Chapter XXIX: Part 29

_Alvo adst._--Alvo adstricta, when the belly is bound.

_Aq. bull._--Aqua bulliens, boiling water.

_Aq. ferv._--Aqua fervens, boiling water.

_Bis ind._--Bis indies, twice a day.

_BB._ _Bbds._--Barbadensis, Barbadoes.

_B. M._--Balneum maris, a sea-water bath.

_Bull._--Bulliat, it should boil; bulliant, they should boil.

_B. V._--Balneum vaporis, a steam heat.

_Cap._--Capiat, take.

_C. m._--Cras mane, to-morrow morning.

_Coch. ampl._--Cochleare amplum, a large spoon.

_Coch. infant._--Cochleare infantis, a child’s spoon.

_Coch. magn._--Cochleare magnum, a large spoon.

_Coch. mod._--Cochleare modicum, a dessert spoon.

_Coch. parv._--Cochleare parvum, a small spoon.

_Cœrul._--Cœruleus, blue.

_Col._--Colatus, strained.

_Colat._--Coletur, it should be strained; colaturæ, of or to the
strained liquor.

_Colent._--Colentur, they should be strained.

_Comp._--Compositus, compounded.

_Cont. rem._--Continuentur remedia, the medicines should be
continued.

_Contr._--Contritus, ground to a fine powder.

_Coq._--Coque, boil; coquantur, they should be boiled.

_C. P._--Codex of Paris.

_Crast._--Crastinus, to-morrow.

_Cuj._--Cujus, of which.

_Cujusl._--Cujuslibet, of any.

_Cyath. theæ._--Cyatho theæ, in a cup of tea.

_Deaur. pil._--Deaurentur pilulæ, the pills should be gilt.

_Deb. spiss._--Debita spissitudo, a proper consistence.

_Decub._--Decubitus, of lying down.

_De d. in d._--De die in diem, from day to day.

_Dej. alvi._--Dejectiones alvi, stools.

_Det._--Detur, it should be given.

_Dieb. alt._--Diebus alternis, every other day.

_Dieb. tert._--Diebus tertiis, every third day.

_Dim._--Dimidius, one half.

_Dir. prop._--Directione propria, with a proper direction.

_Donec alv. bis dej._--Donec alvus bis dejiciat, until two stools
have been obtained.

_Donec alv. sol. fuer._--Donec alvus soluta fuerit, until a stool
has been obtained.

_Ejusd._--Ejusdem, of the same.

_Enem._--Enema (en-e-ma), a clyster; enemeta, clysters.

_Ext. sup. alut._--Extende super alutam, spread upon leather.

_F. pil. xij._--Fac pilulas duodecim, make 12 pills.

_Feb. dur._--Febre durante, during the fever.

_Fem. intern._--Femoribus internis, to the inner part of the
thighs.

_F. venæs._--Fiat venæsectio, bleed.

_Fist. arm._--Fistula armata, a clyster pipe and bladder fitted
for use.

_Fl._--Fluidus, liquid; also by measure.

_Gel. quav._--Gelatinâ quâvis, in any kind of jelly.

_G. G. G._--Gummi guttæ gambiæ, gamboge.

_Gr._--Granum, a grain; grana, grains.

_Gtt._--Gutta, a drop; guttæ, drops.

_Gutt. quibusd._--Guttis quibusdam, with a few drops.

_Har. pil. sum. iij._--Harum pilularum sumantur tres, three of
these pills should be taken.

_Hor. decub._--Hora decubitus, at going to bed.

_Hor. som._--Hora somni, just before going to sleep; or on
retiring to rest.

_Hor. un. spatio._--Horæ unius spatio, at the expiration of an
hour.

_Hor. interm._--Horis intermediis, at the intermediate hours
between what has been ordered at stated times.

_Ind._--Indies, from day to day, or daily.

_In pulm._--In pulmento, in gruel.

_Inj. enem._--Injiciatur enema, a clyster should be given.

_Lat. dol._--Lateri dolenti, to the side that is affected.

_Lb._--Libra, a pound; or libra, weight, or a wine pint; when
preceded by Arabic figures, Avoirdupois weight is generally
meant; but when succeeded by Roman numerals, Troy weight, or pint
measures.

_M._--Misce, mix; mensura, by measure; manipulus, a handful.

_Mane pr._--Mane primo, very early in the morning.

_Min._--Minimum, the 60th part of a drachm measure.

_Mtt._--Mitte, send; mittatur, or mittantur, there should be sent.

_Mitt. sang. ad [ounce]xij. saltem._--Mittatur sanguis ad uncias
duodecim saltem, blood should be taken away to 12 ounces at least.

_Mod. præsc._--Modo præscripto, in the manner directed.

_Mor. sol._--More solito, in the usual manner.

_Ne tr. s. num._--Ne tradas sine nummo, you should not deliver it
without the money: as a caution to the shopman, when the presence
of the customer prevents the master giving a verbal direction.

_N. M._--Nux moschata, a nutmeg.

_O._--Octarius, a wine pint, being 1-8th of a gallon.

_Ol. lini s. i._--Oleum lini sine igne, cold drawn linseed oil.

_Omn. hor._--Omni hora, every hour.

_Omn. bid._--Omni biduo, every two days.

_Omn. bih._--Omni bihorio, every two hours.

_Omn. man._--Omni mane, every morning.

_Omn. noct._--Omni nocte, every night.

_Omn. quadr. hor._--Omni quadrante horæ, every quarter of an hour.

_O. O. O._--Oleum olivæ optimum, best olive oil.

_Oz._--The ounce Avoirdupois, or common weight, as distinguished
from that prescribed by physicians in their orders.

_P._--Pondere, by weight.

_P. Bat._--Pharmacopœia Batava.

_P. Belg._--Pharmacopœia Belgica.

_P. D._--Pharmacopœia Dublinensis.

_P. E._--Pharmacopœia Edinensis.

_P. L._--Pharmacopœia Londinensis.

_P. L. V._--Pharmacopœia Londinensis [Vetus?] before 1745.

_P. U. S._--Pharmacopœia of the United States.

_Part. vic._--Partitis vicibus, to be given in divided doses,
instead of all at once.

_Per. op. emet._--Peracta operatione emetici, when the operation
of the emetic is finished.

_Post sing. sed. liq._--Post singulas sedes liquidas, after every
loose stool.

_P. r. n._--Pro re nata, according as circumstances occur.

_P. rat. æt._--Pro ratione ætatis, according to the age of the
patient.

_Pug._--Pugillus, a gripe between the finger and thumb.

_Q. p._--Quantum placet, as much as you please.

_Q. s._--Quantum sufficit, as much as may suffice.

_Quor._--Quorum, of which.

_R._--Recipe, take; but for this the old authors, and the French
to this day, use this sign ♃, being the old heathen invocation to
Jupiter, seeking his blessing upon the formula, equivalent to the
usual invocation of the poets and of Mahomedan authors, or the
Laus Deo with which book-keepers and merchants clerks formerly
began their books of account and invoices, a practice not yet
quite extinct

_Red. in pulv._--Redactus in pulverem, powdered.

_Redig. in pulv._--Redigatur in pulverem, it should be reduced to
powder.

_Reg. umbil._--Regio umbilici, the parts near the navel.

_Repet._--Repetatur, it should be continued; repetantur, they
should be continued.

_S. A._--Secundum artem, according to art.

_Semidr._--Semidrachma, half a dram.

_Semih._--Semihora, half an hour.

_Sesunc._--Sesuncia, an ounce and a half

_Sesquih._--Sesquihora, an hour and a half.

_Si n. val._--Si non valeat, if it does not answer.

_Si op. sit._--Si opus sit, if need shall be.

_Si vir. perm._--Si vires permittant, if the strength will allow.

_Sign. n. pr._--Signetur nomine proprio, write upon it the usual
name, not the trade name.

_Sing._--Singulorum, singularum, of each.

_S. S. S._--Stratum super stratum, layer upon layer.

_Ss._--Semi, a half.

_St._--Stet, it should stand; stent, they should stand.

_Sub fin. coct._--Sub finem coctionis, when the boiling is nearly
finished.

_Sum. tal._--Sumat talem, the patient should take one like this.

_S. V._--Spiritus vinosus, ardent spirits of any strength.

_S. V. R._--Spiritus vinosus rectificatus, spirit of wine.

_S. V. T._--Spiritus vinosus tenuis, proof spirit, or half and
half spirit of wine and water.

_Temp. dext._--Tempori dextro, to the right temple.

_T. O._--Tinctura opii, tincture of opium; generally confounded
with laudanum, which is properly the wine of opium.

_T. O. C._--Tinctura opii camphorata, paregoric elixir.

_Trit._--Tritus, ground to powder.

_Ult. præscr._--Ultimo præscriptus, the last ordered.

_V. O. S._--Vitello ovi solutus, dissolved in the yelk of an egg.

_Vom. urg._--Vomitione urgente, when the vomiting begins.

_Z._--A mark in writing that a word is contracted, as in oz. for
ounce.

_Zz._--Zingiber, ginger.

℈.--Scrupulum, a scruple, equal to 20 grains Troy.

ʒ.--Drachma, a drachm, equal to 3 scruples; or, in liquids, the
8th part of an ounce measure.

℥.--Uncia, an ounce Troy; or, in liquids, the 16th part of a wine
pint.

MEREDITH, CHRISTOPHER. _See_ DONATIONS.

METAL.

The technical name of a mixture of metals properly so called, with which types and stereotype plates are cast.

In speaking of type metal, I shall first give Moxon’s description of making it, which is curious; and then some interesting observations on the same subject by M. Sage, from the Journal de Physique.

Moxon says--“What the metal founders make printing letters of,
is lead hardened with iron: thus, they choose stub nails for the
best iron to melt, as well because they are assured stub nails
are made of good, soft, and tough iron, as because they (being in
small pieces of iron) will melt the sooner.

“To make the iron run, they mingle an equal weight of antimony
(beaten in an iron mortar into small pieces) and stub nails
together. And preparing so many earthen forty or fifty pounds
melting pots (made for that purpose to endure the fire) as they
intend to use: they charge these pots with the mingled iron and
antimony as full as they will hold.

“Every time they melt metal, they build a new furnace to melt
it in: this furnace is called an open furnace; because the air
blows in through all its sides to fan the fire: they make it of
bricks in a broad open place, as well because the air may have
free access to all its sides, as that the vapours of the antimony
(which are obnoxious) may the less offend those that officiate at
the making of the metal: and also because the violent fire made
in the furnace should not endanger the firing any adjacent houses.

“They consider, before they make the furnace, how many pots of
metal they intend to melt, and make the furnace sizeable to that
number: we will suppose five pots. Therefore they first make a
circle on the ground capable to hold these five pots, and wider
yet by three or four inches round about: then within this circle
they lay a course of bricks close to one another to fill the
plain of that platform, with their broad or flat sides downwards,
and their ends all one way, and on this course of bricks they
lay another course of bricks as before, only the lengths of this
course of bricks lies athwart the breadths of the other course of
bricks; then they lay a third course of bricks with their lengths
cross the breadth of the second course of bricks.

“Having thus raised a platform, they place these five pots in the
middle of it close to one another, and then on the foundation or
platform raise the furnace round about by laying the bricks of
the first lay end to end and flat, close to one another: on the
second lay, they place the middle of a brick over a joint (as
the bricklayers call it) that is, where the ends of two bricks
join together, and so again lay bricks end to end till they trim
round the platform. Then they lay a third lay of bricks, covering
the joints of the second lay of bricks as before: so is the
foundation finished.

“Then they raise the walls to the furnace on this foundation; but
do not lay the ends of their bricks close together, but lay the
ends of each brick about three inches off each other, to serve
for wind holes till they trim round about: then they lay another
lay of bricks, leaving other such wind holes over the middle of
the last lay of bricks, and so trim as they work round, either
with half bricks or bats, that the wind holes of the last lay may
be covered: and in this manner and order they lay so many lays,
till the walls of the furnace be raised about three bricks higher
than the mouths of the melting pots, still observing to leave
such wind holes over the middle of every brick that lies under
each lay.

“Then they fill the sides of the furnace round about the melting
pots, and over them, with charcoal, and fire it at several wind
holes in the bottom, till it burn up and all over the furnace,
which a moderate wind in about an hour’s time will do: and about
half an hour’s time after, they lay their ears near the ground
and listen to hear a bubbling in the pots; and this they do so
often till they do hear it. When they hear this bubbling, they
conclude the iron is melted: but yet they will let it stand,
perhaps half an hour longer or more, according as they guess the
fire to be hotter or cooler, that they may be the more assured it
is all thoroughly melted. And when it is melted, the melting pot
will not be a quarter full.

“And in or against that time, they make another small furnace
close to the first, (to set an iron pot in, in which they melt
lead,) on that side from whence the wind blows; because the
person that lades the lead out of the iron pot (as shall be
shewed by and by) may be the less annoyed with the fumes of
the metal, in both furnaces. This furnace is made of three or
four course of bricks open to the windward, and wide enough to
contain the designed iron pot, with room between it and the sides
to hold a convenient quantity of charcoal under it, and about it.

“Into this iron pot they put for every three pound of iron, about
five and twenty pounds of lead. And, setting fire to the coals in
this little furnace, they melt and heat this lead red hot.

“Hitherto a man (nay, a boy) might officiate at all this work;
but now comes labour would make Hercules sweat. Now they fall to
pulling down so much of the side of the open furnace as stands
above the mouth of that melting pot next the iron pot, and having
a thick strong iron ladle, whose handle is about two yards long,
and the ladle big enough to hold about ten pounds of lead, and
this ladle red hot that it chill not the metal; they now, I say,
with this ladle, fall to clearing this first melting pot of all
the coals or filth that lie on the top of the melted metal; while
another man at the same time stands provided with a long, strong,
round iron stirring poot, the handle of which stirring poot is
also about two yards long or more, and the poot itself almost
twice the length of the depth of the melting pot: this poot is
nothing but a piece of the same iron turned to a square with the
handle: and this poot is also in a readiness heated red hot.

“Now one man with the ladle lades the lead out of the iron pot
into the melting pot, while the other man with the poot stirs and
labours the lead and metal in the melting pot together, till they
think the lead and metal in the melting pot be well incorporated:
and thus they continue lading and stirring till they have near
filled the melting pot.

“Then they go to another next melting pot, and successively to
all, and lade and stir lead into them as they did into the first.
Which done, the metal is made: and they pull down the walls of
the open furnace, and take away the fire that the metal may cool
in the pots.

“Now (according to custom) is half a pint of sack mingled with
sallad oil, provided for each workman to drink; intended for an
antidote against the poisonous fumes of the antimony, and to
restore the spirits that so violent a fire and hard labour may
have exhausted.”--_Moxon._

Smith, who published his Printer’s Grammar about seventy years after the appearance of Moxon’s work, says, “In Germany they use more than three ingredients to their metal, which is there made of steel, iron, copper, brass, tin, and lead; all which they incorporate with each other by means of antimony. This metal, if duly prepared, does not bend, but breaks like glass; it is harder than tin and lead, something softer than copper, and melts sooner than lead. This account I have of Mr. Struke, a printer at Lubec.”

“_Observations on the Metallic Mixture made use of for casting
Letters, or Characters, for Printing. By M. Sage. From the
Journal de Physique._

“Lead and regulus of antimony, melted together in various
proportions, form the metal used by letter founders, for casting
their different types or characters. When I say that these metals
are used in various proportions, I mean, that more or less of
the regulus of antimony is mixed with the lead, according to the
degree of hardness the types are required to possess. In general,
eighty pounds of lead are added to twenty pounds of regulus of
antimony, already melted: but, for the small characters, in which
a greater degree of hardness is required, seventy-five pounds of
lead are used to twenty-five pounds of regulus of antimony; and,
for large ones, eighty-five pounds of lead, and fifteen pounds of
regulus of antimony.

“These two substances, though of very different specific
gravities [Lead, 11·35--Antimony 6·70.--_W. S._], remain
perfectly combined, and do not separate from each other by
fusion, unless the fire made use of is so strong as to burn and
volatilize them; in that case, the antimony begins to exhale.

“Letter founders should take care to employ only the purest
regulus of antimony, or that which is the most free from sulphur;
for, when it contains any of that substance, it acts upon the
lead, in the course of time, and forms with it a kind of galena,
which acquires a black colour. The letters cast with a mixed
metal of that kind, instead of preserving their shining and
polished appearance, become dull, and as it were cracked, forming
also a sort of efflorescence. When this spontaneous decomposition
takes place, the letters become brittle, and lose their form. Of
this I have been convinced, by having analysed a mixture of this
kind, with which M. Anisson had cast some Arabic characters.

“Having exposed some of the letters, made with this bad metal,
to a violent fire, the sulphur it contained burnt, and exhaled,
in the form of vitriolic acid. Having then poured the metal
remaining in the crucible into an ingot, it acquired a white
brilliant colour like silver; which colour did not become
sensibly changed, by being left, for the space of six months, in
a damp place.

“Regulus of antimony is prepared, in the large way, by melting
calcined antimony, in a reverberatory furnace, with dried wine
lees; from this is obtained the regulus, which is sold in the
form of round cakes, on the surface of which are seen figures
like the leaves of fern, &c. which figures are produced from the
elements of octoëdral crystals. If the regulus, thus prepared,
appears more grey in colour than when it is prepared according
to Stahl’s process, it is because it still retains a portion of
sulphur.

“At present, there is not found a sufficient quantity of regulus
of antimony in commerce to supply the letter founders. It appears
to me that, in the place of regulus of antimony prepared as
above, we might substitute that which may be prepared with iron.
One-fifth part of iron is sufficient to absorb all the sulphur
with which antimony is mineralized. When this mixture is melted,
it must be poured into a cone: the sulphuretted iron remains upon
the surface of the regulus, and is very easily separated from it.

“This process is less expensive, and produces more regulus, than
the process made use of by those who work the mines of antimony.

“Regulus of antimony, as we have seen, gives hardness to lead;
but a much greater degree of hardness is produced by adding tin
to the mixture. I have analysed some nails which were proposed to
be used in shipbuilding, and found them to contain three parts
of tin, two parts of lead, and one part of regulus of antimony.
These nails were sufficiently hard to penetrate oak wood, without
being blunted; and this metallic mixture is not acted upon by sea
water, which very quickly decomposes iron.”

These observations of M. Sage show the utility of iron in the making of type metal by our predecessors, from its combining with the sulphur contained in the antimony.

Stereotype founders vary considerably the proportions of lead and regulus of antimony in making their metal. The hardest metal made, is in the proportion of ten pounds of regulus of antimony to forty pounds of tea lead; but the general proportions are ten pounds of regulus of antimony to sixty pounds of lead, which are said to make a mixture of a good quality.

METAL RULES.

Straight lines cast on pieces of metal similar to quadrats, but higher; they are rarely cast to founts larger than English. They are used as leaders; to cut off sums of money from the line which contains the sum total; for transverse lines in columns; sometimes for column rules, but very seldom; and for blanks, where the names of persons, &c., are omitted; em metal rules are sometimes used for divisions in a paragraph instead of a point. They are generally of one em, two ems, three ems, and four ems, but in English founts their size does not exceed three ems; sometimes there are en metal rules cast. Metal rules ought to be cast exactly on the middle of the body, and be continued precisely to the sides, so as to join each other at the ends, even if they are placed alternately with the sides reversed; should this not be the case, the continuity of the line must be broken, and it will necessarily have a disagreeable appearance.

MILLED LEAD. _See_ SPACE LINES.

MINION.

The name of a type one size larger than Nonpareil, and one smaller than Brevier. Moxon does not enumerate this size in his list.

MODERN GOTHIC. _See_ BLACK LETTER.

MONK.

When the pressman has not distributed his balls, some splotches of ink may lie on one or both of them, which in beating he delivers upon the form, so that the sheet printed on has a black blotch on it, which blotch is called a _Monk_--_M._ The same effect will take place also with rollers, if care be not taken to roll them backwards and forwards, as well as crossways on the inking table.

MOULD FOR MAKING PAPER.--_See_ FORGERY.

MUSIC.

It is not necessary in this work to define what music is, nor enter at all into any disquisition on the subject, as the object is the printing of it only; and all that I shall attempt is to give the plan of a pair of Music Cases, with the characters, and a specimen.

The English musical types have never to my knowledge undergone any improvement, till within a few years, when Mr. Hughes cut two new founts, which are looked upon as the best we have, and the largest of which I have used for this article.

Mr. E. Cowper devised a plan for printing music, in which one page was the lines only, and the other page was the notes, &c. only, and the chase was prepared to turn upon a centre fixed in the table of a press: thus the first impression was that of the lines without the notes, &c. on one page, and the notes, &c. without the lines on the other; the form was then turned half round, and the second impression was, the lines on the notes on one page, and the notes on the lines on the other. There is an objection to this plan for good work, which is, that the page of notes requires a different making ready to the page of lines, and when the two are completed they will be unequal in the effect, for either the lines will be too strong, or the notes have too little impression.

Mr. R. Branston struck out a different mode: he produced his music by the usual process for printing it with the rolling press, only the punches were struck deeper in the plate, and he then took a stereotype plate from it in type metal, and after the white parts were blocked out the music was sufficiently in relief to be printed at the type press. Both these plans were adopted to preserve the continuity of the lines, which in types got rounded off by wear where they joined, and spoiled the appearance.

In distributing music, the compositor should be careful not to injure the corners of the lines.

_Music of the Presses._ When a house has sufficient business to employ all the presses within it, and a master printer walks through his press room when they are all at work, and hears the creaking of the heads, the thumping of the balls, the noise of the running in and out of the carriage, and all the other miscellaneous, and, to unaccustomed ears, discordant noises, he styles them the music of the presses, which he declares to be the finest music in the world, as it brings grist to his mill.

_The Music of the Presses,_ before the introduction of cylindrical machines worked by steam engines, was a standing toast after dinner at all parties among printers; and I hope it will never be neglected.

C. HANCOCK’S PLAN OF CASES FOR HUGHES’ MUSIC TYPE.

_Upper Case._

_Lower Case._

GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.]

N.

NAKED FORM, or PAGE,

is when the furniture is taken away from all sides of the form or page. _See_ STRIP A FORM.

NAMES, ANCIENT, OF CITIES AND TOWNS.

The names distinguished by an asterisk * and an obelisk † were taken from Dr. Adam Clarke’s Bibliographical Miscellany, where they form two lists. The additional names were collected by myself.

In the towns marked * printing was carried on in the fifteenth century; and Dr. A. Clarke says--“In this List, great care has been taken not to omit one place where printing was carried on prior to the year 1500.”--“In this list, because the name refers to the work executed there, the genitive case has been retained. Panzer in his list has followed the same plan. This will be of some use to the mere English scholar, as he will at once see the same form of the word in its alphabetical order in this list, which he finds in the title of his book.”

In the towns marked † printing has been established and carried on since the fifteenth century, and Dr. A. Clarke observes--“This part might have been much enlarged, but it was not judged indispensably necessary. As the most difficult names are here explained, which usually occur in the titles of books, the residue it is hoped will occasion little embarrassment to any scholar.”--“It may be necessary to observe, for the information of the less experienced reader, that in this Supplement, as the Latin name stands in reference to no printed work, the nominative case has been always used.”

* Abbatis Villæ Abbeville, France.
† Aberdonia Aberdeen, Scotland.
† Aboa Abo, capital of Swedish Finland.
† Abrincæ Avranches, an ancient town of France.
* Acqui. _See_ Albæ.
* Æssii. _See_ Essii.
Agathopolis Montpelier, France.
Aginum Angoulême, France.
Agneda Edinburgh, Scotland.
Agrigentum Gergenti, Sicily.
* Albæ, or Acqui A town of Montferrat, 25 miles
from Genoa.
Albani Fanum }
* S. Albani Villæ } St. Albans, Hertfordshire.
* Albiæ Albia, Italy.
* Aldenardæ Oudenarde, Flanders.
* Alosti Alost, Flanders.
* Alta villæ Eltville, near Mayence.
† Altorfia Altorf, Germany.
† Amstelodamum--Amst. Amstel. Amsterdam, Holland.
* Andegavi Angers, France.
Andreapolis--Andrea St. Andrews, Scotland.
† Aneda and Edenburgum Edinburgh, Scotland.
* Angolismi Angoulême, France.
† Anseola Ansloe _or_ Opsloe, now Christiania,
Norway.
Antitrajectus Andover, Hampshire.
* Antverpiæ--Ant. Antverp. Antwerp, Netherlands.
* Anvera, Anvers, Anverso Antwerp.
Aquæ Augustæ Bayonne, Gascony.
Aquæ calidæ Bath, Somersetshire.
Aquæ solis Bath.
Aquæ, urbs Helvetiorum Baden, Germany,
† Aquæ Sextiæ Aix, Provence, France.
* Aquilæ Aquila, Naples.
† Aquis-Granum, _or_ Aqua-Grani Aix-la-Chapelle, Westphalia.
Ardinacha Armagh, Ireland.
* Argentinæ and
Argentorati--Argent. Strasburg, on the Lower Rhine.
* Arimini Rimini, Italy.
Armacha Armagh, Ireland.
† Arnoldi Villa Arnheim, Guelderland.
Ascallingium Hildesheim, Germany.
* Asculi Ascoli, Italy.
Atuacutum Antwerp, Netherlands.
Aturensium civitas Aire, France.
Augusta--Aug. August. Tubingen.
* Augustæ Vindelicorum--Aug:
Vind: August: Vindel: Augsburg, Germany.
Augusta Rauracorum Aust, near Basil.
Augusta Tiberii Ratisbon, Germany.
Augusta Trinobantum London.
† Augustodunum Autun, France.
Aureatum Eichstadt.
* Aureliani, _or_ Gabani Orleans, France.
Autricum Chartres, France.
* Avenione Avignon, France.
Axa Axminster, Devonshire.
Axelodunum Hexham, Northumberland.

* Babenberge and Bambergæ Bamberg, Bohemia.
Bada Baden, Switzerland.
Badiza Bath, Somersetshire.
Bajocæ, Bajocassina Baieux, Normandy.
Baiona Bayonne, Gascony.
* Bambergæ and Babenberge Bamberg, Bohemia.
* Barchinone and Barcilone Barcelona, Spain.
* Barci Barco, in the province of Breschia.
* Barcilone and Barchinone Barcelona, Spain.
* Basilæ--Bas: Basil Basil or Bâle, Switzerland.
Bathonia Bath, Somersetshire.
Bennopolis Hildesheim, Westphalia.
* Bergomi Bergamo, Italy.
† Berolininum--Berol: Berlin, Prussia.
* Beronæ, and Beronis Villæ Beraun or Beraum, Bohemia.
Biponti Zweybrucken.
† Bipontium Deux Ponts, Germany.
* Bisuntii Besançon, France.
† Biterræ Beziers, France.
† Biturgiæ Bourges, France.
Bononiæ--Bonon: Bologna, Italy.
Brangonia Worcester.
† Bravum Burgi Burgos, Spain.
Briganti York.
* Brixiæ Bresse _or_ Breschia, Italy.
Brixiæ Brussels, Flanders.
* Brugis Bruges, Flanders.
Brundunum Braunaw.
* Brunnæ Brinn _or_ Brunn, Moravia.
† Brunopolis Brunswick, Lower Saxony.
Brunsvicum Brunswick, Germany.
Brunsvigæ Brunswick.
* Bruxellis Bruxells _or_ Brussels, France.
[Now belonging to Belgium.]
* Budæ Buda, _or_ Offen, Lower Hungary.
† Burdigala Bourdeaux, France.
* Burgdorffii Burgdorf, Switzerland, also a town of
Lower Saxony.
* Burgis (Bravum Burgi) Burgos, Spain.
* Buscoducis Bois-le-Duc, Brabant

† Cabelium Chablies, France
Cadomi Caen, France.
Caerlud London.
* Cæsar Augustæ Saragossa, Spain.
† Cæsarodunum Tours, France.
Caesarverus Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Calaris Cagliari, Sardinia.
Caletum Calais, France.
* Callii Cagli, Italy.
* Camberiaci. _See_ Chamberii.
Camboricum Cambridge.
Camelodunum Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Cameracum Cambray, Netherlands.
Camulodunum Colchester, Essex.
Canonium Chelmsford, Essex.
Cantabrigiæ--Cantab: Cambridge.
Cantuaria Canterbury, Kent.
* Capuæ Capua, Naples.
* Carmagnolæ Carmagniola, Piedmont.
Carodunum Cracow, Poland.
* Carpen. _or_ Carpentorati Carpentras, France.
* Cassale Majori Cassale Maggiore, Milan.
* Cassale _Sancti_ Euaxii Casal of S. Evaxius, Montferrat.
* Cassellæ and Cassellis Cassel, Italy, near Turin.
Cassilia Cashel, Ireland.
Castellum Aquarum Baden, Switzerland.
Castellum Cattorum Cassel, Germany.
† Castellum Nozanum Nizza, Italy, near Lucca.
Castra Alata Edinburgh, Scotland.
Castra Constantia Constance, Switzerland.
Castra Ulpia Cleve, Germany,
† Cecerræ Cervera, Catalonia, Spain.
Cella Zell, Germany.
Celurca Montross, Scotland.
* Chablitz Chablies, France.
* Chamberii Chambery, France.
† Chilonium Kiel, Lower Saxony.
Chrysopolis. _See_ Bisuntii.
Cibinii Hermanstadt, Transylvania.
Cicestria Chichester, Sussex.
Circestria Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
Civitas Chester and Caerleon.
* Civitas Austriæ Not Vienna in Austria, but a city of
Friul in the state of Venice.
Claudia. Claudia castra Gloucester.
Clavasii Chivas _or_ Chivasio and
Chivazzio, Piedmont.
Clivia Cleve, Germany.
Clocheria Clogher, Ireland.
Cluanum Kiloon, Ireland.
Cluniaci Cluni, France.
* Coburgi and Koburgi Coburg, Germany.
* Codaniæ. _See_ Hafniæ.
Colippo St. Sebastian, Portugal.
* Colle _or_ Collis Colle, Tuscany.
Colonia Agrippina.--Col:
Ag: Colon: Agrip: Cologne, Germany.
Colonia Allobrogum--Col:
Allob: Geneva, Switzerland.
Colonia Augusta London.
* Coloniæ--Colon: Cologne, Germany.
† Colonia Julia Romana, and
Colonia Romulensis Seville, Spain.
* Comi Como, Italy.
Complutum Alcala, New Castile, Spain.
Condercum Chester-le-Street, Durham.
† Condivincum-Nannetum Nantes, France.
† Confluentes, _or_
Confluentia Coblentz, France.
† Conimbrica Coimbra, Portugal.
* Constantiæ Constance, Germany.
* Constantinopoli Constantinople, Turkey.
Conventria Coventry, Warwickshire.
Coroagia Cork, Ireland.
† Cortona A town of Tuscany.
* Cracoviæ Cracow, Poland.
† Crema Capital of Cremasco, Italy.
* Cremonæ Cremona, Italy.
Crisopolis Parma, Italy.
Croca Cracow, Poland.
* Monaster. S. Cucufatis Monastery of St. Cucufat, near
Barcelona.
* Culemburgi Culemburg, Dutch Guelderland.
* Cusentiæ Cosenza, _or_ Cosence, Naples,
capital of Calabria.
† Cusurgis Prague, capital of Bohemia.
† Cygnea Zuickaw, _or_ Zwickau, Upper Saxony.

Dantisci Dantzick.
* Daventriæ Deventer, capital of Overyssel.
* Delphis Delft, Holland.
† Derpatum, _or_ Torpatum Derp, Russia.
† Dertosa Tortosa, Spain.
Deunana Doncaster, Yorkshire.
† Dillingia Dillengen, Swabia.
Divione Dijon, France.
Divisæ Devizes, Wiltshire.
† Divona Cadurci Cahors, France.
† Dola apud Sequanos Dole, France.
* Dolæ Dole, France.
* Domus fratrum Communis Vitæ Vallis Sanctæ Mariæ. A society of
monks in the diocese of Rheingau,
near Mentz, Germany.
Dorcestria Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Dorobernia Canterbury, Kent.
Dorsetia Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Dresa Dresden, Saxony.
† Duacum Douay, France.
† Dublinum Dublin, Ireland.
† Duisburgum, _or_ Teutoburgum Duisburg, Westphalia.
Dumnoriorum Exeter, Devonshire.
Dunelmum Durham.
Dunum Down, Ireland.
Durnium Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Durobrovæ Rochester, Kent.
Durobrus Rochester, Kent.
Durocornovium Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
† Durocorturum Reims, _or_ Rheims, France.

Eblana Dublin, Ireland.
† Ebora Evora, Portugal.
Eboracum--Ebor: York.
† Edinburgum. _See_ Aneda.
* Eistetæ. _See_ Eustadiæ.
† Elbenga Elbing, Western Prussia.
† Elna Perpignan, France.
* Eltwilæ. _See_ Alta Villæ.
Elwa St. Asaph, N. Wales.
† Embricum, _or_ Embrica Emmeric, Duchy of Cleves, Germany.
* Engaddi, _or_ Engebal A place in Switzerland.
† Engolismum Angoulême, France.
* Erfordiæ Erfurt, Upper Saxony.
† Erfurtum Erfurt, Upper Saxony.
* Ergoviæ. Same as Beronis Villæ.
* Essii, Æssii, and Œxii Jesi, in Ancona, Italy.
Esslingæ Eslingen, Suabia, Wirtemberg.
* Eustadii, _or_ Eistetæ Neustadt, Germany.
† Exonia--Exon: Exeter, Devonshire.

Falmutum Falmouth, Cornwall.
† Faventia Faenza, _or_ Fayence, Italy.
* Ferrariæ Ferrara, Italy.
Fiorenza--Fior: Florence, Italy.
† Firmium, _or_ Firmum Picenum Ferma, Italy.
* Fivizani A town in Italy.
Flavisbriga Bilboa, Spain.
* Florentiæ--Florent: Florence, Italy.
† Fontanetum Comitis Fontenai-le-Comte, France.
* Forilivii. The ancient
Forum Livii Forli, Italy.
† Forum Cornelii Imola, Italy.
† Franco-Furtum-ad-Mœnum Franckfort on the Maine, Germany.
† Franco-Furtum-ad-Oderam Franckfort on the Oder, Germany.
† Franequera Franeker, Friesland.
† Fransiscopolis Havre-de-Grace, France.
* Friburgi Friburg, Swabia.
* Frisingæ Freysingen, Bavaria.
* Friuli. Anciently
Forojulium and
Forojuliensis Civitas Capital of the Frioul.
* Fulginei Foligni, Italy.

Gabani. _See_ Aureliani.
Gades Cadiz, Spain.
* Gaiettæ Gaeta, Naples.
Galliva Galway, Ireland.
* Gandavi Gand or Ghent, Flanders.
† Gandia A sea-port, Valentia, Spain.
Gaunodurum Constantia, Switzerland.
Gavanodurum Saltzburg, Germany.
Gedani Dantzick.
Genabus Orleans, France.
* Genennæ and Genevæ Geneva.
* Genuæ Genoa, Italy.
† Gerunda Gironna, Spain.
* Giennii Gien, France.
† Giessa Giesen, Germany.
Glasconia Glastonbury, Somersetshire.
† Glascua Glasgow, Scotland.
Glasguæ--Glasg: Glasgow, Scotland.
* Gondæ, _or_ Goudæ Turgow, Holland.
† Gotha A town of Upper Saxony.
† Gottinga and Tullifurdum Gottingen, Lower Saxony.
Gottingue Gottenburgh, Sweden.
Gracchopolis Cracow, Poland.
* Grudisca A town in the county of Goritz,
Germany.
† Graiacum Gratz, Germany.
* Granatæ Granada, Spain.
Gratiæ portus Havre-de-Grace, France.
* Gratianopolis Grenoble, France.
† Gravionarium Bamberg, Bohemia.
Grenovicus Greenwich, Kent.
† Gripswaldia Gripswald, Swedish Pomerania.
† Groninga Groningen, United Provinces.

* Hafniæ and Codaniæ Copenhagen, Denmark.
Haga Comitis--H. Com: The Hague.
* Hagenoæ Haguenau, France.
* Halæ Halle, Saxony.
† Hala Magdeburgica, _or_
† Hala Saxonum Harderwick, Holland.
* Hamburgii Hamburg, a free imperial city of
Lower Saxony, in the duchy of
Holstein.
Hannonia Hainault, Low Countries.
* Hanoviæ Probably the same with Hagenoæ.
* Harlemi Harlem, Holland.
* Hasselti Hasselt, Liege, Germany.
Hegetmatia Lignitz, Germany.
Heideba Sleswick, Denmark.
* Heidelbergæ Heidelberg, Germany.
Helenopolis Franckfort upon the Main.
† Helmestadium Helmestadt, Brunswick, Germany.
* Herbipoli Wurtzburg, Franconia, Germany.
† Herbona Herborn, Germany.
Hermannopolis Hermanstadt, Transylvania.
Hildesia Hildesheim, Saxony.
* Hispali Seville, Spain.
* Holmiæ Stockholm, Sweden.
Hypræ Ypres, Flanders.

Ichborough Thetford, Norfolk.
Iciani Thetford, Norfolk.
* Ilardæ Lerida, Catalonia, Spain.
* Ingolstadii Ingolstadt, Bavaria.
* Inspruc A town of Germany, in the Tyrol.
Insulæ Lisle, Flanders.
† Isca Damnoniorum Exeter, Devonshire.
Ischalis Ilchester. Somersetshire.
Isurium Aldborough, Yorkshire, _or_
Boroughbridge, Yorkshire.

* Januæ. _See_ Genuæ.
† Jena A strong town of Upper Saxony,
in Thuringia.

Kilchennia Kilkenny, Ireland.
Kiobenhaffn Copenhagen, Denmark.
* Koburgi. _See_ Coburgi.
* Kuttenbergæ Kuttenberg, Bohemia.
Lagecium Castleford, Yorkshire.
Landava Landaff, Wales.
* Lantenaci and Landenaci Loudeac, France.
* Lantriguieri Treguier, France.
* Laugingæ Laugingen, Swabia.
* Leeuwe A fortified town of Austrian
Brabant.
Legecestria Leicester.
* Leidæ Leyden.
* Leiriæ Leiria, or Leria, Portugal.
Lemgoviæ Limoges? France.
* Castr. Lemovicensi Limoges, France.
Leodium Liege, Netherlands.
Leovardiæ Leuwarden, West Frieseland.
* Leridæ. _See_ Ilardæ.
Lesua Lewes, Sussex.
Leucorea Wittenberg, Saxony.
Leuphana Hanover.
* Licii Lecce, Naples, in Otranto.
* Lignicii Lignitz, Silesia.
Limonum Poictiers, France.
* Lipsiæ--Lips: Leipsic, Saxony.
Liserpalus Liverpool, Lancashire.
Litha Leith, Scotland.
* Lodeaci. _See_ Lantenaci.
* Londini London.
Londonia London.
Longovicum Lanchester, Northumberland.
* Lovanii Louvain, Brabant.
* Lubecæ Lubec, Holstein, Lower Saxony.
Lucæ Lucca, Italy.
* Lugduni Lyons, France.
† Lugdunum Batavorum--
L. Bat:--Lugd: Bat:--
Lugdun: Batav: Leyden, Holland.
Lugubalia Carlisle, Cumberland.
Luguvallum Carlisle, Cumberland.
† Lundinum Scanorum Lunden, Holstein, Lower Saxony.
* Luneburgi Lunenburg, Lower Saxony.
Lupfurdum Leipsic, Germany,
† Lutetia--Lutet: Paris. _See_ Parisiis.
Lutetiæ Parisior:--
Lutet: Par: Paris.

† Macerata A town in the marquisate of Ancona,
Italy.
Machlinia Meckelen, Dutch Brabant.
Malines, French Brabant.
* Madriti Madrid.
Madus Maidstone, Kent.
* Magdeburgi Magdeburg, Germany.
Magontia
Magontiacum Mentz, _or_ Mayence, Germany.
Mancunium Manchester, Lancashire.
† Manhemium Manheim, palatinate of the Rhine,
Germany.
† Mantua Carpetanorum Madrid. _See_ Madriti.
* Mantuæ Mantua, Italy.
Marchenium Roxburgh, Scotland.
Marionis Lunenburg, Germany.
Marionis Lubeck, Pomerland.
† Marpurgum Marpurg, Hesse-Cassel, Germany.
* Marsipoli Merseburg, Saxony.
Martinopolis Tours, France.
† Massilia Marseilles, France.
* Mediolani--Mediol: Milan, Italy.
* Memmingæ Meminingen, Swabia.
* Messanæ Messina, Sicily.
† Metæ Metz, France.
Metelli castrum Middleburg, Zealand.
Metelloburgus Middleburg, Zealand.
* Moguntiæ--Mogunt: Mayence _or_ Mentz, Germany.
* Monachii Munich, Bavaria.
Monacum Munich, Bavaria.
* Monasterii Munster, Westphalia.
* Monast. Montis Serrati Mount Serrat. A very high mountain
in Spain, on which is an ancient
monastery, dedicated to the Virgin
Mary.
† Mons Albanus Montauban, France.
Mons Badonicus Bath, Somersetshire.
Mons Dolorosus Stirling, Scotland.
† Mons-Monachorum A place near Bamberg, Bohemia.
† Mons-Pessulanus Montpellier, France.
† Mons Regalis Mont Real or Mont Royal, Sicily.
† Mons-Regius, _or_ Regiomons Königsberg, Prussia.
Mons Rosarum Montross, Scotland.
Mons Solis Bath, Somersetshire.
Monstrolium Montreuil, France.
† Moscua Moscow, Russia.
* Monteregali Mondovi, Piedmont.
Montes Mons, Low Countries.
* Murciæ Murcia, Spain.
† Mussipontum Pont-à-Mousson, France.
* Mutinæ Modena, Italy.

† Nanceium Nancy, France.
* Nannetibus Nantz or Nantes, France.
* Neapoli Naples, Italy.
† Nemausus Nismes, France.
Neoportus Newport, Isle of Wight.
Nerobergæ Nuremberg, Germany.
† Nidrosia Drontheim, Norway.
* Nonantulæ Nonente? a small town in the duchy
of Modena, Italy.
Nordovicum Norwich, Norfolk.
Noribergæ--Norib: Nuremberg, Germany.
Norica Nuremberg, Germany.
Noricorum Nuremberg, Germany.
* Norimbergæ--Norimb: Nuremberg, Franconia, Germany.
Norvicum Norwich, Norfolk.
* Novæ Pilznæ Pilsen, Bohemia.
Novamœnia Weisenburg.
* Noviomagii Nimeguen, Dutch Guelderland.
* Novis Novi, Genoa, Italy.
Novum Castrum Newcastle-upon-Tine.
* Nozani Nizza, Lucca, Italy.

Oenipons Inspruck, Tyrol.
* Offenburgi Offenburg, Swabia.
* Olomuci Olmutz, Moravia.
† Olysippo, _or_ Ulisippo Lisbon. _See_ Ulyssipone.
† Onate, _or_ Ognatæ In Spain.
* Oppenheimii Oppenheim, Palatinate of the Rhine,
Germany.
* Ortonnæ Ortona del Mare, Sicily.
† Ovietum Oviedo, Spain.
* Oxonii--Oxon: Oxford.

† Paderborna Paderborn, Westphalia.
Padova Padua, Italy.
* Palentiæ, _or_ Palencia A town of Spain, in Leon.
† Palum Pau, France.
* Pampelunæ and Pompeiopoli Pampeluna, Spain.
* Panormi Palermo, Sicily.
* Papiæ and Ticini Pavia, Italy.
* Parisiis Paris.
* Parmæ Parma, Italy.
Parthenopolis Magdeburg.
Pastovia Padstow, Cornwall.
* Pataviæ vel Passavii Passau, Bavaria.
* Patavii Padua, Italy.
Pax Augusta Badajos, Spain.
Pembrochia Pembroke, Wales.
Pendenium Pendennis, Cornwall.
* Perpiniani Perpignan, France.
* Perusiæ Perausa, Italy.
Pessulanus Montpellier, France.
Pestini Pest.
† Petropolis St. Petersburg, Russia.
Pettuaria Beverley, Yorkshire.
Phabiranum Bremen, Westphalia.
* Pheibiæ. _See_ Plebisacii.
Pheugarum Halberstadt, Lower Saxony.
Philyre Lindaw, Germany.
* Phorcæ
Piacenza Placentia, Italy.
* Pictavii Poitiers, France.
* Pinarolii Pignerol, Piedmont.
Pintia Vaccæorum Valladolid, Spain.
* Pisæ Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.
* Pisauri Pesaro, Italy.
* Pisciæ Pescia, Tuscany, Italy.
* Placentiæ Placentia or Placenza, Italy.
* Plebisacii and Pheibiæ Piobe de Sacco, Italy.
* Polliano A town of Italy, in the Veronese.
† Pollianum Rus. _See_ Polliano.
Pompeiopoli. _See_ Pampelunæ.
† Pompelon. _See_ Pampelunæ.
† Pons Oeni Inspruck, Tyrol, Germany.
* Portesii Portici, a village near Naples;
_or_ Portenza, a town of ditto.
Portus magnus Portsmouth.
Posonium Presburgh, Germany.
Povisia Powis, Wales.
Præsidium Warwick.
Prætoria Augusta Cronstadt
* Pragæ Prague, Bohemia.
Probatopolis Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
* Promentour
* Provini Provins, France.

Quercetum Quesnoy, Low Countries.
Quintinopolis S. Quintin, Picardy.
† Quitoa Quito, Peru, South America.

* Ratisbonæ Ratisbon, Bavaria.
† Redones, _or_ Condate Rennes, France.
* Reenen Reinen, Venetian territory.
* Regii Reggio, Italy.
† Regiomons. _See_ Mons Regius.
† Regium Lepidi. _See_ Regii.
† Remi Reims, _or_ Rheims, France.
* Reutlingæ Reutlingen, Swabia, Wirtemberg.
* Rhedonibus Rennes, France.
Rhodopolis Rostock, Lower Saxony.
* Romæ Rome.
Rosarum urbs Rostock, Lower Saxony.
* Rostochii Rostock, Mecklenberg, Lower Saxony.
† Roterodamum Rotterdam, Holland.
* Rothomagi Rouen, France.
† Rubens Mons A Priory of the order of Clugny.
† Rupella Rochelle, France.
† Rutheni Rodez, France.

† Sæna Sienna, Tuscany. _See_ Senia.
† Sætobris Setuval _or_ Setubal, St. Ubes,
Portugal.
† Salernum Salerno, Naples.
† Salinæ Salins, France.
† Salisburgum Saltzburg, Bavaria.
* Salmanticæ Salamanca, Leon, Spain.
† Sanctus Ursius. _See_ Ursius Sanctus.
Sandvicus Sandwich, Kent.
Santonum portus Rochelle, France.
Sarisberia Salisbury, Wiltshire.
* Savilliani Savigliano, Piedmont.
* Savonæ Savona, Genoa, Italy.
* Scandiani Scandiano, Italy.
* Schedami Schiedam, Holland.
* Schœnhoven Schoonhoven, Holland.
* Segobricæ Segorbe, Spain.
† Segodunum. _See_ Rutheni.
† Segontia Siguenza, New Castile, Spain.
* Senis Sens?, France.
Sestiæ Aix, Provence.
Severia Salisbury, Wiltshire.
* Sleswici Sleswick, Denmark.
* Soncini Soncino, in the Cremonese, Italy.
* Soræ, _vel_ Soriæ Whether Sora a town of Naples, or
Soria, a town of Spain, in Old
Castile, is not known.
Sorbiodunum and Sorviodunum Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Monast. Sortem A monastery of the Præmonstrants, in
Suevia, in Germany.
* Spiræ Spire, Germany.
Stereontium Cassel, Germany.
† Stockholmia and Holmia Stockholm, Sweden.
† Subiacus Sublac, or Subbiaco, a monastery in
the Campagna di Roma.
Sundis Straelsund, Pomerania.

† Taraco Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Taradunum Friburg, Germany.
* Tarrazonæ Tarazona, Arragon, Spain.
* Tarvisii Treviso, Italy.
* Taurini Turin, Sardinia.
Tava Tinmouth, Devonshire.
† Telo Martius Toulon, France.
Tergestum Trieste, Istria.
Theoci curia Tewksbury, Gloucestershire.
Theonis villa Thionville, Luxemburg.
Theodorodunum and
Theorodunum Wells, Somersetshire.
* Thessalonicæ Salonichi, the ancient Thessalonica,
Macedonia.
† Ticinum. _See_ Papiæ.
† Tigernum Thiers, France.
† Tigurum and Tigurinus Pagus Zuric, Switzerland.
Tileburgum Tilbury, on the Thames.
* Toleti Toledo, New Castile, Spain.
† Tolosa-Palladia-Tectosagum Toulouse, France. It was not at this
town, but a small town of Biscaye,
that the editions printed in the
fifteenth century with the imprint
_Tolosæ_ were executed.
Tornatum Tournay, Netherlands.
* Trajecti. _See_ Ultrajecti.
Trajecti ad Oderam Frankfort upon the Oder.
Trajecti ad Rhenum--
Traj: ad Rhen: Utrecht, Holland.
Trajecti Batavorum--
Traj: Bat: Utrecht, Holland.
† Trajectum ad Mosam Maestricht, Netherlands.
* Trecis Troyes, France.
† Tranquebaria Tranquebar, coast of Coromandel,
Hindostan.
Trento Trent.
Treveri Treves, Germany.
† Trevi apud Ancones. _See_ Trevii.
* Trevii Trevi, Umbria, Italy.
* Tridenti Trent, Germany.
Tripontium Towcester, Northamptonshire.
Tuberum Rotenberg, Germany.
* Tubingæ Tubingen, Swabia, Wirtemberg.
Tuesis Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Tulifurgium Brunswick, Germany.
* Turonis Tours, France.
* Tusculani Lacus Benaci Tusculanum, Lombardy. [? Tusculum,
now Frescati.]
Tybur. Tyburis Tivoli, Italy.
* Tzennæ. _See_ Zinnæ.

† Ulisippo. _See_ Ulyssipone.
* Ulmæ Ulm, Swabia.
* Ultrajecti--Ult: Ultraj: Utrecht, United Provinces.
* Ulyssipone Lisbon, Portugal.
† Upsale In Upland, Sweden.
Uratislavia Breslaw, Silesia.
* Urbini Urbino, Italy.
Uriconium Worcester.
† Ursius Sanctus A place near Vicenza.
† Urso Ossuna, Andalusia, Spain.
Utini Udino, Venetian Friuli, Italy.
Utricesium Utrecht, Holland.

Vagniacum Maidstone, Kent.
† Valentia Valence, France.
* Valentiæ Valentia, Spain.
Valentianæ. Valentinianæ Valenciennes.
* Vallisoleti Valladolid, Old Castile, Spain.
† Varsovia Warsaw, Poland.
Vellocases Baieux.
Venantodunum Huntington.
† Venetia. _See_ Venetiis.
* Venetiis Venice, Italy.
Venta Belgarum Winchester, Hampshire.
* Vercellis Vercelli, Piedmont.
Veredunum. Verodunum Verdun, Lorraine.
* Veronæ Verona, Italy.
Verovicum Warwick.
Versaliæ Versailles, France.
† Vesontio Besançon, France. _See_ Bisuntii.
* Vicentiæ Vicence, Italy.
* Viennæ Austriæ Vienna _or_ Wien, the metropolis of
Austria.
* Viennæ in Delphinatu Vienne, Dauphiny.
Viennæ Pannoniæ Vienna, Austria.
† Vigornia Worcester.
Villa Faustini St Edmond’s Bury.
† Villafranca Villefranche, France.
† Vilna Wilna, Lithuania, Poland.
Vindinum Cenomanum _or_ Subdinum, Mans,
the capital of La Sarthe.
† Vindobona--Vindob: Vienna, Austria.
Vindobonensis--Vindob: Vienna, Austria.
Vindocinum Vendosme, France.
Vindogladia Winburn, Dorsetshire.
Vinegia--Vin: Vineg: Venice, Italy.
* Viqueriæ Viqueria, probably some town in
Italy. Some think that Voghera,
in the duchy of Milan, is meant.
† Virmaranum Guimaraens, Portugal.
* Viterbii Viterbo, Italy.
† Vittemberga, _or_ Vittebarea Wittemberg, Germany.
Voliba Falmouth, Cornwall.
† Vratislavia Breslaw, Silesia, Germany.

Warovie. Warsavia Warsaw, Poland.
Warwicus Warwick.
Wellæ Wells, Somersetshire.
* Westmonasterii--Westmonast: Westminster.
Wigornia Worcester.
Windesora Windsor, Berkshire.
Winterbergæ Winterberg, Bohemia.
Wintonia--Winton: Winchester, Hampshire.
Wittenbergæ Wittenberg, Saxony.
Wormacia Worms, Germany.

* Xericæ “Yerica.--_Oppid. nobili in regno
Valentino._ PANZER. (Serigo?)
I know nothing more of this
place.”--_Dr. A. Clarke._

* Zamoræ Zamora, Leon, Spain.
† Zamoscium Zamoski, a strong town of Poland,
in Red Russia, now the Austrian
kingdom of Lodomeria.
* Zinnæ _or_ Tzennæ A monastery belonging to the order
of Cistercian monks in Saxony.
† Zuvolla. _See_ Zwollis.
* Zwollis Zwoll, Overyssel, United Provinces.

NARROW. The technical name of a piece of furniture equal in width to a narrow quotation.

NATURAL HISTORY. Explanation of some Terms used in Natural History.

Aculeated. Sharpened.
Amphibious. Capable of living by land or water.
Animalcules. Small animals, generally invisible without the
assistance of the microscope.
Annulated. Marked with rings.
Antlers. Horns overhanging the brows.
Aquatic. Living or growing in the water.
Bifid. Divided into two parts, or cleft.
Bimaculated. With two spots, or two series of spots.
Bivalve. With two shells or openings.
Callosity. A hard lump, an excrescence.
Canine. Belonging to the dog kind.
Carinated. In the shape of a keel.
Carnivorous. Feeding on flesh.
Cartilaginous. Furnished with cartilages.
Cere. A skin over the bill of birds; sometimes movable,
as in parrots.
Cetaceous. Of the whale kind.
Cinereous. Of the colour of ashes.
Columbine. Belonging to the dove kind.
Cordiform. Heart-shaped.
Crustaceous. Covered with a crust; as lobsters, &c.
Digitated. Having the feet divided into parts, like toes or
fingers, as in dogs.
Dorsal. Belonging to the back.
Exsanguineous. Without blood, as worms.
Entomology. A description of insects.
Feline. Belonging to the cat kind.
Ferruginous. Of an iron or rust colour.
Frugivorous. Feeding on seeds.
Furcated. Forked.
Gallinaceous. Belonging to the hen kind.
Gestation. The time of going with young.
Granivorous. Feeding on grain.
Gregarious. Associating together.
Herbivorous. Feeding on grass.
Ichthyology. A description of fishes.
Imbricated. Tiled or plated over each other.
Incubation. The act of a bird sitting on her eggs.
Insectivorous. Feeding on insects.
Lateral. Belonging to the side, placed sideways.
Migratory. Coming and going at certain seasons.
Multivalve. With many shells or openings.
Nascent. Very young, growing.
Nictitating. Winking; applied to a membrane with which birds
cover their eyes at pleasure.
Obfuscated. Of a darkish colour.
Olfactory. Relating to smell.
Ornithology. A description of birds.
Oviparous. Laying eggs.
Parturition. The act of bringing forth young.
Passerine. Belonging to the sparrow kind.
Patulous. Open, wide.
Pectoral. Belonging to the breast.
Pendulous. Hanging.
Piscivorous. Feeding on fishes.
Predaceous. Formed to pursue prey.
Quadrifid. Divided into four parts.
Ruminating. Chewing the cud.
Scabrous. Rough.
Scapulars. Shoulders.
Semilunar. In the form of a half-moon.
Setaceous. Hairy.
Subulated. Formed like an awl.
Testaceous. Covered with a shell; as oysters, &c.
Trifurcated. Three-forked.
Truncated. Appearing as if cut off.
Umbrageous. Spreading.
Univalve. With one shell or opening.
Ventral. Belonging to the belly.
Viviparous. Bringing forth the young alive.
Webbed. Connected with a membrane, as the claws of
aquatic birds.
Zoologists. Writers on animated nature.
Zoology. The history of animated nature.
Zoophite. An animal plant, or sensitive vegetable.

NAUTICAL ALMANACK.

9 Geo. 4. c. 66. s. 2. “And whereas the Publication of the
Nautical Almanack, constructed by proper Persons for the finding
of the Longitude at Sea, is of great Importance to the Safety of
Ships and Persons, and highly conducive to the general Interests
of Commerce and Navigation; be it therefore enacted, That it
shall and may be lawful to and for the Lord High Admiral, or the
Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, of
the United Kingdom of _Great Britain_ and _Ireland_, for the Time
being, to cause such Nautical Almanacks, or other useful Table or
Tables, which he or they shall from Time to Time judge necessary
and useful in order to facilitate the Method of discovering the
Longitude at Sea, to be constructed, printed, published, and
vended, free of all Stamp Duty whatever, in the same Manner as
the Commissioners under the said Act of the Fifty-eighth Year
of His late Majesty’s Reign might or could do; and that every
Person who, without the special Licence and Authority of the
Lord High Admiral or Commissioners for executing the Office of
Lord High Admiral aforesaid for the Time being, to be signified
under the Hand of the Secretary of the Admiralty for the Time
being, shall print, publish, or vend, or cause to be printed,
published, or vended, any such Almanack or Almanacks, or other
Table or Tables, shall, for every Copy of such Almanack or Table
so printed, published, or vended, forfeit and pay the Sum of
Twenty Pounds, to be recovered with Costs of Suit, by any Person
to be authorised for that Purpose by the Lord High Admiral or
Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral
aforesaid, (such Authority to be signified under the Hand of the
Secretary of the Admiralty as aforesaid,) by Action of Debt,
Bill, Plaint, or Information, in any of His Majesty’s Courts
of Record at _Westminster_; and that the Proceeds of the said
Penalty, when recovered, shall be paid and applied to the Use of
the Royal Hospital for Seamen at _Greenwich_.”

NEAR CHEEK.

That cheek of the press which is on the side at which the pressmen stand to beat and pull.

NECK OF A LETTER.

So much of the punch as is sunk into the matrice is called the neck; and when that letter is cast of metal, it is so much as comes above the square of the shank, viz. above the beard.--_M._

NEST FRAMES.--_M._ The same as our CASE RACKS, which _see_.

NEWS HOUSE.

A printing office in which newspapers only are printed; a term used to distinguish them from book houses and job houses.

NEWSPAPERS.

The following report on the regular mode of working on Newspapers, contains much interesting information respecting this branch of the printing business.

I feel gratified in being able to give a copy of it, as it is little known beyond the circle of the newspaper department, and I am satisfied it will prove serviceable to the trade at large, for newspapers are now frequently printed in book houses, where the regulations connected with them are not generally known: and I also think I am acting in accordance with the motives of the Committee that drew it up, in giving it more publicity; for they say, a Committee was appointed “to draw up, and circulate, for the information of the trade, a statement of the regular mode of working on newspapers--‘to guide the ignorant, to guard the unwary;’ to assist them in their labours, and to maintain that harmony which should ever subsist between two branches in one profession.” And, “your Committee have extracted from, or inserted at length, every document relating to regulations or prices since 1785, which they trust will not be considered uninteresting, and, handed down as records, may yet be useful.”

“REPORT

“Of a Committee appointed to draw up a Statement of the regular
Mode of working on Newspapers, for the Information of the Trade;
to examine Documents, and to report the same.--_Read July_ 29,
1820.

“THE object which your Committee were directed to accomplish
(that of giving a fair scale of work, mode, time, and price,
on _all Newspapers_, wherever published) has been entered into
with zeal on their parts, and they trust will be found to your
satisfaction. They have examined the bases of all official
agreements, and all acknowledged and understood rules; and
have particularly adhered to their instructions, by keeping in
view, ‘that it was to guide the ignorant, to prevent the evil
intentions of the unprincipled, and, if possible, to form a
closer bond of union among yourselves.’

“Laws are rendered more sacred, more valid, by age; and in
performance of the task assigned them, the Committee commenced
their labours by tracing the Regulations for News Work back to a
certain period, in order to support them in their declaration,
that they had been introduced on fair principles, that they
had been cordially agreed to by the Masters, had been acted
upon by the employed for so great a length of time, and that
any innovation made on those regulations by an employer, or
_set of men_ acting for themselves, without the concurrence of
the general body of News Compositors, should be opposed, and
those concerned in such an attempt treated as enemies to their
fellow-workmen, and marked as acting inimically to the interests
of their profession.

“It was necessary for your Committee, for the maintenance of
the superstructure, to examine its foundation; with this view
they have, from oral testimony, been enabled to collect the size
and price of various Newspapers from 1770. They consisted of 16
small columns, some 18, some 19, and others 20 ems Long Primer
wide. The galley was 130 or 132 lines, and 50 _after-lines_,
Long Primer; Brevier galley 96, _after-lines_ 38. (The only
exception was the old _Daily Advertiser_, which contained 12
columns of 25 ems Long Primer wide, the galley in proportion.)
The prices were, full hands 27_s._; supernumeraries 13_s._;
galley 2_s._ 2_d._; 5_d._ per thousand; and _over hours_ 6_d._
_Supernumeraries_ (a term which explains itself) were not known
ten years prior to this date. Most of the papers were small
folios; and as they were nearly all connected with, or done in
Book-houses, the eldest apprentice, upon a press of matter,
was usually called in to assist. Upon the subdivision of the
labour into galleys, and the size of the papers extending, a man
was employed if any deficiency arose in the quantity required.
Advertisements increased; the use of small type was extended, and
the _Supernumerary_ became a fixture.

“Prior to 1776, controversial essays, domestic news, and extracts
from the official communications in the London Gazette, appear to
have filled the small columns of the Journals; but the American
war commencing this year, they assumed a new consequence,
by first venturing to give daily Reports of the Debates in
Parliament.

“In 1777 there were seven Morning Papers, eight of three times,
one twice a week, and two weekly. The first _Sunday Paper_ came
out in 1778; in a few weeks it was followed by a second: and a
third was brought out in the succeeding year. The weekly Journals
paid 24_s._ In 1780 a new Daily Journal arose, with a different
appearance from the others, which seems to have induced a further
alteration. The prices remained the same, but the employment of
more hands was rendered necessary. The hour of beginning varied,
some commencing business at eleven, others at two, and some so
late as three o’clock.