Chapter V: Part 5

=Canals.= The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as 1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion government. =Index=: =Bk= First in American continent made in Canada, 48. =BL= Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. =B= Improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in 1874, 227. =S= Four made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112. =P= Opposed by Papineau, 172. _See also_ Waterways; and under names of individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc. =Bib.=: Keefer, _Canals of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); _Waterways of Canada_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 2); Kingsford, _Canadian Canals_; _Report of Royal Commission on Canals_, 1871; _Annual Reports on Railways and Canals_, Ottawa.

=Cananee.= =Ch= Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspe, 141; the Turks capture his ship, the _Ste. Madeleine_, on the coast of Bretagne, and put him to death, 141.

=Canard River.= A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into the Detroit River. =Index=: =Bk= Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.

=Candiac, Chateau of.= =WM= Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, still remains, 5.

=Canning, Charles John, Viscount= (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through the period of the Indian Mutiny. =Index=: =E= His record in India, 217. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Canning, George= (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles. =Index=: =Sy= Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death of, 16. =Bk= Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of _Leopard_ and _Chesapeake_, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign secretary, 120. =Bib.=: Canning, _Speeches_; Stapleton, _Political Life of George Canning_; Stapleton, _George Canning and His Times_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cannon, Captain.= =WM= Repulses landing of English, 107.

=Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount= (1814-1877). Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to 1846 in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor of Victoria. =Index=: =T= Dissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

"=Canvas House.=" =S= Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as winter residence at York, 204.

=Cap de la Victoire.= On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. =Index=: =Ch= Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139.

=Cap du Ciel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222.

=Cap Rouge.= On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Vaudreuil orders posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters at, 163; difficulty of crossing the river, 248.

=Cape Breton.= An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745; restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded 1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia. =Index=: =Ch= Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit mission at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237. _See also_ Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. =Bib.=: Brown, _History of Cape Breton_; Bourinot, _Cape Breton and its Memorials_; Grant, _Cape Breton, Past and Present_.

=Cape Diamond, Quebec.= =Ch= Fortified, 157.

=Cape St. Vincent.= =Bk= British naval victory of, 10.

=Car Brigade.= =Bk= Formed, 196.

=Carden, Major.= =Dr= Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.

=Cardinal Joseph.= =P= At meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88.

=Carey.= =Sy= Made deputy inspector-general, 333.

=Carheil, Etienne de.= A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668 for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec, where he died. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites.

=Cariboo Gold-fields.= =D= History of, 284-289.

=Carignan-Salieres.= The first regiment of regular troops sent to America from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; employed for some years in the service of the king of France, and after the peace of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French army. Fought against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the following year. With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment of a regiment of Germans, the whole under the command of Colonel de Salieres. The regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, when it was ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, remained in the colony, where they were given generous grants of land. The regiment was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the Regiment of Lorraine existed until 1794. =Index=: =L= Gives strength to the colony, 53; discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further detachment of, arrives, 79. =E= Officers settle on lands along the Richelieu, 178-179, 181. =F= Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become seigneurs, 57. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Susane, _Ancienne Infanterie Francaise_, vol. 5.

=Carillon, Fort.= =Hd= Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. =WM= The fort defended by Montcalm with De Levis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked by the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61; Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. _See also_ Ticonderoga. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Carion, Philippe de.= =L= Lays second foundation stone of church at Montreal, 88. =F= Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's order for arrest of _coureurs de bois_, 91.

=Carleton, Christopher.= =Dr= Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow marries Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.

=Carleton, Sir Guy.= _See_ Dorchester.

=Carleton, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162; lives to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.

=Carleton, Thomas= (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755; quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed governor. =Index=: =Dr= Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 249. =W= First governor of New Brunswick, 5; his Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants charter to Fredericton Academy, 86. =Hd= Devastates country bordering on Lake Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.

=Carleton Island.= =Hd= Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against, 150; reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great cost of transporting provisions to, 184.

=Carling, Sir John= (1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Carlton House.= Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks; the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established about the end of the eighteenth century. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.

=Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of= (1831-1890). Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884. =Index=: =Md= President of Westminster Conference in London, 126; effect of his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, on the franchise, 259. =T= Conference with, on Confederation scheme, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Caroline.= =Mc= Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out of, 420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. =Bib.=: Drew and Wood, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Caroline Almanac.= =Mc= Mackenzie publishes, 459.

=Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Rene Adolphe= (1843-1908). Born in Quebec. Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Caron, Rene Edouard= (1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne, Lower Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor of Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not take his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841; Speaker, 1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench and judge of the Seigniorial Court. =Index=: =BL= Mayor of Quebec, and member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83; member of La Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative Council--acts as go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263; president of Legislative Council, 284. =E= Refuses to enter Draper ministry, 43; becomes president of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; leading member of Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109; president of Council in Hincks-Morin government, 113; raised to Bench, 126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Turcotte, _R. E. Caron_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and _Can. Por._

=Carondelet.= =S= Spanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to Simcoe to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136.

=Carroll, Charles= (1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence. Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate. =Index=: =Dr= Accompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington= (1819-1900). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland, 1842; appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1855-1878; Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878; knighted, 1878; chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented Newfoundland at the Quebec Conference, 1864. =Index=: =T= Speaker of Newfoundland Assembly, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Carter, Sir James= (1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in England. =Index=: =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75. =T= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Cartier, Sir Georges Etienne= (1814-1873). =Md= Associated with Macdonald in MacNab-Tache ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88; member of mission to England to confer with British government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of North-West Territories, 156-157; supports demand of Red River for self-government, 160; takes advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt to forestall the Wolseley expedition, 161-162; leads the House during Macdonald's absence in Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his influence weakened in Quebec, 195; his early life and alliance with Macdonald, 266; his splendid work for Confederation and its inadequate recognition, 267; the C. B. replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in Montreal East, 1872, 268; his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's tribute to, on unveiling of his statue, 268. =T= Delegate to England in union negotiations, 63; at Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; in first Confederation ministry, 129. =P= A man of action, 1; lacking hi personal magnetism, 2; compared with Papineau, 2; blames Papineau and his friends for expelling Mondelet from Assembly, 72. =E= On Papineau's responsibility for amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected to Legislature in 1849--government candidate for speakership in 1854, defeated, 135,136; his statue, 226. =C= Follows Papineau, 1; subsequent loyalty to British constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 3; a descendant of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3; education, 3-5; Papineau's influence, 5; studies law with Edouard Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7; the poet of _Les Fils de la Liberte_, 7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7, 8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the field against D. B. Viger, 17; his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness against Papineau, 18; enters the Assembly, 1849, for Vercheres, 21; a born leader, 21; offered seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet, 1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes of his success as a political leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28; helped by Radicalism of Liberals, 29; defeated at general election, 1872, by _Le Parti National_, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31; alliance with Sir Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33; defends alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly attacked in Vercheres election, 34; breadth of his political activities, 35; reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests of Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence, 40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation, 45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord Monck to intrust Tache with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Tache's warning as to trouble in North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76; loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East, 84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87; reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country, 99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103; his character and policy, 105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed, 115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128; quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132. =B= And the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150; meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153; suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191; asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204. =H= Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. =Bib.=: Author of _Speeches on the Militia Bill_, and of the popular song, _O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes Amours!_ For biog., _see_ David, _Esquisse Biographique_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._: Taylor, _Brit. Am._: Dent. _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Turcotte, _Sir G. E. Cartier_.

=Cartier, Jacques= (1491-1557). In 1534, sailing out of St. Malo, made his first voyage to the New World, entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence by way of the Straits of Belle Isle, landing on the Gaspe shore, and coasting around the eastern end of Anticosti. Returned to France. The following year again sailed to the gulf, and entered the river St. Lawrence. Continuing his voyage, passed the mouth of the Saguenay, and landed on the Island of Orleans, which he named Ile Bacchus. Brought his little ships into the St. Charles River, upon whose banks stood the Indian village of Stadacone. After exploring the St. Lawrence as far as the Indian town of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadacone, where he wintered. In the spring of 1536 sailed back to France, taking with him the Iroquois chief, Donnacona. In 1541, made a third voyage to Canada. Roberval was to have followed with a number of colonists, but did not actually sail until the spring of 1542. When he reached Newfoundland, he met Cartier on his way home. Roberval's colony proved disastrous, and Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to the New World to rescue the survivors. =Index=: =Ch= Names Hare Island, 13; ravages of scurvy among his men, 23; finds a remedy in the plant _aneda_, 29; Membertou pretends to have met him in 1534, 36; his winter quarters identified by Champlain, 44-45; his Riviere de Fouez identified as the St. Maurice, 52. =F= His voyages, 1; attempt at colonization, 2. =L= With his men, receives communion from bishop of St. Malo, 7. =C= Sir Georges E. Cartier a descendant of the explorer's family, 3. =Bib.=: For a complete list of the original editions of Cartier's voyages, _see_ Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_, etc. Tross, Paris, reprinted them as follows: D'Avezac, _Bref Recit et Succinte Narration de la Navigation Faite par le Capitaine Jacques Cartier aux Iles de Canada_, etc. (1863); Michelant et Rame, _Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534_ (1865); Michelant et Rame, _Relation Originale, du Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534_ (1867). The first English version is that of Florio (1580). In 1600 Hakluyt included a more accurate translation in his _Principal Navigations_. H. B. Stephen's essay, _Jacques Cartier and his Voyages to Canada_, is accompanied by a new translation of the voyages. The Cartier voyages are discussed in the _Trans._ R. S. C., by W. F. Ganong (1887), (1889); Paul de Gazes (1884), (1890); Abbe Verreau (1890), (1891), (1897); Archbishop Howley (1894); and in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, _Voyages de Decouvertes au Canada_ (1843); Demazieres, _Notes sur Jacques Cartier_ (1862). _See also_ Pope, _Jacques Cartier_; Winsor, _Cartier to Frontenac_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Des Longrais, _Jacques Cartier_; Dionne, _La Nouvelle France de Cartier a Champlain_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Cartwright, J. S.= =Sy= Opposes union of provinces in Upper Canada Assembly, 207, 211.

=Cartwright, Rev. Richard.= =Sy= Assists in funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.

=Cartwright, Richard= (1759-1815). Born at Albany, New York. On the outbreak of hostilities with the mother country came with his parents to Upper Canada. For a time served as secretary to Colonel Butler of the Queen's Rangers, and later engaged in business at Kingston in partnership with Robert Hamilton. Made judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the district, and on the formation of Upper Canada into a separate province appointed to the Legislative Council. Urged to accept a seat in the Executive Council, but repeatedly refused. Created lieutenant of the county of Frontenac by Simcoe, and during the War of 1812 served as colonel of the militia. Occupied a position of great prominence in the political and business life of the province. =Index=: =BL= Offered and refuses solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, 120; his letter of explanation, 121. =R= His influence on Strachan, 37. =Bk= Brock's high opinion of, 179. =S= On later emigration from United States, 57; member of Legislative Council, 79; his report on marriage question, in Upper Canada, 86; accused by Simcoe of republicanism, 97, 98; asserts his loyalty, 98; advises Simcoe in regard to land regulations, 103; describes methods of business in early times, 109. =Bib.=: Cartwright, _Life and Letters of Hon. Richard Cartwright_.

=Cartwright, Sir Richard John= (1835- ). Grandson of the preceding. Born at Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered public life, 1863, as member for Lennox and Addington. Minister of finance in Mackenzie Cabinet, 1873-1878. On the return of the Liberals to power, in 1896, became minister of trade and commerce. =Index=: =Md= Favours commercial union, 297; introduces unrestricted reciprocity resolution, 1888, 298-299; his modified resolution of 1889, 299. =B= His account of pre-confederation scenes in the house, 153-154. =C= Discussion with Cartier in 1872, on the militia, 110. =Bib.=: Works: _Remarks on the Militia of Canada_; _Memories of Confederation_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Carver, Jonathan= (1732-1780). Born at Stillwater, New York. Joined the company of rangers raised by John Burk of Northfield, 1756-1757. After the treaty of Paris, 1763, conceived the idea of exploring the Western territory acquired by England. Between 1766 and 1768, travelled from Michilimackinac to the Mississippi, ascended the Minnesota River, and returned by way of Grand Portage, Lake Superior. Went to England, 1769, to secure government support for his plans of Western exploration, but failed. Died there, Jan. 31, 1780. =Index=: =D= His River of Oregon, 19; reference to Oregon, 56-57. =Bib.=: _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768_. The best edition is the third, published at London, 1781. For a bib. of the various editions, and translations, _see_ Lee, _Bibliography of Carver's Travels_ (Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. _Proc._, 1909). _See also_ Durrie, _Jonathan Carver and "Carver's Grant"_ (Wisconsin Hist. Soc. _Coll._, vol. 6); Gregory, _Jonathan Carver: His Travels in the North-West_ (Parkman Club _Pub._, No. 5); Bourne, _Travels of Jonathan Carver_ in _Amer. Hist. Review_, 1906; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_.

=Cas Reserve.= =L= In connection with sale of liquor to Indians, 171, 174.

=Cascades.= On the St. Lawrence River. =Hd= Improvements in navigation at, 185.

=Case, William.= =R= Visits England, 1831, 90; his connection with split in Methodist body, 105.

=Casgrain, Henri Raymond= (1831-1904). After studying medicine, decided to enter the church, and ordained a priest in 1856. In 1872, owing to an affection of the eyes, compelled to abandon the ministry, and thereafter devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, _Legendes Canadiennes_, appeared in 1861; and this was followed by many other publications, in history, biography, and belles-lettres. One of the principal contributors to the _Soirees Canadiennes_, the _Foyer Canadien_, and other French-Canadian periodicals. A charter member of the Royal Society of Canada; elected president of that body in 1889. =Index=: =L= His pen-portrait of Mme. de la Peltrie, 153-154. =Ch= On the question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. =Bib.=: Among his principal works are: _Histoire de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; _Biographies Canadiennes_; _Un Pelerinage au Pays d'Evangeline_; _Montcalm et Levis_. For bib., _see_ R. S. C., 1894, 21. For biog., _see_ Routhier, _Eloge historique de H. R. Casgrain_ (R. S. C., 1904); Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Cass, Lewis= (1782-1866). Served under General Hull in War of 1812. Drew up Hull's flamboyant proclamation to the people of Canada. Opposed surrender of Detroit. Governor of territory of Michigan. =Index=: =Bk= On surrender of Detroit, 257. =Bib.=: Contributed to _Historical Sketches of Michigan_, 1834. For biog., _see_ McLaughlin, _Lewis Cass_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Castillon, Jacques de.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168; presents pictures to church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 240.

=Castle Frank.= =S= Country chalet built for Simcoe near York, 215.

=Castle of St. Louis.= _See_ Chateau St. Louis.

=Catalogne, Gedeon de.= Employed for some years on military and other engineering works in Canada. In 1701 commenced a canal from Lachine to the Little River, with the object of providing a boat channel around the rapids. The work was abandoned, and resumed in 1717, but was again abandoned, owing to the cost of the rock cutting. Accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, in 1687.

=Cataraqui.= A fort, built by the engineer Raudin in 1673, under Frontenac's orders, the site having been selected by La Salle. The fort stood at the mouth of the Cataraqui, on the site of the present city of Kingston. Here Frontenac held a great Council with representatives of the five Iroquois nations, 1673. On Frontenac's recommendation, Cataraqui was granted to La Salle as a seigniory, upon his repaying the amount the fort had cost the king. Fort Frontenac, as La Salle named it, became the base of his ambitious scheme of western explorations. =Index=: =F= Expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort, afterwards known as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83. =Hd= Lands allotted to Loyalists in neighbourhood of, 236, 255; settlers at, 258, 265. =S= Barracks of, on site of old Fort Frontenac, 51; Loyalist settlements in surrounding country, 58; detail of, 59. _See also_ Kingston; Fort Frontenac; La Salle. =Bib.=: Machar, _Old Kingston_; Sulte, _Le Fort de Frontenac_ (R. S. C., 1901); Girouard, _L'Expedition du Marquis de Denonville_ (R. S. C., 1899).

=Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl= (1783-1859). Served in Holland, 1799; saw service through Peninsular War; fought at Waterloo; assumed title, 1843; succeeded General Jackson as commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1845; administrator the same year, on the departure of Sir Charles Metcalfe; governor-general, 1846; succeeded by Lord Elgin, 1847. =Index=: =Md= Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, 25; correspondence with Draper over Macdonald's appointment to Cabinet, 26. =BL= Becomes administrator, and afterwards governor-general, 265-266; his character and attitude towards political questions in Canada, 266. =E= Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, more interested in problems of defence than in politics, 38; replaced by Elgin, 40; his instructions to Rebellion Losses Commission, 65. =B= His appointment and character, 28; warns British government of disaffection in Canada, 31. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Catherine.= =Ch= Champlain sails for France in (1626), 155.

=Cauchon, Joseph Edouard= (1816-1885). Educated at the Seminaire de Quebec; studied law and called to the bar, but turned immediately to journalism. Edited _Le Canadien_ for a time; and in 1842 established the _Journal de Quebec_. Entered public life, 1844, as member for Montmorency, which county he represented continuously until 1872. Entered MacNab government, 1855, as commissioner of crown lands. Became commissioner of public works in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1861-1862. Speaker of the Senate, 1868-1872. Accepted presidency of the Council in Mackenzie administration, 1875-1877; minister of inland revenue, 1877. Resigned the same year to accept the lieutenant-governorship of Manitoba, 1877-1882. =Index=: =C= As journalist and politician, 24; attitude towards Cartier, 24; his writings, 24; praises Cartier in the _Journal de Quebec_, 88. =E= Brings up question of Seigniorial Tenure in Parliament, 126; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164. =Bib.=: Works: _Remarks on the North-West Territories_; _Etude sur l'Union Projectee des Provinces Britanniques_; _L'Union des Provinces de l'Amerique du Nord_. For biog., _see_ _Revue Canadienne_, 1884; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._

=Caughnawaga Indians.= A community of Iroquois, chiefly drawn from the Oneida and Mohawk, and speaking a modification of the Mohawk tongue. Having been converted by the Jesuit missionaries, they were induced to settle in 1668 at La Prairie, near Montreal. In 1676 they removed to Sault St. Louis, and the majority have remained in that vicinity ever since. About 1755 a new settlement was formed at St. Regis, farther up the St. Lawrence. Many accompanied the fur traders to the west as hunters. In the narratives of the fur trade they are referred to as Iroquois. =Index=: =Hd= Their sympathies secured for Congress by Jesuits, 130; village of, burned by Sir John Johnson, 156; their disloyalty, 189. =Bib.=: Colden, _Five Nations_; Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Caumont.= =Ch= Pont-Grave's clerk, 121; chief clerk of De Monts's (Rouen) company at Quebec, 133.

=Cayahoga.= =Bk= United States schooner carrying Hull's stores and baggage, captured, 218.

=Cayet, Victor Palma.= =Ch= His work on French navigation, 15.

=Cayley, William.= Inspector-general, 1845-1848, and again, 1854-1858. By the Act of 1859, the office was changed to minister of finance. =Index=: =E= Inspector-general, 1854, 140; favours division of Clergy Reserves among various denominations, 163. =B= Galt takes his place in government, 107. =Bib.=: _Finances and Trade of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Cayugas.= One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. Parkman gives four forms of the name: Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh. Their fighting strength is given in the _Relation_ of 1660 as 300. At this time, however, they had been weakened by continual warfare. The Cayuga villages stood on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and their territory extended from that lake to the Owasco, both included. The tribe lay between the Senecas on the west and the Onondagas on the east. By the beginning of the nineteenth century they had been crowded off their ancestral lands, and scattered abroad. Some seven hundred are now on the Six Nation reserve, in the Niagara peninsula. The remainder are for the most part in the western United States. =Index=: =Ch= Iroquois tribe, 50. _See also_ Iroquois; Senecas; Onondagas; Mohawks; Tuscaroras. =Bib.=: Pilling, _Iroquoian Languages_. _See also_ Iroquois.

=Cazeau, Francois.= =Hd= Arrested on charge of treason, 279.

=Census.= The first census in Canada seems to have been taken in 1640, when the inhabitants numbered 375, distributed as follows: married men, 64; married women (three born in Canada), 64; widower, 1; widows, 4; unmarried men, 35; boys (30 born in Canada), 58; girls (24 born in Canada), 48; nuns, 6; Jesuits, 29; others, 66. Benjamin Sulte finds the population in 1650 to have been 705; and in 1663 about 2500. The census of 1665 gives the total population as 3251. The first census of the Dominion was taken in 1871, when the population was 3,635,024; the census of 1881 gave a total of 4,324,810; of 1891, 4,833,239; of 1901, 5,371,315. _See also_ Acadians. =Index=: =E= Provided for by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86; placed under Department of Agriculture by Hincks-Morin government, 117. =F= Of 1666, 55. =Bib.=: _Census of Canada_, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. _See also_ Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; and General Index, _Trans._ R. S. C., under _Census_.

=Centurion.= =WM= Admiral Saunders's ship, in action off Beauport shore, 136.

=Chabanel, Noel.= Jesuit missionary in the Huron country, 1643. Had been a professor of rhetoric in France, before coming to Canada. When the Hurons were driven from their country by the Iroquois, in 1649, he and Garnier led their demoralized flock to the Island of St. Joseph, in Matchadash Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay. Even here the Iroquois followed them, and attacked the mission of St. Jean, Dec. 7, 1649. Chabanel had left the place a short time before, and so escaped the general massacre. He, however, fell a victim to one of his own Hurons, who confessed that he had murdered the missionary and thrown his body into a river. =Index=: =L= Died a martyr, 62. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Chabot, J.= (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellechasse, Lower Canada. Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the Assembly for Quebec, 1843-1850; for Bellechasse, 1851-1854; and for Quebec, 1854-1856. Became chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in 1852; government director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial Tenure commissioner the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1856. =Index=: =E= Commissioner of public works, 1853, 126; and again in coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Chalmers, Thomas.= =R= Offered, but declines, charge of educational policy in Upper Canada, 37.

=Chamberlain, Joseph= (1836- ). British statesman. =Mc= Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.

=Chambers, Captain.= =Bk= Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219, 235; in command of 2d Brigade, 247.

=Chambly, Jacques de.= An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort St. Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as governor of Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique, where he died. =Index=: =F= Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270; governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Regiment de Carignan_ (R. S. C., 1902).

=Chambly.= Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built by Jacques de Chambly, 1665. =Index=: =F= Fort erected at, 51. =Dr= Captured by Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. =L= Fort erected at, 53. =Hd= Weak defences of, 134.

=Champdore.= =Ch= Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22.

=Champlain, Antoine.= =Ch= Father of Samuel Champlain, 1.

=Champlain, Samuel= (1567?-1635). =WM= His elevated sentiments, 20. =Ch= Birth and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in command of Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5; captures English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of travels, 7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8; accepts offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives at Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault St. Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for France, 14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to places, 19; describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22; makes plan of Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25; describes Pentagouet (Penobscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30; describes settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for Quebec, 40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41; conspiracy formed against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43; explores vicinity of Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition against Iroquois, 47; conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian policy, 49-52; encounter with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for France, 54; has audience with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56; returns to Canada, 59; arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack Iroquois, 61; wounded in encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; returns to Quebec, 63; hears of the assassination of Henry IV, and sails for France, 64; marries Helene Boulle, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67; arrives at Quebec, 68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St. Helen's Island after his wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview with De Monts, 71; motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82; becomes lieutenant in Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 73; on death of Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Conde and returns to Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 74; goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for France, 79; engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings to Canada three Recollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec, proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, passes through Lake Nipissing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88; proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons, 105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112; sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and trading privileges, 138; publishes ordinances, 139; returns to France with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155; arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162; imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171; criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease, 180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspe, 181; asserts superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192, 193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and Charite, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes to London and sees French ambassador, 207; shows him map of the country, 211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec (1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239; appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred Associates), 244; his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261; his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271; his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies pronounced on, 276-279. =F= Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada (1615), 13; brings out Recollet missionaries, 13; heads another expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Chateau St. Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633), 24; death of, 26. =L= His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4; his pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: Works: _[OE]uvres de Champlain_ (Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (trans. by Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, _Voyages of Samuel de Champlain_; Bourne, _Champlain's Voyages_; Biggar, _Works of Samuel de Champlain_ (Champlain Society, _in prep._). For bib. of the original editions, _see_ Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_, etc. For biog., _see_ Gravier, _Vie de Samuel Champlain_; Sedgwick, _Samuel de Champlain_; Dix, _Champlain: the Founder of New France_; Verreau, _Samuel de Champlain_ (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Champlain Lake.= Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois. The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a fort on Ile La Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in 1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are associated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. =Index=: =F= Champlain reaches, in his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. =Hd= Canada to be attacked by way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding against invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on shores of, 250. =WM= Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. =Dr= Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way of, 146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet on, 149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on, 154-157. =Ch= Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Crockett, _History of Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Reid, _Lake George and Lake Champlain_; Palmer, _History of Lake Champlain_. _See_ bib. note in Crockett.

=Chandler, Edward Barron= (1800-1880). Elected to New Brunswick Assembly, 1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when called to Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844. Engaged in negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852; reciprocity, 1854; and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1878. =Index=: =W= Sent by New Brunswick Assembly to lay grievances before colonial secretary, 24; becomes member of government, 72; resigns, 76. =T= Goes to London to secure support for Intercolonial, 26-27; 54; member of Executive Council, 1856, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation delegate to England, 120. =H= Joins Joseph Howe in mission to Toronto on behalf of Intercolonial Railway project, 137; secures support of New Brunswick government, 139; his speech at Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140; accompanies Hincks to England on Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. =B= Complains at Quebec Conference, that proposed union legislative, not federal, 163. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Chandler, Samuel.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397.

=Chansons of French Canada.= Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French Canada. =Index=: =C= _Chansons de ronde_ among the habitants, 119-120; at Cartier's house, 123. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Chansons populaire_; McLennan, _Songs of old Canada_; Burpee, _Songs of French Canada_; Wood, _Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs_ (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, _Songs of Forest and River_ in _Rose-Belford Monthly_, 1877; _French Songs of Old Canada_, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, _French Folk-Songs_.

=Chapais, Jean Charles= (1812-1885). Born in Riviere Ouelle, Quebec. Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works, 1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and 1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. =Index=: =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas= (1858- ). Educated at Laval University. Called to the bar, 1879. Edited _Le Courrier du Canada_ since 1884. Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of colonization, 1897. =Index=: =F= His work on Talon referred to, 57. =Bib.=: Works: _Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France_; _Discours et Conferences_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe= (1840-1898). Studied law and called to the bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. =Bib.=: Works: _Leon XIII, Homme d'Etat_; _Question des Chemins de Fer_. For biog., _see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Chapman, Henry Samuel= (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada, 1823, and established at Montreal the _Daily Advertiser_, the first daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party. Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand, where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. =Index=: =H= Attempts to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada, 50; Howe's reply, 50.

=Charbonnel, Armand Francois Marie de.= Roman Catholic bishop of Toronto, 1850-1860. Died, 1860. =Index=: =R= Opposes public schools, 219, 225; Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in _Globe_, 226; his letter to Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts Separate School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of Toronto diocese, 235.

=Charest, Dufils.= =WM= Commands party sent to heights of Levis, 103.

=Charles I= (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625. =Index=: =Ch= His instructions to English ambassador at Paris, 215; restores New France and Acadia to France, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Charles II= (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1660. =Index=: =W= Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Charles Emmanuel III= (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the throne, 1730. =Index=: =Hd= His foreign policy, 5.

=Charlesbourg.= =WM= De Pontbriand retires to, 153.

=Charlevoix, Pierre-Francois-Xavier de= (1682-1761). First came to Canada in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec. Returned to France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the material for his _Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France_. Again visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French government to report as to the best route for an overland expedition in search of the Western Sea. In the course of this journey visited the mission and posts of what was then the extreme western frontier of New France, returning to France in 1723, by way of Mobile. =Index=: =L= On the character of the Canadian population, 117; on the character of Frontenac, 144, 145. =F= On bravery of Canadians and indifferent conduct of French troops, 212; on Lachine massacre, 224, 227; on old age of Francois Hertel, 235; his account of "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295; on character and conduct of Frontenac, 333-336. =Ch= His opinion of Lescarbot, 37; his description of the French settlements in Canada, 243; his eulogy of Champlain, 276, 277. =Bib.=: Besides his _Histoire du Paraguay_ and _Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Dominique_, Charlevoix was the author of _La Vie de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_ and of the first general history of Canada, _Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France_. His _Voyage dans l'Amerique Septentrionale_ was translated into English in 1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's translation of the History was published at New York in 6 vols., 1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in 6 vols. An abridged translation of Charlevoix's _Journal_ is found in vol. 3 of French _Hist. Coll. of Louisiana_. For biog., _see_ J. E. Roy, _Essai sur Charlevoix_ (R. S. C., 1907).

=Charlottetown.= Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.

=Charlottetown Conference=, 1864. =Md= Arranged by Tupper, 104; the Canadian proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. =H= Joseph Howe invited to attend as delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's connection with, 176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union found impracticable, 178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation, 178. =B= History of, 161. =T= Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. _See_ Quebec Conference; Macdonald; Tupper. =Bib.=: Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Charny-Lauzon.= _See_ Lauzon-Charny.

=Charron, Jean-Francois.= =L= Charitable work of, and of his brother, 125; house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246.

=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Eustache Gaspard Michel.= =Dr= Advised in connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of the Assembly, 277.

=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Rene Louis.= =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166. =F= Member of the Sovereign Council, 106.

=Charton, Francois.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.

=Chastes, Aymar de.= =Ch= Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada, 9; death of, 9. =F= Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5.

=Chateau de Ramezay.= At Montreal. =Index=: =Hd= Purchased for government house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. =BL= Government offices in, during Elgin's governorship, 325.

=Chateau Haldimand.= At Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Foundation stone laid by Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until 1892, then pulled down, 344.

=Chateau St. Louis.= At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny, 1647, and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694, and rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and again enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French regime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Chateau Frontenac hotel now stands immediately back of the site of the Chateau St. Louis, which occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. _See_ Habitation de Quebec. =Index=: =F= Construction begun, 15. =Bk= Description of, 90; occupied by Sir James Craig, 90. =Hd= Governor's residence at Quebec, 169, 222, 304, 314; balls at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named in his honour, 344. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Le Fort el la Chateau St. Louis_; Doughty, _Fortress of Quebec_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Chateaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de.= =F= Interim governor after death of Champlain, 27.

=Chateauguay.= Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from which the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and falls into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of the battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with Chateauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians; and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. _See also_ War of 1812; Salaberry. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Lighthall, _An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay_; Macdonell, _The Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de= (1644-1728). =Ch= French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.

=Chatel, Aimee.= =L= Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.

=Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of= (1708-1778). The "Great Commoner," who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory unknown to any former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy towards America, until it became apparent that the colonists would be satisfied with nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and unerring instinct in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the triumphs of British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst to the capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Opposes Quebec Act, 65. =Bib.=: Almon, _Anecdotes and Speeches of Chatham_; Rosebery, _William Pitt_; Green, _William Pitt, Earl of Chatham_; _Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial Governors_, ed. by Kimball. _See_ his letters and instructions to Wolfe, Saunders, and Amherst, in Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_, and Wood, _Logs of Conquest of Canada_.

=Chaumonot, Joseph.= Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied Brebeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the north shore of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. =Index=: =L= Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of Holy Family, 86. =Bib.=: Shea, _Vie de Chaumonot_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.

=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard= (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. =Index=: =L= Makes plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. =WM= Criticized by Montcalm, 79. =Bib.=: _Traite de Fortification_.

=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard-Joseph.= Son of preceding. Engineer; made a legislative councillor, in 1774.