Chapter XLI: Part 41

“And to the end that Our royal will and pleasure in the premises may be executed with the greater regularity and expedition, We farther by these presents will and command, and do hereby give full power and authority to you or any three or more of you, to nominate and appoint from time to time such person of ability, care, and diligence, as ye shall think fit, to be and act as your Clerk or Secretary, for the purpose of aiding you in the execution of these presents; and also to nominate and appoint in like manner such several persons of ability, care, and diligence, as ye may think fit, to be Sub-Commissioners, to be employed under your direction and controul in the premises; and more especially to methodize, regulate, and digest the records, rolls, instruments, books, and papers, in any of Our public offices and repositories; and to cause such of the said records, rolls, instruments, books, and papers as are decayed and in danger of being destroyed, to be bound and secured; and to make exact calendars and indexes thereof; and to superintend the printing of such calendars and indexes, and original records and papers as ye shall cause to be printed.”

The Commissioners have in consequence published several volumes of the Records, which contain documents of the highest importance to the owner of landed property, to the family historian, and to the topographical writer, as well as assist in the elucidation of the manners and customs of the times to which they belong; while to the general historian they are invaluable, as opening new sources of the most valuable and authentic information, which previously had been virtually closed against his researches.

The portions of the Records already published have been printed literally from the originals, with all their abbreviations and peculiarities preserved. This renders them difficult to be read by the inexperienced in ancient manuscripts; and since county historians and other topographical writers make frequent extracts from these ancient records, to establish facts concerning persons, places, and property, I have thought it useful to give a detailed article on this subject, which may be equally useful in the library as in the printing-office.

The Commissioners have also published several volumes of Calendars and Indexes to many classes of Records.

To enter into a history, however brief, of the various public Records, would be foreign to the objects of the present work: for such information the reader is referred to publications that treat especially upon the subject. It is sufficient for the purpose to state, that each of the King’s Courts of judicature registers its acts and proceedings upon rolls of parchment, which are called the Records of the court to which they belong; for instance, the Chancery Rolls, which contain the registration of all matters which pass under the great seal of England, are divided into classes; particular rolls being appropriated to the entry of particular matters. Thus, the Norman Rolls contain entries chiefly relating to Norman affairs; the Scotch Rolls comprehend those which regard Scotland generally; the Parliament Rolls embrace matters touching the Parliament; the Fine Rolls, entries respecting fines paid to the king for grants of liberties and privileges. The Close Rolls preserve copies of letters directed to individuals for their sole guidance and inspection, which, being private, are for this reason folded up, and _closed_ with a seal; while the Patent Rolls, on the contrary, contain copies of letters which, though bearing a seal on their lower margin as a mark of authenticity, are not closed, but remain _patent_ or _open_, to be shown to all men: these convey directions or commands of general obligation, or are given to individuals for their particular protection, profit, or personal advantage. A few only of the Chancery Records have been here enumerated; but sufficient has been stated to show the reader that each species of roll has its distinguishing characteristic.

A _Chancery_ roll is composed of a number of skins of parchment so connected that the top of the second is attached to the bottom of the first, the top of the third to the bottom of the second, and so on; the whole being rolled up in the manner of a piece of cloth in a draper’s shop, or of carpet in the warehouse of the manufacturer.

The reader will, from this description, readily understand that the word “roll” (_rotulus_, à _rotare_, to turn round) is but a synonym of the word “volume” (_volumen_, à _volvere_, to roll), and that, from the longitudinal connexion of its component skins, a reference made from any entry upon it, to a preceding or succeeding one, will be _literally_ and properly expressed by the words _vide_ SUPRA and _vide_ INFRA. He will likewise clearly comprehend that not only the interior, or _intus_, of the roll, upon which the characteristic entries have been made, will necessarily be kept clean and free from atmospheric influence, but also the greater part of the exterior, which is denominated the _dors_. This circumstance afforded the scribes an opportunity, which they readily embraced, of using the _dors_ for entries and memoranda that were frequently very different in their character from those contained on the _intus_ of the roll.

The Rolls of the courts of King’s Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, contain the proceedings of those Courts; and they differ from those of the Chancery, not only in the nature of their contents, but also in the form in which they are made up. A roll of these courts consists of an indefinite number of skins sewn or attached together with a strong ligature of parchment at the top, and the subject is written both on the _intus_ and _dors_, precisely in the same way as a book or letter is written; after the _intus_ is filled, the subject is continued on the _dors_. In using this kind of roll, each skin, when perused, is turned back over the head of the rest, and brought down immediately after that which just before had been the last of the series; until, the whole having been thus in their order revolved, the first skin is again brought into its original position. The entire mass, being unprotected by pasteboard or other unyielding covers, is perfectly flexible, and, having been rolled up in the manner of a quire of paper, which it is desired to reduce to its smallest compass, is confined in its position by a piece of tape or other adequate ligature.

For every regnal year of a King’s reign there is one or more of each class of rolls appropriated; according to the quantity of business done, so is the number of each class of rolls: for instance, the Patent Rolls of the 1st of Edward the Fourth, extending to six rolls or parts, as they are called, contain the enrolment of all the Letters Patent made during that year; the Charter Rolls of the same year, all the Charters granted in that year; as the Close Rolls do all the Letters Close issued in that year.

In quoting an entry from a roll, it is usual for writers to state first the name of the roll on which it is to be found: as, _Rot. Pat._ (Rotulus Patentium), _Rot. Claus._ (Rotulus Clausarum), the word “Litterarum” being understood in the two preceding cases; _Rot. Fin._ (Rotulus Finium), &c. Then follows the year of the king’s reign. Should the roll be divided into parts, the part also is specified; as, _p._ 1. or _pars_ 1., _p._ 2. or _pars_ 2. The next circumstance noticed is the particular skin or _membrane_ on which the entry occurs; as, _m._ 23. If the entries on the skin have numbers attached to them, the number also (_n._ 1., &c.) is cited: and if the entry is made on the back or _dors_ of the roll, that circumstance is expressed by adding _d._ or _in dorso_ (_i. e_. “on the back”) to the quotation; for, should this be omitted, the entry will very naturally be sought for upon the _intus_ of the roll. Citing, then, an entry, from the Patent Rolls for instance, we will suppose the quotation to run in the following form, “Rot. Pat. 13 Edw. III. p. 2. m. 23.;” which would be thus rendered in English: “On the twenty-third skin of the second part of the Patent Roll of the thirteenth year of Edward the Third.”

Before quitting this part of the subject, it may not be unimportant to state that, on examining a roll, it is not an unfrequent circumstance to meet with entries which are cancelled, or crossed out with the pen; but, to prevent suspicion that this has been unfairly done, the reason for the cancellation is generally added at the side: as, “Quia supra,”--“Because it has already been entered above;” “Quia alias inferius,”--“Because it has been re-entered in other words below;” “Quia in Rot. Fin.”--“Because it is entered on the Fine Roll” (to which roll it more properly belongs); &c. This kind of cancellation, which was performed, as of course, by the person who discovered the error, must not be confounded with a cancellation by _judgment_; which latter was a function of the Lord Chancellor, who, when Letters Patent or Charters were adjudged void, was the person who condemned or cancelled them.

The terms _cancellation_, _erasure_, _expunging_ or _expunction_, _obliteration_, _elision_, and _deletion_,--words each employed to denote a different method adopted to prevent faulty passages or minor errors from standing as parts of a composition,--having been frequently used indiscriminately one for another, the reader may not be displeased to be here reminded of their original significations. To treat, then, of each in the order in which it has been named;--

_Cancellation_ denotes the drawing a pen several times obliquely across a passage, first from right to left, and then from left to right, in the manner of lattice-work. (The word is derived from _cancella_, a lattice.)

_Erasure_ implies the removal of a faulty portion by the application of the knife. (From _erado_, I scrape out.)

_Expunging_ or _expunction_ (both derivations from the same verb, _expungo_, I prick or _dot_ out,) was a method by which the clerk neatly expressed that a word, or part of a word, was to be omitted; as “sentenṭẹṇce.” Leaving out, then, the under-dotted, or expuncted letters, the amended word will be _sentence_.

_Obliteration_ is the slovenly method, still frequently employed, of completely covering the error with ink, so that not a letter thereof can be traced. (From _oblitero_, I blot out.)

_Elision_ is the act of striking out the erroneous matter by a simple dash of the pen. (From _elido_, I strike or dash out.)

_Deletion_ is the wiping away the ink while it is yet wet, and then continuing the writing over the space which had been in the first instance occupied by the error. (From _deleo_, I wipe out.)

After this short, but, it is hoped, satisfactory explanation of the nature and circumstances of a roll, the reader will proceed to an analysis of the contracted language in which records have been composed.

The marks placed above letters to denote omissions are either a
right line (¯), or a circumflex (~). The former of these marks
above a _vowel_ denotes that an immediately subsequent _m_ or
_n_ has been omitted; as, vēdāt for _vendant_, bonū for
_bonum_, terrā for _terram_: the latter mark, when seen above
or through a letter, whether in the middle or at the end of a
word, signifies that some letter other than _m_ or _n_ is to
be supplied, as ṽl for _vel_, ip̃e for _ipse_; or that more
letters than one are required, as aĩa for _anima_, al̃r for
_aliter_, Wintoñ for _Wintonia_, nob̃ for _nobis_, mand̃ for
_mandatum_. The circumflex is sometimes continued over or through
two letters; as, occo͠e for _occasione_, nll͠m for _nullum_. Some
persons, however, employ the straight line through a consonant,
instead of the circumflex, to denote the omission of one or more
letters; as, vob̵ for _vobis_, qd̵ for _quod_.

A small letter placed _above_ the line (hence called a _superior_
letter) indicates an omission of which such letter forms a part;
as, don^c for _donec_, p^{i}us for _prius_, q^{o}s for _quos_, s^a
for _supra_, t^i for _tibi_.

The four following double characters occur in Sir Francis
Palgrave’s “Parliamentary Writs,” in each of which the superior
immediately surmounts its subjacent letter, having been cast with
it by the founder as if they had been but one character:--ṁ, for
_mihi_; ṅ, for _nisi_; q̇, used for _qui_ and _quia_; ṫ, for
_tibi_.

The apostrophe is sometimes used as a mark of abbreviation,
generally after an initial capital, but sometimes also in other
parts of the word.

A point or dot, placed after a letter, is frequently used as a
sign of final abbreviation; as, ass. no. diss, for _assisæ novæ
disseisinæ_, di. t̃ fi. s. for _dilecto et fideli suo_, e. for
_est_, plurib. for _pluribus_.

The signification of the following characters is fixed and
positive:--

Ɂ This symbol, sometimes called the _c_ cursive, or _c_
reversed, denotes _com_ or _con_: as, Ɂmitto, _committo_; Ɂtra,
_contra_. Before the adoption of the present elegant type,
this character was represented in printing by an old-fashioned
figure of 9; as, 9mune, _commune_. In the “Parliamentary
Writs,” a turned _c_ supplies its place; as, ↄpetere,
_competere_.

[#] This represents the _es_ plural and _is_ possessive in the
termination of Old English nouns: in later times it was much
used for the _is_ final of Latin genitives. In the extract
from Richard of Devizes, immediately to be given, it has been
uniformly thus employed.

ę This character, which resembles the cedilla of the French
(ç), is sometimes employed as the representative of the
diphthong _æ_ in particular records; as, terrę, _terræ_.

[#] or [#] Each of these characters represents _est_, simple or
in composition; as, simple, [#] _est_; in composition, inter[#]
_interest_.

ẽ or e̚ These also denote _est_: they sometimes stand for
_ess_; as, ẽe, _esse_; e̚et, _esset_.

&, 7, and t̃ are abbreviated forms of the conjunction _et_.
They were not, however, used indiscriminately, as in the
subsequent praxis, but are peculiar to MSS. of very different
periods of time.

t̃c̃. _et cætera_.

&̄ _etiam_.

ƪ This ascending recurved flourish, which is sometimes cast
separately by the founder, that it may be placed after a
simple consonant, but which is most frequently cast with it,
both forming together one compound character, denotes the
omission of _er_ or _re_: as, cƪno or c̉no, _cerno_: gƪens or
g̉ens, _gerens_: gƪgis or g̉gis, _gregis_: camƪa or cam̉a,
_camera_: remunƪo or remun̉o, _remunero_: pƪter or p̉ter,
_præter_ (Note.--_Per_, which has its specific symbol, is never
represented by this character): sƪviens or s̉viens, _serviens_:
tƪra or t̉ra, _terra_: tƪmens or t̉mens, _tremens_: fuƪit or
fủit, _fuerit_: vƪsus or v̉sus, _versus_: duxƪit or dux̉it,
_duxerit_;--x̉ stands also for _xor_, as uxƪem or ux̉em,
_uxorem_. When _er_ is omitted after one of the ascending
letters _b_, _d_, or _h_, its absence is generally denoted
by the circumflex line drawn across the upright stem of the
letter: as tab̃na, _taberna_; consid̃atum, _consideratum_;
h̃es, _hæres_.

Đ This character, when alone, represents _De_, when the word
begins a sentence.

đ The small đ, when alone, likewise denotes _de_; and in
accounts it represents one of the cases of _denarius_. It may
also be used arbitrarily; and then, like all letters standing
alone, its meaning must be discovered by an examination of the
context.

ɱ A contracted form of _manucaptor_ or _manerium_. It is an
arbitrary sign, and may represent other words, the sense of
which must be sought from the context.

⅌ or p̵ This is the specific representative of _per_: but it
sometimes also denotes _par_ and _por_; as, p̵te, _parte_;
temp̵e, _tempore_.

⅊ This character uniformly represents _pro_.

ɋ This, annexed to a word, denotes the postpositive conjunction
_que_.

q̵ _quod_.

Q₂ or q₂ _quia_.

℞ _Rex_ and its cases; also _Regina_ and its cases.

ꝝ This character, which is found at the end only of a word,
usually represents the _rum_ of plural genitives: it is
sometimes, however, used as a general termination; as, Alienoꝝ
for _Alienoram_, Eboꝝ for _Eborum_ or _Eboracum_, Windesoꝝ for
_Windesores_.

ʄ This character, which occurs mostly in Old French,
represents, in composition, the syllable _ser_; as, ʄvaunt,
_servaunt_: alone it means _sire_; with a superior ^r, ʄ^r,
_seigneur_.

þ _th_ Saxon: as, þƪ, _ther_; þ^t, _that_.

ð Another form of the Saxon _th_.

ꝰ This symbol is the representative of the final _us_, except,
as an almost general rule, when terminating datives: as,
Augꝰti, _Augusti_; Deꝰ, _Deus_; mandamꝰ, _mandamus_; priꝰ,
_prius_. It also denotes _os_ or _ost_ in the preposition
_post_; thus, pꝰ or pꝰt

ʒ The usual function of this abbreviation is that of denoting
the _us_ final of datives; as, tribʒ, _tribus_; omnibʒ,
_omnibus_: but it likewise represents the final _et_; as, debʒ,
_debet_; habʒ, _habet_: and sometimes stands for a general
termination; as, quilʒ, _quilibet_; scilʒ, _scilicet_. For the
last purpose it is still in ordinary use, but under a disguised
form; as viz. _for_ viʒ.

Xp̃c Latin names derived from the Greek are usually printed
with the Roman letters which most nearly resemble in their form
those of the original language: thus X stands for the Greek
_chi_ (Χ), p for the _rho_ (Ρ), and c for the _sigma_ (Σ). Xp̃c
consequently represent the word “Christus”: by substituting the
required letter for the c, we shall have the various cases of
the noun; as, Xp̃i, Xp̃o; _Christi_, _Christo_, &c.

✠ The cross is met with in some records and charters, and in
such cases generally precedes the subscription of his name
by a bishop. It is not used as a word, but apparently as a
compendious profession of faith, or else as a silent invocation
of the Divine aid. This was also the sign by which persons who
could not write were accustomed to attest instruments, their
names being added by those who could. An imitation of this mark
is still in use among uneducated persons; as, “John [his X
mark.] Thomas,”

The following points are met with in ancient MSS.

, the comma; sometimes also used as a period.

; the ancient colon, or semicolon: used frequently as a full
stop.

[#] This character denotes the commencement of a paragraph in
Domesday-book.

[#] and [#] These marks are, in some records, placed at the
commencement of sections and of independent lines.

The necessity of printing records in the most literal manner having been for a long time generally admitted, Editors have been constrained to invent characters by which to denote erasures, cancellations, interlineations, and other peculiarities which occur upon the face of them. These characters, though strictly editorial, are nevertheless deserving of notice here.

_Cancellations_, using the term in a comprehensive sense, are
denoted by Sir F. Palgrave, in his “Parliamentary Writs,” by
placing an upright trefoil (_trèfle_--the club of the French
playing-cards) at the commencement of the elided passage, the
conclusion of which he indicates by a reversed trefoil: thus,
T. ℞ ap̃ ♣ap̃d[#] Westm̃.

_Interlineations_ are expressed by their being included between
brackets: [ ].

_Words written upon erasures_, or apparently added to the
text after it had been originally written, are placed between
inverted commas: “ ”.

Sir Francis likewise employs critical marks, by which he directs attention to _evident_ as well as _apparent_ errors in the original, as also to the point at which an _apparent deficiency_ exists.

_Doubtful readings_, and words which are _apparently_ clerical
errors, are preceded by the upright parallel, ‖.

Readings which are _evidently_ erroneous are stigmatized by the
obelisk or dagger, †.

And _apparent deficiencies_ are denoted by the insertion of an
asterisk, *, at the point where the omission appears to have
taken place.

∿ and • These two characters occur also in the last-named work,
the meaning of which is by no means clear. They appear to be
imperfect imitations of private marks made by the writers of
the documents.

Mr. Hardy, in his “Close Rolls,” has adopted a system somewhat different from that of Sir F. Palgrave.

All errors, whether of commission or omission, the first-named
gentleman denotes by drawing a line under the wrong word, or
under the interspace in which the omission should have been
inserted; leaving the ascertainment of the kind of error to the
discrimination of the reader.

Elisions of _one_ or a _few_ words are represented in his work
by means of thin wire placed over the surface of these words,
which are grooved by a file for the purpose of its reception,
and which, when thus printed, have the appearance of having
been dashed out with a pen. Cancellations of greater extent are
indicated by including the cancelled matter between two thick
perpendicular lines, curved at their extremities and formed
like the printer’s brace, but without its receding middle.
These, for convenience, are here exhibited in the horizontal
position ╭╌╮ ╰╌╯.

Words written on an erasure are printed between these marks ` ´.

To assist the reader in comprehending the foregoing explanations,
and as an exercise to his ingenuity, an interesting tale, of
sufficient length for the purpose, has been selected from the
History of Richard the First. This _historiette_, which was
written by the monarch’s namesake, Richard of Devizes, and which
abounds in very interesting particulars, was lately, for the
first time, given to the public in a printed form by the “English
Historical Society:” to their publication we are indebted for our
text. The reader, having carefully studied the preceding symbols,
may now proceed to an examination of the language of this story.
This, which has been purposely contracted with every species of
abbreviations common to the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th
centuries, he will proceed to extend into full words, verifying
his performance, when completed, by comparing it with what
immediately follows, which he will find to be the same narrative
in an uncontracted form. Having acquired some degree of facility
in extending the contracted forms, he may then advantageously
reverse the process, and proceed to a reduction of words at
length to a contracted state. A little practice will soon enable
him to apply his newly acquired knowledge in the elucidation of
whatever form of record or of ancient document may come before
him. This acquirement he may find extremely useful, and he may
possibly thence derive a certain degree of distinction; since
this has to the present time been a branch of knowledge entirely
confined to a small portion of the learned, and to the few
typographical readers whose employments have more immediately
required its cultivation. A translation is added, followed by a
few explanatory notes.

In conformity with a practice which has hitherto much obtained
in Record printing, _c_ has been substituted for _t_ in the
terminations _tio_ and _tia_: this usage, the propriety of which
has been questioned, has been here followed, in order that the
student’s eye may be accustomed to its recurrence elsewhere.
The diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_ have been also for the same reason
represented by the simple _e_.

_Story of a Boy killed by the Jews of Winchester._

The preceding in words at length.

Quia Wintonia non debuit debita sibi mercede privari pro servata,
ut in capite libri præpositum est, pace Judæis, Wintonienses
Judæi civitatis suæ (Judaico more) studentes honori, etsi
factum forte defuerit, plurimis facti indiciis celebrem sibi
famam de martyrizato a se in Wintonia puero confecerunt. Casus
erat hujusmodi. Puerum quemdam Christianum, artis sutoriæ
sciolum, Judæus quidam in familiare familiæ suæ consciverat
ministerium. Non ibi continuum residebat ad opus, nec magnum
aliquid semel sinebatur explere, ne provisam sibi cædem probaret
cohabitatio; et ut, pro modico labore melius ibi quam pro multo
alibi remuneratus, domum dæmonis, donis ejus et dolis illectus,
libentius frequentaret. Fuerat autem Francus genere, pupillus
et orphanus, abjectæ conditionis et paupertatis extremæ. Has
hujusmodi miserias in Francia male miseratus quidam Judæus
Francigena, crebris ei monitis persuasit ut Angliam peteret,
terram lacte et melle manantem; Anglos liberales prædicavit et
dapsiles; ibi nullum, qui niteretur ad probitatem, pauperem
moriturum. Puer promtulus, ut naturaliter Francorum est, ad velle
quicquid volueris, assumpto secum comite quodam coætaneo suo et
compatriots, ad peregrine proficiscendum præcinctus est; nihil in
manibus habens præter baculum, nihil in sytarchia præter subulam.

Valedixit Judæo suo; cui Judæus, “Vade,” ait, “viriliter. Deus
patrum meorum deducat te sicut desidero.” Et, impositis manibus
super caput ejus, ac si esset hircus emissarius, post stridores
quosdam gutturis et tacitas imprecationes, jam de præda securus,
adjecit, “Forti animo esto, obliviscere populum tuum et terram
tuam, quia omnis terra forti patria est, ut piscibus æquor,
ut volucri vacuo quicquid in orbe patet. Angliam ingressus si
Londonias veneris, celeriter pertransibis; multum enim mihi
displicet illa polis. Omne hominum genus in illam confluit ex
omni natione quæ sub cœlo est; omnis gens sua vitia et suos mores
urbi intulit. Nemo in ea sine crimine vivit; non omnis in ea
vicus non abundat tristibus obscenis; eo ibi quisquis melior est,
quo fuerit major in scelere. Non ignoro quem instruo; habes supra
tuam ætatem fervorem ingenii, frigiditatem memoriæ, ex utrinque
contrariis temperantiam rationis. Nihil de te mihi metuo, nisi
cum male viventibus commoreris; ex convictu enim mores formantur.
Esto, esto! Londonias venies. Ecce! prædico tibi, quicquid in
singulis, quicquid in universis partibus mundi mali vel malitiæ
est, in una illa civitate reperies. Lenonum choros non adeas,
ganearum gregibus non immiscearis; vita thalum et tesseram,
theatrum et tabernam. Plures ibi quam in tota Gallia thrasones
offendes, gnathonum autem infinitus est numerus. Histriones,
scurræ, glabriones, garamantes, palpones, pusiones, molles,
mascularii, ambubaiæ, pharmacopolæ, crissariæ, phitonissæ,
vultuariæ, noctivagæ, magi, mimi, mendici, balathrones, hoc
genus omne totas replevere domos.[1] Ergo, si nolueris habitare
cum turpibus, non habitabis Londoniis. Non loquor in literatos
vel religiosos, sive Judæos; quamvis et ex ipsa cohabitatione
malorum, minus eos ibi quam alibi crediderim esse perfectos.

“Nec eo pergit oratio, ut in nullam te recipias civitatem,
cum meo consilio nusquam tibi sit nisi in urbe manendum,
refert tamen in qua. Si igitur circa Cantuariam appuleris,
iter habebis perdere; si vel per eam transieris. Tota est illa
perditorum collectio ad suum nescio quem nuper deificatum,
qui fuerat Cantuariæ archipresbyter, quod passim præ inopia
panis et ocio per plateas moriuntur ad solem. Rovecestria et
Cicestria viculi sunt, et cur civitates dici debeant præter
sedes flaminum nihil obtendunt. Oxonia vix suos clericos, non
dico satiat, sed sustentat. Exonia eodem farre reficit homines
et jumenta. Bathonia, in imis vallium in crasso nimis aere et
vapore sulphureo posita, imo deposita, est ad portas inferi.
Sed nec in arctois sedem tibi legeris urbibus, Wigornia,
Cestria, Herefordia, propter Walenses vitæ prodigos. Eboracum
Scottis abundat, fœdis et infidis hominibus vel homuncionibus.
Eliensis pagus perpetuo putidus est pro circumfusis paludibus.
In Dunelmo, Northwico, sive Lincolnia, perpaucos de potentibus,
de tua conditione nullum penitus audies Romane loquentem. Apud
Bristollum nemo est qui non sit vel fuerit saponarius, et omnis
Francus saponarios amat ut stercorarios. Post urbes, omne forum,
villa, vel oppidum, incolas habet rudes et rusticos. Omni insuper
tempore pro talibus Cornubienses habeto, quales in Francia nosti
nostros Flandrenses haberi. Ceterum regio ipsa generaliter in
rore cœli et in pinguedine terræ tota beatissima est; in singulis
etiam locis aliqui boni sunt, set multo minus in omnibus quam in
una Wintonia.

“Hæc est in partibus illis Judæorum Hierosolyma, in hac sola
perpetua pace fruuntur, hæc est schola bene vivere et valere
volentium. Hic fiunt homines, hic satis est panis et vini pro
nihilo. Sunt in ea tantæ monachi misericordiæ et mansuetudinis,
clerus consilii et libertatis, cives civilitatis et fidei, feminæ
pulchritudinis et pudicitiæ, quod parum me retinet quin ego
vadam illuc cum talibus Christianis fieri Christianus. Ad istam
te dirigo civitatem, urbem urbium, matrem omnium, et omnibus
meliorem. Unum est vitium et illud solum, cui de consuetudine
nimis indulget. Salva pace literatorum dixerim et Judæorum,
Wentani mentiuntur, ut vigiles, sed in fabulis faciendis. Nusquam
enim sub cœlo de tam facili tot rumores falsi fabricantur, ut
ibi; alias, per omnia sunt veraces. Multa haberem adhuc et
de meis negotiis tibi dicere, sed ne forte non capias, vel
obliviscaris, literulas has familiaris mei Judæi manibus inseres,
credo quia et ab illo aliquando remuneraberis.” Scripta brevis
erat Hebraica. Judæus peroraverat; et puer, omnia interpretatus
in bonum, pervenit Wintoniam.

Subula sibi sicut et sodali suo satisfecit ad victum, et male
parta per literas Judæi sæva suavitas et blæsa benignitas ad
solatium. Ubicumque diebus pauperculi operarentur ab invicem,
vel comederent, singulis noctibus in uno unius vetulæ veteri
tugurio in uno lectulo quiescebant. Dies succedunt diebus, menses
mensibus; et hujusmodi pueri nostri, quem tam curiose hucusque
diduximus, adesse per abesse festinant tempora. Crucis adoratæ
dies advenerat, et puer ipso die apud Judæum suum operans,
quocumque modo de medio factus, non comparuit. Erat quippe
proximum Pascha, dies festus Judæorum. Socius illius vespere
non revertentis ad cubiculum miratus absentiam, plurimis ipsa
nocte terretur insomniis. Quæsitum diebus aliquot per omnes
urbis angulos cum non invenisset, convenit Judæum simpliciter,
si suum quoquam misisset nutritium; quem cum præter solitum de
tam benigno pridie vehementer sensisset acerbum, verborum et
vultus varietate notata, incanduit illico, et, ut erat vocis
acutæ et mirabilis eloquentiæ, statim prorupit in jurgia, magnis
eum de sublatione socii sui clamoribus urgens. “Tu,” inquit,
“fili sordidæ meretricis, tu latro, tu traditor, tu diabole,
tu crucifixisti socium meum. Hei mihi! modo quare non habeo
vires hominis! Ego te manibus meis dilaniarem.” Audiuntur in
platea clamores vociferantis in æde, concurrunt undique Judæi
et Christiani. Puerulus instat, et jam pro turba constantior,
interpellatis præsentibus, cœpit allegare pro socio. “O vos,”
ait, “viri qui convenistis, videte si est dolor sicut dolor
meus. Iste Judæus diabolus est, iste cor meum de ventre meo
rapuit, iste unicum sodalem meum jugulavit, præsumo etiam quod
manducavit. Filius quidam diaboli, Judæus, Francigena, nec
intelligo, nec experior, Judæus ille dedit sodali meo literas
mortis suæ ad hominem istum. Ad hanc urbem venit inductus, imo
seductus. Judæo huic sæpe servivit, et in domo ejus novissime
visus est.” Non defuit ei testis ad aliqua, quantum et femina
Christiana, quæ, contra Canones, in eadem domo nutrierat
Judæulos. Constanter jurabat se vidisse puerum in penum Judæi
descendere sine regressu. Judæus inficiatur, res refertur ad
judices. Deficiunt accusatores; puer quia infra ætatem erat,
femina quia infamem eam fecerat Judæorum ministerium. Judæus
obtulit purgationem conscientiæ propter infamiam. Judicibus aurea
placuit. Dedit Phinees et placavit, et cessavit quassatio.

_Translation._

As it would have been wrong that Winchester should be deprived
of her due reward for having preserved peace with the Jews, as
has been stated at the beginning of this book[2], the Winchester
Jews, studious (after a Jewish fashion) of their city’s honour,
although clear evidence of the deed was perhaps wanting, yet from
several indications of its commission, gained for themselves a
notorious celebrity by the martyrdom of a lad in Winchester.
The circumstance was as follows: A certain Jew had engaged a
Christian boy, who was a little acquainted with shoemaking,
in the domestic service of his family. He did not remain
permanently at work in the house, nor was he allowed to perform
any great matter at once, lest cohabitation with the family
should show him the destruction prepared for him; as also, that,
being better remunerated for a little labour there than for much
elsewhere, he should, enticed by his presents and deceit, the
more willingly resort to the demon’s house. Now the boy was a
native of France, a minor and an orphan; he was, too, of low
condition and extreme poverty. A French Jew, hypocritically
pitying this his state of wretchedness while in France, persuaded
him by repeated exhortations to seek England, a land flowing
with milk and honey: he extolled the English as liberal and
munificent; adding, that no one who would struggle for an honest
living in that country could die poor. The lad, rather ready,
as is natural with the French, to conform his will to that of
others, taking with him a companion of his own age and country,
girt up his loins for a foreign journey; carrying nothing in his
hand except a staff, nor anything in his scrip besides an awl.

He took leave of his friend the Jew, who thus addressed him. “Go
thy way,” says he, “manfully. May the God of my fathers be thy
leader, according to my desire.” And having laid his hands upon
his head, as if he had been the scape-goat, being now certain of
his prey, he added, after certain guttural croakings and silent
imprecations, “Be of a stout heart: forget thy people and thy
country, for every land is as his country to the brave, even
as is the sea to fish, as to the bird whatever lies before it
on the open globe. On landing in England, shouldst thou go to
London, thou wilt pass through it quickly, for much doth that
city displease me. Every kind of men from every nation under
heaven flows into that place; into that town hath every people
carried its vices and its habits. No one lives there untainted
with crime; there is not a street within that place which abounds
not with sad obscenity; a man is there accounted better in
proportion as he has been a greater adept in iniquity. I am not
ignorant of whom I instruct: thou hast a glow of genius beyond
thy years, a coolness of reflection, and, as the result of these
opposite qualities, a temperateness of the reasoning faculty. I
have no fear for thee unless thou dwell with evil-livers, for
from our associations are our morals formed. Amen! amen! thou
wilt go to London. Lo! I tell thee beforehand, whatever there
is of evil or of wickedness in particular parts of the world,
whatever in all its parts together, in that one city wilt thou
find. Go not among the multitude of the corrupters of youth;
mix not with the crowds issuing from the stews; flee dice and
chess, the playhouse and the pothouse. Thou wilt meet there more
bullies than are in the whole of France, and yet the number of
mean flatterers is infinite. Stage-players, buffoons, bald-pated
reprobates, men living like wild Indians, parasites, infamous
boys, effeminate and scandalous men, lewd music girls, quacks,
wantons, fortune-tellers, harpies, night-walkers, conjurers,
mimics, beggars, shabby scoundrels,--this is the sort of people
with which each house is filled. If, then, thou wouldst not be
a dweller with men of shame, thou wilt not abide in London. My
observations are not directed against men of letters or the
religious, nor against Jews; though, from their very cohabitation
with the wicked, I should believe them to be farther from
perfection there than anywhere else.

“Nor does my advice go the length of dissuading thee from
betaking thyself to a city, since in my opinion thou shouldst
tarry nowhere but in some large town; it is of consequence,
however, in which. If then thou shouldst land near Canterbury,
thou wilt be on the road to destruction; if even thou pass
through it. All that collection of lost men is so devoted to
the service of some lately deified person of their place (I
know not whom)[3], who was archbishop of Canterbury, that they
are dying everywhere in the sun, for want of bread and through
indolence, in the very streets. Rochester and Chichester are mere
villages and offer nothing for which they should be called cities
except their being bishops’ sees. Oxford scarcely, I do not say
satiates, but keeps her clerks alive. Exeter feeds men and beasts
with the same meal. In the depths of valleys, in an exceedingly
dense atmosphere and amid sulphurous vapours, Bath is posited,
yea deposited, at the gates of hell. But neither wilt thou select
for thyself an abode in the northern cities, in Worcester,
Chester, or in Hereford, on account of the Welsh, men prodigal of
human life. York abounds with Scots, who are filthy and deceitful
men, or something less than men. From its surrounding marshes,
the Isle of Ely is one eternal stench. In Durham, Norwich, or in
Lincoln thou wilt hear very few of the higher orders speaking
Latin; of thine own condition, not a soul. At Bristol there is
not a man who is not, or has not been, a soap-boiler: now a
Frenchman loves soap-boilers as well as he does nightmen.[4] Out
of the large towns, every market-town, vill, or petty town has
rude and clownish inhabitants. Thou mayst, moreover, at all times
consider the Cornishmen to be such as thou knowest our Flemings
to be esteemed in France. In fine, the country generally is in
the highest degree blessed with the dews of heaven and with
richness of soil: there are, too, some good men in every place
within it, but fewer by far in all together than in Winchester
alone.

“That city is the Jerusalem of the Jews in those parts: within
her precincts alone do they enjoy perpetual peace; she is the
school of those who wish to live well and to thrive. There men
are produced; there thou mayst have a sufficiency of bread and
wine for nothing. In that place there are monks of such mercy and
meekness, a clergy so wise and tolerant, citizens of such probity
and so regardful of their fellows’ rights, women so beautiful
and modest, that little withholds me from going thither, and,
among such Christians, myself becoming a Christian. To that
city do I direct thee, the city of cities, the mother of all
and better than all. There is one vice, and only one, in which
she is accustomed to over-indulge. Asking pardon of the men of
letters and the Jews, I must say (that thou mayst be upon thy
guard) that the Winchester people are addicted to lying, yet only
in inventing idle tales; for in no place under heaven, as there,
are so many false reports fabricated with so much facility;
in all other matters they are perfectly veracious. I had yet
much to tell thee of my own affairs; but lest thou shouldst not
comprehend all, or shouldst forget, thou wilt place this small
letter in the hands of a Jewish friend, as I feel confident that
thou wilt one day be rewarded by him.” This was a brief note
written in Hebrew. The Jew had finished his oration; and the
lad, putting the best construction upon everything, arrived at
Winchester.

His awl provided food enough for his companion and himself; and
the cruel kindness and stuttering civility so evilly obtained
him by the Jew’s letter procured him comforts. Wherever these
poor creatures might work separately in the day, or take their
meals, they each night rested on a little bed in the ancient
cottage of an aged woman. Day succeeds day, month month, and
the last hours of this our youth, whom we have thus far so
curiously traced, hasten, by their very escape, their arrival.
The day of the Adoration of the Cross[5] had arrived; and the
boy, working upon that day at his master the Jew’s, in whatever
manner he was made away with, disappeared. Now the next day was
the Passover, the great festival of the Jews. His companion,
wondering at his absence, as he did not return in the evening to
his bed, is terrified that night by many hideous dreams. Having
for several days sought him in every corner of the city without
finding him, he at once asked the Jew if he had sent the lad,
who was his means of support, anywhere; whom when he perceived
to become, contrary to his wont, from the particularly mild man
of yesterday, outrageously bitter,--noticing this change in his
language and his countenance, he immediately took fire, and as
he had a piercing voice, and was gifted with a wonderful flow
of words, he instantly broke out into reproaches, with loud
outcries charging him, with making away with his friend. “Thou
offspring of a filthy harlot!” he exclaims, “thou thief! thou
traitor! thou devil! thou hast crucified my companion! Woe is
me! why have I not yet the strength of a man! I could tear thee
in pieces with my hands.” The cries of the boy vociferating
within the house are heard in the public street; from all sides
Jews and Christians hastily assemble. The boy presses; and,
now become more confident from the presence of the crowd, he
began, having gained their attention, to plead the cause of
his companion. “O men,” he says, “who have here assembled, see
if there be grief like my grief. This Jew is a devil; he hath
torn my heart from within my breast; he hath murdered my only
companion, I even think he hath devoured him. A son of the
Evil One, a certain Jew,--whether he be French-born I neither
understand nor know,--but that Jew gave to my friend a letter,
which was the warrant for his death, directed to this man. Thus
induced,--yea, seduced,--he came to this city. He was often
engaged in the service of this Jew, and in his house was he last
seen.” The boy was not without a witness to some portion of his
tale; inasmuch as there was a Christian woman, who, contrary to
the Canons, had nursed the Jewish children in the same house.
She swore positively that she had seen the lad go down into the
Jew’s store-room, but never return. The Jew denies it; the matter
is referred to the Judges. The accusers fail; the boy because he
was under age, the woman because her ministry to the Jews had
rendered her infamous. The Jew offered a purgation[6] of his
conscience with respect to the infamy. Gold was acceptable to the
judges: Phinees gave it and appeased them, and the stir ceased.

[1] Some of these worthless characters are mentioned in the lines of Horace:

“Ambubaiarum collegia, pharmacopolæ,
Mendici, mimi, balatrones.”--_Sat._ lib. i. 2.

Others are to be found in Juvenal.

[2] The atrocious massacre above referred to, is related in the following impious and inhuman terms:--“On that same day of the coronation, about the solemn hour in which the Son was immolated to the Father, they began in the city of London to sacrifice the Jews to their father the devil; and so long was the duration of this famous mystery, that the holocaust could scarcely be completed on the second day. Other cities and towns in the country emulated the faith of the Londoners, and with equal devotion dispatched their bloodsuckers in their blood to the infernal regions. Somewhat, but not to such an extent, was at that time enacted against those children of perdition everywhere throughout the kingdom: Winchester alone spared her vermin,--a people prudent and forecasting, and a city at all times respecting her citizens’ rights.”--“Eodem coronationis die, circa illam sollemnitatis horam qua Filius immolabatur Patri, incœptum est in civitate Londoniæ immolare Judæos patri suo diabolo; tantaque fuit hujus celebris mora mysterii, ut vix altera die compleri potuerit holocaustum. Æmulatæ sunt aliæ civitates regionis et urbes fidem Londoniensium, et pari devotione suos sanguisugas cum sanguine transmiserunt ad inferos. Aliquid, sed inæqualiter, ea tempestate contra perditos paratum est ubique per regnum: sola tantum suis vermibus pepercit Wintonia, populus prudens et providus, ac civitas semper civiliter agens.”

[3] Thomas à Becket, who had been murdered a few years antecedently.

[4] Soap was first made in London in 1524; prior to which time it had been supplied by Bristol.

[5] Good Friday.

[6] It was the custom, where sufficient testimony could not be had, to allow the accused to clear himself from the charge by his oath: this was sailed _purgation_. The oath having been made, twelve persons, called _compurgators_, were produced on the prisoner’s behalf, who swore, that, from what they knew of his general character, they believed his oath. This was deemed satisfactory.

_Table of the principal Abbreviations used in Records._

ā ã _an_, _am_.

ã. a. _annus and its cases_.

a^a _aliqua_.

a^m _annum_.

āte _ante_.

ãimus _animus_.

a^o _anno_.

a’ aũ _autem_.

ã a^t _aut_.

Abb͞s Abb͞i Abb͞ibʒ _Abbas and its cases_.

Abb͞a Abb͞e Abb͞am _Abbatia and its cases_.

Abb͞issa _Abbatissa_.

acc̃ente _accidente_.

ac^a _acra_.

ac^{a}m _acram_.

adm̉ciatꝰ am̉ciatꝰ _admerciatus_, _amerciatus_.

adm̉ciam̃tū am̉ciam̃tū _admerciamentum_, _amerciamentum_.

advõe _advocate_.

aĩa aĩe ãi aĩo _anima_, _animæ_, _animi_, _animo_.

aĩal _animal_.

aĩal̵ _animalis_.

aĩalia _animalia_.

aĩabus _animabus_.

a^{a}ꝝ _aliarum_, _aliquarum_.

a^{i}d _aliquid_.

al̵ _alias, alius and its cases_.

al̵r _aliter_.

al̵c^i _alicui_.

alic̃ꝰ _alicujus_.

aliq̃ _aliqua, aliquæ_.

aliq̵̃ _aliquem_.

aliq̵ _aliquod, aliquid_.

aliqđ _aliquod, aliquid_.

aliq^i _aliqui_.

aliq̵^i _aliquid_.

aliq^i{s} aliq^{i}d _aliquis, aliquid_.

aliq^ā aliq̵^ā _aliquam_.

abñia _absentia_.

ab́ne _absolutione_.

ã ap̃ ap̃d _apud_.

alt̉ _alter_.

alt̉a _altera_.

alt̉ut̉ alt̉utr̃ _alteruter and its cases_.

am̉als _amerals (admirals)_.

am^o _amodo_.

ampliꝰ āpliꝰ _amplius_.

añ _ante_.

aña _antea_.

añq^ā _antequam_.

añc̃ _antecessor and its cases_.

añcessores _antecessores_.

añcessoribȝ _antecessoribus_.

añia _animalia_.

añq^ā _antequam_.

antiq^{i}tꝰ _antiquitus_.

adh̵ _adhuc_.

ag^r _agitur_.

apƿp^{i}ar̃ _appropriare_.

ap̃loꝝ _apostolorum_.

ap^{lici} _apostolici_.

āpliꝰ _amplius_.

app̃ne _appellatione_.

appõita _apposita_.

appõitꝰ _appositus_.

appōit^r _apponitur_.

aq̃ _aqua and its cases_.

aq^ā aq̵^ā aq^ām _aquam_.

aq^a aq̵^a _aqua_.

Arcħep̃c̃ Arcħep̃m Archiep̃s Archiep̃i Archiep̃o Archiep̃m
Ar̃ep̃c̃ Ar̃ep̃s _Archiepiscopus and its cases_.

arcħep̃tꝰ _archiepiscopatus_.

aret^o _aretro_.

artic̃lꝰ _articulus_.

ar^{li} _articuli_.

ass̃u _assensu_.

auc̃te _auctoritate_.

aṽnc̃lo _avunculo_.

b̵ b̴ _ber_, _bis_, _as_ lib̃tate _libertate_, Merleb̴ge
_Merleberge_, nob̵ _nobis_, vob̴ _vobis_.

b̴ b’ b^te b̵te _beatæ_.

Bapt̃ _Baptista and its cases_.

b̴i b’ _beati_.

b̴m _beatum_.

bñ _bene, bien_.

b̴ns _biens_.

bñvołncia _benevolentia_.

bo. _bonus and its cases_.

br̃ _breve and its cases_.

br̃e br̃i _breve, brevi_.

br̃ia _brevia_.

c̉ _cer, cre_.

c̃ _cum_.

c^a _carta_.

c^ata _carta_.

ca^{ci} _canonici_.

c^aīo _crastino_.

canc̃ _cancellarius and its cases_.

cantav̉nt _cantaverunt_.

capiet^r _capietur_.

cap̃li _capituli_.

cap̃tłm _capitulum_.

c^a c̃a _causa_.

cãs _causas_.

cap^{us} _capitaneus_.

cari^{mo} _carissimo_.

cħ _chere_.

cħun _chacun_.

cħre _chartre_.

cħłr _chevalier_.

cħres _chartres_.

cestasf̴ _cestassavoir_.

c^i _cui_.

c^ilʒ cuiłt _cuilibet_.

c^ia cit^a _citra_.

cĩt^{as} _civitas_.

clc̃s _clericus_.

cłico _clerico_.

claud̴t _claudet, claudit, claudunt_.

claudʒ _claudet_.

cło _clero_.

c^{i}ʒ _cuique_.

c^icūq̧, _cuicumque_.

c̃ cõ _contra_.

cont^a _contra_.

ꝯt^a ꝯ^a ꝯ^{ta} _contra_.

cõa cõe cõam _communa, communæ, communam_.

cõe cõis _commune, communis_.

cõer _comuner_.

cõi ꝯ^i _communi_.

cõit̉ _communiter_.

cõia _communia_.

ꝯ^{a}io _contrario_.

cõ ꝯp̃ _computate, computabitur, comparendum, &c_.

ꝯp^obr̃ ꝯt^obr̃ ꝯ^abr̃e ꝯ^obr̃ia _controbreve, contrabreve,
controbrevia_.

cołł _collector and its cases._

ꝯpʒ _comparet_.

com̃ _comes and its cases_.

comp̃o _compositio_.

ꝯ^a ꝯ^o _contrabreve, controbreve._

ꝯ^i _communi_.

ꝯ^ĩ ꝯi _communi_.

ꝯpełłe _compellere_.

ꝯp̃o _compoto_.

ꝯp̃m _compotum_.

ꝯput̃ _computatio and its cases_.

ꝯput̃ _computabitur_.

ꝯputabit^r _computabitur_.

ꝯp̃one _computatione_.

ꝯp̃one _compositione_.

ꝯsiđaco͠em _considerationem_.

ꝯsuet̃ _consuetus and its cases_.

ꝯsuet̃ _consuetudo and its cases_.

ꝯt^{a}cto _contracto_.

ꝯtent̃onis _contentionis_.

ꝯtig̃ _contingo and its tenses_.

ꝯt^u _conventu_.

ꝯvalủit _convaluerit_.

ꝯc̃ conc̃ _concordia_.

ꝯc̃ _concessio and its cases_.

ꝯc̃ _concessum, &c_.

ꝯfirmādā _confirmandam_.

cons̃ _consilium_.

conc̃ _concessus and its cases_.

con^{a}dco͠e _contradictione_.

con^{tu} ꝯ^{tu} _contemptu, conventu_.

con^{ble} _constable_.

con^a ꝯ^a _concessa_.

con^a _contra_.

concedimꝰ _concedimus_.

con^{su} _consensu_.

cōvēco͠e _conventione_.

coq^{i}ne _coquine_.

ꝯſ̴vet _conservet_.

ꝯs̃^l _conseil_.

cōſ̴ _consilium_.

c^r _cur_.

c^{r}a _cura_.

c^{r}ca _circa_.

cꝰ c̃jꝰ _cujus_.

cꝰłʒ _cujuslibet_.

cꝰtodier̃t cꝰtodiƪnt _custodierunt, custodierint_.

Đ _De, Deus and Dominus and their cases_.

Đs _Deus_.

Dꝰ _Deus, Dominus_.

Đi đi _Dei_.

đ d̴ _de, der, denarius and its cases_.

dꝰ _dicimus_.

dāpnū _dampnum_.

darr̃ _darrain_.

Dd̴ _David_.

dc̃a _dicta_.

dc̃s _dictus_.

dc̃o _dicto_.

dc̃i _dicti_.

dc̃m _dictum_.

dr̃ d̴r _dicitur_.

dĩna _divina_.

diñr _dicuntur, dinoscuntur_.

di^t d̴t _dicit or dicunt_.

dc̃nt _dicunt_.

dilõne diłone _dilatione_.

diłone _dilectione_.

di. _dilectus and its cases_.

dĩ _dimidium_.

đte _dite_.

dilc̃us _dilectus_.

dilc̃o _dilecto_.

đre _dicere_.

dic̃ _dicit_.

dic̃nt _dicunt_.

diebꝰ diebʒ _diebus_.

dilaco͠e dilat̃ōe _dilatione_.

dilc̃m _dilectum_.

dilc̃s _dilectus_.

dim̃ dimiđ _dimidium and its cases_.

dimiser̃t _dimiserunt_.

disp̃one _dispositione_.

diss̃ _dissaisitus and its cases_.

diss̃e _dissaisinœ_.

dist^icco͠e dist^ict̃ōe _districtione_.

đd̴ _dedit_.

decr̃ _decretum_.

deſ̴d̴ _desusdite_.

dʒ _debet, det_.

đd̴it _dederit_.

deb̴nt^r _debentur_.

deb̴ent _debent_.

deb̴t _debet_.

debʒ _debet_.

debủt _debuerunt_.

decet̉o _decetero_.

dec^em̃tū _decrementum_.

deñ _denarius and its cases_.

destruco͠e _destructione_.

det^im̃tum _detrimentum_.

det̉īat̃ōe _determinatione_.

dñs dñe dñi dño dñm _dominus and its cases_.

đniū _dominium_.

doł _dolium_.

don^c _donec_.

Dñica _Dominica_.

dñico _dominico_.

dñic̃s _dominicus_.

donat̃ōes donaco͠es _donationes_.

ducatꝰ _ducatus_.

durat^ram _duraturam_.

ẽ e̚ [#] [#] _est_.

eꝰ _ejus_.

e^a _ecclesia_.

e^ā _ecclesiam_.

ead̴ _eadem_.

ec̃ _eciam_.

ecc̃a _ecclesia_.

eccłiam _ecclesiam_.

eccłiaꝝ eccłar̃ _ecclesiarum_.

eccłias _ecclesias_.

eccłie _ecclesiæ_.

e̚e _esse_.

e̚et _esset_.

e̚ēt _essent_.

effc̃s effc̃u _effectus, effectu_.

eid̴ _eidem_.

eisđ eisd̴m _eisdem_.

eꝰd̴ ejꝰd̴ _ejusdem_.

eła ełīa _elemosina_.

ełariꝰ _elemosinarius_.

ẽm _eum, sometimes enim_.

ep̃c̃ ep̃s ep̃i ep̃o ep̃oꝝ ep̃m _episcopus and its cases_.

eq̃ū _equum_.

eq^{a}łr _equaliter_.

eođ _eodem_.

eoꝝđ _eorumdem_.

er̃ er̃t _erit, erunt_.

esp̃ale _especiale_.

escr̃ _escript_.

ex^a ext^a _extra_.

exāīat̃ _examinatus and its cases_.

exc̉cit̃ ex̉cit̃ _excercitus and its cases_.

excõĩa _excommunicata_.

excõĩcamꝰ _excommunicamus_.

ex^o _exemplo, excepto_.

exp̃ns̃ _expensis_.

f. f̴m _festum_.

f. f. _fieri fecimus_.

fac̃ _faciendo_.

faci^d’ _faciendum_.

fac̉e _facere_.

fc̃s fc̃a fc̃o fc̃m _factus and its cases_.

far^a _farina_.

feĩa feĩe feĩas _femina and its cases_.

feođ _feodum and its cases_.

feodałr feodalit̉ _feodaliter_.

feud̴ _feudum and its cases_.

f̴i fĩa f^{i}a _figura, feria_.

f̴i _fieri_.

fidłr fidelit̉ _fideliter_.

fił f̴s filiꝰ _filius_.

fir^t’ _firmiter_.

fiłm _filium_.

fła fłas _falsa, falsas_.

f̴o _festo, filio_.

for̃ _forum_.

for̃ _forisfactum, &c_.

for^a _forma, foresta_.

fr̃ fr̃ is fr̃ es fr̃ e fr̃ em fr̃ m _frater and its cases_.

fr̃ e _facere and fratre, frere_.

fr̃ m _frumentum_.

fr̃ e _ferre_.

f̴te _faite_.

fủnt fủūt _fuerint, fuerunt_.

fut^{r}i _futuri_.

g^a _erga_.

g^{a}ce _grace_.

garr̃ _garrant_.

g^{a}t̃m _gratum_.

g^{a}vam̃ _gravamen_.

g^{a}t̃nt̉ _gratanter_.

g^{a}vit̉ _graviter_.

g^i _igitur_.

gła _gloria_.

głiosꝰ _gloriosus_.

g̃nƪa _genera_.

g̃ƪal _general_.

g̃nƪałr g̃nƪalit̉ _generaliter_.

g̃nƪe _genere_.

g^o _ergo_.

gr̃a gr̃m gr̃as grat̃ _gratia and its cases_.

grat̃ _gratus and its cases_.

H. ħ _hic, hæc, hoc_.

h^a _hac_.

habuer̃t habủnt habủūt _habuerit, habuerint, habuerunt_.

habuimꝰ _habuimus_.

harño _harnesio_.

ħat ħāt _habeat, habeant_.

h^c _huic, huc, hic, hinc_.

h^{c}ꝰq̹̹ _hucusque_.

ħc _hunc_.

ħeat ħeāt _habeat, habeant_.

ħeb̴t _habebit, habebunt_.

ħebunt _habebunt_.

ħedes _hœredes_.

ħedit̃ ħeditar̃ _hœreditarius and its cases_.

ħedit̃ _hœreditas and its cases_.

ħedū _hœredum_.

ħeđ _hœredes, habendum_.

ħenđ _habendum, &c_.

ħeo _habeo_.

herb̴gag̃ _herbergagium and its cases_.

ħes _hœres, habes_.

ħet _habet_.

ħet^r _habetur_.

h^i _hic_.

ħꝰi _hujusmodi_.

ħit̃ _habitus and its cases_.

ħitu _habitu_.

ħjꝰm^{o}i _hujusmodi_.

ħmõi _hujusmodi_.

h. l. n. f. ſ. p. _has litteras nostras fieri fecimus patentes_.

ħ^nibʒ _hominibus_.

Hñr̃ H’nr̃ _Henricus and its cases_.

ħnt _habent_.

ħniū ħniis _hominium, hominiis_.

ho. _homo and its cases_.

hoĩm hōiū hom̃ _hominum_.

hōiagiū _hominagium_.

hõibʒ _hominibus_.

hōies _homines_.

homag̃ _homagium and its cases_.

hr̃e ħre ħere _habere_.

hr̃i ħri _haberi_.

hr̃nt _habuerunt_.

ħt _habet, habent_.

ħuit ħuisti _habuit, habuisti_.

ħủit _habuerit_.

ħuisse _habuisse_.

ħuer̃t _habuerit, habuerint_.

ħủnt _habuerint, habuerunt_.

ħujꝰ _hujusmodi_.

hujꝰ _hujus_.

hujꝰeõi _hujuscemodi_.

hujꝰm^oi _hujusmodi_.

hundr̃ hūdr̃ _hundredum and its cases_.

hundr̃is _hundredis_.

ħʒ ħt _habet_.

ħꝰ _hujus, hujusmodi_.

ī _in_.

i^a _infra, ita, illa_.

ib̴ ib̴m _ibidem_.

ibiđm _ibidem_.

īc^{r}rat _incurrat_.

id̴ _idem, illud, ideo_.

idc^{i}co _idcirco_.

iđm _idem_.

ig^r _igitur_.

ij^b’ _duobus_.

ijꝰte _injuste_.

iłł _ille and its cases_.

im̄e^{te} _immediate_.

imp̴p̃m īp̴p̃m _imperpetuum_.

illiꝰ _illius_.

iłłd _illud_.

iñ _inde_.

inc^{r}rat _incurrat_.

inf^a īf^a _infra_.

inf̴ꝰ īf̴iꝰ _inferius_.

injꝰte ījꝰte _injuste_.

insp̃r insup̴ īsp̃r _insuper_.

int^r _intratur_.

int̉ it̉ _inter_.

integ^e īteg^e _integre_.

ĩo iđo _ideo_.

ip̃a _ipsa_.

ip̃e _ipse_.

ip̃m _ipsum_.

ip̃o _ipso_.

ip̃os _ipsos_.

ip̃ius ip̃ꝰ ip̃iꝰ _ipsius_.

ip̃am _ipsam_.

ip̃as _ipsas_.

ip̃oꝝ _ipsorum_.

ir^r _irrotulatur_.

it̃ i^a _ita_.

it̉ _iter_.

it̃ _iterum_.

īt^a _intra_.

īt̉ _inter_.

i^{te} _iste_.

īt̉dc̃m _interdictum_.

īt̉e̚e _interesse_.

it̃m ĩm it̃ _item_.

it̉m _iterum_.

īt̉m īt̉ī _interim_.

it^r _itur_.

ītr̃v̉t intrav̉īt _intraverunt, intraverint_.

j^a. _prima_.

j^ā _jam_.

jamdc̃os _jamdictos_.

j^o. _primo_.

j^o.q̹^o _unoquoque_.

jo^r _jour_.

j^rat̃ jurat̃ _juratores and its cases_.

jũe _jure_.

jꝰ j^re j^ra j^ribʒ j^ribꝰ _jus, jure, jura, juribus_.

jura^{ta} _juramenta_.

jusq̃s _jusques_.

jꝰtic̃ _justicia_.

jꝰticia _justicia_.

jux^a _juxta_.

kł _kalendœ, kalendas, &c_.

km̃e _charissime_.

km̃o k̴mo _charissimo_.

ł _vel_.

ł. łi. łj. _libra and its cases, libratas, &c_.

lat^{o}ñium _latrocinium_.

lẽi _legitimi_.

l’erc̃ _l’ercevesque_.

lĩ _liberas, libratas_.

łia _licentia_.

lib̴at̃ _liberatio and its cases_.

lib̴c̃ones _liberationes_.

lib^{a}t̃ _librata and its cases_.

lib̴tat̃ _libertates, &c_.

lib̴nt̉ _libenter_.

lib̴nt^r _liberentur, liberantur_.

lic̃ liña liñia _licentia_.

liq̹ _liquet_.

lo. _locus and its cases_.

lo^r _lour_.

loq̃la _loquela_.

łr _libenter_.

łra _littera_.

łras _litteras_.

łre lr̃e _lettre, litteræ_.

łris _litteris_.

łtt̃me łme _legitime_.

łʒ _libet and licet_.

m̉ _mer_.

m̃ m. m^a. _marca and its cases_.

m̃a _mea_.

magñ _magnus and its cases_.

mag̃r _magister_.

mag̃ri _magistri_.

mag̃rissa _magistrissa_.

mag̃ros _magistros_.

mag̃roꝝ _magistrorum_.

magr̃m _magistrum_.

mag̃t̉iū _magisterium_.

mãm _materiam_.

mat^a _materia_.

mat̉ m^at̉ _mater_.

mat^imōio _matrimonio_.

m^ax^a _maxima_.

m̃am _meam_.

m̃br̃m _membrum_.

m̃broꝝ _membrorum_.

m̉cħ _marchia and its cases_.

m̃di _mundi_.

Mẽ M’e _Marie_.

me. _memorie_.

me^d’ _memorandum_.

med^{te} _medietate_.

međtas _medietas_.

mem̃ mem^d memoꝝ _memorandum_.

mẽf̴ _mensis_.

m^i _mihi, mei_.

mĩa _misericordia, miseria_.

mĩe _misericordiæ_.

mił _miles and its cases_.

mĩo _matrimonio_.

m̃is _meis_.

mĩis _misericordiis_.

mis̉c̃dia _misericordia_.

m^l. _mille_.

młr _mulier_.

młr̃s _mulieres_.

młm _multum_.

m̃ltipłr _multipliciter_.

m̃lt̃m _multum_.

m^o mod̴ _modo_.

mo^r _monemur, movemur, &c_.

m̃ltões _multoties_.

mołnđ _molendinum and its cases_.

mo^r _moratur_.

m̃os _meos_.

mr̃ _mater, magister, martyr_.

mr̃e _matre_.

mr̃is _matris, martyris_.

mr̃i _matri_.

n. _enim_.

ñ. n. _nostri_.

ñ _enim, non_.

ñ _ne_.

n^a _nota_.

n^c _nec, nunc_.

nc̃ce _necesse_.

nc̃ _nunc_.

nec̃c̃ia nec̃ria _necessaria_.

neg̃m _negotium_.

neg̃o _negotio_.

neq̹ _neque_.

neq^{a}q^a _nequaquam_.

ñd̴ ñdū _nondum_.

n^cñ _necnon_.

n^i _nisi, nemini_.

nicħ nicħl _nihil_.

ñīatim _nominatim_.

n^{i}l _nihil_.

nim^{i}ū _nimirum_.

n^l _nihil_.

nłła _nulla_.

nłłm _nullum_.

nłłs _nullus_.

n^{l}oꝰ _nihilominus_.

ñm nūƪum _numerum_.

nob̴ nobʒ _nobis_.

nob̴c̃ nobʒc̃ _nobiscum_.

no^c’ _nocumentum_.

nocum̃tū _nocumentum_.

nōīa _nomina_.

nōīatī _nominatim_.

nōīe _nomine_.

nōīum _nominum_.

nost̉ _noster_.

nost^is _nostris_.

ño nũo _numero_.

noꝰ _nous_.

nr̃ ñr _noster_.

nov̉it _noverit_.

novit̉ _noviter_.

nr̃a _nostra_.

nr̃e _nôtre_.

nr̃i _nostri_.

nr̃is _nostris_.

nr̃o _nostro_.

nr̃os _nostros_.

nr̃am _nostram_.

nr̃m _nostrum_.

nr̃oꝝ _nostrorum_.

num̉at^r _numeratur_.

nunq^ā _nunquam_.

nūq̹^m _nunquam_.

nũs _numerus_.

nʒ _neque_.

õ ob̴ _obolus and its cases_.

ob̴ _obiit_.

obẽia _obedientia_.

obier̃t _obierint, obierunt_.

obed̴ie _obedientie_.

obłonibʒ _oblationibus_.

occ̃o _occasio_.

occo͠e occ̃one oc̃one _occasione_.

occo͠ibʒ occo͠ibus _occasionibus_.

õe _omne_.

ões _omnes_.

õia _omnia_.

õibʒ õibꝰ _omnibus_.

oĩm õium _omnium_.