Chapter XIX: Part 19

=Ogden, Peter Skene= (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (_q.v._). Entered the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. =Index=: =D= Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Ogdensburg.= _See_ Oswegatchie.

=O'Grady, Doctor.= =Mc= Publishes _Correspondent and Advocate_, 259; visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Ohio River.= One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. =Index=: =WM= First named La Belle Riviere, 19. =S= Demanded as boundary of Indian territory, 120, 122. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_.

=Ohio Valley.= =WM= French retreat from, 62.

=Olbeau, Jean d'.= Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in 1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou until 1643. =Index=: =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone of Recollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Old Company.= =F= Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. _See also_ Company of New France.

=Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques= (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645. Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the future city. =Index=: =L= His designs for establishing a religious centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. =F= Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Oneidas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west. In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara peninsula. =Index=: =F= Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, 308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. =Ch= Iroquois tribe, 50. =L= Frontenac marches against, 233. =Hd= Their wavering fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.

=Onneyouts.= _See_ Oneidas.

=Onondaga.= =S= Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks on, at Kingston, 183.

=Onondagas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. =Index=: =F= Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. =Ch= Indian tribe, 50. =L= Frontenac marches against, 233. _See also_ Iroquois. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.

=Onontagues.= _See_ Onondagas.

=Onontio (Big Mountain).= =F= Name applied by Indians to French governors, 35.

=Ontario.= =Hd= Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.

=Ontario.= Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province was explored by Champlain, Etienne Brule, and Brebeuf, Chaumonot, and other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century. =Index=: =W= Abolishes second chamber, 71. _See also_ Upper Canada; New Ontario. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Smith, _Geographical View of Upper Canada_; Gourlay, _Statistical Account of Upper Canada_; Haight, _Country Life in Canada_; Canniff, _History of the Settlement of Upper Canada_; Moodie, _Roughing it in the Bush_; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_; Strickland, _Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West_; Clarke, _Sixty Years in Upper Canada_; Conant, _Upper Canada Sketches_.

=Ontario Boundary Dispute.= =Md= Began in 1871, 254; arbitration arranged, 254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal influence in Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; settlement of, 257-258. =Bib.=: Mills, _Report on Boundaries of Ontario_; Lindsey, _Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario_; _Documents relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1878_; _Correspondence, etc., relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1882_; _Proceedings before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1889_; Biggar, _Life of Sir Oliver Mowat_.

=Ontario, Lake.= The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square miles. Discovered by Etienne Brule in 1615.

=Orders-in-Council.= =Bk= British, prohibiting neutral trade between hostile ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, 120, 121; difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._

=Ordre du Bon Temps.= =Ch= Social club established at Port Royal, 36.

=Oregon.= =D= Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of ships _Convoy_ and _Owyhee_, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, 183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and the United States, 62-64. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Foster, _Bibliography of Oregon_ in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vol. xxv.

=Oregon Boundary Question.= =D= Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, 157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. =BL= Treaty removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. =E= Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. =Md= Settled by treaty of June 15, 1846, 178. =Bib.=: _Lit. Amer. Hist._; Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Gray, _History of Oregon_; Hodgins, _British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Schafer, _History of the Pacific North-West_; _History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States has been a Party_; Egerton, _Canada_.

=Orehaoue.= =F= Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; services rendered by, 315, 339.

=Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of= (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, 1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he printed his various works. =Index=: =WM= His statement regarding Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Oriskany.= =Dr= Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.

=Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of= (1608-1660). =Ch= Conspires against his brother Louis XIII, 215.

=Orleans, Isle of.= In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. =L= Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jesus, 138. =Ch= Granted to Guillaume de Caen, 140. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Ormiston, William.= Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union schools, 254-255, 257.

=Ormsby, Major.= =Bk= Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.

=Osgoode, William= (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. =Index=: =S= Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, 178. =Dr= Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Osler, William= (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford, 1904. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.

=Oswald, Richard= (1705-1784). =Dr= Sent to discuss matters with Franklin, 192, 213. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Oswegatchie.= Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. =Index=: =Dr= Captain Foster stationed at, 142. =Hd= Starting-point of many scouting parties, 150.

=Oswego.= =Hd= British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260. =WM= Capture of, 34.

=Otis, Charles Pomeroy.= =Ch= Translator of Champlain's _Voyages_, 277.

=Otoucha.= =Ch= Huron village, 88.

=Ottawa.= Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion. =Index=: =E= Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the Dominion, 79. =B= Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100. _See also_ Bytown. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Canada and its Capital_; Gourlay, _History of the Ottawa Valley_; Gard, _The Hub and the Spokes_; Scott, _The Choice of the Capital_. _See also_ papers by Mrs. H. J. Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 1; B. Sulte, _The Name of Ottawa_ in Ottawa Lit. & Sc. Soc. _Trans._, 1898-1899.

=Ottawa Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians on French River. They were called the _Cheveux Releves_, because of their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered on reservations in Ontario. =Index=: =F= Keen for trade and cheap goods, 259; entertained at Quebec, 310. =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148. =Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_; _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites. _See also_ Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada _Trans._, 1903 and 1904.

=Ottawa River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Canal. =Index=: =P= Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Sulte, _The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650_ (R. S. C., 1898-1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Keefer, _Montreal and the Ottawa_; Stewart, _Georgian Bay Canal_.

=Ottawa, University of.= Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.

=Otway's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189.

=Ouendats.= =Ch= General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.

=Ouentaron.= =S= Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. _See also_ Lake Simcoe.

=Ourouehate.= _See_ Big Mouth.

=Overman.= =Ch= Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76.

=Owen, Admiral.= =W= Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.

=Pabos.= =Hd= Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there, 73; not profitable, 111.

=Pacific Coast.= _See_ North-West Coast.

=Pacific Fur Company.= Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. =Index=: =D= Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions sent out, 71. _See also_ Astoria. =Bib.=: Cox, _Adventures on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Fur Hunters of the Far West_; Franchere, _Voyage to North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_.

=Pacific Scandal.= =D= Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. =C= Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. =Md= History of, 199-211; grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the elections, 211. =T= Tilley not involved in, 131. _See also_ Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.

=Pagan, William.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.

=Pakington, Sir John.= _See_ Hampton.

=Palliser, Hugh.= Captain of the _Shrewsbury_ in 1759. =Index=: =WM= British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.

=Pallu.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

=Palmer, Edward= (1809-1889). =T= Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77.

=Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount= (1784-1865). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, 1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, 1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque Ports, 1861. =Index=: =E= Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. =Sy= Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. =T= On Intercolonial Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue.= Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in charge of Fort Halkett. =Index=: =D= At Stuart Lake, 99. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Morice, _History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_.

=Panama Canal.= =Ch= Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.

=Panet, Jean Antoine= (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. =Index=: =Bk= Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. =Dr= Speaker of first Lower Canada Assembly, 276; appointed to judgeship, 277. =C= Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. =P= Establishes _Le Canadien_, 28; name struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. =Bib.=: Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Panet, Jean Claude.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.

=Pangman, Peter.= Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N. McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of Mascouche in Lower Canada. =Index=: =MS= Associated with Pond and others in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Paper Currency.= =Bk= Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. =Hd= Redemption of, 58, =Dr= French, in circulation in Canada, 23; _habitants_ object to American, 116, 135, 150. =Bib.=: Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_.

=Papin.= =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier administration, 106-107.

=Papineau, Denis B.= =E= Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66. =BL= Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, 246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, 259, 260. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Papineau, Joseph.= =P= Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.

=Papineau, Louis Joseph= (1786-1870). =P= Tribune of the people, 1; a melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on, 56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, 56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, 72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in Durham's _Report_, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, 1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, 119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, 127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, 137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, 165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there, 164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, 1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, 172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, _Le parti democratique_, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, 144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, 185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, 186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept. 23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. =BL= Born in Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leadership, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. =E= Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms _Parti Rouge_, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. =Bk= Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. =C= His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. =Md= Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of priesthood, 45. =Mc= Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Pardoe, Avern= (1845- ). =B= Librarian of Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.

=Parent, Etienne= (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor of _Le Canadien_, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called to the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on his appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. In 1831 editor of _Le Canadien_, and held the position for eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841 elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada. =Index=: =P= Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by _La Minerve_ as a traitor, 123. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Paris, Treaty of.= Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded Canada to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. =Index=: =E= Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. =P= Grants free exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers of, 9. =Dr= Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. =Sy= Liberal provisions of, 62. =WM= Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Parke, Thomas.= Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in York (Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two last Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was abolished. Died, 1864. =Index=: =Sy= Made surveyor-general, 333. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Parker, Sir Hyde= (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757 became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the _Baleine_. In 1766 transferred to the _Hussar_, and served under Lord Hood on the North American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted rear-admiral of the _Red_ in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked Copenhagen in 1807. =Index=: =Bk= In command of expedition to the Baltic, 24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Parker, Robert.= =T= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to bench, 19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.

=Parkes, Sir Henry= (1815-1896). Australian statesman. =Index=: =Md= Rhodes suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.

=Parkman, Francis= (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, where he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the history of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of the New World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out this great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, and on several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his work. =Index=: =F= On the _Jesuit Relations_, 30; on the beginnings of education and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, 57-58; reference to his account of the defence of fort at Vercheres, 319-320. =L= On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and others, 34. =WM= On French colonization, 19. =Bib.=: Works: _Pioneers of France in the New World_; _Count Frontenac_; _The Jesuits in North America_; _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_; _The Old Regime in Canada_; _A Half Century of Conflict_; _Montcalm and Wolfe_; _The Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _The Oregon Trail_. For biog., _see_ Farnham, _Life of Francis Parkman_.

=Parliamentary Government.= =E= Canadian and American systems compared, 239-267. =P= Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control of budget granted in 1818, 30. =H= Granted to Canada and the Maritime Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary Procedure and Government_; Todd, _Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies_.

=Parliaments in France.= =F= Subjection of, to royal power, 152.

=Parr, John.= Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The last governor of the province previous to the separation of New Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown, afterwards St. John, was named after him. =Index=: =Dr= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving Loyalists, 214. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Partelow, John R.= =W= Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views on initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108; enters government as provincial secretary, 116. =T= Defeated for St. John County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John, 11; elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John County, 30; defeated, 32. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Parti Catholique.= =C= An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; its policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.

=Parti Rouge.= =B= Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance of movement, 235. =E= Its history and members, 108; help to defeat Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. =BL= Origin of, 335, 351. =Md= Formed to fight against domination of priesthood, 45, 46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in 1857, 84; George Brown's rupture with, 102. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Party Government.= =B= Origin of the double ministries, 81. =Sy= Absence of necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's premature demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without significance, 303. _See also_ Representative government; Responsible government.

=Paterson, General.= =Hd= His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.

=Patriot.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Mc= Publishes proceedings of House, 174. =BL= Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election law, 145-146; its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.

=Patriotes.= =P= Name assumed by popular party in Lower Canada--particularly the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks the more violent among them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party, 68; their press publish violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy belittles their cause, 103; influenced by American Revolution, 121; advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English goods, 122; the St. Charles meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at St. Eustache, 137; in the Montreal election, 1834, 144. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Patriotic Fund.= =Bk= Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46.

=Patterson, James Colebrooke= (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly, 1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891. Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron, 1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Patterson, Walter.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed proprietors in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780 changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. =Index=: =Dr= Governor of Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning, 235. =Bib.=: Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.

=Paul I= (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II. Ascended the throne, 1796. =Index=: =Bk= Withdraws from British alliance, 23; murder of, 30.

=Paul V, Pope= (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605. =Index=: =Ch= Grants brief to Recollets for their mission in Canada, 84.

=Payne, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19.

=Peace River.= A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is first mentioned in the _Voyages_ of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans whom he met at Ile a la Crosse Lake. =Index=: =MS= Post built on, by Boyer, 1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on, 34, 62; sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62; Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's description of, 69, 71. =D= Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson, 58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Peace River Pass.= The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and explore the river that bears his name.

=Pean, Mdme. Hugues, nee Davennes des Meloises.= =WM= Casemate made for, 87.

=Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Captured at sea by United States privateer, 224.

=Peel, Sir Robert= (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809; under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. =Index=: =E= Supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. =B= His government misunderstands situation in Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16; disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe, 18; justifies Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government, 23. =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary, 16; assists Duke of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of office, 56; anxious for due representation of commercial interest in Canada, 285; desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce, 286; his moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. =Mc= His attitude towards great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing rebellion, 355. =W= Fails to form administration, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Pellegrin.= =WM= Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81.

=Pelletier, Captain.= =WM= Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82.

=Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaleon= (1837- ). Born at Riviere Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_ and its organ _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Pelly River.= Rises in the Pelly Mountains about lat. 62 deg., and flows into the Yukon after a course of 330 miles. Discovered and explored by Robert Campbell between the years 1840-1848. Campbell reached the upper waters of the Pelly, by way of the Liard, in 1840; built Fort Pelly Banks, 1842; and descended the river to the junction of the Pelly and Lewes in 1843. He built Fort Selkirk at the forks in 1848. The river was named after Sir H. Pelly, the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =D= Explored by Robert Campbell, 124. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon_; Dawson, _Report on the Yukon_ (_Geol. Survey_, 1887-1888); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=Pennahouel.= =WM= Ancient Indian warrior, 38, 41, 42.

=Pennsylvania.= =Hd= Independent temper of the colony, 11.

=Pennsylvania Loyalists.= =Dr= Commanded by Allen, 202.

=Penny, Edward Goff= (1820-1881). Born in England. In 1844 came to Canada, studied law, and in 1850 called to the bar of Lower Canada. Became editor-in-chief of the Montreal _Herald_ and afterwards one of the proprietors. In 1869 published a pamphlet giving his views in opposition to Confederation. In 1874 appointed to the Senate. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81.

=Pensacola.= =Hd= Bouquet at, 58, 63; Haldimand's headquarters in Florida, 63, 65, 70; his labours to improve, 67, 68; watch kept on Spaniards from, 77; troops transferred from, to St. Augustine, 78; Haldimand again in charge at, 79, 80; barracks built at, 81, 90; Haldimand's house at, 104, 316.

=Pentagouet.= =F= Fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by freebooters, 269; captured by New Englanders, 275.

=Perceval, Spencer= (1762-1812). =Bk= British prime minister, assassinated, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Perche= (=France=). =L= Many colonists natives of, 116.

=Perez, Juan.= Voyage of, in 1774, 13, 14.

=Pericard, Michelle de.= =L= Mother of Laval, 17; death of, 26.

=Pericard, Mgr. de, Bishop of Evreux.= =L= Cousin of Bishop Laval, 21.

=Perley, Moses Henry= (1804-1863). Born in Maugerville, New Brunswick. Educated at St. John. In 1828 became an attorney; called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1830, but soon forsook his profession. For some years engaged in milling and lumbering, and, having mixed much with the Micmac and Melicete Indians, appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and immigration officer. In 1841 and succeeding years spent much time visiting the Indian tribes and investigating their grievances. Also active in advertising the resources of the province, and in 1846 asked to report on the capabilities of the country. A line of railway being projected, sent to England in 1847 to report on the matter. Returning to New Brunswick, pursued his investigations into the fisheries of the province. In 1849 commissioned to report on the fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; in 1850 those of the sea and rivers of New Brunswick; and in 1851 those of the Bay of Fundy. In 1852-1853 compiled the trade statistics which were used in the negotiations for the Reciprocity Treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1854 the treaty was signed, and he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the terms arranged. =Index=: =H= Fishery commissioner on behalf of Great Britain, 170; his death in Newfoundland, 1863, 170. =Bib.=: _Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick_. For biog., _see_ Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Perrault, Joseph Francois= (1753-1844). Born in Quebec, the son of a rich merchant trading with New England and the West Indies. Given the appointment of prothonotary in Quebec, and held it throughout his life. Took a deep interest in educational matters; founded a number of schools on the Lancaster system; and is regarded in Quebec as the father of the provincial school system. Also did much, both by his writings and by furthering the establishment of model farms, to place agriculture upon a better and more scientific basis. =Bib.=: _Biographie de Joseph Francois Perrault ecrite par Lui-Meme, a l'Age de Quatre-Vingt Ans, sans Lunettes_; Casgrain, _Vie de Joseph Francois Perrault_; Bender, _Old and New Canada_. For list of his writings, _see_ Casgrain's work mentioned above.

=Perrault, Father Julien.= =Ch= Jesuit, carries on mission at Cape Breton, 236, 237.

=Perrot.= =F= Cure of Montreal, disapproves of Abbe Fenelon's sermon, 95.

=Perrot, Francois-Marie.= Sent to Canada as governor of Montreal, 1670. Obtained a grant of Isle Perrot in 1672. Used his office to further his own interests; quarrelled violently with Frontenac, who had him arrested and sent to France. Imprisoned for a short time in the Bastile, released, and restored to his governorship, which he held until 1684. Governor of Acadia, 1684-1687. =Index=: =F= Succeeds Maisonneuve as governor of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields _coureurs de bois_, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91; summoned before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character and conduct of, 96-97; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try him, 99; specially commended to Frontenac in a despatch from minister, 101; sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada, after brief imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to trade, 271; dismissal, and death, 272. =L= Governor of Montreal, lays foundation stone of church, 89; comes into contact with Frontenac, 160; punished by the king, 164. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Perrot, Nicolas= (1620-1697). Born in France. Came to Canada, and entered the service of the government at Quebec. Went on several exploring expeditions, living among the Indian tribes, and mastering the Algonquian language. In 1665 returned to Quebec; and accompanied as interpreter Daumont de St. Lusson to the Falls of St. Mary. In 1684 induced a number of the western tribes to join Lefebvre de la Barre in his campaign against the Iroquois. In 1687 his influence with the Indians proved of great service to the Marquis de Denonville, and later to Vaudreuil. Among his other notable achievements was the discovery of the lead mines on the Des Moines River, Iowa. Left manuscripts describing his sojourn among the different Indian tribes, and their manners and customs. =Index=: =F= Ordered to rendezvous at Niagara with Indians, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243. =L= Sent by Talon to visit northern and western tribes, 82. =Bib.=: _Memoire sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale_. For biog., _see_ Stickney, _Nicolas Perrot_; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Perry, Peter.= Born at Ernestown, Upper Canada. Followed his father's occupation as farmer; entered public life, 1824, as member for Lennox and Addington in the Upper Canada Assembly, and became a leader of the Reform party; defeated, 1836; again elected in 1849, for the east riding of York, succeeding William Hume Blake. =Index=: =R= Leading member of Upper Canada Assembly, on popular side, 66. =B= Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =E= One of the leaders of Clear Grits, 110; founder of Liberal party in Upper Canada before the Union, 110. =BL= Fights for reform, 13; Baldwin's letter to, 39-40. =Mc= Expenditure of L50,000 road money, 303; defeated for the House, 308. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Peters.= =W= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, 50.

=Peters, Harry.= =W= Retires from New Brunswick Council, 69. =T= Speaker of House of Assembly, 6.

=Peters, Samuel Leonard.= =T= Uncle of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.

=Peters, Susan Ann.= =T= Mother of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.

=Peters, T. H.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.

=Peters, William.= =W= Grandfather of Sir L. Tilley, 3. =T= Member of Assembly, 4.

=Petit, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

=Petitot, Emile Fortune Stanislas Joseph.= Roman Catholic missionary in the North-West, particularly in the Mackenzie River district. Author of several works on the languages, manners, and customs of the native tribes. =Bib.=: _Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest_; _On the Athabaska District of the Canadian North-West_ in _Canadian Record of Science_, 1884; _Essai sur une Legende Americaine_ (Societe Philologique, _Actes_, Alencon, 1883).

=Peto.= =T= His proposal to build railways in New Brunswick, 25, 27.

=Peuvret, de Mesnu.= =L= Clerk of Sovereign Council, 158, 167. =F= Clerk of the Council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135.

=Peyras, Jean Baptiste.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits Acadia, 271. =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.

=Philadelphia.= =S= British army evacuates, 25. =Hd= Spirit of rebellion strong in, 104.

=Philipps, Richard= (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia, 1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731. Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until 1849. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Phillips, Mary.= =Dr= Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson, becomes wife of Colonel Morris, 202.

=Phillips, William= (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756; commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772 became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough, near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. =Index=: =Dr= Comes out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not occupied, 159. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Phipps, Sir William= (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering L300,000, of which his share was L16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Massachusetts, with a special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. =Index=: =F= Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273; captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287; his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315; returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. =L= Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat, 231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Piat, Father.= =Ch= Recollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150; recommends seminary for young Indians, 150.

=Pichon, Thomas.= A native of France; in early life a medical student. Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort Beausejour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the British, which was of great assistance in the capture of the place. Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death, 1781. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Pickard, John.= =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96, 108.

=Pickering, Timothy= (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army; appointed adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca Indians, and arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office which also included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the administration of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to Massachusetts, where he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1802. =Index=: =S= American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. =Bk= Massachusetts Senator, his toast to Great Britain, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Picquet.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

=Pierre, Captain.= _See_ Chauvin, Pierre de.

=Pijard, Father.= =L= Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family, 86.

=Pillet.= =Ch= Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161.

=Pillon.= =Hd= Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280.

=Pilot.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Established, March 5, 1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276; offices wrecked by mob, 323.

=Pilots, Canadian.= =WM= Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on British men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. _See also_ Quebec, Siege of, 1759.

=Piraube, Martial.= =Ch= Godfather to young Hurons, 233.

=Pitt, William= (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born at Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his administration. =Index=: =S= Constitutional Act introduced by, 1, 7. =Dr= Introduces Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 263. =Sy= His expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Pivert, Nicolas.= =Ch= Early settler, 145.

=Plague.= =L= Breaks out on the _St. Andre_, 31.

=Plains of Abraham.= Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion government as a national park. =Index=: =WM= Origin of name, situation and extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188; of French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army seized by panic, 206. =Ch= Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict fought on, Sept. 13, 1759. _See also_ Martin, Abraham. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Woods, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Plamondon, Marc Aurele.= Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests, among others the _Artisan_; also established _Le Menestre_ and the _Courrier Commercial_. In 1855 founded _Le National_, for several years one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. =Index=: =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Plessis, Joseph Octave.= Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named archbishop of Quebec in 1819, but never assumed the title. =Index=: =Bk= His staunch support of British rule, 87. =P= Accepts leadership of Papineau, 34, 45.

=Plet.= =F= Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with financial matters, 177.

=Pointe au Fer.= =Dr= British troops concentrated at, 153.

=Pointe-aux-Trembles.= On north shore of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County. =Index=: =WM= Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating army halts at, 218; Levis's army lands at, 246.

=Pointe Levis.= On south shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135; Quebec bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military exercises, 120; Wolfe assembles three army corps at, 159.

=Pollock, Duncan.= =MS= Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14.

=Pommier, Hugues.= =L= Director of Seminary, 55.

=Pomone.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

=Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de= (1721-1764). =WM= Assisted in Bougainville's promotion, 177.

=Pond, Peter.= =MS= Associated with Pangman and others in opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15, 17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross, 16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River, 1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.