Chapter VI: Part 6

_N. Cur._--Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiæ Cæsareæ
Leopoldino-Carolinæ Naturæ Curiosorum. 4to. Continued.

_N. H._--Acta Literaria Universitatis Hafniensis. 4to. _Hafniæ_,
1778, &c.

_N. & M._--Nees and Martius. German botanists.

_N. M. R._--Nees and Martius, in Nova Acta Physico-medica
Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldino-Carolinæ Naturae Curiosorum Bonnæ.
4to. 1757, to present time.

_Nat. Ber._--Willdenow (Lud.). Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Freunde zu Berlin neue Schriften. 4to. _Berlin_, 1795, &c.

_Neck._--Necker. A German writer upon botanical affairs.

_Nees._--Nees von Esenbeck. A German botanist.

_Nees H. B._--Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Horæ Physicæ
Berolinenses collectæ ex Symbolis Virorum doctorum Link,
Rudolphi, &c. fol. 1820.

_Nees Pilze._--Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Das System der Pilze
und Schwämme. 4to. _Würzburg_, 1817.

_Nees. R. G._--Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Assisted by Aug. Weihe.
Rubis Germanicis edendis, &c. 4to. _Rome_, 1823.

_Nes. Pot._--Nestler (C. G.). Monographia de Potentilla. 4to.
_Parisiis et Argentorati_, 1816.

_Nest._--Nestler. A botanist of Strasburgh.

_Niv._--Niven. A collector of plants at the Cape.

_Noc._--Nocca. A professor of Pavia.

_Nocca Tr._--Nocca (Dominicus). Ticinensis Horti Plantæ selectæ.
1 fasc. fol. _Papiæ_, 1814.

_Noi. Jar._--Noisette (Louis). Le Jardin Fruitier. 4to. _Paris_,
1813.

_Nois._--Noisette. A French nurseryman.

_Nor._--Noronha. A Spanish botanist who visited Madagascar.

_Nov. Com. Got._--See _N. C. G._

_Nut._--Nuttall. A North American botanist.

_Oed._--Oeder. A Danish botanist.

_Oliv._--Olivier. A French botanist, and traveller in Persia.

_Or._--Ortega. A Spanish botanist.

_Or. D._--De Ortega (Cas. Gomez). Novarum aut rariorum Plantarum
Hort. R. Madritensis Decades. 4to. _Madrid_, 1797, 1798.

_Osb. It._--Osbeck (Peter). A Voyage to China, &c. 8vo. _London_,
1771.

_Otth._--Otth. A French writer in Decandolle’s Prodromus.

_Otto._--A Prussian gardener.

_Pa. It. Ger._--Pallas (Peter Simon). Reise durch verschiedene
Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. 3 vols. 4to. _Petrop._ 1771-1776.

_Pal. As._--Pallas (Peter Simon). Species Astragalorum descriptæ
et Iconibus illustratæ. fol. _Lips._ 1800.

_Pal. Ill._--Pallas (Peter Simon). Illustrationes Plantarum minus
cognitarum. fol. _Lipsiæ_, 1803.

_Pal. It._--Pallas (Peter Simon). Voyages dans l’Empire Russe. 8
vols. 8vo.

_Pal. P._--Pallas (Peter Simon). In the Petersburgh Transactions.
See _Ac. Pet._

_Pal. Ros._--Pallas (Peter Simon). Flora Rossica. fol. _Petrop._
1784-1788.

_Pall._--Pallas. A Russian traveller and naturalist.

_Par. Lon._--Salisbury (Rich. Ant.). Paradisus Londinensis. 2
vols. 4to. _London_, 1805-1808.

_Par. P._--Parkinson (John). A Paradise of Pleasant Flowers. fol.
_London_, 1629.

_Par. Th._--Parkinson (John). Theatrum Botanicum. fol. _London_,
1640.

_Parm._--Parmentier. A French nurseryman.

_Parry’s App. Ic._--Parry (William). A Voyage to discover the
North West Passage. 4to. _London._ Appendix.

_Pat._--Patrin. A Russian traveller.

_Patters._--Patterson (William). A Narrative of Four Journeys
into the Country of the Hottentots. 4to. _London_, 1789.

_Perp._--Perpenti. A female Italian botanist.

_Pers._--Persoon. A French botanist.

_Pers. Disp._--Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Tentamen Dispositionis
methodicæ Fungorum. 8vo. _Lips._ 1797.

_Pers. Ic. Pict._--Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Icones pictæ
Specierum rariorum Fungorum. 4to. _Paris and Strasb._ 1803.

_Pers. Syn._--Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Synopsis Plantarum, seu
Enchiridion Botanicum. 2 vols. 12mo. _Paris_, 1805-1807.

_Pet._--Petagna. A Neapolitan botanist.

_Pet. Brit._--Petiver (James). Herbarii Britannici Catalogus.
fol. _London_, 1702-1704.

_Pet. Fil._--Petiver (James). Pterigraphia Americana. fol.
_London._

_Pet. G._--Petiver (James). Gazophylacium Naturæ et Artis. fol.
_London_, 1702-1704.

_Pet. M._--Petiver (James). Musæi Petiveriani Centuriæ 10. 8vo.
_London_, 1695.

_Ph._--Pursh. A Prussian botanist, and traveller in North America.

_Ph. Am._--Pursh (Frederick). Flora Americanæ Septentrionalis. 2
vols. 8vo. _London_, 1814.

_Ph. Tr._--Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 4to. 1665
to the present time.

_Pic. H. P._--Picciuoli (Giuseppe). Hortus Panciaticus. 4to.
_Firenze_, 1783.

_Pis. Br._--Piso (Gulielm.). Historia Naturalis Brasiliæ. fol.
_Amsterdam_, 1648.

_Pis. Lib._--Piso (Gulielm.). De Indiæ utriusque Re naturali et
medica libri 14. fol. 1658.

_Pl. Am._--Plumier (Charles). Description des Plantes de
l’Amérique. fol. 1693-1712.

_Pl. Dec._--Decandolle (Aug. Pyr.). Plantarum Historia
succulentarum. fol. and 4to. _Paris_, 1799-1803.

_Pl. Ed. B._--Plumier (Charles). Plantæ Americanæ à C. Plumier
detectæ et à J. Burmanno editæ. fol. _Amst._ 1755.

_Pl. Fil._--Plumier (Charles). Traité des Fougères de l’Amérique.
fol. _Paris_, 1705.

_Pl. Gen._--Plumier (Charles). Nova Plantarum Americanarum
Genera. 4to. _Paris_, 1703.

_Pl. Ic._--Plumier (Charles). Plantarum Americanarum fasc. 10,
continentes Plantas quas olim C. Plumierius detexit et depinxit.
Edidit Johannes Burmannus. fol. _Amst._ 1755.

_Plan. H. B._--Plantæ Selectæ Horti Berolinensis. See _L. & O.
Ab._

_Plk. Ic._--Plenck (Jos. Jac.). Icones Plantarum medicinalium.
Fasc. fol. 1803, et seq.

_Plu._--Plumier. A French botanist, and traveller in the West
Indies.

_Pluk. Al._--Plukenett (Leonard). Almagestum Botanicum, sive
Phyt. Onomasticon. 4to. 1796.

_Pluk. Am._--Plukenett (Leonard). Amaltheum Botanicum. 4to. 1705.

_Pluk. M._--Plukenett (Leonard). Almagesti botanici Mantissa.
4to. 1700.

_Pluk. Ph._--Plukenett (Leonard). Phytographia, seu Stirpium
illustriorum, &c. 4 vols. 4to. _London_, 1691-1706.

_Poc. Crat._--Pococke. Cratægi.

_Pohl._--Pohl. A German botanist.

_Pohl Fl. Bo._--Pohl (Imman.). Versuch einer Flora Böhmens. 2
vols. 8vo. _Prague_, 1810-1814.

_Poir._--Poiret. A French botanical compiler.

_Poit._--Poiteau. A French botanist and draughtsman.

_Pol._--Pollini. A professor at Verona.

_Poll._--Pollich. A German writer on the plants of the Palatinate.

_Pop._--Poppig. A German botanist.

_Pou._--Pourret. A French botanist.

_Presl._--Presl. A Bohemian botanist.

_Pt. et T. Fl._--Poiteau et Turpin. Flore Parisienne. fol.
_Paris_, 1808, &c.

_Purt. Fl._--Purton (Th.). Midland Flora. 2 vols. 8vo. _Stratford
upon Avon_, 1817.

_Qu. His._--Quer (Martinez). Flora Española. 4 vols. 4to.
_Madrid_, 1762-1764.

_R. Br._--Robert Brown. An English botanist, and traveller in New
Holland.

_R. Hou._--Reliquiae Houstonianæ. 4to. _London_, 1781.

_R. L._--Redouté’s Liliacées.

_R. Mal._--Van Rheede (Henricus). Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 12
vols. fol. 1678-1703.

_R. & P._--Ruiz and Pavon. Spanish botanists, and travellers in
Peru and Chile.

_R. & S._--Römer and Schultes. German editors of Linnæus’s
Species Plantarum.

_Rad._--Raddi. An Italian cryptogamic botanist, and traveller in
Brazil.

Rad. Dis.--Radius (Justus). De Pyrola et Chimaphila Specimen.
4to. _Lipsiæ_, 1821.

_Raddi. M._--Raddi (Joseph). Memoir Flor. Brasil. Observationes
in Atti di Siena. vol. 9. and in Memorie di Modena. vols. 18. and
19.

_Raeu._--Raeuschel. A German botanist.

_Rafi._--Rafinesque Schmalz. A modern writer upon botanical
matters.

_Ram._--Ramond. A French botanist.

_Rau._--Rau. A German botanist.

_Rauw. Hod._ }--Rauwolf (Leonh.). Aigentliche Beschreibung der Raiss
_Rauw. It._ } in den Morganlander. 4to. _Laugangen_, 1582-1583.

_Ray. Sy._--Ray (Joh.). Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. 8vo.

_Rchb._--Reichenbach. A German botanist.

_Rchb. Ac._--Reichenbach (Lodov.). Monographia Generis Aconiti et
Delphinii. fol. _Lipsiæ_, 1820.

_Rchb. Bot._--Reichenbach (Ludov.). Hortus Botanicus. 4to.
_Lipsiæ_, 1824.

_Reb. Neo._--Rebentisch (Joh. Frider.). Prodromus Floræ
Neomarchicæ. 8vo. _Berolini_, 1804.

_Red._--Redouté. A French botanical draughtsman.

_Red. Lil._--Redouté (P. J.). Les Liliacées. 8 vols. fol.
_Paris_, 1802-1816.

_Red. Ros._--Redouté (P. J.). Les Roses. fol. _Paris._

_Redow._--Redowski. A Russian botanical collector.

_Reich._--Reichard. A botanist of Frankfort.

_Reinw._--Reinwardt. A professor at Leyden.

_Rel._--Relham. A writer upon the Flora of Cambridgeshire.

_Ren. Spec._--Reneaulme (Paul). Specimen Historiæ Plantarum. 4to.
_Paris_, 1611.

_Req._--Requien. A French botanist.

_Retz._--Retzius. A German botanist.

_Retz. Ob._--Retzius (And. Joh.). Observationes Botanicæ. 4to.
_London_, 1774-1791.

_Reyn._--Reynier. A botanist of Lausanne.

_Rh._--Rheede. Author of Hortus Malabaricus.

_Rich._--Richard. A French botanist.

_Risso._--Risso. An Italian writer upon Oranges.

_Riv._--Rivinus. A German botanist.

_Riv. Mon._--Rivinus (Aug. Quirinus). Ordo Plantarum Flore
irregulari Monopetalo. fol. _Lips._ 1690.

_Riv. Tet._--Rivinus (Aug. Quirinus). Ordo Plantarum Flore
irregulari Tetrapetalo. fol. _Lips._ 1699.

_Rob. Ic._--Robert (Nicolas). Icones Plantarum. fol. _Paris_,
1701.

_Robs._--Robson. An English botanist.

_Roch._--Rochel. Superintendent of the garden at Pest.

_Rœ. Ar._--Rœmer (Jac. Joh.). Archiv für die Botanik. 3 vols.
4to. 1796-1799.

_Rœ. Sc._--Rœmer (Jac. Joh.). Scriptores de Plantis Hispanicis,
Lusitanicis, et Brasiliensibus. 8vo. 1796.

_Roem._--Roemer. A German botanist.

_Rohde._--Rohde. A botanist of Bremen.

_Rol._--Rolander. A Swedish botanist.

_Roll._--Rollinson. A nurseryman near London.

_Rosc._--Roscoe. An English botanist, and writer upon Scitamineæ.

_Rosc. Scit._--Roscoe (W.). Figures of the Order of Scitamineæ or
Monandrous Plants. fol. _Liverpool._

_Rost. J._--Rostkow (Fr. Gul. Th.). Monographia Generis Junci.
8vo. _Berolini_, 1801.

_Roth._--Roth. A German botanical writer.

_Roth. Abh._--Roth (Alb. Wilh.). Botanische Abhandlungen und
Beobachtungen. 4to. _Nuremberg_, 1787.

_Rox._--Roxburgh. An Indian botanist.

_Rox. Cor._--Roxburgh (William). Plants of the Coast of
Coromandel. 2 vols. fol. _London_, 1795-1798.

_Rtb._--Rottboll. A Danish botanist.

_Rtb. Gr._--Rottboll (Christ. Friis.). Descriptiones et Icones
Plantarum rariorum. fol. _Hafniæ_, 1773.

_Rtl._--Rottler. A German missionary.

_Ru. Am._--Rumphius (George Everh.). Herbarium Amboinense. 6
vols. fol. _Amst._ 1750.

_Rud._--Rudge. An English writer upon botanical subjects.

_Rud. Gui._--Rudge (Edward). Plantarum Guianæ rariorum Icones et
Descr. fol. _London_, 1805.

_Rudol._--Rudolph. A German botanist.

_Rum._--Rumphius. Author of Herbarium Amboinense.

_Rus._--Russel. A botanist of Aleppo.

_Rus. Al._--Russel (Alex.). Natural History of Aleppo. 4to. 1756.
Ed. 2. 1794.

_S. & W._--Schrader and Wendland. German botanists.

_Sab._--Sabine. An English amateur of botany.

_Sab. Rom._--Sabbati (Liberatus). Hortus Romanus. 7 vols. fol.
_Romæ_, 1772-1784.

_Sal._--Salisbury. An English botanist.

_Sal. St._--Salisbury (Richard Anthony). Icones Stirpium
rariorum. fol. _London_, 1791.

_Salm._--The Prince of Salm Dyck. A noble German amateur.

_San. Vi._--Santi (George). Viaggi al Mont Amiata e per la
Toscana. 3 vols. 8vo. _Pisa_, 1795-1806.

_Santi._--Santi. An Italian botanist.

_Savi._--Savi. An Italian botanist.

_Savi D._--Savi (Gajetanus). Dissertatio Phaseoli.

_Savi Med._--Savi (Gajetanus). Materia Medica vegetabile Toscana.
fol. _Firenze_, 1805.

_Savi Ph._--Savi (Gajetanus). Memoir on Phaseolus.

_Savi Pis._--Savi (Gajetanus). Flora Pisana. 2 vols. 8vo. _Pisæ_,
1798.

_Savig._--Savigny. A French botanist.

_Sc. B. J._--Schrader (H. A.). Journal für die Botanik. 10 fasc.
8vo. _Göttingæ_, 1799-1803.

_Sc. Dansk._--Schrader (H. A.). Det Kongelige Danske Landhuus
holdings-selkabs Schrifter. 4 vols. 8vo. _Kiobbenhavn_, 1776-1794.

_Sc. Gen. Nov._--Schrader (H. A.). Nova Plantarum Genera. 1 fasc.
fol. 1797.

_Sc. Ger._--Schrader (H. A.). Flora Germanica. 8vo. _Göttingæ_,
1806.

_Sc. Hal._--Schrader (H. A.). De Halophytis Pallasii. 4to.
_Götting._ 1810.

_Sc. Han._--Schrader (H. A.). Sertum Hanoverianum. fol.
_Götting._ 1795, 1796.

_Sc. Phil._--Schrader (H. A.). Dissertation on the Genus
Philadelphus. Not published.

_Sc. Sam._--Schrader (H. A.). Systematische Sammlung
Kryptogamischer Gewächse. 6 fasc. 8vo. _Göttingen_, 1796, 1797.

_Sc. V._--Schrader (H. A.). Commentatio de Veronicis spicatis.
8vo. _Gottingæ_, 1803.

_Sc. Verb._--Schrader (H. A.). Monographia Generis Verbasci. 4to.
_Gottingæ_, 1803.

_Sch. Ag._--Scheuchzer (Johan.). Agrostographia, sive Graminum,
Juncorum, Cyperorum, iisque Affinium Historia. 4to. _Tigari_,
1775.

_Sch. Bs._--Schwencke (Mart. W.). Beschryving der Gewassen.
_Gravhage_, 1766.

_Sch. Ce._--Schreber (John Christ.). Beschreibung der Græsser.
fol. _Leipsic_, 1769 and 1810. 3 fasc.

_Schæff._--Schæffer. A German writer upon Fungi.

_Schæff. F._--Schæffer (Jac. Christ.). Fungorum Bavariæ et
Palatinatus Icones. 4 vols. 4to. _Ratisbonæ_, 1702-1770.

_Schk._--Schkuhr. A German writer upon Grasses and Ferns.

_Schk. Ca._--Schkuhr (Christ.). Histoire des Carex ou Laiches.
8vo. _Leipsic_, 1802.

_Schk. Cryp._--Schkuhr (Christ.). Vier und zwanzigste Klasse des
Linné’schen Pflanzensystems. 4to. _Wittenberg_, 1809.

_Schk. Fil._--Schkuhr (Christ). Abbildungen des Farrnkrautes.

_Schk. Han._--Schkuhr (Christ.). Botanisches Handbuch. 3 vols.
8vo. _Wittenberg_, 1791-1803.

_Schk. Us._--Schkuhr (Christ.) in Usteri’s (Paul) Annalen der
Botanik. 6 vols. _Zurich_, from 1791 to 1793.

_Schl._--Schleicher. A Swiss plant collector.

_Schl. Ran._--Schlechtendahl (A.). Animadversiones in Ranunculeas
Candollii. 4to. _Berlin_, 1819, 1820. In 2 fasciculi.

_Schlec._--Schlechtendahl. A German botanist.

_Schm. Ar._--Schmidt (Franz). Œsterreichs allgemeine Baumzucht. 2
vols. fol. _Vienna_, 1792-1794.

_Schm. Ic._--Schmiedel (Cas. Christ.). Icones Plantarum. fol.
_Norimb._ 1762.

_Schmidt._--Schmidt. A Bohemian botanist.

_Schn. Ic._--Schneevooght (G. Voorhelm). Icones Plantarum
rariorum. 2 vols. fol. _Haarlem_, 1793.

_Schott._--Schott. A traveller in Brazil.

_Schou. M._--Schousboe (P. K. A.). Iagttagelser over væxtriget i
Marocco. 4to. _Kioberh._ 1800.

_Schous._--Schousboe. A writer upon the Flora of Morocco.

_Sch. Mo._--Schranck (Fr. von Paula). Plantæ rariores Horti
Monacensis. fol. _Munich_, 1817-1819.

_Schr._--Schrader. A German botanist.

_Schrank._--Schrank. A Bavarian botanist.

_Schreb._--Schreber. A German botanist.

_Schreb. Dec._--Von Schreber (Joh. Christ. Dan.). Icones
Plantarum minus cognitarum. Decas I. fol. _Halæ_, 1766.

_Schreb. Gr._--Von Schreber (Joh. Christ. Dan.). Beschreibung der
Græser. 2 vols. fol. _Lips._ 1769-1779.

_Schu._--Schubler. A professor at Tubingen.

_Schult._--Schultes. A Bavarian botanist.

_Schulz._--Schultz. A German botanist.

_Schum._--Schumacher. A Danish botanist.

_Schw._--Schweigger. A German botanist, author of Flora
Erlangensis.

_Schwæ._--Schwægrichen. A German cryptogamic botanist.

_Schwæg. Sup._--Schwægrichen (Frid.). Species Muscorum Hedwig
Supplementum. 4to. _Lips._ 1811.

_Schwein._--An American botanist.

_Sco._--Scopoli. An Italian botanist.

_Scop. Car._--Scopoli (Joh. Ant.). Flora Carniolica. 8vo.
_Viennæ_, 1760.

_Scop. D._--Scopoli (Joh. Ant.). Deliciæ Floræ Insubricæ. 3 vols.
fol. _Ticini_, 1786-1788.

_Seb._--Sebastiani. An Italian botanist.

_Seba._--Seba (Alb.). Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri
Descriptio. fol. _Amst._ 1734-1765.

_Seba. Rom._--Sebastiani (Ant.). Romanarum Plantarum, &c. 2 vols.
4to. _Romæ_, 1813-1815.

_Seg. Ver._--Seguier (Joh. Franc.). Plantæ Veronenses. 3 vols.
8vo. _Veronæ_, 1745.

_Ser. Hel._--Seringe (N. C.). Musée Helvétique d’Histoire
Naturelle. 4to. 1818-1820.

_Sessé._--Sessé. A Mexican botanist.

_Shaw Bar._--Shaw (Thomas). Travels in Barbary and the Levant.
fol. 1738. Supplement, 1746.

_Sib._--Sibthorp. An English botanist, and traveller in Greece.

_Sieb._--Sieber. A botanical collector.

_Sims._--Sims. An English garden botanist.

_Sin._--Sinclair. Nurseryman at New Cross.

_Sl. Jam._--Sloane (Hans). A Voyage to Madeira, Barbadoes, Nevis,
St. Christopher’s, and Jamaica. 2 vols. fol. _London_, 1707.

_Sm._--Sir J. E. Smith. An English botanist, and purchaser of the
Linnæan herbarium.

_Sm. Ex. Bot._--Smith (J. Edward). Exotic Botany. 1804-1808.

_Sm. Ic. In._--Smith (J. Edward). Plantarum Icones hactenus
ineditæ. fasc. 1-3. 1789-1791. fol.

_Sm. Ic. Pic._--Smith (J. Edward). Icones pictæ Plantarum
rariorum. fol. _London_, 1790-1793.

_Sm. N. H._--Smith (J. Edward). A Specimen of the Botany of New
Holland. 4to. _London_, 1793.

_Sm. Spic._--Smith (J. Edward). Spicilegium Botanicum. fol.
_London_, 1791-1792.

_Sm. Tr._--Tracts relating to Natural History. 8vo. 1798.

_Soc. Mos._--See _Mém. Mosc._

_Sol._--Solander. A Swedish botanist, and companion of Sir Joseph
Banks in Cook’s voyage round the world.

_Sol. Min._--Sole (William). Menthæ Britannicæ. fol. _Bath_, 1798.

_Sole._--Sole. A writer on Mints.

_Son._--Sonnerat. A French botanist and traveller.

_Son. It._--Sonnerat (P.). Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée. 4to.
_Paris_, 1776.

_Sow._--Sowerby. An English botanical draughtsman.

_Sow. F._--Sowerby (James). Coloured figures of English Fungi.
fol. _London_, 1796-1815, &c.

_Spar._--Sparmann. A Swedish travelling botanist.

_Spar. H._--Sparmann (Andr.). Kongl. Svenska Vetenscaps
Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. _Stockholm_, from 1739 to 1816.

_Spin._--De Spin. A botanist of Turin.

_Spr._--Sprengel. A German botanist.

_Spr. B. M._--Sprengel (Curt.), in Berlinisches Magazin.

_Spr. Cryp._--Sprengel (Curt.). Introduction to the Study of
Cryptogamous Plants, translated from the German.

_Spr. End._--Sprengel (Curt.). Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang
der Pflanzenkunde. 8vo. _Lipsiæ_, 1820.

_Spr. Hal._--Sprengel (Curt.). Floræ Halensis Tentamen novum.
8vo. _Halæ Sax._ 1806.

_Spr. Um._--Sprengel (Curt.). Plantarum Umbelliferarum Prodromus.
4to. _Halæ_, 1813.

_Stack._--Stackhouse. An English botanist.

_Stack. Fuci._--Stackhouse (John). Nereis Britannica. fol.
_Bath_, 1795-1797.

_Stech._--Stechmann. A writer on Artemisia.

_Step._--Stephan. A Russian botanist.

_Ster._--Sternberg. A noble German botanist.

_Ster. Sax._--Sternberg (Graf Casp.). Revisio Saxifragarum
Iconibus illustrata. fol. 1810.

_Steu._--Steudel. A German botanist.

_Stev._--Steven. A Russian botanist.

_Stœr. Stra._--Stœrck (Ant.). Libellus de Stramonio, Hyosciamo,
Aconito. 8vo. 1763.

_Stur. Deu._ }--Sturm (Jacob). Deutschland’s Flora. 4to. Many volumes.
_Stur. Ger._ } _Nuremberg_, 1798-1829.

_Sturm._--Sturm. A German botanical draughtsman.

_Suter._--Suter. A Swiss botanist.

_Sw. Au. Ic. In._--Sweet (R.). Flora Australasia. 8vo. _London_,
1827, 1828.

_Sw. Cis._--Sweet (R.). Cistineæ. The Natural Order of Cistus, or
Rock-Rose. 8vo. _London_, 1830.

_Swert._--Swertius. An old writer on plants.

_Swert. Fl._--Swertius (Eman.). Florilegium tractans de variis
Floribus. fol. 1612.

_Sw. Fl. Gar._--Sweet (R.). The British Flower Garden. 8vo.
_London_, published in monthly numbers.

_Sw. Fl. Gar. Ic. In._--Sweet (R.). British Flower Garden. 1823
to the present time, 3 vols. of the old series; and a part of a
volume of the new series, 1830.

_Sw. Ger._--Sweet (R.). Geraniaceæ. 8vo. Published in monthly
numbers.

_Swt._--Sweet. An English botanist.

_Swz._--Swartz. A Swedish botanist, and traveller in the West
Indies.

_Swz. B. M._--Swartz (Olof), in Berlinisches Magazin.

_Swz. Fil._--Swartz (Olof). Synopsis Filicum, earum Genera et
Species complectens. 8vo. _Kiliæ_, 1806.

_Swz. Fl._--Swartz (Olof). Floræ Indiæ Occidentalis. 3 vols. 8vo.
_Erlangæ_, 1797. 1800. 1806.

_Swz. Ic._--Swartz (Olof). Icones Plantarum Indiæ Occidentalis. 1
fasc. fol. 1794.

_Swz. Ob._--Swartz (Olof). Observationes Botanicæ. 8vo.
_Erlangæ_, 1791.

_Swz. Pr._--Swartz (Olof). Prodromus Descriptionum Vegetab. Indiæ
Occidentalis. 8vo. _Holmiæ_, 1788.

_Symes._--Symes. A writer on English plants.

_Tab. Ic._--Tabernæmontanus (Jac. Theod.). Eicones Plantarum,
cur. N. Bassæo. 4to. _Frankf._ 1590.

_Tab. Kr._--Tabernæmontanus (Jac Theod.). Kræuterbuch. fol. 1588.

_Tau. H. C._--Tausch (Ign. Fred.). Hortus Canalius. fol. part 1.
_Prague_, 1823.

_Ten._--Tenore. A Neapolitan botanist.

_Th. Act. Haf._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Acta Literaria
Universitatis Hafniensis. 4to. _Hafniæ_, 1770.

_Th. Gar._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissertatio de Gardenia. 4to.
_Upsal_, 1780.

_Th. H._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps
Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. _Stockholm_, 1739-1816.

_Thib._--Thibaud de Chanvalon. A French botanist.

_Thomas._--Thomas. A Swiss collector of plants.

_Thore._--Thore. A French botanist.

_Thore, J._--Thore (Jean). Observations in Journal de Botanique.

_Thory._--Thory. A French botanist.

_Thou._--Du Petit Thouars. A French botanist, and traveller in
Madagascar.

_Thou. Af._--Du Petit Thouars (Aubert). Histoire des Végétaux
recueillies dans les Iles Australes d’Afrique. 4to. _Paris_, 1806.

_Thou. Or._--Du Petit Thouars (Aubert). Histoire des Plantes
Orchidées recueillies sur les trois Isles Australes d’Afrique.
8vo. _Paris_, 1822.

_Th. P._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Novi Commentarii Academiæ
Imperialis Petropolitanæ. 20 vols. 4to. 1720-1726.

_Thouin._--Thouin. A French botanist.

_Thuil._--Thuillier. A French botanist.

_Thun._--Thunberg. A Swedish botanical traveller.

_Thun. Dra._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Diss. Dracæna. 2 vols. 4to.
_Upsal_, 1780.

_Thun. Er._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissert. de Erica. 4to.
_Upsal_, 1785.

_Thun. Fic._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Diss. Ficus Genus. _Upsal_,
1786.

_Thun. Ir._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissertatio de Iris. 4to.
1782.

_Thun. Jap._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Flora Japonica. 8vo. _Lips._
1784.

_Thun. Pr._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissertatio de Protea. 1781.

_Thun. Up._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Acta Literaria et
Scientiarum Upsaliæ aut ab Academia Upsaliensi publicata.
1720-1816.

_Thun. V._--Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Voyage au Japon, &c. 8vo. 1796.

_Til. Pis._--Tilli (Mich. Aug.). Catalogus Horti Pisani. fol.
_Florence_, 1723.

_Timm._--Timm. A German botanist.

_Tineo._--Tineo. A professor at Palermo.

_To. It._--Tournefort (Pitton de). Relation d’un Voyage au
Levant. 2 vols. 4to. _Paris_, 1717.

_Tode._--Tode. A German writer on Fungi.

_Tode Fun._--Tode (Henr. Jul.). Fungi Mecklenburgenses selecti.
4to. _Luneburg_, 1790.

_Torrey._--Torrey. An American botanist.

_Tou._--Tournefort. An old French botanist, and traveller in
Greece and Asia Minor.

_Tou. Ins._--Tournefort (Pitton de). Institutiones Rei Herbariæ.
3 vols. 4to. 1717. 1719.

_Tourn. Vo._--Tournefort (Pitton de). Relation d’un Voyage au
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_Trat._--Trattinik. A botanist of Vienna.

_Trat. Ar._--Trattinnick (Leop.). Archiv der Gewächskunde. 4to.
_Vienn._ 1811, 1812.

_Trat. Au._--Trattinnick (Leop.). Flora Austriaca sicca. fol.
1792.

_Trat. Tab._--Trattinnick (Leop.). Observationes Botanicæ
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_Trat. Th._--Trattinnick (Leop.). Thesaurus Botanicus. fol.
_Vien._ 1819.

_Tr. Ehr._--Trew (Christ. Jac.). Plantæ selectæ ab Ehret pictæ.
fol. 1750-1773.

_Trent._--Trentepohl. A German botanist.

_Trev._--Treviranus. A German botanist.

_Trev. B._--Treviranus (Lud. Christ.), in Berlinisches Magazin.

_Trev. Del._--Treviranus (Lud. Christ.). De Delphinio et
Aquilegia Observationes. 4to. 1817.

_Tri. Ob._--Triumfetti (Joh. Bapt.). Observationes de Ortu et
Vegetatione Plantarum. 4to. _Romæ_, 1685.

_Tr. Pl._--Trew (Christ. Jac.). Plantæ rariores. Ed. J. C.
Keller. fol. 1763.

_Trin._--Trinius. A writer on Grasses.

_Turn._--Dawson Turner. An English writer on Sea Weeds.

_Turn. Fuci._--Turner (Dawson). Historia Fucorum. 3 vols. fol.
_London_, 1802, &c.

_Turp._--Turp. A French botanist and draughtsman.

_Turra._--Turra. An Italian botanist.

_Tus._--Tussac. A French writer on the Flora of the Antilles.

_Uc._--Ucria. A botanist of Palermo.

_Urv._--D’Urville. A captain in the French navy.

_Us. An._--Usteri (Paul). Neue Annalen der Botanik. 8vo. 1794.

_Vahl Ec._--Vahl (Martinus). Eclogæ Americanæ. fol. 1796.

_Vahl Ic._--Vahl (Martinus). Icones Plantarum in Eclogis
descriptarum. fol. 1798.

_Vahl Sy._--Vahl (Martinus). Symbolæ Botanicæ. fol. _Hafn._
1790-1794.

_Vail._--Vaillant. A French botanist and traveller.

_Vail. It._--Vaillant (Sebastien). Botanicon Parisiense. fol.
_Leid._ 1727.

_Vail. Pa._--Vaillant (Sebastien). Botanicon Parisiense, Operis
majoris Prodromus. 8vo. _L. Bat._ 1723.

_Van._--Vandelli. A Portuguese botanist.

_Vau. Con._--Vaucher (Jean Pierre). Histoire des Conferves d’Eau
douce. 4to. _Genève_, 1803.

_Ven._--Ventenat. A French botanist.

_Ven. Cels._--Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Description des Plantes
nouvelles ou peu connues du Jardin de J. M. Cels. fol. _Paris_,
1800.

_Ven. Ch._--Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Choix des Plantes. fol.
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_Ven. Mal._--Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Jardin de la Malmaison.
fol. 1803-1805.

_Ven. Til._--Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Monographie du Genre
Tilleul. 4to. _Paris_, 1802.

_Vest._--Vest. A Styrian botanist.

_Vib. Ce._--Viborg on the Cerealia.

_Vig._--Viguier. A writer upon Poppies.

_Vig. His._--Viguier (L. G. A.). Histoire Naturelle des Pavots et
des Argemones. 4to. _Montpelier_, 1814.

_Vil._--Villars. A French botanist.

_Vil. Del._--Villars (D.). Histoire des Plantes du Dauphiné. 3
vols. 8vo. _Grenoble_, 1786-1788.

_Vil. S. J._--Villars (D.), in Schrader’s Journal für die
Botanik. 5 vols. 8vo. _Göttingen_, 1803-1810.

_Vil. Stras._--Villars (D.). Catalogue méthodique du Jardin du
Strasbourg. 8vo. 1807.

_Vit._--Vitmann. A German botanist.

_Viv._--Viviani. An Italian botanist.

_Viv. An._--Viviani (Dom.). Annali di Botanica. 2 vols. 8vo.
_Genoa_, 1802, 1803.

_Viv. Fr._--Viviani (Dom.). Floræ Italicæ Fragmenta. 4to.
_Genoa_, 1808.

_Viv. Lib._--Viviani (Dom.). Floræ Libycæ Specimen. fol. _Genoa_,
1824.

_Vol. Nor._--Volckamer (Joh. Georg.). Flora Noribergensis. 4to.
_Noribergæ_, 1700.

_W._--Willdenow. A German botanist.

_W. Ach._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Tractatus de Achilleis et
Tanaceto. 8vo. _Halæ Magd._ 1789.

_W. Ar._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Historia Amaranthorum. fol.
_Turici_, 1790.

_W. En._--Willdenow’s Enumeration of the Plants in the Berlin
Garden.

_W. B. M._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.), in Berlinisches Magazin oder
Gesammlete Schriften, &c. 4to. 1765-1767.

_W. Erf._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.), in Acta Academiæ Electoralis
Moguntinæ Scientiarum utilium quæ Erfordiæ. 2 vols. 8vo. _Erford
et Gothæ_, 1757-1761; the rest in 4to. 1775 and 1776.

_W. H. B._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Hortus Berolinensis. fol.
_Berlin_, 1806-1810.

_W. & K._--Waldstein and Kitaibel. Authors of Flora of Hungary.

_W. & K. Hun._--Waldstein (Franc.) et Kitaibel (Paul).
Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum Hungariæ. 3 vols. fol.
_Vienn._ 1802-1812.

_W. & M._--Weber and Mohr. German botanists.

_W. N. Ber._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.), in Neuen Schriften der
Berlinischen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. 6 vols. 8vo.
_Berlin_, 1780-1785.

_W. Ph._--Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Phytographia. fol. _Erlangæ_,
1797.

_Wa. Fl. Hel._--Wahlenberg (Georg). De Vegetatione Helvetica.
8vo. _Furic._ 1813.

_Wa. Lap._--Wahlenberg (Georg). Flora Lapponica. 8vo. _Berlin_,
1812.

_Wahl._--Wahlenberg. A Swedish botanist.

_Wal._--Wallich. Superintendent of the botanical garden at
Calcutta.

_Wal. Pl. As. Ra. Ic._--Wallich (Nath.). Plantæ rariores
Asiaticæ. 2 parts, fol. _London_, 1830.

_Wal. Res._--Wallich (Nath.). Asiatic Researches, or Transactions
of the Society instituted in Bengal. 4to. 1788.

_Wald._--Waldstein. A noble German patron of botany.

_Wallr._--Wallroth. A German botanist.

_Walt._--Walter. A writer on the Flora of Carolina.

_Walt. Ca._--Walter (Thom.). Flora Caroliniana. 8vo. _London_,
1788.

_Walt. H._--Walther (Aug. Frid.). Designatio Plantarum Horti
ejus. 8vo. _Lips._ 1735.

_Wan._--Wangenheim. A German botanist.

_Wang. Am._--Von Wangenheim (Fried. Ad. Jul.). Anpflanzung Nord
Amerikanischer Holzarten. fol. _Göttingæ_, 1787.

_Wat._--Watson. An English writer upon trees and shrubs.

_Web._--Weber. A German cryptogamist.

_Weig. Obs._--Weigel (Christ. Ehrenb.). Observationes Botanicæ.
4to. _Gryphiæ_, 1772.

_Weigel._--Weigel. A German botanist.

_Weihe._--Weighe. A German writer on Rubi.

_Wein._--Weinmann. A German gardener, superintendent of one of
the royal gardens in Russia.

_Wein. Ic._--Weinmann (J. Gul.). Phytanthoza Iconographica. 4
vols. fol. _Regemb._ 1737-1745.

_Weis._--Weis. A German botanist.

_Wen. C._--Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Collectio Plantarum tam
exoticarum quam indigenarum. 4to. _Hanoveræ_, 1805, &c.

_Wen. Er._--Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Ericarum Icones et
Descriptiones. 4to. 1798, &c.

_Wen. Han._--Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Sertum Hanoveranum. 4 fasc.
fol.

_Wen. Her._--Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Hortus Herrenhusanus. fol.
1798, &c.

_Wen. Ob._--Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Botanische Beobachtungen.
4to. _Hanover_, 1798.

_Wern. Tr._--Transactions or Memoirs of the Wernerian Society.
8vo. _Edinburgh_, 1809. Continued.

_West._--West. An English botanist.

_Wibel._--Wibel. A German botanist.

_Wig._--Wiggers. A German botanist.

_Wik._--Wikstrom. A Swedish botanist.

_With._--Withering. An English botanist.

_Wnl._--Wendland. A German garden botanist.

_Wood._--Woodville (William). Medical Botany. 3 vols. 4to. 1790.

_Woods._--Woods. An English writer on Roses.

_Woodw._--Woodward. An English botanist.

_Worm._--Wormskiold. A Norwegian botanist.

_Wre._--Wredow. A German divine and botanist.

_Wrede._--Wrede. A German botanist.

_Wul._--Wulfen. A German botanist.

_Y._--Young. A writer in the Linnean Transactions.

_Za._--Zanon (Antonio). Istoria Botanica. fol. _Bologna_, 1675.

_Zea._--Zea. A Spanish botanist.

_Zey._--Zeyer. A German gardener.

_Zo. Ic._--Zorn (Barthol.). Icones Plantarum Medicinalium. 8vo.
_Nuremb._ 1779-1784.

_Zuc._--Zuccagni. Superintendent of the botanical garden at
Florence.

BOTANY.

The following is a list of the Technical Terms most commonly employed in Botany:--

_Abnormal_, contrary to general rules.

_Accumbent_, lying against anything, in distinction to lying
upon; as the cotyledons of some cruciferous plants.

_Acerose_, stiff and slender and sharp-pointed, as the leaves of
a pine-tree.

_Achenium_, a small, hard, one-seeded fruit, resembling a seed.

_Aciculate_, needle-shaped.

_Acinaciform_, scymitar-shaped.

_Acinus_, a bunch of succulent berries, as of grapes.

_Acrogen_, a plant which grows at its end only, without
increasing in diameter, as ferns, and all flowerless plants.

_Aculeate_, covered with prickles.

_Aculeus_, a prickle.

_Acuminate_, tapering to the point, but flat.

_Adnate_, growing to any thing by the whole length.

_Adventitious_, appearing accidentally.

_Æstivation_, the arrangement of the parts of the flower before
they expand.

_Alabastrus_, a flower-bud.

_Albumen_, a substance interposed in some seeds between the
embryo and the seed coats.

_Alburnum_, the young wood; sap-wood.

_Amentum_, a catkin; the male inflorescence of the hazel, &c.

_Amplexicaul_, clasping a stem.

_Anastomosing_, the growing together of two parts which meet from
different directions.

_-androus_, a Greek termination expressive of the male sex.

_Anfractuous_, doubled abruptly in several different directions.

_Angiocarpous_, having seeds enclosed in a pericarp.

_Annotinous_, a year old.

_Anther_, the case containing pollen.

_Apetalous_, having no petals.

_Apiculate_, abruptly pointed.

_Apocarpous_, where the carpels are distinct from each other.

_Apophysis_, the enlarged base of the theca of some mosses.

_Apothecium_, the shield, or mass of reproductive matter of a
lichen.

_Appendiculate_, having some kind of appendages.

_Arachnoid_, resembling a spider’s web.

_Areolate_, divided into little spaces.

_Aril_, a peculiar wrapper of some seeds, as the mace of the
nutmeg.

_Arista_, the beard or awn of grasses.

_Asci_, the cases in which the spores of lichens are enclosed.

_Ascidium_, a hollow leaf looking like a water vessel; as the
pitcher of Nepenthes.

_Attenuated_, gradually tapering to a point without becoming
flat.

_Auriculate_, having two lobes (like ears) at the base.

_Awn_, see _Arista_.

_Axil_, the acute angle formed by the junction of the leaf, &c.
to its axis.

_Axillary_, growing in an axil.

_Axis_, the root and stem either taken together or separately.

_Baccate_, fruit covered with soft flesh.

_Barbate_, covered with long hairs resembling a beard.

_Beard_, a tuft of long hairs.

_Biconjugate_, in two pairs, placed side by side.

_Bidentate_, having two teeth.

_Bifarious_, arranged in two rows.

_Bifid_, divided into two shallow lobes.

_Bifoliate_, having two leaflets.

_Bifurcate_, twice forked.

_Bijugous_, in two pairs, placed end to end.

_Binate_, growing in pairs.

_Bipartite_, divided into two deep lobes.

_Bipinnate_, twice pinnate.

_Biserrate_, twice serrate.

_Brachiate_, when branches stand nearly at right angles to the
stem from which they proceed.

_Bract_, the leaf or leaflet from the axil of which a flower
grows.

_Bulb_, a scaly, underground bud.

_Bulbotuber_, a short, roundish, underground stem resembling a
bulb.

_Caducous_, falling off sooner or later.

_Cæsious_, of a bluish grey colour.

_Cæspitose_, growing in tufts.

_Calcar_, a spur or horn; as in the Nasturtium.

_Calcarate_, having a spur or horn.

_Calyculate_, having a whorl of bracts on the outside of a calyx,
or of an involucre.

_Calyptra_, the hood of a moss.

_Calyx_, the external envelope of a flower.

_Cambium_, a viscid secretion formed in the spring between the
bark and wood of Exogens.

_Campanulate_, bell-shaped.

_Canaliculate_, channelled.

_Cancellate_, a leaf which has veins without connecting
parenchyma.

_Capitate_, growing in a head.

_Capitulum_, a collection of flowers in a head.

_Capsule_, any dry many-seeded fruit.

_Carinate_, having a kind of keel.

_Carnose_, fleshy.

_Carpel_, one of the parts of a compound pistil; a single leaf
rolled up into one of the integers of a pistil.

_Carunculate_, a seed having fungous excrescences growing near
its hilum.

_Caryopsis_, a dry one-seeded fruit resembling a seed, but with
no distinction between the seed coat and pericarp.

_Caudate_, prolonged into a sort of tail.

_Cauline_, of or belonging to the stem.

_Cernuous_, drooping.

_Chalaza_, a spot on a seed indicating the place where the
nucleus is united to the seminal integuments.

_Ciliated_, fringed with hairs like an eyelash.

_Cinereous_, ash-coloured.

_Circinate_, rolled inwards from the point to the base.

_Circumscissile_, dividing into two parts by a spontaneous
transverse separation.

_Cirrhous_, terminating in a tendril.

_Clavate_, club-shaped.

_Claw_, the stalk of a petal.

_Clypeate_, resembling a round buckler.

_Cochleate_, resembling the bowl of a spoon.

_Collum_, the point where the stem and root are combined.

_Columella_, a central part of the fruit of a moss, round which
the spores are deposited.

_Column_, the combination of stamens and style in Orchideous and
other plants.

_Comose_, having hairs at one or both ends, if speaking of
seeds; being terminated by coloured empty bracts, if applied to
inflorescences.

_Conduplicate_, doubled together.

_Confluent_, growing together so that the line of junction is
lost to the sight.

_Conjugate_, growing in pairs.

_Connate_, growing together so that the line of junction remains
perceptible.

_Connective_, the fleshy part that combines the two lobes of an
anther.

_Connivent_, converging, as the anther of a potato blossom.

_Conoidal_, approaching a conical form.

_Continuous_, proceeding from something else without apparent
interruption.

_Contorted_, twisted in such a way that all the parts have a
similar direction, as the segments of the flower of an Oleander.

_Convolute_, rolled together.

_Corculum_, the rudimentary axis which connects the cotyledons of
the embryo.

_Cordate_, heart-shaped.

_Coriaceous_, of a leathery texture.

_Cormus_, a solid, roundish, underground stem, as in Crocus.

_Corneous_, of a horny texture.

_Corniculate_, shaped like a slender horn.

_Corolla_, the second of the two envelopes that surround the
stamens and pistil.

_Corona_, a combination of fertile and barren stamens into a
disk, as in Stapelia.

_Corymbose_, when the branches surrounding a common axis are
shortest at the top and longest at the bottom, so as to form a
level-topped whole.

_Costa_, the midrib of a leaf.

_Cotyledons_, the leaves of the embryo.

_Crateriform_, shaped like a goblet.

_Crenelled_ or _Crenated_, having rounded notches at the edges.

_Crested_, having some unusual and striking appendage arising
from the middle.

_Cruciate_, when four parts are so arranged as to resemble the
arms of a Maltese cross.

_Cucullate_, hooded, rolled inwards so as to conceal any thing
lying within.

_Culm_, the straw of grasses.

_Cuneate_, wedge-shaped.

_Cupule_, the cup of the acorn, the husk of the filbert,
chestnut, &c.; a peculiar combination of bracts.

_Cuspidate_, abruptly rounded off with a projecting point in the
middle.

_Cuticle_, the external skin.

_Cyathiform_, cup-shaped, more contracted at the orifice than
crateriform.

_Cymbiform_, having the form of a boat.

_Cyme_, an inflorescence having a corymbose form, but consisting
of repeatedly-branched divisions.

_Cymose_, resembling a cyme in appearance.

_Decandrous_, having ten stamens.

_Deciduous_, falling off.

_Declinate_, curved downwards.

_Decumbent_, lying prostrate, but rising again.

_Decurrent_, produced downwards, as the base of a leaf down the
stem.

_Decussate_, crossing at right angles.

_Dehiscence_, the act of opening of anther or fruit.

_Deltoid_, having the form of a triangle or Greek Δ.

_Dendroidal_, resembling a small tree.

_Dentate_, with sharp-pointed notches and intermediate curves
instead of re-entering angles.

_Depauperated_, imperfectly developed; looking as if ill-formed
from want of sufficient nutriment.

_Depressed_, flattened from point to base.

_Diadelphous_, having the stamens in two parcels.

_Diandrous_, having two stamens.

_Dichotomous_, repeatedly divided into two branches.

_Dicotyledonous_, having two cotyledons.

_Didymous_, growing in pairs, or twins; only applied to solids
and not to flat surfaces.

_Didynamous_, having two pairs of stamens of unequal length.

_Digitate_, fingered, diverging from a common centre, as the
fingers from the palm.

_Dimidiate_, half-formed, or halved, or split into two halves.

_Diœcious_, having stamens on one plant and pistils on another.

_Dipterous_, having two wings.

_Discoidal_, with the central part of a flat body differently
coloured or marked from the margin.

_Disk_, a fleshy circle interposed between the stamens and
pistils.

_Dissepiments_, the vertical partitions of a compound fruit.

_Distichous_, arranged in two rows.

_Divaricating_, diverging at an obtuse angle.

_Dodecandrous_, having 12 stamens.

_Dolabriform_, hatchet-shaped.

_Drupe_, such a fruit as the peach, consisting of a stem
surrounded by flesh or fibrous matter.

_Ducts_, spiral vessels that will not unroll.

_Dumose_, having a compact bushy form.

_Duramen_, the heart-wood of timber.

_Echinate_, covered with hard sharp points.

_Elaters_, little spirally-twisted hygrometrical threads that
disperse the spores of Jungermannias.

_Elementary organs_, the minute parts of which the texture of
plants is composed.

_Emarginate_, having a notch at the point.

_Embryo_, the rudimentary plant before germination commences.

_Endocarp_, the hard lining of some pericarps.

_Endogen_, a plant which increases in diameter by addition to its
centre, as a palm-tree.

_Enneandrous_, having 9 stamens.

_Ensiform_, having the form of a straight and narrow sword blade.

_Epicarp_, the external layer of the pericarp.

_Epidermis_, the skin of a plant, in the language of some
writers; the cortical integument according to others.

_Epigynous_, growing upon the top of the ovary, or seeming to do
so.

_Equitant_, when leaves are so arranged that the base of each is
enclosed within the opposite base of that which is next below it;
as in Iris.

_Estivation_, see _Æstivation_.

_Exogen_, a plant which increases in diameter by the addition of
new wood to the outside of the old wood; as an oak-tree.

_Farinaceous_, mealy.

_Fasciated_, banded.

_Fasciculated_, collected in clusters.

_Fastigiate_, when the branches of any plant are pressed close to
the main stem, as in the Lombardy poplar.

_Filament_, the stalk of the anther.

_Filiform_, slender and round like a thread.

_Fistular_, tubular but closed at each end; as the leaf of an
onion.

_Flabelliform_, fan-shaped.

_Flagelliform_, resembling the thong of a whip.

_Flexuose_, wavy.

_Floccose_, covered with little irregular patches of woolliness.

_Floret_, a little flower.

_Floscule_, ditto.

_Foliaceous_, having the colour and texture of a common green
leaf.

_Foliation_, the arrangement of young leaves within the leaf-bud.

_Follicle_, a simple fruit opening by its ventral suture only.

_Foramen_, the passage through the integuments of an ovule by
which impregnating matter is introduced into the nucleus.

_Fovilla_, the fertilizing principle of pollen.

_Frond_, the leaf of a fern or of a palm.

_Fruit_, the full-grown ripened pistil.

_Fugacious_, lasting but a short time.

_Fungoid_, resembling a fungus; that is, irregular in form and
fleshy in texture.

_Funiculus_, the stalk by which some seeds are attached to the
placenta.

_Fusiform_, spindle-shaped, thickest in the middle, and tapering
to each end.

_Galbulus_, a small cone whose scales are all consolidated into a
fleshy ball, as in Juniper.

_Galea_, the upper lip of a labiate flower.

_Geniculate_, knee-jointed, when a stem bends suddenly in its
middle.

_Gibbous_, prominent, projecting.

_Glabrous_, having no hairs.

_Gladiate_, the same as ensiform, but broader and shorter.

_Gland_, 1. the fruit of the oak, the hazel, &c.; 2. an elevation
of the cuticle which usually secretes either acrid or resinous
matter.

_Glandular_, covered with glands of the second kind.

_Glaucous_, covered with bloom like a plum.

_Glochidate_, covered with hairs which are rigid and hooked at
their point.

_Glume_, one of the bracts of grasses.

_Gymnospermous_, having seeds which ripen without being enclosed
in a pericarp.

_Gynobase_, an elevated part of the growing point of a
flower-bud, rising between the carpels and throwing them into an
oblique position.

_Gyrate_, see _Circinate_. Also, surrounded by an elastic ring,
as the theca of ferns.

_Hastate_, having the form of a halbert-head; that is, with a
lance-shaped centre crossed at the base by two lobes of a similar
form standing at right angles with the centre.

_Helmet_, the hooded upper lip of some flowers.

_Heptandrous_, having 7 stamens.

_Hexandrous_, having 6 stamens.

_Hilum_, the scar left upon a seed when it is separated from the
placenta.

_Hirsute_, covered with harsh long hairs.

_Hymenium_, the gills of a mushroom; that part in Fungi where the
spores are placed.

_Hypocrateriform_, salver-shaped; having a cylindrical tube and
a flat border spreading away from it.

_Hypogynous_, arising from immediately below the pistil.

_Icosandrous_, having 20 or more perigynous stamens.

_Imbricated_, overlapping, as tiles overlie each other on the
roof of a house.

_Incumbent_, lying upon any thing.

_Indehiscent_, not opening when ripe.

_Induplicate_, doubled inwards.

_Indusium_, the membrane that overlies the sori of ferns.

_Inferior_, is said of a calyx when it does not adhere to the
ovary; is said of an ovary when it does adhere to the calyx.

_Inflorescence_, the collection of flowers upon a plant.

_Infundibuliform_, shaped like a funnel.

_Innate_, growing upon any thing by one end.

_Innovations_, the young shoots of mosses.

_Intercellular_, that which lies between the cells or elementary
bladders of plants.

_Internode_, the space between two nodes.

_Interrupted_, when variations in continuity, size, or
development alternately occur in parts which are sometimes
uniform; as when pinnated leaves have the alternate leaflets much
the smallest, and when dense spikes are here and there broken by
the extension of internodes.

_Involucre_, a collection of bracts placed in a whorl on the
outside a calyx or flower-head.

_Involute_, rolled inwards.

_Labellum_, one segment of a corolla, which is lower than the
others, and often pendulous.

_Labiate_, divided into an upper and a lower lip, as the corolla
of dead nettle.

_Lacunose_, having numerous large deep depressions or excavations
on its surface.

_Lamina_, the blade of a leaf.

_Lanceolate_, shaped like a lance-head; that is, oval, tapering
to both extremities.

_Lateral_, originating from the side of any thing.

_Latex_, the vital fluid of vegetation.

_Lax_, not compact or dense.

_Leaflet_, a division of a compound leaf.

_Legume_, a kind of fruit like the pod of a pea.

_Lenticular_, small, depressed, and doubly convex.

_Lepidote_, covered with a sort of scurfiness.

_Leprous_, the same.

_Liber_, the newly-formed inner bark of Exogens.

_Ligula_, a membranous expansion from the top of the petiole in
grasses.

_Limb_, the blade or expanded part of a petal.

_Linea_, very narrow, with the two sides nearly parallel.

_Lip_, see _Labellum_.

_Loculicidal_, when the carpels of a compound fruit dehisce in
such a way that the cells are broken through at their back.

_Locusta_, the spikelet, or collection of florets of a grass.

_Lomentum_, a legume which is interrupted between the seeds, so
as to separate into numerous transverse portions.

_Lunate_, formed like a crescent.

_Manicate_, when hairs are interwoven into a mass that can be
easily separated from the surface.

_Marginal_, of or belonging to the edge of any thing.

_Medullary_, of or belonging to the pith.

_Micropyle_, a small passage through the seed, called the foramen
when speaking of the ovule. See _Foramen_.

_Mitriform_, conical, hollow, open at the base, and either entire
there or irregularly cut.

_Monadelphous_, with the stamens united into one parcel.

_Monandrous_, with one stamen only.

_Moniliform_, shaped like a necklace.

_Monopetalous_, with several petals united into one body by their
edges.

_Mucronate_, tipped by a hard point.

_Multifid_, divided into many shallow lobes.

_Multipartite_, divided into many deep lobes.

_Muricated_, covered with short, broad, sharp-pointed tubercles.

_Muriform_, resembling the bricks in the wall of a house.

_Navicular_, shaped like a very small boat.

_Nectary_, any organ that secretes honey.

_Nerves_, the stronger veins of a leaf.

_Node_, the part of a stem from which a normal leaf-bud arises.

_Normal_, according to general rules.

_Nucleus_, the central part of an ovule, or a seed.

_Nucule_, a small hard seed-like pericarp.

_Oblique_, larger on one side than on the other.

_Ochrea_, two stipules united round the stem into a kind of
sheath.

_Octandrous_, having eight stamens.

_Operculum_, the lid of the theca of a moss.

_Ovary_, the hollow part of a pistil containing the ovules.

_Ovate_, having the figure of an egg.

_Ovule_, a rudimentary seed.

_Palate_, the lower surface of the throat of a labiate corolla.

_Palea_, either the inner bracts of the inflorescence of a
grass, or the bracts upon the receptacle of the flower-head of a
Composita.

_Paleaceous_, covered with paleæ.

_Palmate_, the same as digitate, only the divisions more shallow
and broader.

_Panduriform_, oblong, narrowing towards the base, and contracted
below the middle.

_Panicle_, a compound raceme; a loose kind of inflorescence.

_Papilionaceous_, a flower consisting of standard, wings, and
keel, like that of a pea.

_Pappus_, the calyx of a Composita, as of dandelion.

_Parenchyma_, the pulp that connects the veins of leaves.

_Parietal_, growing from the lining of any thing.

_Pectinate_, divided into long, close, narrow teeth like a comb.

_Pedate_, palmate, with the lateral segments lengthened and lobed.

_Pedicel_, one of a great many peduncles.

_Peduncle_, a flower-stalk.

_Peltate_, attached within the margin.

_Pentandrous_, having five stamens.

_Perfoliate_, surrounding a stem by the base, which grows
together where the margins touch.

_Perianth_, a collection of floral envelopes, among which the
calyx cannot be distinguished from the corolla, though both are
present.

_Pericarp_, the shell of a fruit of any kind.

_Perichætium_, the leaves at the base of the stalk of the fruit
of a moss.

_Perigone_, same as Perianth.

_Perigynous_, growing from the sides of a calyx.

_Perisperm_, same as Albumen.

_Peristome_, a curious set of processes surrounding the orifice
of the theca of a moss.

_Peronate_, laid thickly over with a woolly substance ending in a
sort of meal.

_Personate_, labiate, with the palate of the lower lip pressing
against the upper lip.

_Petal_, one of the parts of a corolla.

_Petaloid_, resembling a petal in colour and texture.

_Petiole_, the stalk of a leaf.

_Petiolar_, of or belonging to the petiole.

_Phyllodium_, a petiole transformed into a flat leaf-like body.

_Pileus_, the cap of a mushroom.

_Pilose_, covered with short fine hairs.

_Pinnate_, divided into a number of pairs of leaflets;
_bipinnate_, each leaflet is also pinnate; _tripinnate_, each
secondary leaflet pinnated also.

_Pinnatifid_, divided in a pinnated manner nearly down to the
midrib.

_Pistil_, the combination of ovary, style, and stigma.

_Pith_, the central column of cellular tissue in an Exogen.

_Placenta_, the part of the ovary to which the ovules are
attached.

_Plane_, quite flat.

_Plumule_, the rudiment of a stem in the embryo.

_Pollen_, the powder contained in an anther.

_Pollen-tubes_, the membranous tubes emitted by pollen after they
fall on the stigma.

_Polyadelphous_, when the stamens are combined into more than two
parcels.

_Polyandrous_, when there are more than 20 hypogynous stamens.

_Polypetalous_, when the petals are all distinct.

_Pome_, a fruit like that of the apple, pear, &c.

_Præfloration_, same as Æstivation.

_Prickle_, same as Aculeus.

_Primine_, the external integument of the ovule.

_Pseudobulb_, the solid above-ground tuber of some Orchideæ.

_Pubescent_, covered with very fine soft down.

_Pulverulent_, covered with a powdery appearance.

_Putamen_, same as Endocarp.

_Pyriform_, shaped like a pear.

_Quartine_, the innermost integument but one of the ovule.

_Quinate_, combined in fives.

_Quintine_, the innermost integument of the ovule.

_Raceme_, an inflorescence like that of the currant.

_Rachis_, the axis of inflorescence.

_Radical_, arising from the root.

_Radicle_, the rudimentary root in the embryo.

_Ramenta_, soft, ragged, chaff-like hairs growing upon the
petiole of ferns.

_Raphe_, the line of communication between the hilum and chalaza.

_Raphides_, acicular or other crystals scattered among vegetable
tissue.

_Reniform_, kidney-shaped.

_Resupinate_, inverted, so that the part which is naturally
lowermost becomes uppermost.

_Reticulated_, traversed by veins having the appearance of
network.

_Retuse_, blunt, and turned inwards more than obtuse.

_Rhizoma_, a creeping stem like that of Iris.

_Ringent_, same as Personate.

_Root-stock_, same as Rhizoma.

_Rostrate_, furnished with a sort of beak.

_Rosulate_, having the leaves arranged in little rose-like
clusters.

_Ruminated_, pierced by numerous perforations full of chaffy
matter like a nutmeg.

_Runner_, the prostrate stem of such plants as the strawberry.

_Sagittate_, resembling the head of an ancient arrow.

_Samara_, a kind of one-seeded indehiscent pericarp, with a wing
at one end.

_Sapwood_, the newly-formed wood, which has not been hardened by
the deposit of secreted matter.

_Sarcocarp_, the intermediate fleshy layer between the epicarp
and endocarp.

_Scale_, an abortive leaf.

_Scape_, the flowering-stem of a plant.

_Scarious_, dry, thin, and shrivelled.

_Scrobiculate_, irregularly pitted.

_Scutellum_, the fructifying space upon the thallus of a lichen.

_Secund_, arranged or turned to one side.

_Secundine_, the second integument of the ovule.

_Sepals_, the leaves of the calyx.

_Septa_, same as Dissepiment.

_Septicidal_, when the dissepiments of a fruit are divided into
two plates at the period of dehiscence.

_Septifragal_, when the dissepiments of a fruit are broken
through their middle by the separation of the back of the carpels
from the centre.

_Sericeous_, silky.

_Serrate_, toothed like the edge of a saw.

_Sessile_, seated close upon any thing, without a stalk.

_Setose_, covered with setæ or bristles.

_Shield_, the fructification of lichens.

_Sigmoid_, bent like the letter S.

_Silicle_, a short two-valved pod, such as is found in garden
cress.

_Silique_, the same but longer, as in the cabbage.

_Sinuate_, turning in and out in an irregular manner.

_Sori_, the fructification of ferns.

_Spadiceous_, resembling a spadix, or bearing that kind of
inflorescence.

_Spadix_, the inflorescence of an arum; an axis closely covered
with sessile flowers, and enclosed in a spathe.

_Spathaceous_, enclosed within a spathe, or bearing that kind of
bract.

_Spathe_, a large coloured bract which encloses a spadix.

_Spatulate_, shaped like a druggist’s spatula; that is, long,
narrow, and broadest at the point.

_Spike_, an inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile upon
their axis.

_Spikelet_, one of a great many small spikes collected in a mass,
as in grasses.

_Spine_, a stiff, sharp-pointed, leafless branch.

_Spongiole_, or _Spongelet_, the tender, growing tip of the root.

_Spore_, or _Sporule_, the reproductive body of flowerless
plants, analogous to the seed of flowering plants.

_Squarrose_, composed of parts which diverge at right angles, and
are irregular in size and direction.

_Stamen_, the fertilizing organ of a flower, consisting of
filament and anther.

_Standard_, the upper single petal of a papilionaceous flower.

_Stellate_, arranged in the form of a star.

_Stigma_, the upper end of the style, on which the pollen falls.

_Stipe_, the stalk that bears the head of a mushroom; also the
stalk of the leaf of a fern; also the stalk of any thing, except
of a leaf or a flower.

_Stipulate_, furnished with stipules; _exstipulate_, having no
stipules.

_Stipule_, the scale at the base of some leaf-stalks.

_Stomate_, a minute hole in a leaf, through which respiration is
supposed to be carried on; a breathing pore.

_Strigose_, covered with stiff unequal hairs.

_Strophiolate_, having little fungous excrescences surrounding
the hilum.

_Stupose_, having a tuft of hairs in the middle or at the end.

_Style_, the stalk of the stigma.

_Subulate_, awl-shaped.

_Syncarpous_, having the carpels consolidated.

_Terete_, taper.

_Ternate_, united in threes.

_Testa_, the skin of the seed.

_Tetradynamous_, having six stamens in four parcels; two of which
consist of two stamens, and two of one each.

_Tetrandrous_, having four stamens.

_Thallus_, the leafy part of a lichen; the union of stem and leaf
in those and some other tribes of imperfect plants.

_Theca_, the case which contains the sporules of flowerless
plants.

_Tomentose_, covered with short close down.

_Toothed_, the same as Dentate.

_Torulose_, alternately contracted and distended.

_Torus_, the growing point of a flower, on which the carpels are
placed.

_Triandrous_, having three stamens.

_Trifarious_, arranged in three rows.

_Trifid_, divided into three lobes.

_Trifoliolate_, having three leaflets.

_Tripartite_, divided into three deep divisions.

_Tripinnate_, when each leaflet of a pinnated leaf is pinnate;
and the leaflets of the latter are pinnate also.

_Triternate_, when each leaflet of a ternate leaf is ternate, and
the leaflets of the latter are ternate also.

_Truncate_, abruptly cut off.

_Tube_, the part of a flower where the bases of the sepals,
petals, or stamens are united.

_Tuber_, a deformed, fleshy kind of underground stem.

_Turbinate_, shaped like a spinning top.

_Umbel_, an inflorescence whose branches all radiate from one
common point.

_Umbilicate_, having a depression in the middle.

_Umbonate_, having a boss or elevated point in the middle.

_Undulated_, wavy.

_Unguiculate_, furnished with a claw, or short stalk.

_Urceolate_, shaped like a pitcher.

_Utricle_, a small bladder.

_Vagina_, the sheath formed by the convolution of a flat petiole
round a stem.

_Valve_, one of the parts into which any dehiscent body divides.

_Vascular_, containing vessels; that is, spiral vessels or ducts.

_Ventricose_, inflated.

_Vernation_, the manner in which the young leaves are arranged in
their leaf-bud.

_Verrucose_, covered with warts.

_Versatile_, swinging lightly upon a sort of pivot.

_Verticellate_, arranged in a whorl.

_Vexillum_, same as Standard.

_Villous_, covered with long, soft, shaggy hair.

_Virgate_, having long, slender rodlike shoots.

_Vitellus_, a fleshy bag, interposed between the embryo and
albumen in some seeds.

_Vittate_, striped, as distinguished from fasciate or banded.

_Whorl_, an arrangement of more leaves than two around a common
centre upon the same plane.

BOTCH.

A piece of bad workmanship; or where improper materials are used and do not answer well.

BOTTLE ARSED.

An epithet applied to letter, when, either through a fault in casting, or dressing, it is wider at the bottom of the shank than it is at the top.

This is an old term, and as such I have inserted it; but, owing to the superior skill, or the greater care, of the present letter founders, such a thing now never occurs.

BOTTOM LINE.

The last line in the page, except that in which the signature, or the catch word or direction word, is inserted.

BOTTOM NOTES.

The notes at the bottom or foot of a page. They are usually composed in a type two sizes smaller than that used for the body of the work: thus, if the work be printed with a Pica type, the notes will be composed in Long Primer; if with English, the notes will be Small Pica. They are also termed _Foot Notes_.

BOURGEOIS.

The name of a type, a size larger than Brevier, and smaller than Long Primer. It is not enumerated in Moxon’s list of the sizes of types. _See_ TYPES.

BOWL.

A small wooden bowl, which it is usual to have in composing rooms, in which to carry water to different parts for the purpose of wetting matter.

BOWL OF THE BALL STOCK.

The hollow part of the ball stock, in the crown of which the handle is inserted; it is filled with wool, and the pelt, or canvass, is nailed to it. An old one is generally used for a paste bowl in the press-room.

BOW THE LETTER.

When compositors pick a bad letter out of a form in correcting, it is usual to rub the face of it on the stone and to _bend_ the shank, if it be not a thick letter; this is done to prevent such letters being distributed and used again; in Moxon’s time it was styled _bowing_ a letter. After the form is locked-up and the stone cleared, these _bowed_ (or _bent_) letters are thrown into the shoe.

BOWYER.

Extract from the Will of Mr. William Bowyer, Printer, who died on the 18th of November, 1777, when he had nearly completed his 78th year.

“_And now I hope_ I may be allowed to leave somewhat for the
benefit of printing. To this end, I give to the master and
keepers, or wardens and commonalty, of the mistery or art of a
Stationer of the city of _London_, such a sum of money as will
purchase Two Thousand Pounds, three _per cent._ Reduced Bank
Annuities, _upon trust_, to pay the dividends and yearly produce
thereof, to be divided for ever equally amongst three printers,
compositors or pressmen, to be elected from time to time by the
master, wardens, and assistants, of the said company, and who
at the time of such election shall be sixty-three years old or
upwards, for their respective lives, to be paid half yearly;
hoping that such as shall be most deserving will be preferred.
AND WHEREAS I have herein before given to my son the sum of Three
Thousand Pounds four _per cent._ Consolidated Annuities, in case
he marries with the consent of my executors: now, I do hereby
GIVE AND BEQUEATH the dividends and interest of that sum, till
such marriage takes place, to the said Company of Stationers,
to be divided equally between six other printers, compositors
or pressmen, as aforesaid, in manner as aforesaid; and, if my
said son shall die unmarried, or married without such consent
as aforesaid, then I GIVE AND BEQUEATH the said capital sum of
Three Thousand Pounds to the said Company of Stationers, the
dividends and yearly produce thereof to be divided for ever
equally amongst six other such old printers, compositors or
pressmen, for their respective lives, to be qualified, chosen,
and paid, in manner as aforesaid.--_It has long been to_ me
matter of concern, that such numbers are put apprentices, as
compositors, without any share of school-learning, who ought
to have the greatest: in hopes of remedying this, I GIVE AND
BEQUEATH to the said Company of Stationers such a sum of money
as will purchase One Thousand Pounds three _per cent._ Reduced
Bank Annuities, for the use of one journeyman compositor, such
as shall hereafter be described, _with this special trust_, that
the master, wardens, and assistants, shall pay the dividends and
produce thereof half-yearly to such compositor: the said master,
wardens, and assistants, of the said company, shall nominate
for this purpose a compositor who is a man of good life and
conversation, who shall usually frequent some place of public
worship every _Sunday_, unless prevented by sickness, and shall
not have worked on a newspaper or magazine for four years at
least before such nomination, nor shall ever afterwards whilst
he holds this annuity, which may be for life if he continues
a journeyman: he shall be able to read and construe _Latin_,
and at least to read _Greek_ fluently with accents; of which
he shall bring a testimonial from the rector of _St. Martin’s,
Ludgate_, for the time being: I could wish that he shall have
been brought up piously and virtuously, if it be possible, at
_Merchant Taylor’s_, or some other public school, from seven
years of age till he is full seventeen, and then to serve seven
years faithfully as a compositor, and work seven years more as a
journeyman, as I would not have this annuity bestowed on any one
under thirty-one years of age: if, after he is chosen, he should
behave ill, let him be turned out, and another be chosen in his
stead. AND WHEREAS it may be many years before a compositor may
be found that shall exactly answer the above description, and
it may at some time happen that such a one cannot be found; I
would have the dividends in the meantime applied to such person
as the master, wardens, and assistants, shall think approaches
nearest to what I have described. AND WHEREAS the above trusts
will occasion some trouble; I GIVE to the said Company, in case
they think proper to accept the trusts, two hundred and fifty
pounds.”--_Extracted from Anecdotes, Literary and Biographical,
of Mr. Bowyer, by J. N._ [John Nichols?] _in Gent. Mag. Dec._
1778, _p._ 570.

6,000_l._ stock was immediately transferred by the executors of
Mr. Bowyer, and now stands in the name of the Company; the yearly
dividend is 180_l._--_Hansard’s Typographia, p._ 280. _Note._

BOX.

The divisions of a case, in which the letters lie, are termed Boxes; as the _a_ box, the _e_ box, the _i_ box, &c.

BOX. The female screw in the head of a press, in which the spindle works. It is made of brass, and is usually cast on the screw of the spindle, round on the outside with a projecting part of about half an inch on the whole length of each opposite side, to keep it firm in the head, and prevent it turning round. It is fitted tightly into the head, and kept in its place by two bolts, driven into the under side, with return heads which project over the bottom of the box. It is also called the Nut of the Spindle.

BOXWOOD.