Chapter III: Part 3

Tanned sheep’s skins, dressed with oil, have been used, to avoid smell, and for durability: they were more durable than pelts; but they were not calculated for producing fine impressions, not being soft; and, in consequence, not retaining dirt or other extraneous matter on their surface; this occasioned picks, and rendered them unsuitable for printing small letter or fine engravings with neatness.

When the pressmen leave work at night, the pelt balls are capped; that is, they are wrapped up, each in a blanket steeped in urine; and this is always done when they are not in use: it keeps them soft, and in working condition; but they are to be scraped, and dried with paper, to get rid of the moisture, each time they are wanted. There have been many attempts to supersede the use of urine, on account of its disagreeableness and smell; but no substitute, to my knowledge, has answered the purpose so well with pelts.

Composition Balls and composition rollers have, as I previously observed, superseded the use of pelt balls in the metropolis, and nearly so in the country. This has arisen from their superior cleanliness and sweetness, and being equal to pelts in producing good work. They can also be procured, generally, at the moment they are wanted, in the best working state; since their introduction the manufacture of them has become a new business, and they are supplied at so moderate a rate, (either per week or quarter,) and may be renewed as often as required, that scarcely a printing office in London at the present day troubles itself to make Balls; and hence no pressman need ever complain of having bad Balls as an excuse for bad workmanship.

These Balls will be found peculiarly convenient in small offices, where even one press is not in constant employment; for they may be kept for any length of time without injury to them; and if they be preserved in a proper temperament, will be always ready for use at the moment required. If they should become a little too dry, they may be restored to a proper state for working in a very short time by sponging them over with water, and distributing them; or, if there be time, by placing them in a damp situation, in order that they may imbibe moisture.

They may be easily made in an office at a distance from town, where it may be both inconvenient and expensive to have them removed backwards and forwards, by having a shallow dish formed of tin, &c. pouring the melted composition in it, and before it is cold attaching a piece of canvass to it sufficiently large to form a Ball of the size wanted. The facing will be thus thicker in the middle and taper off to the edge, which will be quite thin; and the edge of the composition should be continued well over the rounding of the Ball, to prevent it ever touching the form in beating, and thus avoiding any ill effects from portions of ink or dirt that would lodge at the extremity of the composition, and come in contact with the types or engraving. _See_ COMPOSITION.

BALL STOCKS.

Turned of Alder or Maple. They are about seven inches in diameter, and have their under side turned hollow, to contain the greater quantity of wool or hair, to keep the ball leathers plump the longer.--_M._ They are now made of Elm, and the handles are Beech: but an improvement has been made in this article of late years, although it has not been generally adopted, viz. turning the bowl and handle in one piece, instead of having the handle fitted into the bowl, which frequently came loose, and was troublesome to the Pressman, often catching the skin of his hand, and pinching it. The usual size of the bowl for bookwork, is five inches and a quarter in diameter.

BANK.

A deal table, on which the Pressmen have the paper when printing. It was called a Horse in Moxon’s time. _See_ HORSE. It is useful to have a small drawer in the front of it, in which the Pressmen may put their thin paper for overlays, their paste points, and many other articles that would otherwise be lying upon the shelf or platen.

BANK NOTES.

On the 13th of January, 1819, Mr. James Fergusson, of Newman Street, Oxford Street, printer, sent to the Commissioners for inquiring into the Prevention of Forgery of Bank Notes, his plan for that purpose, of which the following is his published description.

“My plan is reared upon the solid foundation of putting it in the power of every individual to be _certain_ whether a Bank-note is genuine or spurious _by inspection_. I propose, in order to form the ground-work of Bank-notes, to cast a fount, or several founts, of types, formed of such a peculiar shape, that, when printed from, the impression would appear, at first sight, like a line engraving; while, at the same time, when examined more closely, every part of it might be easily read. Although it is not in my power, without going to considerable expence, to produce a specimen of such types as ought to be made for this purpose, yet no one will deny that they may be obtained by means of punch-cutters and letter-founders. This being granted, let me suppose that I have got such types; I should then proceed to compose a page with them of the size of a Bank-note, consisting of such subject-matter as may be deemed advisable,--probably, an explanation of the way by which forgery could be detected. From this page of moveable types, I should make a stereotype plate; and I should then, by stamping or engraving upon the stereotype plate, put the promissory words of the Bank-note, with the addition of whatever ornamental lines might be thought proper. This stereotype plate, so formed, would give, by one pull at the letter-press, a completed Bank-note, unless it might be deemed requisite to add the numbering; and a signature or signatures, in writing. Having got _one_ stereotype plate in the way I describe, I should use it for no other purpose than to obtain others; and from them I could easily make plates to any amount that may be necessary, all which would yield impressions obviously alike. As the promissory and ornamental parts of the note, _in white_, will purposely be made to intersect the words printed _in black_ all over the surface of the note, the intersections will prove an _infallible_ guide to distinguish a spurious note from a genuine one. This contrivance of intersections being the leading feature in my plan, I have denominated it _The Intersection Plan_.

“Individuals, when familiarized to notes issued upon this principle, would naturally select some portion to which they might easily refer, to ascertain the genuineness of a note. And, for further security, if necessary, the Bank might print what I may call _Standards_, for the use of the public, to be sold for a trifle, merely to insure their preservation. The Standards to be printed from the same plates as the notes themselves, but on paper quite of another texture and colour from the note paper, for the purpose of proving the correctness of the intersections.” _See_ FORGERY.

BANKRUPTS,

Scotland. 2 & 3 Vict. c. 41. “An Act for regulating the
Sequestration of the Estates of Bankrupts in _Scotland_.

s. 143. “And be it enacted, That from and after the Commencement
of this Act the Keeper of the _Edinburgh Gazette_ shall on
each Day of Publication furnish a Copy thereof to the Keeper
of Edictal Citations and to the Bill Chamber Clerks, who shall
keep the same regularly filed, and make the said Gazettes on all
Occasions patent to the Lieges at Office Hours, on Payment of a
Fee of Sixpence and no more.

s. 144. “And be it enacted, That no Advertisement inserted in
the _London Gazette_ or in the _Edinburgh Gazette_ by virtue of
this Act, or the said recited Act of the Fifty-fourth Year of the
Reign of His Majesty King _George_ the Third, intituled _An Act
for rendering the Payment of Creditors more equal and expeditious
in_ Scotland, or an Act of the Sixth and Seventh Year of His
late Majesty, intituled _An Act for regulating the Process of
Cessio bonorum in the Court of Session, and for extending the
Jurisdiction of Sheriffs in_ Scotland _to such Cases_, shall
be charged by the Keepers of the said Gazettes for Publication
therein at a higher Price, nor shall a higher Price be paid for
such Publication, than the Sums specified in the Schedule (L.)
hereunto annexed.

s. 145. “And be it enacted, That from and after the Commencement
of this Act all Conveyances, Assignations, Instruments,
Discharges, Writings, or Deeds relating solely to the Estate
belonging to any Bankrupt against whom Sequestration has been or
may be awarded either under this or any former Act, and which
Estate, after the Execution of such Conveyances, Assignations,
Instruments, Discharges, Writings, or Deeds, shall be and remain
the Property of such Bankrupt for the Benefit of his Creditors,
or the Trustee appointed or chosen under or by virtue of such
Sequestration, and all Discharges to the said Bankrupt, and all
Deeds, Assignations, Instruments, or Writings for reinvesting
the said Bankrupt in the Estate, and all Powers of Attorney,
Commissions, Factories, Oaths, Affidavits, Articles of Roup or
Sale, Submissions, Decrees Arbitral, and all other Instruments
and Writings whatsoever relating solely to the Estate of any
Bankrupt sequestrated as aforesaid, and all other Deeds or
Writings forming a Part of the Proceedings ordered under such
Sequestration, and all Notices or Advertisements inserted in the
_London_ and _Edinburgh_ Gazettes relative thereto, shall be
exempt from all Stamp Duties or other Government Duty.”

SCHEDULE (L.)

“_Table of Prices payable for Advertisements in the London or
Edinburgh Gazettes._

£ _s. d._
For Six Lines and under 0 6 0
For more than Six Lines and not exceeding Ten Lines 0 7 6
For more than Ten Lines and not exceeding Fifteen Lines 0 10 6
For more than Fifteen Lines and not exceeding Twenty Lines 0 14 6
For more than Twenty Lines and not exceeding Twenty-five
Lines 0 17 6
For more than Twenty-five Lines and not more than Thirty
Lines 1 0 6”

BAR. _See_ PRESS BAR.

BASKET.

In printing offices where there are large founts of letter, and the fount cases of any particular fount are not sufficient to hold the superfluous sorts, the surplus is put in coffins, and deposited in round baskets, till wanted.

BATTER.

When the face of any letters gets injured in a form, it is termed a Batter.

This accident frequently occurs:--in the course of working at press a letter or letters will draw out in beating, and occasionally be left on the form without being perceived; this, when the next impression is pulled, injures the page on which it was left;--a pin, needle, or bodkin, used as pickers, will sometimes be laid on a page and forgot--and other small articles, which produce the same injury. It also happens with forms reared up at the ends of frames, where the faces of the letter in the forms are put to each other, with a quoin, or a piece of furniture, to prevent them touching, which being accidentally displaced, the letter gets injured. The only thing to be done when these accidents occur, is to replace the letters; this however is too frequently done without showing a revise to the Reader or Overseer; and thus errors creep into a work, which no care on the part of a Reader can prevent. To steady careful men these accidents seldom happen; and they ought to be guarded against, in as much as they cause loss of time to the workmen, and expense of materials to the master printer; and when letters or words must be replaced, the work should never be proceeded with at press, previously to its being examined.

When a fine engraving on wood is at press, the workman should be most particularly careful, as an accident might thus spoil an expensive work of art, which it might be impossible to replace.

When a Batter unfortunately happens at press in working stereotype plates, it is too frequently overlooked by the pressmen, and the work proceeds in a deteriorated state; while, generally speaking, if the same accident had happened to a form of moveable types it would have been set right. The reason is, that while in the latter case the accident could be remedied in a few minutes, the stereotype plate on the other hand would have to be taken out of the form and sent to the founders, and would not be repaired in less than five or six hours, during which time the pressmen would be unemployed, to their loss. This is one cause that operates against the more general use of stereotype plates.

BEARD OF A LETTER,

is the outer angle of the square shoulder of the shank, which reaches almost up to the bottom of the face of the letter; and is commonly scraped off by the Founder.--_M._

BEARER.

A piece of reglet pasted on the frisket to ease any particular part in a form that has too much pressure on it from the platen of the press.--_M._

Double Pica reglet is used for this purpose, as its thickness is equal to the difference between the height of the types and the furniture; and this application of it makes this sized reglet in general a scarce article in a printing office.

Where any parts of the impression of a form come off hard, which from various causes occasionally happens, particularly at the edges of the pages, and at the foot of a short page, a bearer is applied to ease that part; but some care however is required in its application--it must not bear upon any printed matter at the back of it, for if it does, it will smear and deface that part, nor is it necessary to place it close to the part, but it may be put at some distance, and if convenient near the outer edge of the paper, and made to rest on the flat part of the furniture.

After selecting a piece of reglet of the proper length, paste one side of it, and place it with the pasted side uppermost upon the furniture where it is required, then turn down the tympans and frisket and rub that part with the hand to make it adhere to the frisket; or, as is usually done, after the form is beat, when the next pull will make it adhere; if it be not quite sufficient, a thickness or two of a wrapper pasted on it will ease the pull sufficiently on that part.

_High Bearers_, are pieces of furniture made barely letter height; they are used where separate wood cuts are printed, or very small forms; they are placed on the press stone, usually pasted down, but at such a distance from the printed matter that neither the balls nor the rollers touch them in inking the form; they lighten the pressure on the extremities, and tend to equalize the pull if the carriage be not run in exactly to its place, by the platen bearing upon them. If they be not sufficiently high, they may be added to by overlays pasted upon them.

BEAT.

To cover the surface of the types with ink by means of the balls.--_M._ _See_ FINE PRESSWORK.

BEAT FAT.

If a Pressman takes too much ink with his balls, he _beats fat_. The black English faced letter is generally beaten fat.--_M._ At the present day we understand by _Fat_ Beating, that a pressman beating carefully, goes gradually two or three times over the form, so that every part of the surface of the type is touched six or seven times by the face of the balls; and is thus uniformly covered with a proper quantity of ink.

BEAT LEAN.

Is to take but little ink, and often: all small letter must be beaten lean.--_M._ This and the preceding term _Beat Fat_, have changed their meaning since the days of Moxon; to beat lean now, is to beat lightly, and quickly make a riddance of work, without much regard to its quality.

BED.

To bed or lay the press stone in the coffin, so that it shall lie firm and solid in all parts.--_M._ There are different ways of bedding a press stone: some bed it in bran; some in plaster; but the general way is with paper. To effect this the paper ought not to have any large knots in it, and should be cut to the size of the coffin, and if there be any inequalities in the bottom of the stone, there must be additional pieces of paper placed under it to fill them up. When it is supposed there is sufficient paper in the coffin to raise the stone high enough, it is slung in on two pieces of cord, and a trial made of its firmness; if it rocks, it is lifted out again, and additional paper placed in those parts where the stone did not rest firmly. When it is properly bedded, the ends of the cords are tucked in at the sides of the stone so as to be easily picked out again with a bodkin. When the stone has got to lie solid with working, the upper side should be about a Brevier higher than the coffin.

Although I have mentioned cord, as being generally used for slinging the stone into the coffin, and lifting it out again, yet strong flat tape is decidedly superior; the stone lies more solid with it than with cord, and is not so liable to break.

BENEFACTIONS. _See_ DONATIONS.

BENGALESE.

The following article is extracted from Nathaniel Brassey Halhed’s Grammar of the Bengal Language.

“Exclusive of the Shanscrit, there are three different dialects applied (tho’ not with equal currency) in the kingdom of Bengal: Viz. the Persian, the Hindostanic and the proper Bengalese; each of which has its own peculiar department in the business of the country, and consequently neither of them can be universally adopted to the exclusion of the others.

“What the pure Hindostanic is to upper India, the language which I have here endeavoured to explain is to Bengal, intimately related to the Shanscrit both in expressions, construction and character. It is the sole channel of personal and epistolary communication among the Hindoos of every occupation and tribe. All their business is transacted, and all their accounts are kept in it; and as their system of education is in general very confined, there are few among them who can write or read any other idiom: the uneducated, or eight parts in ten of the whole nation, are necessarily confined to the usage of their mother tongue.

“The Shanscrit, or sacred language of Hindostan, from whence the dialect of Bengal immediately proceeds, is supposed by its professors to be the most antient and most excellent in the world. They assert that it exceeds every other language in the number of its letters, and esteem this excess as an incontrovertible argument of its antiquity and superiority.

“The Bengal Alphabet, like that of the Shanscrit, consists of FIFTY letters, in the following order.

“_First Series._

অ _o_ আ aa ই _ee_ ঈ ee
উ _oo_ ঊ oo ঋ r_ee_ ৠ ree
ঌ l_ee_ ৡ lree এ a ঐ i
ও o ঔ ou অং ung অঃ oh

“_Second Series_.

ক k_o_ খ k,h_o_ গ g_o_ ঘ g,h_o_ ঙ ng_oo-o_
চ ch_o_ ছ ch,h_o_ জ j_o_ ঝ j,h_o_ ঞ gn_ee-o_
ট t_o_ ঠ t,h_o_ ড d_o_ ঢ d,h_o_ ণ aano
ত t_o_ থ t,h_o_ দ d_o_ ধ d,h_o_ ন n_o_
প p_o_ ফ p,h_o_ ব b_o_ ভ b,h_o_ ম m_o_
য j_o_ র r_o_ ল l_o_ ব w_o_ --
ষ sh_o_ ষ sh_o_ স s_o_ হ h_o_ ক্ষ khy-_o_

“It is to be observed, that in the Bengal alphabet, all the names of the consonants commence with the respective consonants which they denote; as _ko_, _go_, _jo_, &c. whereas in English, seven of them are preceded by a vowel: _ef_, _el_, _em_, _en_, _ar_, _ess_, & _ex_. It follows from hence, that the short vowel of the Bengalese is invariably subjoined to the consonant with which it is uttered, and never precedes: as ক and গ always stand for k_o_, and g_o_, and in no case for _o_k, or _o_g.

“The vowels, as used in composition, when joined with consonants, have a very different figure from those which are in the first series of the alphabet. I shall here insert a table of the forms of vowels in composition, corresponding to those which are initial or single.

“_A Table of the corresponding Vowels._

অ _o_ ক k_o_ (the included vowel.)
আ aa কা kaa এ a কে ka
ই _ee_ কি k_ee_ ঐ i কৈ ki or k_o_-i
ঈ ee কী kee ও o কো ko
উ _oo_ কু k_oo_ ঔ ou কৌ kou
ঊ oo কূ koo অং ung কং kung
অঃ _o_h কঃ k_o_h

“By the original structure of this language every consonant inherently possesses the short vowel on which its utterance depends; it is plain therefore on this principle, that no two consonants could have been joined together, and successively pronounced in the same syllable, but that a vowel must necessarily have intervened. As an expedient to remedy this inconvenience, a set of distinct characters were invented, called ফলা P,h_o_laa, or adjuncts. They are certain subordinate and subsidiary figures, that may be attached to each of the consonants in the alphabet respectively, to provide against the too frequent recurrence of the internal vowel.

“These _P,holaa_, are presented in a distinct series or alphabet, consisting of eleven subservient marks or signs, for different letters; which are here joined to ক k_o_, the first of the single consonants, and which may, in the same manner, be applied to all the other letters.

“The twelfth word of the series, (which seems to be added by the Bengalese merely to fill up the rhythm) relates to another subject, which will be explained in a subsequent remark.

“The reader must remember, that the letter র r_o_, in its proper character, is never joined to any other letter or adjunct; but its figure is entirely changed by a connection with other consonants, as will be seen in the following series.

“_The twelve_ P,HOLAS.

Figure. Name. Power.
ক্য ky-_o_ ky-_o_
ক্র k_o_r_o_ kr_o_
ক্ন k_o_n_o_ kn_o_
ক্ল k_o_l_o_ kl_o_
ক্ব koo-_o_ kw_o_, or sometimes koo.
ক্ম k_o_m_o_ km_o_
কৃ kirr_ee_ kr_ee_
কৢ kill_ee_ kl_ee_
র্ক ark_o_ rk_o_
ঙ্ক ungk_o_ ungk_o_
ষ্ক ashk_o_ shk_o_
সিদ্ধি sh_ee_dd,h_ee_ ----

“The compound letters may be formed by three methods: either by placing one letter immediately under another, or by blending two letters together, so as to make one character from their union; or by making the first of the two consonants much smaller than the other letters. This last mode seems to be the most common.

“সিদ্ধি sh_ee_dd,h_ee_, called the twelfth _P,holaa_, is a word always prefixed to the class of vowels contained in the first Series of the alphabet. _Sheedd,hee_ is part of a Shanscrit sentence, which means _be it properly performed_; and as these words are usually prefixed to the class of vowels, that Series has obtained the name of _sheedd,hee_.

“_The Series_ Sh_ee_d,h_ee_.

সি দ্ধি র স্তু
sh_ee_ dd,h_ee_ r_o_ st_oo_

অ আ ই ঈ
_o_ aa _ee_ ee

উ ঊ ঋ ৠ
_oo_ oo r_ee_ ree

ঌ ৡ এ ঐ
l_ee_ lee a i

ও ঔ অং অঃ
o ou ung oh

অ _o_, is always an initial letter.

আ aa, is also initial.

“I shall set down a few of the most common contractions of letters which are constantly used by all the Bengalese, as being more expeditious, as well as more elegant than a simple junction of the single letters, whose office they perform.

ক্র kr_o_, stands for ক্র the kirr_o_ _Pholaa_.

[#] _o_kt_o_, is ও to blended with ক k_o_; its regular form is [#].

কু k_oo_, stands for ক k_o_ with hr_o_sw_oo_kaar.

[#] ung_o_, is compounded of ঙ ng_oo_-_o_ with গ g_o_ subjoined.

[#] _o_ggy_o_, is another figure for the _Pholaa_ [#].

[#] m_oo_, is ম m_o_ and ব w_o_ compounded. The simple form is [#].

[#] _o_shn_o_, for [#] i. e. ণ aan_o_ subjoined to ষ sh_o_.

[#] sh_oo_, initial and medial, [#] sh_oo_, final; two figures for [#].

[#] This figure stands for both [#] _o_tt_o_ and [#] t_oo_.

[#] g_oo_, is used for [#].

[#] h_oo_, stands for [#].

[#] _o_hr_o_, is kr_o_ _Pholaa_ subjoined to হ h_o_.

[#] tr_o_, stands for [#].

[#] roo, is used instead of [#].

[#] _o_hl_o_, is ল l_o_ subjoined to হ h_o_.

[#] _o_nd_o_, compounded of ণ aan_o_ and ড d_o_.

[#] _o_hj_o_, is হ h_o_ and জ j_o_ blended together.

[#] _o_hm_o_, a compound of হ h_o_ and ম m_o_.

[#] _o_st_oo_, is স s_o_ and ট t_o_, with hr_o_sw_oo_kaar subjoined.

[#] _o_str_o_, is the letter স s_o_ compounded with ট t_o_, and the kr_o_ _Pholaa_.

[#] j_oo_, stands for [#].

[#] _o_gd,h_o_, [#] _o_dd,h_o_, [#] _o_nd,h_o_, represent ধ d,h_o_ severally subjoined to গ g_o_, দ d_o_, and ন n_o_.

[#] this figure is called _o_rdd,h_o_-t_o_, i. e. _semi-to_; for _o_rdd,h_o_ signifies _half_. It is used for the letter ত t_o_ without its internal vowel; and in the middle of a word is generally represented by ২ the numerical figure of _two_.

[#] _o_ty_o_, is the preceding [#] blended with the _kyo pholaa_.

“I shall now proceed to a few marks of reference commonly used by the Bengalese.

“[#] This figure is always put at the top of every writing, and is meant as an invocation to G_o_nash, the Deity of Knowledge and Arts; it is called G_o_nashar aak_o_r_ee_, or the crook of _Gonash_. So the Mahometans always begin with the letter [#] _aleph_, as a token of the unity of God.

“[#] Chaandb_oo_ndaa, is a mark put over certain letters to give them a very forcible nasal expression.

“৺ Eeshw_o_r, is properly one of the deities of the Hindoo Trinity. The name of God was supposed too holy to be inserted among the general class of words, and was therefore written at the top of the page, and wherever this name should occur in a sentence, the mark here specified was put as a reference to it. The form still remains, but the usage is degraded into a mere compliment: for in all petitions, or letters from inferiors to their superiors, the name of the person addressed is now put at the top, and this sign of reference occupies the place in the body of the letter, where the name should regularly have been inserted.

“[#] Sree properly signifies prosperity, and is prefixed to every name which they mean to mention with respect; as sree sree Raam, sree sree G_o_nash.

“One or more of these titles of Hindoo deities is first written on every piece of paper, as an amulet or charm, before any letter, petition or other writing whatever, is committed to it. In the same manner the Mahometans universally apply their _Bismillah_ (or, _In the name of God_.) as we formerly wrote _Emanuel_ at the top of letters, and still continue to commence a ledger with LAUS DEO.

“The denominations of the cardinal numbers are so irregular in Bengalese, that I find it will be necessary to exhibit them as far as one hundred. And it must be observed as a particularity, that the ninth numeral of every series of ten, is not specified by the term of nine in the common order of progression, but takes its appellation from the series immediately above; as for instance the number _twenty nine_ is not expressed by _nobeesh_, which should seem the proper denomination, but is called _oonteesh_, or one less than thirty. So _thirty nine_ is _oonchaa-leesh_, or one less than forty.

১ 1 ২১ 21 ৪১ 41 ৬১ 61 ৮১ 81
২ 2 ২২ 22 ৪২ 42 ৬২ 62 ৮২ 82
৩ 3 ২৩ 23 ৪৩ 43 ৬৩ 63 ৮৩ 83
৪ 4 ২৪ 24 ৪৪ 44 ৬৪ 64 ৮৪ 84
৫ 5 ২৫ 25 ৪৫ 45 ৬৫ 65 ৮৫ 85
৬ 6 ২৬ 26 ৪৬ 46 ৬৬ 66 ৮৬ 86
৭ 7 ২৭ 27 ৪৭ 47 ৬৭ 67 ৮৭ 87
৮ 8 ২৮ 28 ৪৮ 48 ৬৮ 68 ৮৮ 88
৯ 9 ২৯ 29 ৪৯ 49 ৬৯ 69 ৮৯ 89
১০ 10 ৩০ 30 ৫০ 50 ৭০ 70 ৯০ 90
১১ 11 ৩১ 31 ৫১ 51 ৭১ 71 ৯১ 91
১২ 12 ৩২ 32 ৫২ 52 ৭২ 72 ৯২ 92
১৩ 13 ৩৩ 33 ৫৩ 53 ৭৩ 73 ৯৩ 93
১৪ 14 ৩৪ 34 ৫৪ 54 ৭৪ 74 ৯৪ 94
১৫ 15 ৩৫ 35 ৫৫ 55 ৭৫ 75 ৯৫ 95
১৬ 16 ৩৬ 36 ৫৬ 56 ৭৬ 76 ৯৬ 96
১৭ 17 ৩৭ 37 ৫৭ 57 ৭৭ 77 ৯৭ 97
১৮ 18 ৩৮ 38 ৫৮ 58 ৭৮ 78 ৯৮ 98
১৯ 19 ৩৯ 39 ৫৯ 59 ৭৯ 79 ৯৯ 99
২০ 20 ৪০ 40 ৬০ 60 ৮০ 80 ১০০ 100”

In respect to the Bengalese types with which Halhed’s grammar is printed, he thus observes, “The public curiosity must be strongly excited by the beautiful characters which are displayed in the following work: and although my attempt may be deemed incompleat or unworthy of notice, the book itself will always bear an intrinsic value, from its containing as extraordinary an instance of mechanic abilities as has perhaps ever appeared. That the Bengal letter is very difficult to be imitated in steel will readily be allowed by every person who shall examine the intricacies of the strokes, the unequal length and size of the characters, and the variety of their positions and combinations. It was no easy task to procure a writer accurate enough to prepare an alphabet of a similar and proportionate body throughout, and with that symmetrical exactness which is necessary to the regularity and neatness of a fount. Mr. Bolts (who is supposed to be well versed in this language) attempted to fabricate a set of types for it, with the assistance of the ablest artists in London. But as he egregiously failed in executing even the easiest part, or primary alphabet, of which he has published a specimen, there is no reason to suppose that his project, when compleated, would have advanced beyond the usual state of imperfection to which new inventions are constantly exposed.

“The advice and even sollicitation of the Governor General prevailed upon Mr. Wilkins, a gentleman who has been some years in the India Company’s civil service in Bengal, to undertake a set of Bengal types. He did, and his success has exceeded every expectation. In a country so remote from all connexion with European artists, he has been obliged to charge himself with all the various occupations of the Metallurgist, the Engraver, the Founder, and the Printer. To the merit of invention he was compelled to add the application of personal labour. With a rapidity unknown in Europe, he surmounted all the obstacles which necessarily clog the first rudiments of a difficult art, as well as the disadvantages of solitary experiment; and has thus singly on the first effort exhibited his work in a state of perfection which in every part of the world has appeared to require the united improvements of different projectors, and the gradual polish of successive ages.”

The gentleman here spoken of was Charles Wilkins, Esq., a descendant of the learned Bishop Wilkins, and one of the founders of the Asiatic Society. He was afterwards created Doctor of Laws, and appointed Librarian to the East-India Company at their establishment in Leadenhall Street. He was reputed to be the best Shanscrit scholar in Europe.

BENVENUE.

Half a crown paid by a new workman to the Chapel when he commences, which is always spent. If a journeyman wrought formerly in the same printing house, and comes again to work in it, he pays but half a benvenue. If a journeyman smout more or less on another printing house, he pays half a benvenue.--_M._ _See_ ANCIENT CUSTOMS.

This custom is still retained in printing offices, and the amount generally paid is the same as it was in the seventeenth century, though the value of half a crown then was considerably more than it is now. Under particular circumstances the Chapel sometimes takes less; and the workmen always add something each, so as to be able to provide bread and cheese and a draught of porter to welcome the new comer. The word is now pronounced _Bevénue_; it is evidently a corruption of the Fr. _bien venu_ or _welcome_.

BIBLE ORTHOGRAPHY.

Many religious works are printed with numerous extracts from the Holy Scriptures without any reference to the Book, Chapter, or Verse, and as they are frequently made from memory, they are generally inaccurate. I am clearly of opinion that wherever a quotation is made, it should be given literally as it appears in the work from which it is taken, otherwise it is worse than useless,--for it misleads. With regard to extracts from the Bible, I hold it indispensable that they should be given without the slightest variation from the original; but as many words in the Bible vary in their orthography from Johnson’s Dictionary, which is the book of reference generally in use, and as the authorized editions of the Scriptures differ in this respect from each other in many instances, I have collated the King’s Printers, the Oxford, the Cambridge, and the Edinburgh editions with Johnson’s Dictionary and with each other, for the purpose of enabling the printer to preserve uniformity in orthography with little trouble to himself in reprints of the Bible, and in extracts occurring in religious works, according as the author may prefer any of these editions.

These variations from each other do not extend to words but are confined to the orthography, and to the difference of the same expression being given in one word, in two words, or in being made a compound word; thus in the Cambridge and the Edinburgh Bibles there are a great number of compound words, while in the King’s Printers and Oxford Bibles the same words are given either joined together as one word or made into two words; and we find very few compound words, except proper names. I have also given the Bible orthography where Johnson gives two ways of spelling a word. The result will be seen in the following Table; which also shows the variations, to a certain degree, that have taken place in the language during the last two hundred years.

The late Mr. Thomas Bensley, who was printer to the University of Oxford, told me, about the year 1805, that they had a sealed copy there, as a standard to read from; if this be the case, it is difficult to account for their copies of late years having numerous variations from the earlier editions. I think it very desirable that there should be a standard edition that we could refer to, as a pure text; and it would also be desirable to know on what authority these variations are made in the holy Scriptures, for every word, every point, nay every capital letter, I believe, was carefully considered before it was adopted in the first edition of the authorized version in 1611, and this too by a considerable number of the most learned men of the kingdom, who had the direction of the work.

With regard to the words in the Bible printed in Italic characters, Dr. Myles Smyth, one of the two appointed Revisers of the authorized version, in the Preface to the first edition, published in 1611, gives the following reason for their use:--

“Moreouer, whereas the necessitie of the sentence required any thing to be added (for such is the grace and proprietie of the Ebrewe and Greeke tongues that it cannot, but either by circumlocution, or by adding the verbe or some word, be vnderstood of them that are not well practised therein), wee haue put it in the text with an other kinde of letter, that it may easily bee discerned from the common letter.”

The Preface was written and affixed by the King’s command. The first Edition of the Bible was printed in Black Letter, and the “other kinde of letter” was roman; when the Black Letter was disused, and the Roman character substituted, the “other kinde of letter” was changed to Italic. Dr. Smyth was afterwards Bishop of Gloucester.

----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------
King’s Printers.| Oxford. | Cambridge. | Edinburgh. | Reference.
----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+----------------
Adoram |Hadoram |Hadoram |Hadoram |Gen. x. 27.
Agar } |Agar |Agar |Agar |Gal. iv. 24.
Hagar } |Hagar |Hagar |Hagar |Gen. xvi. 1.
alabaster box |alabaster box |alabaster-box |alabaster-box |Matt. xxvi. 7.
algum trees |algum trees |algum-trees |algum-trees |2 Chr. ii. 8.
_alledgeth_ |_alledgeth_ |_alledgeth_ |_alledgeth_ |Job viii. _Head._
alledging |alledging |alledging |alledging |Acts xvii. 3.
Alleluia |Alleluia |Alleluia |Alleluia |Rev. xix. 1.
almond tree |almond tree |almond-tree |almond-tree |Eccl. xii. 5.
almug trees |almug trees |almug-trees |almug-trees |1 Kings x. 11.
Alpheus |Alphæus |Alpheus |Alpheus |Acts i. 13.
ambassage |ambassage |ambassage |ambassage |Luke xiv. 32.
ancle |ancle |ancle |ancle |Acts iii. 7.
any wise |any wise |any wise |any wise |Mark xiv. 31.
apple tree |apple tree |apple-tree |apple-tree |Joel i. 12.
Arimathea |Arimathæa |Arimathea |Arimathea |Mark xv. 43.
armourbearer |armourbearer |armour-bearer |armour-bearer |1 Sam. xiv. 7.
Aser } |Aser |Aser |Aser |Rev. vii. 6.
Asher} |Asher |Asher |Asher |Gen. xxx. 13.
ass colts |ass colts |ass colts |ass-colts |Judg. x. 4.
asswaged |asswaged |asswaged |asswaged |Gen. viii. 1.
aul |aul |awl |awl |Exod. xxi. 6.
ax |ax |axe |axe |1 Sam. xiii. 20.
axe |axe |axe |axe |Luke iii. 9.
axletrees |axletrees |axle-trees |axle-trees |1 Kings vii. 32.

bakemeats |bakemeats |bake-meats |bake-meats |Gen. xl. 17.
Balac } |Balac |Balac |Balac |Rev. ii. 14.
Balak } |Balak |Balak |Balak |Num. xxii. 2.
banqueting |banquetting |banquetting-house|banqueting-house|So. of Sol. ii. 4.
house | house | | |
barley bread |barley bread |barley-bread |barley-bread |Judg. vii. 13.
barley cakes |barley cakes |barley-cakes |barley cakes |Ezek. iv. 12.
barley harvest |barley harvest |barley-harvest |barley-harvest |Ruth ii. 23.
barley loaves |barley loaves |barley-loaves |barley-loaves |John vi. 9.
barley meal |barley meal |barley-meal |barley meal |Num. v. 15.
barley seed |barley seed |barley-seed |barley-seed |Lev. xxvii. 16.
Bartimeus |Bartimæus |Bartimeus |Bartimeus |Mark x. 46.
bason |bason |bason |bason |Exod. xii. 22.
battle ax |battle ax |battle-axe |battle-axe |Jer. li. 20.
battle bow |battle bow |battle-bow |battle-bow |Zech. x. 4.
_beastiality_ |_beastiality_ |_beastiality_ |_beastiality_ |Exod. xxii. _Head._
Beautiful gate |Beautiful gate |Beautiful gate |Beautiful gate |Acts iii. 10.
bedchamber |bedchamber |bed-chamber |bed-chamber |2 Sam. iv. 7.
befall |befall |befal |befall |Deut. xxxi. 17.
befel |befell |befell |befell |Mark v. 16.
beforetime |beforetime |before-time |beforetime |Jos. xx. 5.
Beor } |Beor |Beor |Beor |Num. xxii. 5.
Bosor } |Bosor |Bosor |Bosor |2 Pet. ii. 15.
beryl stone |beryl stone |beryl-stone |beryl stone |Ezek. x. 9.
birthday |birthday |birth-day |birth-day |Gen. xl. 20.
birthright |birthright |birth-right |birthright |Gen. xxv. 31.
Bloodguiltiness |bloodguiltiness |blood-guiltiness |blood-guiltiness|Ps. li. 14.
bloodthirsty |bloodthirsty |blood-thirsty |blood-thirsty |Prov. xxix. 10.
bondmaid |bondmaid |bond-maid |bond maid |Gal. iv. 22.
bondman |bondman |bond-man |bond man |Rev. vi. 15.
bondservant |bondservant |bond-servant |bond-servant |Lev. xxv. 39.
bondservice |bondservice |bond-service |bond-service |1 Kings ix. 21.
bondwoman |bondwoman |bond-woman |bond-woman |Gen. xxi. 10.
Bosor } |Bosor |Bosor |Bosor |2 Pet. ii. 15.
Beor } |Beor |Beor |Beor |Num. xxii. 5.
bowshot |bowshot |bowshot |bow-shot |Gen. xxi. 16.
box tree |box tree |box-tree |box-tree |Isa. xli. 19.
bramble bush |bramble bush |bramble-bush |bramble-bush |cLuke vi. 44.
brasen |brasen |brasen |brasen |Exod. xxxviii. 4.
bread corn |bread corn |bread-corn |bread-corn |Isa. xxviii. 28.
breastplate |breastplate |breast-plate |breastplate |Exod. xxv. 7.
briars |briers |briers |briers |Heb. vi. 8.
briers |briers |briers |briers |Isa. xxvii. 4.
brickkiln |brickkiln |brick-kiln |brick-kiln |2 Sam. xii. 31.
bridechamber |bridechamber |bride-chamber |bride-chamber |Matt. ix. 15.
brokenfooted |brokenfooted |broken-footed |broken-footed |Lev. xxi. 19.
brokenhanded |brokenbanded |broken-handed |broken-handed |Lev. xxi. 19.
brokenhearted |brokenhearted |broken-hearted |broken-hearted |Luke iv. 18.
burdens |burdens |burdens |burdens |Exod. v. 4.
burnt offerings |burnt offerings |burnt-offerings |burnt-offerings |Gen. viii. 20.
burnt sacrifice |burnt sacrifice |burnt-sacrifice |burnt-sacrifice |Exod. xxx. 9.
buryingplace |buryingplace |burying-place |burying-place |cGen. xxiii. 4.
busybody |busybody |busy-body |busy-body |1 Pet. iv. 15.
byword |byword |by-word |by-word |Deut. xxviii. 37.

calkers |calkers |calkers |calkers |Ezek. xxvii. 9.
camphire |camphire |camphire |camphire |So. of Sol. i. 14.
Canaan } |Canaan |Canaan |Canaan |Gen. xi. 31.
Chanaan } |Chanaan |Chanaan |Chanaan |Acts vii. 11.
cankerworm |cankerworm |canker-worm |canker-worm |Joel i. 4.
carcase |carcase |carcase |carcase |Lev. xi. 25.
cart rope |cart rope |cart-rope |cart-rope |Isa. v. 18.
castaway |castaway |cast-away |castaway |1 Cor. ix. 27.
caterpiller |caterpiller |caterpiller |caterpillar |1 Kings viii. 37.
caterpiller |caterpiller |caterpillar |caterpillar |Isa. xxxiii. 4.
cedar beams |cedar beams |cedar-beams |cedar beams |1 Kings vi. 36.
cedar pillars |cedar pillars |cedar-pillars |cedar-pillars |1 Kings vii. 2.
cedar trees |cedar trees |cedar-trees |cedar-trees |2 Sam. v. 11.
cedar wood |cedar wood |cedar-wood |cedar-wood |Lev. xiv. 6.
Cesar |Cæsar |Cesar |Cesar |Matt. xxii. 21.
Cesarea |Cæsarea |Cesarea |Cesarea |Matt. xvi. 13.
Chaldeans |Chaldæans |Chaldeans |Chaldeans |Acts vii. 4.
chalkstones |chalkstones |chalk-stones |chalk-stones |Isa. xxvii. 9.
Chanaan } |Chanaan |Chanaan |Chanaan |Acts vii. 11.
Canaan } |Canaan |Canaan |Canaan |Gen. xi. 31.
chant |chant |chant |chant |Amos vi. 5.
chariot man |chariot man |chariot-man |chariot-man |2 Chr. xviii. 33.
chariot wheels |chariot wheels |chariot-wheels |chariot-wheels |Exod. xiv. 25.
checker work |checker work |checker-work |checker-work |1 Kings vii. 17.
cheek bone |cheek bone |cheek-bone |cheek-bone |Ps. iii. 7.
cheerful |cheerful |cheerful |chearful |Prov. xv. 13.
cherubims |cherubims |cherubims |cherubims |Exod. xxv. 18.
chesnut trees |chesnut trees |chesnut-trees |chesnut-trees |Exek. xxxi. 8.
childbearing |childbearing |child-bearing |child-bearing |1 Tim. ii. 15.
choke |choke |choke |choke |Matt. xiii. 22.
choose |choose |choose |choose |Deut. vii. 7.
cieled |cieled |cieled |ceiled |Jer. xxii. 14.
cieling |cieling |cieling |ceiling |1 Kings vi. 15.
Cis } |Cis |Cis |Cis |Acts xiii. 21.
Kish } |Kish |Kish |Kish |1 Sam. ix. 1.
cloke |cloke |cloke |cloak |John xv. 22.
clovenfooted |clovenfooted |cloven-footed |cloven-footed |Lev. xi. 3.
Cockcrowing |cockcrowing |cock-crowing |cock-crowing |Mark xiii. 35.
conies |conies |conies |conies |Prov. xxx. 26.
coriander seed |coriander seed |coriander-seed |coriander-seed |Num. xi. 7.
corn fields |corn fields |corn-fields |corn-fields |Luke vi. 1.
cornfloor |cornfloor |corn-floor |corn-floor |Hos. ix. 1.
corner stone |corner stone |corner-stone |corner-stone |Job xxxviii. 6.
couchingplace |couchingplace |couching-place |couching-place |Ezek. xxv. 5.
counseller |counsellor |counseller |counsellor |2 Chr. xxii. 3.
court gate |court gate |court-gate |court-gate |Exod. xxxviii. 31.
covenantbreakers|covenantbreakers|covenant- |covenant- |Rom. i. 31.
| | breakers | breakers |
crisping pins |crisping pins |crisping-pins |crisping-pins |Isa. iii. 22.
crookbackt |crookbackt |crook-backt |crook-backt |Lev. xxi. 20.
crossway |crossway |cross-way |cross-way |Obad. 14.
cruse |cruse |cruse |cruse |1 Kings xvii. 12.
cuckow |cuckow |cuckow |cuckoo |Lev. xl. 16.
cupbearer |cupbearer |cup-bearer |cup-bearer |Neb. i. 11.

daughter in law |daughter in law |daughter-in-law |daughter-in-law |Gen. xi. 31.
daysman |daysman |days-man |day’s-man |Job ix. 33.
dayspring |dayspring |day-spring |day-spring |Luke i. 78.
day star |day star |day-star |day-star |2 Pet. i. 19.
day time |day time |day-time |day-time |Num. xiv. 14.
daytime |daytime |day-time |day-time |Job v. 14.
desert |desert |desert |desert |Isa. xliii. 20.
destroying |destroying |destroying-weapon|destroying |Ezek. ix. 1.
weapon | weapon | | weapon |
diddest |diddest |diddest |diddest |Acts vii. 28.
dispatch |dispatch |dispatch |dispatch |Ezek. xxiii. 47.
door post |door post |door-post |door-post |Exod. xxi. 6.
double minded |double minded |double-minded |double-minded |Jam. i. 8.
doubletongued |doubletongued |double-tongued |double-tongued |1 Tim. iii. 8.
downsitting |downsitting |down-sitting |down-sitting |Ps. cxxxix. 2.
dragon well |dragon well |dragon-well |dragon-well |Neb. ii. 13.
draught |draught |draught |draught |Matt. xv. 17.
_drawnet_ |_drawnet_ |_drawnet_ |_drawnet_ |Matt. xiii. _Head._
drink offering |drink offering |drink-offering |drink-offering |Gen. xxxv. 14.
dung gate |dung gate |dung-gate |dung-gate |Neh. iii. 14.
dunghil |dunghill |dunghill |dunghill |1 Sam ii. 8.
dunghill |dunghill |dunghill |dunghill |Dan. iii. 29.
dung port |dung port |dung-port |dung-port |Neh. II. 13.
dureth |dureth |dureth |dureth |Matt. xiii. 21.
dwelling house |dwelling house |dwelling-house |dwelling-house |Lev. xxv. 29.
dwelling place |dwelling place |dwelling-place |dwelling-place |1 Kings viii. 30.
dwellingplaces |dwellingplaces |dwelling-places |dwelling-places |Ezek. vi. 6.
dyed |dyed |dyed |dyed |Exod. xxxix. 34.

earring |earring |ear-ring |ear-ring |Gen. xxiv. 22.
Elisabeth |Elisabeth |Elisabeth |Elisabeth |Luke i. 5.
Eliseus } |Eliseus |Eliseus |Eliseus |Luke iv. 27.
Elisha } |Elisha |Elisha |Elisha |1 Kings xix. 16.
Eneas |Æneas |Eneas |Eneas |Acts ix. 33.
Enflaming |Enflaming |Enflaming |Enflaming |Isa. lvii. 5.
enquire |enquire |inquire, & en |enquire |Gen. xxiv. 57.
ensamples |ensamples |ensamples |ensamples |1 Pet. v. 3.
Esaias } |Esaias |Esaias |Esaias |Matt. iii. 3.
Isaiah } |Isaiah |Isaiah |Isaiah |Isa. i. 1.
eveningtide |eveningtide |evening-tide |evening-tide |Isa. xvii. 14.
eventide |eventide |even-tide |even-tide |Gen. xxiv. 63.
evil affected |evil affected |evil-affected |evil affected |Acts xiv. 2.
evildoers |evildoers |evil-doers |evil-doers |1 Pet. ii. 12.
evil doers |evildoers |evil doers |evil-doers |1 Pet. iii. 16.
evilfavouredness|evilfavouredness|evil- |evil- |Deut. xvii. 1.
| | favouredness | favouredness |
ewe lambs |ewe lambs |ewe-lambs |ewe-lambs |Gen. xxi. 28.
expences |expences |expences |expences |Ezra vi. 4.
eyebrows |eyebrows |eye-brows |eye-brows |Lev. xiv. 9.
eyelids |eyelids |eye-lids |eyelids |Prov. iv. 25.
eyeservice |eyeservice |eye-service |eye-service |Eph. vi. 6.
eye sight |eye sight |eye-sight |eye-sight |2 Sam. xxii. 25.
_eye witness_ |_eyewitness_ |_eye-witness_ |_eye-witness_ |2 Pet. i. _Head._
eyewitnesses |eyewitnesses |eye-witnesses |eye-witnesses |Luke i. 2.

fainthearted |fainthearted |faint-hearted |faint-hearted |Isa. vii. 4.
fallow deer |fallow deer |fallow-deer |fallow-deer |Deut. xiv. 5.
farewel |farewell |farewell |farewell |Acts xviii. 21.
farther |farther |farther |farther |Eccles. viii. 17.
fatfleshed |fatfleshed |fat-fleshed |fat-fleshed |Gen. xii. 18.
father in law |father in law |father-in-law |father-in-law |Gen. xxxviii. 13.
fats |fats |fats |fats |Joel iii. 13.
feast days |feast days |feast-days |feast-days |Hos. ii. 11.
feedingplace |feedingplace |feeding-place |feeding-place |Nah. ii. 11.
felloes |felloes |felloes |felloes |1 Kings vii. 33.
fellowcitizens |fellowcitizens |fellow-citizens |fellow-citizens |Eph. ii. 19.
fellowdisciples |fellowdisciples |fellow disciples |fellow-disciples|John xi. 16.
fellowheirs |fellowheirs |fellow-heirs |fellow-heirs |Eph. iii. 6.
fellowhelper |fellowhelper |fellow-helper |fellow-helper |2 Cor. viii. 23.
fellowlabourers |fellowlabourers |fellow-labourers |fellow-labourers|Philip. iv. 3.
fellowprisoner |fellowprisoner |fellow-prisoner |fellow-prisoner |Col. iv. 10.
fellowservant |fellowservant |fellow-servant |fellow-servant |Matt. xviii. 29.
fellow servants |fellowservants |fellow-servants |fellow-servants |Matt. xviii. 31.
fellowsoldier |fellowsoldier |fellow-soldier |fellow-soldier |Philip. ii. 25.
fellowworkers |fellowworkers |fellow-workers |fellow-workers |Col. iv. 11.
ferry boat |ferry boat |ferry-boat |ferry-boat |2 Sam. xix. 18.
fetcht |fetcht |fetcht |fetched |Gen. xviii. 7.
fiery flying |fiery flying |fiery-flying |fiery flying |Isa. xxx. 6.
fig leaves |fig leaves |fig-leaves |fig-leaves |Gen. iii. 7.
fig tree |fig tree |fig-tree |fig-tree |1 Kings iv. 25.
fir trees |fir trees |fir-trees |fir-trees |1 Kings v. 10.
fir wood |fir wood |fir-wood |fir-wood |2 Sam. vi. 6.
firebrands |firebrands |fire-brands |firebrands |Judg. xv. 4.
firepans |firepans |fire-pans |fire-pans |Exod. xxvii. 3.
first begotten |first begotten |first-begotten |first-begotten |Rev. i. 5.
firstborn |firstborn |first-born |first-born |Gen. x. 15.
firstfruits |firstfruits |first-fruits |first-fruits |Exod. xxiii. 16.
firstripe |firstripe |first ripe |first-ripe |Num. xiii. 20.
firstripe figs |firstripe-figs |first-ripe-figs |first ripe figs |Nah. iii. 12.
fish gate |fish gate |fish-gate |fish-gate |2 Chr. xxxiii. 14.
fishhooks |fishhooks |fish-hooks |fish-hooks |Amos iv. 2.
fishpools |fishpools |fish-pools |fish-pools |So. of Sol. vii. 4.
fish spears |fish spears |fish-spears |fish spears |Job xli. 7.
fitches |fitches |fitches |fitches |Isa. xxviii. 25.
five and |five and |five-and- |five and |Jer. iii. 31.
twentieth | twentieth | twentieth | twentieth |
fleshhooks |fleshhooks |flesh-hooks |flesh-hooks |Exod. xxvii. 3.
flesh pots |flesh pots |flesh-pots |flesh-pots |Exod. xvi. 3.
fleshy |fleshly |fleshly |fleshly |2 Cor. iii. 3.
flotes |flotes |floats |floats |2 Chr. ii. 16.
foal |foal |foal |foal |Matt. xxi. 5.
foles |foles |foals |foals |Gen. xxxii. 15.
foolish talking |foolish talking |foolish talking |foolish talking |Eph. v. 4.
forefront |forefront |fore-front |fore-front |Exod. xxviii. 37.
forepart |forepart |fore-part |fore-part |1 Kings vi. 20.
_foreprophesied_|_foreprophesied_|_fore- |_fore- |2 Kings xxiii. _Head._
| | prophesied_ | prophesied_ |
foretel |foretell |foretel |foretell |2 Cor. xiii. 2.
forty five |forty five |forty-five |forty-five |1 Kings vii. 3.
fountain gate |fountain gate |fountain-gate |fountain-gate |Neb. xii. 37.
fourfooted |fourfooted |four-footed |four-footed |Acts xl. 6.
freeman |free man |free-man |free man |Rev. vi. 15.
free offerings |free offerings |free-offerings |free-offerings |Exod. xxxvi. 3.
freewill |freewill |freewill-offering|free-will- |Num. xv. 3.
offering | offering | | offering |
freewill |freewill |free-will- |free-will- |Lev. xxii. 18.
offerings | offerings | offerings | offerings |
freewoman |freewoman |free-woman |free woman |Gal. iv. 22.
fruit tree |fruit tree |fruit-tree |fruit-tree |Gen. i. 11.
fryingpan |fryingpan |frying-pan |frying-pan |Lev. vii. 9.

Galilean |Galilæan |Galilean |Galilean |Mark xiv. 70.
gazingstock |gazingstock |gazing-stock |gazingstock |Nah. iii. 6.
Gedeon } |Gedeon |Gedeon |Gedeon |Heb. xi. 32.
Gideon } |Gideon |Gideon |Gideon |Judg. vi. 11.
gier eagle |gier eagle |gier-eagle |gier-eagle |Lev. xi. 18.
glede |glede |glede |glede |Deut. xlv. 13.
goatskins |goatskins |goat-skins |goat-skins |Heb. xi. 37.
God-ward |God-ward |God-ward |God-ward |Exod. xviii. 19.
Gomorrah } |Gomorrah |Gomorrah |Gomorrah |Gen. xix. 24.
Gomorrha } |Gomorrha |Gomorrha |Gomorrha |Matt. x. 15.
goodman |good man |good man |goodman |Matt. xxiv. 43.
good will |good will |good will |good will |Eph. vi. 7.
gopher wood |gopher wood |gopher-wood |gopher-wood |Gen. vi. 14.
governors |governors |governors |governors |Matt. x. 18.
graffed |graffed |graffed |graffed |Rom. xi. 24.
grapegatherers |grapegatherers |grape-gatherers |grape-gatherers |Jer. xlix. 9.
grapegleanings |grapegleanings |grape-gleanings |grape-gleanings |Mic. vii. 1.
grashopper |grasshopper |grasshopper |grashopper |Lev. xi. 22.
graveclothes |graveclothes |grave-clothes |grave-clothes |John xi. 44.
gray hairs |gray hairs |gray hairs |gray hairs |Hos. vii. 9.
grayheaded |grayheaded |gray-headed |gray-headed |1 Sam. xii. 2.
grey head |grey head |grey head |gray head |Prov. xx. 29.
greyheaded |greyheaded |gray-headed |gray-headed |Ps. lxxi. 18.
grisled |grisled |grisled |grisled |Gen. xxxi. 10.
guard chamber |guard chamber |guard-chamber |guard-chamber |1 Kings xiv. 28.
guestchamber |guestchamber |guest-chamber |guest-chamber |Mark xiv. 14.
Gulf |gulf |gulf |gulf |Luke xvi. 26.

Adoram |Hadoram |Hadoram |Hadoram |Gen. x. 27.
Hagar } |Hagar |Hagar |Hagar |Gen. xvi. 1.
Agar } |Agar |Agar |Agar |Gal. iv. 24.
hail stones |hail stones |hail-stones |hail-stones |Ps. xviii. 12.
hair breadth |hair breadth |hair-breadth |hair-breadth |Judges xx. 16.
hand breadth |hand breadth |hand-breadth |handbreadth |Exod. xxxvii. 12.
handful |handful |handful |handful |Lev. ii. 2.
handmaid |handmaid |hand-maid |handmaid |Gen. xvi. 1.
handstaves |handstaves |hand-staves |hand-staves |Ezek. xxxix. 9.
handwriting |handwriting |hand-writing |hand-writing |Col. ii. 14.
handywork |handywork |handywork |handywork |Ps. xix. 1.
hardhearted |hardhearted |hard-hearted |hard-hearted |Ezek. iii. 7.
harvestman |harvestman |harvest-man |harvest-man |Isa. xvii. 5.
hasel |hazel |hazel |hazel |Gen. xxx. 37.
headbands |headbands |head-bands |head-bands |Isa. iii. 20.
heave offering |heave offering |heave-offering |heave-offering |Exod. xxix. 27.
heave shoulder |heave shoulder |heave-shoulder |heave-shoulder |Lev. x. 14.
he goats |he goats |he-goats |he-goats |Gen. xxxii. 14.
he lambs |he lambs |he-lambs |he-lambs |Lev. xiv. 10.
help meet |help meet |help meet |help meet |Gen. ii. 18.
hiding place |hiding place |hiding-place |hiding-place |Ps. xxxii. 7.
highminded |highminded |high-minded |high-minded |Rom. xi. 20.
high way |high way |high-way |high-way |Num. xx. 19.
hill country |hill country |hill-country |hill-country |Luke i. 39.
hill top |hill top |hill-top |hill-top |Num. xiv. 44.
Hiram } |Hiram |Hiram |Hiram |1 Kings v. 1.
Huram } |Huram |Huram |Huram |2 Chr. ii. 3.
hoar frost |hoarfrost |hoar-frost |hoar-frost |Ps. cxlvii. 16.
hoised |hoised |hoised |hoised |Acts xxvii. 40.
holyday |holyday |holy-day |holy-day |Ps. xiii. 4.
honeycomb |honeycomb |honey-comb |honey-comb |Prov. xxiv. 13.
honour |honour |honour |honour |Num. xxii. 17.
horse bridles |horse bridles |horse-bridles |horse bridles |Rev. xiv. 20.
horse gate |horse gate |horse-gate |horse-gate |Neh. iii. 28.
horsehoofs |horsehoofs |horse-hoofs |horse-hoofs |Judges v. 22.
horseleach |horseleach |horse-leach |horse-leach |Prov. xxx. 15.
Hosea } |Hosea |Hosea |Hosea |Hosea i. 1.
Osee } |Osee |Osee |Osee |Rom. ix. 25.
houshold |houshold |household |household |Gen. xiv. 11.
house top |house top |house-top |house top |Ps. cii. 7.
housetop |housetop |house-top |house-top |Prov. xxi. 9.
hundredfold |hundredfold |hundred-fold |hundred-fold |Gen. xxvi. 12.
hungerbitten |hungerbitten |hunger-bitten |hunger-bitten |Job. xviii. 12.
hungered |hungered |hungered |hungered |Matt. xxi. 18.
hungred |hungred |hungred |hungered |Matt. xxv. 35.
hungred |hungred |hungred |hungered |Mark ii. 25.
Hymeneus |Hymenæus |Hymeneus |Hymeneus |1 Tim. i. 20.

Idumea } |Idumea |Idumea |Idumea |Ezek. xxxvi. 5.
Idumea } |Idumæa |Idumea |Idumea |Mark iii. 8.
ill favoured |ill favoured |ill-favoured |ill-favoured |Gen. xii. 3.
incense altar |incense altar |incense-altar |incense-altar |Exod. xxxv. 15.
inclosed |inclosed |inclosed |inclosed |Ps. xxii. 16.
increase |increase |increase |increase |Lev. xxvi. 4.
infolding |infolding |infolding |infolding |Ezek. i. 4.
ingathering |ingathering |in-gathering |ingathering |Exod. xxiii. 16.
injoined |injoined |enjoined |enjoined |Heb. ix. 20.
instructer |instructer |instructor |instructer |Gen. iv. 22.
instructors |instructers |instructers |instructers |1 Cor. iv. 15.
intreat |intreat |intreat |entreat |Exod. viii. 8.
intreated |intreated |intreated |intreated |Luke xv. 28.
_intreaty_ |_intreaty_ |_intreaty_ |_entreaty_ |Exod. xxxii. _Head._
entreated |entreated |entreated |entreated |Luke xviii. 32.
Isaiah } |Isaiah |Isaiah |Isaiah |Isa. i. 1.
Esaias } |Esaias |Esaias |Esaias |Matt. iii. 3.
Ishmeelites |Ishmeelites |Ishmeelites |Ishmeelites |Gen. xxxvii. 25.