War.= =Dr= History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5; conduct of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. _See also_ Pontiac. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Smith, _Historical Account of Bouquet's Expedition_.

=Pontleroy.= =WM= French military engineer, 85, 90.

=Pope, James Colledge= (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward Island. Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits. Sat in the Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867. A strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated, 1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office until his retirement from public life, 1882. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Pope, John Henry= (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. Elected for Compton to the Canada Assembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific Railway contract; minister of railways and canals, 1885. =Index=: =B= Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Pope, Joseph= (1854- ). Eldest son of William Henry Pope (_q.v._). Private secretary to Sir John A. Macdonald, 1882-1891; under-secretary of state, 1896-1908; under-secretary for external affairs, 1908. =Index=: =B= On the "double shuffle," 107-108. =Md= On Macdonald's early life, prints Campbell's letter, 31; his pen picture of Macdonald, 73; on the double majority, 78; Macdonald's notes on Quebec Conference, 106; Macdonald's negotiations with Howe, 145; does not publish documents on last stages of Macdonald's life, 272. =Bib.=: _Memoir of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Pope, William Henry= (1825-1879). Born in Prince Edward Island. Elected to the Legislature and became provincial secretary in the Gray ministry, 1863; represented Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference, 1864, and the Quebec Conference, 1864; judge of the County Court of Prince County, Prince Edward Island, 1873-1879. =T= Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.

=Population.= =B= Of Upper Canada, doubled between 1842 and 1851, exceeds that of Lower Canada in 1852, 62, 75; in 1841, 82; in 1852, 134. =Dr= Of Canada in 1763, 9. _See also_ Census.

=Porcupine.= =WM= Sloop of war, commanded by Captain Jervis, 176.

=Porcupine River.= Discovered by John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1842, and explored to its junction with the Yukon, by Bell, in 1844. In 1847 Alexander Hunter Murray, of the same company, descended the Porcupine to its mouth, and built Fort Yukon, about three miles above the mouth of the Porcupine, on the east bank of the Yukon. In 1869, on the abandonment of Fort Yukon, the Hudson's Bay Company built Rampart House, on the Porcupine River, close to the international boundary. As subsequent surveys proved it to be on American territory, the fort was moved some miles to the east. =Index=: =D= Ascended by Robert Campbell in 1850, 125. =Bib.=: Murray, _Journal of the Yukon_ (Canadian Archives, 1910); McConnell, _Report on the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins_ (Geol. Survey, 1889).

=Port au Mouton (Acadia).= =Ch= De Monts stops at, 19.

=Port aux Anglais.= =Ch= Louisbourg commonly known as, 236. _See also_ Louisbourg.

=Port Hayes.= On Hudson Bay, captured by Troyes, 206.

=Port Nelson.= Fort built by the Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Hayes River, west coast of Hudson Bay, 1669. Afterwards known as York Factory (_q.v._). It was captured by the French under Iberville in 1694, and again in 1697. =Index=: =F= Captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by English, 347; again taken by Iberville. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See also_ Iberville.

=Port Royal.= Founded by De Monts in 1605. The basin had been discovered the previous year, and the land granted to Poutrincourt, who named it Port Royal. The early settlement is described in Lescarbot's _History of New France_. Captured by Sedgwick, under the orders of Cromwell, in 1654; restored in 1668. Again captured by Phipps, 1690, and once more restored to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Nicholson finally captured the place in 1710, and re-named it Annapolis Royal (_q.v._). =Index=: =F= Capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274. =Ch= Settlement made at, 32; new settlers arrive under Poutrincourt, 36. =L= Captured by English, 229. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Lescarbot, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Portages.= _See_ Frog Portage; Giscome Portage; Grand Portage; Methye Portage; Rocky Mountain Portage.

=Porter, G. R.= =Sy= Statistician of Board of Trade, 54.

=Portland Railway Convention.= =W= Its object to secure a shorter route to Europe, 119-120.

=Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of= (1738-1809). Educated at Eton and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1760; prime minister in 1783; and again in 1807. =Index=: =Dr= Thanks Dorchester for surrendering his fees, 292. =S= Secretary of state, Simcoe's despatch to, explaining his advance in American territory, 143-154; does not approve of the creation of lieutenants for the Upper Canada counties, 197; writes to Simcoe in very commendatory terms, 216. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Portlock.= =D= With Dixon, sails from England, 1785, 22; discovers that Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.

=Portneuf, De.= =F= Commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330.

=Porto Bello.= =Ch= Champlain's description of, 4.

=Porto Rico Island.= =Ch= Taken and abandoned, by English in 1598, 3.

=Portuguese.= =Ch= Island of Cape Breton once occupied by, 236.

=Post Office.= =Mc= Report on, 153; Mackenzie offered control of department, 225; Lord Goderich requests Mackenzie's opinion on, 235; Mackenzie's scheme for reform of, 236; control of the revenue from, 236. =Bk= Service in Upper Canada, 155. =Md= Savings banks introduced in 1867, 151; rates reduced and unified at same time, 151. =E= Reforms brought about by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 85-86. =BL= Transferred from Imperial to Canadian government, and reorganized, 338. =Dr= Condition of service in 1788, 243; Dorchester's improvement of, 243. =Hd= Difficulties of, 129, 131; improved by Haldimand, 131; inefficiency of, in 1782, 193.

=Potash.= =S= Decline in production of, 107.

=Potenger, Maria.= =Bk= Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.

=Potenger, Zelia.= =Bk= Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.

=Pottawotomi Indians.= An Algonquian tribe, allied to the Chippewas. They ranged over portions of what is now the state of Michigan, and in 1760, when Detroit fell into the hands of the British, occupied a village below the fort. One hundred and fifty of the tribe fought under Pontiac in 1763. In the War of 1812, they took the British side. =Index=: =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148; described as fickle, credulous, and timid, 148. =Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_.

=Pouchot= (1712-1769). Born at Grenoble, France. Entered the Engineers' corps of the French army in 1733, and served in Flanders, Corsica, and Germany. Accompanied Montcalm to Canada and took part in the defence of Fort Niagara and Fort de Levis. Served in the campaigns against the British and Indians, until the fall of Quebec in 1759. =Index=: =WM= Quoted with reference to battle of Carillon, 58; in command at Niagara, divides his force, 122; forced to capitulate, 146. =Hd= In command of French fort at Niagara, 25; surrenders, 26; surrenders Fort de Levis, 36. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with France_.

=Poulariez.= =WM= Placed in command of French left (Beauport to Montmorency), 158, 174, 175; protests against idea of capitulation, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy, 262.

=Poulett.= =Sy= Maiden name of Sydenham's mother, 4.

=Poullain, Father Guillaume.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; goes to Nipissing mission, 149.

=Pouthier, Toussaint.= =Bk= Agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, assists in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.

=Poutrincourt.= _See_ Biencourt de Poutrincourt.

=Powell, Henry Watson= (1733-1814). Born in England. Entered the army; in 1756 became captain; and in 1759 served in the West Indies; in 1768 and subsequent years stationed in different parts of North America, and in 1771 promoted lieutenant-colonel. Took part in General Burgoyne's expedition in 1777, with the rank of brigadier-general; in July, 1777, in command of Fort Ticonderoga, and held it successfully against the besieging forces of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Returned to England at the end of the American Revolution, and in 1801 promoted general. =Index=: =Dr= In command at Ticonderoga, discouraging messages from, 179, 180; on surrender of Burgoyne retreats to St. Johns, 180. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Powell, John.= =Mc= Shoots at Mackenzie, 364; his treachery, 365.

=Powell, Colonel Walker= (1828- ). Born in Waterford, Ontario. Educated at the county Grammar School, and at Victoria College, Cobourg. Engaged for some years in mercantile pursuits. Appointed warden of Norfolk County, 1856. Member of the Legislative Assembly for Norfolk County, 1857-1861. Appointed deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion of Canada, 1862. Served during the Fenian Raid, 1866, and in the Rebellions of 1869-1870 and 1885. Adjutant-general of the Dominion, 1875-1896. Largely responsible for the present militia system of Canada, and aided in the establishment of the Royal Military College at Kingston. =Index=: =R= Adjutant-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Powell, William Dummer= (1755-1834). Born in Boston. Called to the bar, 1779. Came to Montreal, and made judge of the district of Hesse with headquarters at Detroit, 1789. Promoted to chief-justiceship, 1815. Retired from the bench, 1825. =Index=: =S= Judge of Common Pleas in Upper Canada, 178. =Bk= On Brock's victory at Detroit, 262. =Mc= Tries and banishes Robert Gourlay, 92. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Power, Michael= (1804-1848). Born in Waterford, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada. Ordained a priest, and became cure of La Prairie, which position he held until 1841, when he went to Europe with Bishop Bourget. On his return to Canada appointed bishop of the western part of Kingston, when that diocese was divided. Consecrated, May 8, 1842, and adopted the title of bishop of Toronto, from the city in which he resided. During his administration the missions which the Jesuits had formerly held in Upper Canada were restored, and others established by his aid. =Index=: =R= Chairman of the Council of Public Instruction in Ontario--favourable to public schools, 219.

=Prairie de la Madeleine.= =L= Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.

=Precedence.= =L= Questions of, 163.

=Preferential Trade.= =B= Ended by repeal of corn laws, 31; protests from Canada, 31; _Globe_ defends free trade and urges Canada to help herself, 31-32; Elgin against Canadian dependence on Imperial tariff legislation, 32. =E= Elgin on, 58-59; debates on, in Canadian Parliament, 59.

=Presbyterian Church in Canada.= Had its beginnings early in the eighteenth century in Nova Scotia. In 1776 the Presbytery of Truro, Nova Scotia, was organized; that of Montreal in 1793; and in 1818 the Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in Montreal. In 1831 the united Presbytery became the Synod of Upper Canada; and in 1840 joined the Church of Scotland Synod. In 1844, on the disruption of the Church of Scotland, the (Free) Presbyterian Synod of Canada was organized. Training colleges were established at Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, and other centres. In 1861 the Free and United Presbyterian synods united as the Synod of Canada Presbyterian Church; and in 1875 all Presbyterian bodies became one in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. =Index=: =E= Secures a share of Clergy Reserves, 153. =B= George Brown's attitude to, 2; the _British Chronicle_ and "disruption," 4; the _Banner_ largely devoted to the interests of, 5, 6. =R= Claims equality with Anglicans, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =W= Represented by one in New Brunswick Assembly, 69. =Bib.=: Torrance, _Origin of the Canadian Presbyterian Church_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Gregg, _History of the Presbyterian Church in Canada_.

=Prescott, Richard= (1725-1788). Born in England. Entered the army, and promoted major, 1756; lieutenant-colonel, 1762, and served in Europe during the Seven Years' War. In 1773 sent as colonel of the 7th Foot to Canada, and during the next two years rendered good service. In 1775, during the investment of Montreal by the Americans, surrounded while on the way to Quebec with troops and stores, and captured. In September, 1776, exchanged; and in December, third in command of the British army, until again made prisoner, July 10, 1777. Released, and the same year became major-general, and in 1782 lieutenant-general. =Index=: =Dr= Placed in charge of Montreal, 89; leaves Montreal with Carleton, 112; captured by Americans, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Prescott, Sir Robert= (1725-1816). Born in Lancashire, England. Educated for the army. Promoted captain of the 15th Foot, 1755; served in the expeditions against Rochefort, 1757, and Louisbourg, 1758. Aide-de-camp to Amherst, 1759; afterwards served under Wolfe in Canada. Promoted major, 1761; lieutenant-colonel, 1762. During the American Revolution, 1775, took part in the battle of Long Island, and at the attack on Fort Washington; engaged in the expedition against Philadelphia, 1777; promoted brevet-colonel, and took part in the battle of Brandywine; promoted colonel, 1780; major-general, 1781; lieutenant-general, 1793. Sent in 1794 to Martinique, which he reduced. On April 10, 1796, appointed governor of Canada in succession to Lord Dorchester, who was recalled. In that year the fortifications at Quebec were greatly strengthened under his direction. In 1797 also appointed governor of Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick. Held all three positions until his recall to England, 1799. =Index=: =Bk= Succeeds Dorchester as governor of Canada, 38. =Dr= Succeeds Dorchester as governor, 303. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_.

=President and Little Belt.= =Bk= Affair of, 173.

=Preston, Major.= =Dr= Sent to occupy fort at St. Johns, 84; surrenders to Montgomery, 102.

=Prevert.= =Ch= Explorer, gives information to Champlain respecting a copper mine, 13.

=Prevost, Augustin= (1725?-1786). Father of Sir George Prevost. Entered the army; served under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759; became lieutenant-colonel, 1761, colonel, 1777; major-general, 1779; defeated General Ashe at Brier Creek, 1779, and defended Savannah against the Americans the same year. =Index=: =Hd= Haldimand's correspondence with, 294, 338; proposed appointment of, 330. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Prevost, Major Augustin.= Son of preceding. =Index=: =Hd= Interested in settlement of Haldimand's lands in Pennsylvania, 315; his father, General Prevost, also a friend of Haldimand's, 316.

=Prevost, Sir George= (1767-1816). Born in New York. Entered the army; took part in the battles of St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. In 1803 created a baronet and promoted major-general. In 1803 appointed governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1812, governor of Canada and commander of the forces in British North America. In 1812-1813 rendered important service in the defence of Canada against the Americans, but was unsuccessful in his operations in the invasion of New York state, being severely defeated, Sept. 11, 1814. =Index=: =Bk= Governor of Nova Scotia, and second in military command in British North America, 101; arrives in Canada as governor-general and commander of forces, 157; previous career, 157, 158; his appointment satisfactory to French-Canadians, 158; appoints Bedard to judgeship, 158; hampered by his instructions from England, 184; his despatch with reference to the John Henry letters, 188; his cautious instructions to Brock, 190, 194, 204, 216; receives news of declaration of war, 203; officially informed of it, 207; his instructions to Captain Roberts at St. Joseph, 210; praises Roberts for his prompt action, 227; his despatch to Lord Bathurst, 227; sends money and stores to Upper Canada, 229; sends proposal for armistice to General Dearborn, 233; letter of congratulation to Brock, 268, 269; notifies Brock of termination of armistice, 269; disapproves of Brock's proposal to attack Sackett's Harbour, 271; his pacific policy approved by British government, 271; speaks of "infatuation" of British ministers regarding American affairs, 277; letter to Brock recommending attitude of defence, 288; his despatch on victory at Detroit, 295. =P= Arrives as governor, 1811, 32; political quiet restored for a time, 32, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ War of 1812.

=Prevost.= =F= Town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284.

=Prevote (Provost's court).= =F= Abolished, 1674, reestablished, 1677, 107.

=Price.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122, 123.

=Price, David Edward= (1826-1833). Born in Quebec. Interested in lumbering. Sat in the Assembly for Chicoutimi and Saguenay, 1855-1864. Although English-speaking and a Protestant, returned to the Legislative Council for a purely French-Canadian district, 1864. Appointed to the Senate, 1867.

=Price, James Hervey= (1797-1882). Born in England. Came to Canada and settled at Toronto, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar, 1833. Took a leading part in the agitation preceding the Rebellion of 1837, but not concerned in the Rebellion itself. Elected to the Canadian Assembly as member for the 1st Riding of York, 1841; during the succeeding years one of the most influential members of the Assembly; held office as commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 1848-1851; defeated at the election of 1851 and retired from public life. Returned to England and settled at Shirley, near Southampton. Died in Shirley. =Index=: =E= Returned to Parliament, 1848, 50; commissioner of crown lands, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; his views on Clergy Reserves, 160, 161, 162. =BL= Commissioner of crown lands--supports Baldwin, 214; his resolution, 215, 216; elected for York, 279; commissioner of crown lands, 284; resolution on Clergy Reserves, 346, 348. =Mc= At Doel's brewery, 330; rebels meet at his house, 362. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Prices of Commodities.= =S= In Upper Canada, 114.

=Prideaux, John= (1718-1759). Born in Devonshire, England. Entered the army in 1739 as an ensign. In 1743 took part in the battle of Dettingen; in 1745 promoted captain; in 1748 became lieutenant-colonel; in 1758 colonel; and in 1759 brigadier-general. In 1759 appointed by Pitt, commander of a division of the army in Canada, under the supreme command of General Amherst. Ordered by Amherst to attack Fort Niagara, then one of the strongest of the French forts. On July 7, 1759, made the first assault on the fort, and on July 11 repulsed an attack by the French. On the same day, while directing the artillery fire, killed by the bursting of one of his own guns. Succeeded by Sir William Johnson, who carried out his plan of operations, the fort capitulating on July 24, 1759. =Index=: =Hd= Marches against Fort Niagara, 25; death of, 26. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Priests.= =Dr= Introduction of, from France, prohibited, 257.

=Primogeniture.= =E= Abolished in Upper Canada with respect to real estate, 87.

=Prince, Colonel.= =Mc= Defends Windsor, 447; shoots prisoners, 447; condemnation for, 448.

=Prince Edward Island.= Under the name of Isle St. John, it appears in Champlain's narrative and on his map. The name is found on earlier maps, and both the discovery and naming of the island have been attributed to Cabot, and again to Cartier, but without sufficient proof. It bore that name until the year 1798, when the present form was adopted, in honour of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. During the French regime, it was largely settled by Acadian families, but these were expelled after the island came under British rule. In 1769 the island was granted to a number of proprietors, and settlement was very slow. It formed part of Nova Scotia until 1769, when it was made a separate province. Responsible government was granted in 1851; and in 1873 the province entered Confederation. =Index=: =E= Land question in, 143-144; 174-175. =B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =Md= Electors reject proposals of Quebec Conference in 1865, 147; again reject Confederation terms in 1866, 147; Macdonald's interest in acquisition of, 148; financial difficulties lead to union in 1873, 148-149; railway debt of, assumed by Canada, 149. =Dr= Carleton arranges to visit, 235; difficulty in transfer of governorship from Patterson to Fanning, 235. _See also_ Charlottetown. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.

=Prince of Wales College.= Located at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Founded, 1860, and amalgamated with the provincial Normal School, 1879.

=Prince of Wales Fort.= At the mouth of the Churchill River, Hudson Bay. Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, between the years 1733 and 1771. It was of massive masonry, 37 to 42 feet thick; 310 feet long on the north and south sides, and 317 on the east and west; and is said to have been designed by English military engineers. The walls are still standing, though parts have fallen in. The parapet mounted forty guns, which are still on the walls. _See_ Tyrrell's Introduction to Hearne's _Journey_ (Champlain Society ed., 1910). Hearne was governor of the fort in 1782, when it was captured by the French under Admiral La Perouse. The fort was built on Eskimo Point, just west of the mouth of the river. The present Hudson's Bay Company post stands on the site of a much earlier fort, built by the Company in 1688. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Prince of Wales Island.= On the north-west coast of North America. =Index=: =D= Recognized as Russian territory by Convention of 1825, 118.

=Pringle, Captain.= =Dr= Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.

=Prison Reform.= =B= Need of, in Upper Canada, shown by George Brown, 90; his strong interest in, 91-92.

=Prisoners.= =Dr= British, in America, 201; exchange of, after Revolutionary War, 207, 208; hardships suffered by Germans captured by Burgoyne, 208, 209; refuse service either as farm labourers or in American army, 210, 211; liberation and embarkation of, 214.

=Proclamation, Royal.= =Dr= Following treaty of Paris, 7; its provisions, 7, 8.

=Proclamation of 1764.= =P= Attorney-general Yorke's opinion of, 11-13; Solicitor-general Wedderburne's views on, 14.

=Procter, Henry A.= (1787-1859). Born in Wales. Served in the army, and became colonel of his regiment. In 1812, being stationed in Canada, ordered by General Brock to prevent the landing of the American troops under General Hull at Amherstburg. This he successfully accomplished, and later defeated the enemy at Brownstown. In 1813 inflicted a severe defeat on the Americans, under General James Winchester, at Frenchtown on the river Raisin. For these services promoted brigadier-general. In August, 1813, forced to retire from Fort Stephenson by Major Croghan. On Oct. 5, defeated by General W.H. Harrison at the battle of the Thames. For this disaster tried by court-martial and sentenced to be suspended for six months from rank and pay. Afterwards reinstated; served during the later stages of the war, and promoted lieutenant-general. =Index=: =Bk= In command of Niagara frontier, 205; sent to Amherstburg, 215, 235; second in command to Brock, 247; opposed to the attempt on Detroit, 267. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ War of 1812.

=Programme Catholique.= =C= Issued by _Le Parti Catholique_, 82; its terms, 82; disapproved of by Archbishop Taschereau, 82-83.

=Prohibition.= =T= Bill introduced by Tilley in New Brunswick, 34; difficulty with its enforcement, 35-39; causes defeat of government, 41; Act repealed, 41. _See also_ Liquor question; Brandy question.

=Protection.= =B= Beginnings of agitation for, in Canada, 231; opposed by George Brown, 232-233; at the bottom of objections to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 232, 233; secret of its success in 1878, 241. =C= Cartier's views on, 115-116. _See also_ National policy.

=Protestant Protective Association.= =Md= Carries on an anti-Roman Catholic campaign, 289.

=Protestants.= =Dr= Feeling aroused among, in connection with Quebec Act, 69. =Ch= Fanaticism of Huguenot agents, 86; had large share of trade, 110; proposed to exclude, 110. =L= Protestantism proscribed in Canada under the French regime, 12.

=Provencal.= =Ch= Uncle of Champlain, officer in Spanish naval service, 2.

=Provincial Secretaries.= =Sy= Duties assigned to, 331.

=Prud'homme.= =WM= Commands Montreal militia, 105.

=Prussia.= =Hd= Becomes a first-class power, 6.

=Public Works.= =Sy= Expenditure on, in Lower and Upper Canada, respectively, 317, 318; home government advances money for completion of, 320.

=Puget Sound Agricultural Company.= =D= Organized, 129; agricultural interests of Hudson's Bay Company handed over to, 129; its farms, 129-130; checkered career, 130; McLoughlin first manager, 130; disputes with United States, 130-131; claims settled by commission, 131; Douglas succeeds McLoughlin as manager, 132; epidemic of fever and ague follows first turning of soil about Fort Vancouver, 132; land claims on Vancouver Island, 198; dispute with Langford, 199. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Punshon, William Morley= (1824-1881). Born in England. Engaged for a time in the timber business with his father; joined the Methodists, 1838, and ordained a Wesleyan minister, 1845. Worked in London, 1858-1868, and in Canada, 1868-1873, when he returned to England. =Index=: =R= Ryerson's friendship for, 285; comes to Canada, 285-286; Ryerson's letter to, 288-289. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Purchas, Samuel= (1575?-1626). A graduate of St. John's College, Cambridge. Rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 1614-1626. Fell heir to a number of unpublished narratives left by Hakluyt, and edited them with many others, in his collections of voyages and travels. =Index=: =Ch= Gives in his _Pilgrims_ English version of Champlain's first narrative, 15. =Bib.=: _Purchas his Pilgrimage_, 1613; _Purchas his Pilgrim_, 1619; _Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes_, 1625.

=Purchase of Commissions.= =Dr= In Loyalist corps, 217.

=Putnam, Charles S.= =W= A leading barrister of Fredericton, 11.

=Quadra, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y= (1744?-1794). Knight of the Order of Santiago. Made voyages of exploration to the North-West Coast in 1775 and 1779. Governor of Nootka, and met Vancouver there in 1792 for the purpose of arranging the restoration of Nootka to the British crown. =Index=: =D= Voyage to North-West Coast, 7, 14; at Bay of Islands, 15; takes possession for Spain, 15; searches for Strait of Anian, 15; fails to discover mouth of Columbia, 15; sights Mount St. Elias and enters Prince William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka, 33. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Quakers.= =S= Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. =Hd= Of Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. =Bk= Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.

=Quebec Act, 1774.= Provided that the boundaries of the province of Quebec in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the Ohio to the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of their religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of England, and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited powers. =Index=: =E= Guarantees institutions of French Canada, 24. =Dr= Introduced in House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives offence to older colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman Catholics and establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65; passed, 65; corporation of London petitions king to withhold assent, 69; saves Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into force, 81, 89. =L= Beneficial operation of, 13. =Sy= Its effect in creating cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated by American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. =BL= Its provisions, 2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. =P= Gives French-Canadians long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law, 9; the _magna charta_ of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and history, 11. =Mc= Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. =Hd= Extends Quebec to Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not satisfactory to English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion, saved the country from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of Ursuline nuns, 179; opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264; Haldimand's opinion of, 195; his use of, 273. =Bib.=: Houston, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_; Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Documents_; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_. _See also_ Dorchester.

=Quebec City.= Founded by Champlain (_q.v._), in 1608. Seventy-three years earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed near the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of Stadacone. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the _Abitation de Quebec_, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it alive, and, though harassed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland, the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has passed through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the great siege of 1759, Levis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and Arnold, 1775-1776. =Index=: =Bk= The centre of society in Canada, 46; defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. =Sy= Charter of, reestablished, 255; change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. =L= Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92; conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231. =B= Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election frauds in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186. =Dr= Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of, improved by Cramahe, 117; attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed, 125-131; garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252, 253. =F= Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to France, 23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences further strengthened, 326. =E= Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. =WM= In 1756, description of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications afforded no protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no effect against enemy's works at Pointe Levis, 113; discouragement of inhabitants, 113; general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves pillage the houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the enemy, the citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of, disorganized, 230; capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over fall of, 238; Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British garrison of, 243. =Ch= Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of settlement at, 167; terms of capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed to Lewis Kirke, 195; English flag hoisted over, 196; names of families remaining at, after surrender, 196; passes again under French rule, 224; population in 1629, 208; destructive fire at, 1640, 241. =BL= Boundaries of, for political purposes changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146; aspires to honour of capital, 181; seat of government, 338. =Md= Shares with Toronto the honour of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39; dispute over capital, 77; dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; conference on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105. =Hd= Besieged by Wolfe, 25; news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended by Murray, 34; Murray lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses St. Maurice forges, 47; government of, 49; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought to, 152; fortifications of, strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187; threatened by French fleet, 188; census of, taken, 190; old customs of, 192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220, 300-304; education in, 233-235; food supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244; rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in, 298; Haldimand sails from, 310; Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_; Le Moine, _Historical Notes on Quebec_; MacPherson, _Reminiscences of Old Quebec_; Hawkins, _Picture of Quebec_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Le Moine, _Quebec Past and Present_; Parker, _Old Quebec_.

=Quebec Committee.= =Sy= Its address to the electors in opposition to the union, 288.

=Quebec Conference, 1864.= To discuss terms of Confederation. =Index=: =C= Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. =B= Division of authority between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary powers, 163-164; constitution of the Senate, 164-165; financial question, 165; resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166; delegates tour Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. =H= Frames scheme of Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. =Md= Meets at Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104; Tache selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105; passes seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative _vs._ federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces and Dominion, 110; constitution of Senate, 110-112; question of representation, 112-113. =T= Deals with Intercolonial Railway question, 54; history of, 76-80. =Bib.=: Pope, _Confederation Documents_; Cauchon, _Union of the Provinces_; Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Confederation Debates_.

=Quebec General Hospital=. =WM= Care taken of wounded British in, 153; British guard placed on, 223; Levis takes possession of, 265; painful scenes at, described, 265, 266. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Quebec, Hotel Dieu=. =F= Origin of, 28. =L= Laval lodges at, for a time, 33; nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Quebec Library=. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertisement appeared in the Quebec _Gazette_: "A subscription has been commenced for establishing a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the Bishop, and it is hoped that the institution, so particularly useful in this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard Cumberland, the dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later, the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library Association, founded 1843; and in 1866 the Association dissolved and sold its books to the Quebec Literary and Historical Society (_q.v._). =Bib.=: A detailed account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library Association, will be found in Wuertele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1887-1889.

=Quebec Literary and Historical Society=. Founded at Quebec in 1824, largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie, then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such documents as may be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may prove important to general history and to the particular history of this province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in 1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown steadily, despite serious losses from fires. =Bib.=: The publications consist of _Transactions_ and _Historical Documents_. The first volume of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in 1838. The _Trans._, for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its publications and its library, by F. C. Wuertele, who also published in 1891 an Index to the series of publications.

=Quebec, Province of=. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the principal part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774, its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in 1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec. Constitutional government was established in 1791; and responsible government in 1841. =Index=: =Dr= Government of, embraced Canada, 7. =S= Divided, 1. =Md= Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of Confederation in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and expectant" on entry into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133; result of election of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question, 242-244; Cartier's influence in, 266. _See also_ Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Responsible government; Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada.

=Quebec Revenue Act.= =Sy= Provided fund for carrying on colonial government, 83. =Bib.=: Houston, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_.

=Quebec Seminary.= Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden. Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged, 1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. =Index=: =F= Establishment of, 48. =L= Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to collect tithes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56; affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241. _See also_ Laval University. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1629.= The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up the river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which Champlain peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to meet the French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a battle which lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners back to England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three sails, and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the little garrison was at the point of starvation. =Index=: _See_ Quebec City; Kirke. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1690.= Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two ships and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did much less damage to the town than his ships suffered from Frontenac's batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in the Lower Town was named _Notre Dame de la Victoire_, to commemorate the victory. =Index=: _See_ Quebec city; Phipps. =Bib.=: Myrand, _Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1759.= Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne, and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton, and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the Levis shore, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily assembled his troops and led them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of the city, and Townshend, who had succeeded to the command, had difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. =Index=: _See_ Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Woods, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Knox, _Historical Journal_; Waddington, _La Guerre de Sept Ans_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1760.= After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760, Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Levis laid siege to the town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Levis, seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_ and _Cradle of New France_; Waddington, _La Guerre de Sept Ans_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776.= _See_ American invasion; Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester. =Bib.=: Anderson, _Siege and Blockade of Quebec_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1872); Strange, _Historical Notes on the Defence of Quebec_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1875).

=Queen Charlotte Islands.= A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George Dixon examined both the eastern and western shores of the islands in 1787, and named them after his ship, the _Queen Charlotte_. The natives are known as Haidas. =Index=: =D= Portlock and Dixon discover that group is not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22; Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. =Bib.=: Poole, _Queen Charlotte Islands_; Chittenden, _Report of Exploration of Queen Charlotte Islands_; Dawson, _Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands_ (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879).

=Queen's Brigade (French).= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 262.

=Queen's Rangers.= =Dr= Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. =S= Raising of, 22; Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel militia, 26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quantity of enemy's stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36; surrender with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army, 39; disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208, 216. =Bk= Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. =Bib.=: Simcoe, _Journal of the Operations of the Queen's Rangers_.

=Queen's University.= Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839, and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first principal was Rev. Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch, Dr. Snodgrass. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became principal, and it was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon. =Index=: =R= Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian institution, 135, 147; Act of incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative grant, 148; Dr. Liddell principal, 150; advocates university scheme, 150. =E= Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. =BL= Established by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into provincial university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. =Bib.=: Machar, _Sketch of Queen's University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Queenston.= Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. =Index=: =Bk= In 1803 an important village, 58. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=Queenston Heights, Battle of.= In War of 1812. Brock commanded the British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and 2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods, attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900 and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. =Index=: =Bk= Account of battle, 300-312. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Currie, _Battle of Queenston Heights_. _See also_ War of 1812.

=Quen, Jean de= (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635. Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. =Index=: =Ch= Parish priest of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 238. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Quentin, Barthelemy.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Quentin, Father Claude.= =Ch= Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234.

=Quesnel, Frederick A.= =Sy= Member of Special Council of Lower Canada, opposes union, 193. =P= Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102.

=Quesnel, Jules Maurice.= =D= Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60. =MS= With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river named after, 109. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.

=Queylus, Abbe de.= =F= Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42; sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. =L= His difficulties with Laval, 7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes authority of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to archbishop of Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and assumes charge of parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to France, 28; later returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, 29; causes chapel to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupre, 101; arrival of, 1668, 105; makes donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's recommendation of, 107, 134; departure of, for France, 134; his great liberality, 135. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Quimper, Manuel.= Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West Coast in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to Monterey, Mexico, in September, 1790. =Index=: =D= Examines both shores of Juan de Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: Walkran, _British Columbia Coast-Names_.

=Quinte, Bay of.= An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouve and Fenelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the bay were made by United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks settled in the township of Tyendenaga--named after Joseph Brant. =Index=: =Hd= Iroquois settlement on, 265. =Bib.=: Conant, _Life in Canada_ and _Upper Canada Sketches_.

=Quintin's Bridge.= =S= Skirmish at, 24.

=Quinton, James.= =T= Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, 109.

=Radisson, Pierre Esprit= (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada in 1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois and carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped the following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit to the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake Superior, discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 made another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey by his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =F= Proceedings of, in Hudson Bay, 204-205. =Bib.=: _Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson_ (Prince Society, Boston, 1885); _Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson_ (Canadian Archives _Report_, 1895); Sulte, _Radisson in the North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); _Decouverte du Mississippi_ (R. S. C., 1903); Prud'homme, _Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson_; Dionne, _Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, _Further History of Pierre Esprit Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1898) and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _The Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Rae, John= (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied Richardson in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and in 1851 commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land. During an expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of Franklin's death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. =Index=: =MS= Journey in search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his party, 51; chief factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. =Bib.=: _Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea_.

=Rae, W. G.= =D= Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in charge of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.

=Rafeix, Father.= =L= Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41.

=Rageot, Gilles.= =F= Clerk to attorney-general, 106.