Chapter XIII: Part 13

Where short pages occur in a form, the bottoms of them and the edges of the adjoining pages will print too hard, and not prove a clear impression; it will therefore be necessary to have bearers to protect them, which are generally of double pica reglet pasted on the frisket, so as to bear on some part of the furniture or chase; but high bearers, made to the height of the types, are better, when they can be placed so that the balls do not touch them during the process of beating: in such a case they are liable to tear the frisket, from their closely adhering to it by their inky surface and the pressure. They may be placed where the regular foot of the page would have been had it been a full one, to prevent those hard edges which would otherwise be produced. This principle will hold good in all cases of short pages, blank pages, and the edges of wood cuts; but where it happens that some of the edges, or a particular page of a full form, come off too hard, and where there is not room to place a high bearer, then a piece of double pica reglet pasted on the frisket in the usual way will answer the purpose.

It is not necessary that these bearers should be placed close to the part requiring to be eased; they will produce the same effect if placed at a distance, keeping the direction, so that they take a good bearing on the platen, avoiding the frame of the frisket and the points; in using reglet as low bearers, I would recommend that the flat side of the furniture should be turned uppermost to receive the pressure of the bearers, provided they do not bear upon the chase.

When a high bearer does not ease the pull sufficiently on particular parts, its effect may be increased by pasting slips of stout paper on it, as overlays or underlays, and a bearer of reglet may be amended in a similar manner.

It happens occasionally that the tympan causes the paper to touch the form partially on being turned down, and occasions slurs, and this may occur from the parchment being slack or the paper being thin and soft. To prevent this inconvenience it is customary to roll up a piece of paper, similar to bookbinders headbands, and paste it on the frisket adjoining the part; this roll of paper takes a slight bearing on the furniture, and is a remedy. Many pressmen prefer pieces of cork cut to about the thickness of double pica, and pasted on the frisket.

It is neither customary nor advisable to fly the frisket in the best work, and more particularly when large heavy paper is used; it is a convenience in such cases to have a button screwed on the off side of the frame of the tympan, to confine the frisket flat to the tympan; it keeps the paper in its place, assists it in rising from the face of the form, to which it adheres owing to the strength of the ink; it helps to prevent slurring, and the paper from slipping, which occasions waste when it happens: altogether the button is of consequence in preventing accidents in the impression.

In working the white paper, instead of pins stuck into the tympan, to prevent the paper slipping, a duck’s bill is frequently used: it is pasted to the tympan at the bottom of the tympan sheet, and the tongue projects in front of it, indeed the tympan sheet appears to rest in it. The bottom of each sheet is placed behind this tongue, which supports it while turning down the tympan. _See_ DUCK’S BILL.

In proceeding with the work the balls should be well cleaned, that no dirt or extraneous matter may be on their surface. They should not be too moist, which would prevent the ink distributing equally on them, and would also prevent it lying equally on the surface of the types or engraving; nor should they be too dry, as in that case they will not dispose of the ink so smoothly as to produce a fine impression; neither will they retain particles of dirt on their surface, but part with them to the form, which will cause picks. The moisture ought to be just so much as to make the pelt or composition soft, when the ink will distribute kindly and equally, which will be perceived by their lugging; they will also part with it to the form equally where they touch, so that the impression will be sharp and clear.

The ink ought to be rubbed out thin and regular on the ink block, so that in taking ink it shall at the very first be diffused tolerably smooth on the surface of the balls, which causes a greater probability of producing good impressions. It is likewise advisable to keep rubbing the ink out on the block with the brayer, as also to be almost constantly distributing the balls; the consequent friction produces a small degree of warmth, which is of advantage, particularly in cold weather.

As uniformity of colour is requisite for beauty in printing, I would recommend that the pressman should take ink for every impression where the form is large; this I am aware will be thought too troublesome, but I am decidedly of opinion that it is advantageous in producing regularity of colour: it is unpleasant to the eye to see in a splendid book two pages that face each other, the one of a full black, rather surcharged with ink, the other rather deficient in quantity and of a grey colour; yet this must happen when, as is frequently the case, three or four sheets are printed with one taking of ink.

Beating for fine work should not by any means be slighted. The form ought to be gone over two or three times, not with heavy thumps, but slowly and regularly with a firm hand, just raising the balls each time completely clear of the types, and advancing but a little way, so that in fact each part will be beat five or six times over, or more; the face of the type will then be completely covered with ink: but the pressman should be careful not to beat too far over the edges of the pages, nor, if the margin be wide, to let the balls scrape against the edges of another page, as in both cases ink or extraneous matter will be scraped from the balls, and accumulate about the types at the extremities, and thus cause picks and rough lines.

In splendid books, and particularly where the paper is large and heavy and the type large, set-off sheets are used to interleave the whole impression while working, and are continued in it till the printed paper is taken down from the poles, when they are removed by the warehouseman. These set-off sheets are put in when the white paper is working, and moved from one heap to the other during the working of the reiteration. They prevent the ink from setting off from one sheet to another while they are newly printed, which it would otherwise do from the weight of the paper, and also from fine printing being usually worked of a full colour.

For the uniformity of impression I would advise that the pull should be adjusted in the first instance so as to cause a proper degree of pressure on the form to produce a good impression when the bar is pulled home, and then invariably to cheek the bar, and allow it to rest in that position during a short pause; this is easily done in the Stanhope, the Ruthven, the Columbian, and Sherwin and Cope’s presses, as the increased power is obtained by a compound lever, which is generally so adjusted as that the lever shall come a small portion beyond the centre of the circle it partially describes when the bar is pulled home, and as it has then reached a point beyond its maximum power, it is easily retained in this position to rest on the pull: the same observation applies to all other presses having, what is usually termed, the increased power, which is the application of a compound lever to a press on the common construction; but in a one pull wooden press, instead of this application, which I must acknowledge I never knew to answer well when applied to these presses, I would recommend when fine work is doing a simple contrivance that I adopted in two presses, which answered the purpose uncommonly well, and enabled the pressmen to rest on the pull uniformly, without too much effort to keep the bar to the cheek, which with a heavy form and a large platen becomes very fatiguing to continue through a number of impressions, if not impossible, with the unaided exertion of the arm. _See_ CATCH OF THE BAR.

It will thus be perceived, that to produce presswork of a highly superior character, great expense and much time are required; and that it is requisite to have a good press, and that press to be in good condition; to have new types, or types the faces of which are not rounded by wear; to have good balls, and those balls in good condition; the ink should be strong, of a full black colour, the oil well boiled, to prevent it separating from the colouring matter and tinging the paper, and it should be ground so fine as to be impalpable; the paper should be of the best quality, made of linen rags, and not bleached by means of an acid which has a tendency to decompose the ink; the beating should be carefully and well done, not in a hurried manner, the face of the type should be completely covered with ink, without any superfluity, so as to produce a full colour; and the pull should be so regulated as to have a slow and great pressure, and to pause at its maximum in order to fix the ink firmly upon the paper; these particulars observed, with paper only in the tympans, perfect impressions of the face of the type only will be obtained in the most superior manner, and a splendid book will thus be produced in the best style of printing.

FIRE EATER.

Compositors who are expeditious workmen are styled _Fire Eaters_, and also _Swifts_.

FIRST.

The pressman who has wrought the longest at that press, except an apprentice, for he must allow any journeyman, though new come, that style, is distinguished by the name of _First_, the other his _Second_, these call one another companions: generally the master printer reposes the greatest trust upon the care and curiosity for good work of the First; although both are equally liable to perform it. All the privilege that the First has above the Second is, that the First takes his choice to pull or beat the agreed stint first: and that the Second knocks up the balls, washes the forms, teazes wool, and does the other more servile work, while the First is employed about making register, ordering the tympan, frisket, and points, &c., or otherwise making ready the form, &c.--_M._

At the present day there is no such distinction; both the pressmen are equal, are equally responsible for the work, and take all the respective parts without any distinction; unless one of them be an acknowledged superior workman, and then he will, as a matter of course, take the lead in making ready, but in nothing else.

FIRST FORM.

The form the white paper is printed on, which generally by rule ought to have the first page of the sheet in it.--_M._ This is the reverse of the present custom, which is invariably to lay on the inner form first, viz. the one that has the second page in it; except it is directed to the contrary, for some particular reason. _See_ LAY ON.

FIRST PAGE.

First page of the sheet, which is always placed to the left hand in the first or outer form on the stone, when imposing.--_M._ In Hebrew works it is placed to the right hand, as in books printed in that language the order of the pages is reversed.

FIRST PROOF.

The first impression of any matter after it is composed, for the purpose of comparing it with the copy; it is usually printed on a cheap hard sized paper, that will bear writing ink well, to mark the literal errors, and any variations from the copy that may have occurred, in order to assist their correction in the metal.

FIRST PULL.

In a two pull press of the common construction, the platen only covers half a full form, and to obtain an impression of the whole, the carriage is run in at twice; the first pull prints one half, and the second pull the other half.

FLARING BALLS.

When pelt balls are too soft, from having imbibed too much moisture, and are wanted for immediate use, they are flared; that is, the pressman will take a sheet of waste paper, and having rolled it up slightly, will light it, and holding the face of one of the balls downwards, will pass it backwards and forwards over the flame, and then treat the other ball in a similar manner: this not only evaporates the moisture, but also communicates a small degree of warmth to the balls, which causes them both to take ink and to distribute it better than before the operation.

Composition balls are liable to crack, both in distributing, and also when separating them after they have been left in the rack upon each other, particularly when they are new and soft; to remedy this, they are flared, which, when it is judiciously done, melts the surface of the composition and fills up the cracks. They are also flared when the face begins to fail, which melts the composition, and forms a new and smooth surface.

FLARING A FORM.

In working by candle light, when imposing, correcting, or laying a form on the press, it sometimes happens that melted tallow will be spilt on the pages and choke up the letter. To get rid of this tallow, and clean the form again, the compositor lights a piece of paper and puts it on the grease, to melt it; he then brushes it with the letter brush, and, if necessary, repeats the operation.

FLOWERS.

Types with ornaments cast on their face instead of letters. They are used for borders round jobs, cards, pages, and wrappers of books; and for other embellishments.

Luckombe, in his work on printing, gave many specimens of borders, head pieces, &c. composed of flowers by Mr. Hazard, of Bath; and lately, Mr. Johnson and Mr. Nichols have produced some large and elaborate pieces with this material, by combining an immense number of pieces of different patterns and sizes, to represent pillars and arches; but after all the ingenuity they have displayed, and the patience they have exerted, their productions are inferior to the effect of an engraving; and only tend to prove, in my opinion, that ingenuity and patience are misapplied.

Flowers are cast on bodies from a Pearl up to a Four Line Pica, and of a great variety of patterns. Of late years our letter founders have greatly improved their specimens by the addition of many new designs.

The practice formerly was to cut the pattern perfect on each piece, and many patterns had a line at the foot of each, so that when a border was formed, there was a continual line round the inside. I pointed out to the late Mr. Catherwood, of the firm of Caslon and Catherwood, the inconvenience of both these modes of cutting flowers: in the first case, when the pattern had a solid ground, the flowers joined in that solid part, and, after being used a few times, the angle became rounded, and always showed a separation between each piece; I recommended that the junction should be in the most open part of the design, so that a little rounding of the angle would not be so perceptible: and in the second case, the same cause produced the same effect; for after being used a few times, the angles became rounded, and instead of a continued line, it became a series of short lines, separated from each other by intervals: to remedy this, I suggested to him to discard the line, and that a piece of brass rule should be substituted by the printer, which, being in one piece, would form a continued line, and not be liable to injury from the same cause. He adopted both these plans, and the junction of the flowers that have been subsequently cut has been much improved; but the abolishing of the line has not produced the neat effect I anticipated, for it rarely happens that the printer will take the trouble of placing a rule within the flowers; in consequence, many of the designs present, when printed, a meagre and unfinished appearance.

FLY.

_See_ DEVIL.--_M._ A boy who takes the printed sheets off the tympan as soon as the pressman turns it up, for the sake of despatch: it was most frequently done with newspapers, as they are always pressed for time, and are obliged to work with the greatest expedition. These boys are not now called devils, as in the time of Moxon, but _Flies_, or _Fly Boys_.

FLYING FRISKET.

In working at press, the act of turning down the frisket and the tympan upon the form by the same motion, for despatch; it is always done in the regular way of working, but not in very superior work where the paper is heavy.

FOLDING.

In the warehouse. As the person who collates the books turns them, the gatherings lie ready to be folded, and as they are pushed a little over each other they are readily taken up separately; they are knocked up at the ends and sides, and evenly folded in the back, which is rubbed down with a folder; after this, from a dozen to twenty-five gatherings in thickness are knocked up together and put into the press, which is thus filled and screwed down. After lying a sufficient time in the press, they are taken out and are ready for booking.

Books are never folded across a page; of course some require to be folded the shortest way of the paper, and some the longest way.

FOLIO.

The running number of the pages of a work. When there is no running title, the folios are placed in the middle of the head-line, in Arabic figures, sometimes enclosed in brackets, sometimes in parentheses, but more frequently now without either; when there is a running title, the folios are placed at the outside corners of the pages. The prefatory matter has the folios generally set in Roman lower case numerals, and sometimes the folios of an appendix are done in a similar manner.

A sheet of paper folded in two leaves, is also termed folio; as folio post, folio demy, &c.; but when the size of a book is spoken of, it is styled a post folio, demy folio, &c.

FOLLOW.

_See if it follows_, is a term used as well by the corrector, as by the compositor and pressman. It is used by the corrector and compositor when they examine how the beginning matter of a succeeding page agrees with the ending matter of a precedent page: and how the folios of those pages properly and numerically follow and succeed one another, lest the pages should be transposed. But the pressman only examines that the folio and beginning word of the second page, and signature of the first and third page (when the reiteration is on the press) follow the folio and direction of the first page, and the signature of the third page follows the signature of the first page, orderly according to the volume, lest the form should be laid wrong on the press.--_M._

FOOT NOTES. _See_ BOTTOM NOTES.

FOOT OF THE LETTER.

The break end of the shank of a letter.--_M._

FOOT OF A PAGE.

The bottom or end of a page.--_M._

FOOTSTEP,

is a board nailed upon a piece of timber seven or eight inches high, and is bevelled away on its upper side, as is also the board on its under side at its hither end, that the board may stand aslope on the floor. It is placed fast on the floor under the carriage of the press.--_M._ It is made of elm; and gives the pressman great advantage in pulling when he has a heavy form on the press.

FOOTSTICK.

Footsticks are placed against the foot or bottom of the page: the outer sides of these footsticks are bevelled or sloped from the further to the hither end, which allows the quoins to wedge up the pages within the chase.--_M._ They, as well as sidesticks, which are precisely the same, and used indiscriminately for each other where the length suits, are made of oak; their width is in proportion to their length; for a form of demy octavo the broad end will be about an inch wide, and the narrow end about half an inch; but where a chase is small in proportion to the size of the pages, they are made narrower to allow of quoin room. Their height is the same as that of the other furniture; the outer angle at each end is bevelled off. A careful compositor, when he is making up furniture from the drawer, will cut off the bruised broad end from the old side and footsticks that will suit as to length, and thus economise the furniture, which for jobs and pamphlets will answer every purpose of new.

FORE EDGE.

The fore edge, in making margin, is that edge of a sheet of paper, which, when folded to the proper size of the book, forms its outer edge.

FOREIGN BILLS or NOTES. _See_ FORGERY.

FORESTAY.

An upright support to the fore end of the frame and long ribs on which the carriage runs. It is fastened to the floor, and screwed to the frame.

FORGERY.

1 Geo. 4. c. 92. “An Act for the further Prevention of forging and counterfeiting of Bank Notes.”

“Whereas the Forgery of Bank Notes hath of late very much
increased in this Kingdom; and as well for the Prevention
thereof, as to facilitate the Detection of the same, the
Governor and Company of the Bank of _England_ have, after
great Consideration, Labour and Expence, formed a new Plan for
printing Bank Notes, in which the Groundwork of each Bank Note
will be Black or Coloured, or Black and Coloured Line Work, and
the Words “Bank of _England_” will be placed at the Top of each
Bank Note, in White Letters upon a Black, Sable, or Dark Ground,
such Ground containing White Lines intersecting each other, and
the numerical Amount or Sum of each Bank Note in the Body of
the Note, will be printed in Black and Red Register Work, and
the Back of each Note will distinctly show the whole Contents
thereof, except the Number and Date in a reversed Impression:
Therefore, for the better Prevention of the Forgery of Bank
Notes, and for the Security of the Public; be it enacted by
the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in
this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the
same, That from and after the passing of this Act, if any Person
or Persons (other than the Officers, Workmen, Servants, and
Agents for the Time being of the said Governor and Company, to be
authorized and appointed for that Purpose by the said Governor
and Company, and for the Use of the said Governor and Company
only,) shall engrave, cut, etch, scrape, or by any other Art,
Means, or Device make, or shall cause or procure to be engraved,
cut, etched, scraped, or by any other Art, Means, or Device made,
or shall knowingly aid or assist in the engraving, cutting,
etching, scraping, or by any other Art, Means, or Device, making,
in or upon any Plate of Copper, Brass, Steel, Iron, Pewter, or
of any other Metal or Mixtures of Metal, or upon Wood or other
Materials, or any Plate whatsoever, for the Purpose of producing
a Print or Impression of all or any Part or Parts of a Bank Note,
or of a Blank Bank Note, of the said Governor and Company, of
the Description aforesaid, without an Authority in Writing from
the said Governor and Company, or shall use any such Plate so
engraved, cut, etched, scraped, or by any other Art, Means, or
Device made, or shall use any other Instrument or Contrivance
for the making or printing any such Bank Note or Blank Bank
Note, or Part of a Bank Note of the Description aforesaid; or
if any Person or Persons shall, from and after the passing of
this Act, without such Authority as aforesaid, knowingly and
without lawful Excuse, have in his, her, or their Custody any
such Plate or Instrument, or without such Authority as aforesaid,
shall knowingly or wilfully utter, publish, dispose of, or put
away any such Blank Bank Note, or Part of such Bank Note, of the
Description aforesaid, every Person so offending in any of the
Cases aforesaid, and being thereof convicted according to Law,
shall be adjudged a Felon, and shall be transported for the Term
of Fourteen Years.

s. 2. “And whereas divers Frauds have been practised by making
and publishing Papers with certain Words and Characters so nearly
resembling the Notes of the Governor and Company of the Bank of
_England_, as to appear, to ignorant and unwary Persons, to be
the Notes of the said Governor and Company; and it is necessary
for the Security of the Public, that such Practices, as applied
to the Notes of the said Governor and Company of the Description
aforesaid, should be prevented; be it therefore further enacted,
That if any Person or Persons, from and after the passing of
this Act, shall engrave, cut, etch, scrape, or by any other Art,
Means, or Device make, or shall cause or procure to be engraved,
cut, etched, scraped, or by any other Art, Means, or Contrivance
made, or shall knowingly aid or assist in the engraving, cutting,
etching, scraping, or by any other Art, Means, or Contrivance
making, in or upon any Plate of Copper, Brass, Steel, Iron,
Pewter, or of any other Metal or Mixture of Metals, or upon Wood,
or any other Materials, or upon any Plate whatsoever, any Line
Work, as or for the Ground Work of a Promissory Note, or Bill
of Exchange, the Impression taken from which Line Work shall be
intended to resemble the Ground Work of a Bank Note of the said
Governor and Company of the Description aforesaid, or any Device,
the Impression taken from which shall contain the Words “Bank of
_England_,” in White Letters upon a Black, Sable, or Dark Ground,
either with or without White or other Lines therein, or shall
contain in any Part thereof the numerical Sum or Amount of any
Promissory Note or Bill of Exchange in Black and Red Register
Work, or shall show the reversed Contents of a Promissory Note
or Bill of Exchange, or of any Part of a Promissory Note or Bill
of Exchange, or contain any Word or Words, Figure or Figures,
Character or Characters, Pattern or Patterns, which shall be
intended to resemble the Whole or any Part of the Matter or
Ornaments of any Bank Note of the Description aforesaid, or
shall contain any Word, Number, Figure, or Character, in White
on a Black, Sable, or Dark Ground, either with or without White
or other Lines therein, which shall be intended to resemble
the numerical Sum or Amount in the Margin, or any other Part
of any Bank Note of the said Governor and Company, without an
Authority in Writing for that Purpose from the said Governor and
Company, to be produced and proved by the Party accused; or if
any Person or Persons shall, from and after the passing of this
Act, (without such Authority as aforesaid), use any such Plate,
Wood, or other Material so engraved, cut, etched, scraped, or by
any other Art, Means, or Contrivance made, or shall use any other
Instrument or Contrivance for the making or printing upon any
Paper or other Material, any Word or Words, Figure or Figures,
Character or Characters, Pattern or Patterns, which shall be
intended to resemble the Whole or any Part of the Matter or
Ornaments of any such Note of the said Governor and Company, of
the Description aforesaid, or any Word, Figure, or Character, in
White on a Black, Sable, or Dark Ground, either with or without
White or other Lines therein, which shall be apparently intended
to resemble the numerical Sum or Amount in the Margin, or any
other Part of any Bank Note of the said Governor and Company; or
if any Person or Persons shall, from and after the passing of
this Act, without such Authority as aforesaid, knowingly have
in his, her, or their Custody or Possession, any such Plate or
Instrument, or shall knowingly and wilfully utter, publish, or
dispose of, or put away any Paper, or other Material containing
any such Word or Words, Figure or Figures, Character or
Characters, Pattern or Patterns, as aforesaid, or shall knowingly
or willingly have in his, her or their Custody or Possession,
any Paper or other Material containing any such Word or Words,
Figure or Figures, Character or Characters, Pattern or Patterns
as aforesaid, (without lawful Excuse, the Proof whereof shall lie
upon the Person accused,) every Person so offending in any of the
Cases aforesaid, and being convicted thereof according to Law,
shall be adjudged a Felon, and shall be transported for the Term
of Fourteen Years.”

11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4. c. 66. “An Act for reducing into One Act all such Forgeries as shall henceforth be punished with Death, and for otherwise amending the Laws relative to Forgery.”

s. 13. “And be it enacted, That if any Person shall, without the
Authority of the Governor and Company of the Bank of _England_,
to be proved by the Party accused, make or use, or shall without
lawful Excuse, to be proved by the Party accused, knowingly have
in his Custody or Possession any Frame, Mould, or Instrument
for the making of Paper, with the words “Bank of _England_”
visible in the Substance of the Paper, or for the making of
Paper with curved or waving Bar Lines, or with the Laying Wire
Lines thereof in a waving or curved shape, or with any Number,
Sum, or Amount, expressed in a Word or Words in Roman Letters,
visible in the Substance of the Paper; or if any Person shall,
without such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid, manufacture,
use, sell, expose to sale, utter or dispose of, or shall, without
lawful Excuse, to be proved as aforesaid, knowingly have in his
Custody or Possession any Paper whatsoever with the Words “Bank
of _England_” visible in the Substance of the Paper, or any Paper
with curved or waving Bar Lines, or with the Laying Wire Lines
thereof in a waving or curved Shape, or with any Number, Sum, or
Amount, expressed in a Word or Words in Roman Letters, appearing
visible in the Substance of the Paper; or if any Person, without
such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid, shall by any Art
or Contrivance, cause the Words “Bank of _England_” to appear
visible in the Substance of any Paper, or cause the numerical Sum
or Amount of any Bank Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post
Bill, Blank Bank Note, Blank Bank Bill of Exchange, or Blank Bank
Post Bill, in a Word or Words in Roman Letters, to appear visible
in the Substance of the Paper whereon the same shall be written
or printed; every such Offender shall be guilty of Felony, and,
being convicted thereof, shall be transported beyond the Seas for
the Term of Fourteen Years.

s. 14. “Provided always, and be it enacted, That nothing herein
contained shall prevent any Person from issuing any Bill of
Exchange or Promissory Note having the Amount thereof expressed
in Guineas, or in a numerical Figure or Figures denoting the
Amount thereof in Pounds Sterling, appearing visible in the
Substance of the Paper upon which the same shall be written or
printed, nor shall prevent any Person from making, using, or
selling any Paper having waving or curved Lines, or any other
Devices in the Nature of Watermarks, visible in the Substance of
the Paper, not being Bar Lines, or Laying Wire Lines, provided
the same are not so contrived as to form the Ground Work or
Texture of the Paper, or to resemble the waving or curved Laying
Wire Lines, or Bar Lines, or the Watermarks of the Paper used by
the Governor and Company of the Bank of _England_.

s. 15. “And be it enacted, That if any Person shall engrave, or
in anywise make upon any Plate whatever, or upon any Wood, Stone,
or other Material, any Promissory Note or Bill of Exchange, or
Blank Promissory Note, or Blank Bill of Exchange, or Part of a
Promissory Note or Bill of Exchange, purporting to be a Bank
Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post Bill, or Blank Bank
Note, Blank Bank Bill of Exchange, or Blank Bank Post Bill, or
Part of a Bank Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post Bill,
without the Authority of the Governor and Company of the Bank of
_England_, to be proved by the Party accused; or if any Person
shall use such Plate, Wood, Stone, or other Material, or any
other Instrument or Device, for the making or printing any Bank
Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post Bill, or Blank Bank
Note, Blank Bank Bill of Exchange, or Blank Bank Post Bill, or
Part of a Bank Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post Bill,
without such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid; or if any
Person shall, without lawful Excuse, the Proof whereof shall
lie on the Party accused, knowingly have in his Custody or
Possession any such Plate, Wood, Stone, or other Material, or
any such Instrument or Device; or if any Person shall, without
such Authority to be proved as aforesaid, knowingly offer, utter,
dispose of, or put off any Paper upon which any Blank Bank Note,
Blank Bank Bill of Exchange, or Blank Bank Post Bill, or Part of
a Bank Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post Bill, shall be
made or printed; or if any Person shall, without lawful Excuse,
to be proved as aforesaid, knowingly have in his Custody or
Possession any such Paper; every such Offender shall be guilty of
Felony, and, being convicted thereof, shall be transported beyond
the Seas for the Term of Fourteen Years.

s. 16. “And be it enacted, That if any Person shall engrave
or in anywise make upon any Plate whatever, or upon any Wood,
Stone, or other Material, any Word, Number, Figure, Character,
or Ornament, the Impression taken from which shall resemble, or
apparently be intended to resemble, any Part of a Bank Note,
Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post Bill, without the Authority
of the Governor and Company of the Bank of _England_, to be
proved by the Party accused; or if any Person shall use any such
Plate, Wood, Stone, or other Material, or any other Instrument
or Device, for the making upon any Paper or other Material the
Impression of any Word, Number, Figure, Character, or Ornament
which shall resemble, or apparently be intended to resemble,
any Part of a Bank Note, Bank Bill of Exchange, or Bank Post
Bill, without such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid; or if
any Person shall without lawful Excuse, the Proof whereof shall
lie on the Party accused, knowingly have in his Custody or
Possession any such Plate, Wood, Stone, or other Material, or any
such Instrument or Device; or if any Person shall, without such
Authority, to be proved as aforesaid, knowingly offer, utter,
dispose of, or put off any Paper or other Material upon which
there shall be an Impression of any such Matter as aforesaid;
or if any Person shall, without lawful Excuse, to be proved as
aforesaid, knowingly have in his Custody or Possession any Paper
or other Material upon which there shall be an Impression of any
such Matter as aforesaid; every such Offender shall be guilty of
Felony, and, being convicted thereof, shall be transported beyond
the Seas for the Term of Fourteen Years.

s. 17. “And be it enacted, That if any Person shall make or use
any Frame, Mould or Instrument for the Manufacture of Paper,
with the Name or Firm of any Person or Persons, Body Corporate,
or Company carrying on the Business of Bankers (other than and
except the Bank of _England_) appearing visible in the Substance
of the Paper, without the Authority of such Person or Persons,
Body Corporate or Company, the Proof of which Authority shall
lie on the Party accused; or if any Person shall, without lawful
Excuse, the Proof whereof shall lie on the Party accused,
knowingly have in his Custody or Possession any such Frame,
Mould, or Instrument; or if any Person shall, without such
Authority, to be proved as aforesaid, manufacture, use, sell,
expose to Sale, utter, or dispose of, or shall, without lawful
Excuse, to be proved as aforesaid, knowingly have in his Custody
or Possession any Paper in the Substance of which the Name or
Firm of any such Person or Persons, Body Corporate, or Company
carrying on the Business of Bankers shall appear visible; or
if any Person shall, without such Authority, to be proved as
aforesaid, cause the Name or Firm of any such Person or Persons,
Body Corporate, or Company carrying on the Business of Bankers to
appear visible in the Substance of the Paper upon which the same
shall be written or printed; every such Offender shall be guilty
of Felony, and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the
Discretion of the Court, to be transported beyond the Seas for
any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years nor less than Seven Years,
or to be imprisoned for any Term not exceeding Three Years nor
less than One Year.

s. 18. “And be it enacted, That if any Person shall engrave or in
anywise make upon any Plate whatever, or upon any Wood, Stone,
or other Material, any Bill of Exchange or Promissory Note for
the Payment of Money, or any Part of any Bill of Exchange or
Promissory Note for the Payment of Money, purporting to be the
Bill or Note, or Part of the Bill or Note, of any Person or
Persons, Body Corporate, or Company carrying on the Business of
Bankers (other than and except the Bank of _England_), without
the Authority of such Person or Persons, Body Corporate, or
Company, the Proof of which Authority shall lie on the Party
accused; or if any Person shall engrave or make upon any Plate
whatever, or upon any Wood, Stone, or other Material, any Word
or Words, resembling, or apparently intended to resemble, any
Subscription subjoined to any Bill of Exchange or Promissory Note
for the Payment of Money issued by any such Person or Persons,
Body Corporate, or Company carrying on the Business of Bankers,
without such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid; or if any
Person shall, without such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid,
use, or shall, without lawful Excuse, to be proved by the Party
accused, knowingly have in his Custody or Possession, any Plate,
Wood, Stone, or other Material upon which any such Bill or Note,
or Part thereof, or any Word or Words resembling or apparently
intended to resemble such Subscription shall be engraved or made;
or if any Person shall, without such Authority, to be proved
as aforesaid, knowingly offer, utter, dispose of, or put off,
or shall, without lawful Excuse, to be proved as aforesaid,
knowingly have in his Custody or Possession, any Paper upon which
any Part of such Bill or Note, or any Word or Words resembling
or apparently intended to resemble any such Subscription, shall
be made or printed; every such Offender shall be guilty of
Felony, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the
Discretion of the Court, to be transported beyond the Seas for
any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years nor less than Seven Years,
or to be imprisoned for any Term not exceeding Three Years nor
less than One Year.

s. 19. “And be it enacted, That if any Person shall engrave
or in anywise make upon any Plate whatever, or upon any Wood,
Stone, or other Material, any Bill of Exchange, Promissory Note,
Undertaking, or Order for Payment of Money, or any Part of any
Bill of Exchange, Promissory Note, Undertaking, or Order for
Payment of Money, in whatever Language or Languages the same
may be expressed, and whether the same shall or shall not be or
be intended to be under Seal, purporting to be the Bill, Note,
Undertaking, or Order, or Part of the Bill, Note, Undertaking,
or Order, of any Foreign Prince or State, or of any Minister
or Officer in the Service of any Foreign Prince or State, or
of any Body Corporate, or Body of the like Nature, constituted
or recognized by any Foreign Prince or State, or of any Person
or Company of Persons resident in any Country, not under the
Dominion of His Majesty, without the Authority of such Foreign
Prince or State, Minister or Officer, Body Corporate, or Body
of the like Nature, Person or Company of Persons, the Proof of
which Authority shall lie on the Party accused; or if any Person
shall, without such Authority, to be proved as aforesaid, use, or
shall without lawful Excuse, to be proved by the Party accused,
knowingly have in his Custody or Possession, any Plate, Stone,
Wood, or other Material upon which any such Foreign Bill, Note,
Undertaking, or Order, or any Part thereof, shall be engraved
or made; or if any Person shall, without such Authority, to be
proved as aforesaid, knowingly utter, dispose of, or put off,
or shall, without lawful Excuse, to be proved as aforesaid,
knowingly have in his Custody or Possession any Paper upon which
any Part of such Foreign Bill, Note, Undertaking, or Order shall
be made or printed; every such Offender shall be guilty of
Felony, and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the
Discretion of the Court, to be transported beyond the Seas for
any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years, nor less than Seven Years,
or to be imprisoned for any Term not exceeding Three Years nor
less than One Year.”

FORM.

The pages when they are imposed and locked up in a chase are called a Form; and this term is applied whether it be one page only or any number that are imposed in one chase.

FORM DANCES.

When the lines have not been well justified, or if any thing at the ends prevents them being tight when locked up, so that when the compositor tries if the form will lift, and finds that quadrats, letters, and spaces, or any of them drop down and will not rise, it is said, _the Form dances_.--_M._

This term is more properly applied to a form when, in being lifted from the stone, letters, spaces, or quadrats, will drop lower down than their proper situation, without entirely disengaging themselves from the form; this frequently happens.

FORM LIFTS.

After a form is locked up, and when, on being raised a little from the stone, neither letters, spaces, nor any thing else drops out, it is said, _the Form lifts_.

FORM IN THE SINK.

After a form is laid up, it is frequently left in the sink for a short time to allow the water to drain from it; if another compositor wants to lay up a form before this be removed, he calls out, _Form in the Sink!_ that the person to whom it belongs may take it away.

FORM RISES. _See_ FORM LIFTS.

FORM SPRINGS. _See_ SPRING OF A FORM.

FORMULÆ, CHEMICAL,

are symbols representing the different substances, simple and compound.

For the convenience of those who have occasion to refer to a compound substance containing two atoms of base, (as, for instance, antimonious acid in respect to its carbon,) the weight of two atoms of the base is given after the weight of the single atom.