Chapter IV: Part 4

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jailor |jailor |jailor |jailer |Acts xvi. 23.
jasper stone |jasper stone |jasper-stone |jasper-stone |Rev. xxi. 11.
jawbone |jawbone |jaw-bone |jaw-bone |Judges xv. 15.
jaw teeth |jaw teeth |jaw-teeth |jaw-teeth |Prov. xxx. 14.
jealousy |jealousy |jealousy- |jealousy- |Num. v. 18.
offering | offering | offering | offering |
Jephthae } |Jephthae |Jephthae |Jephthae |Heb. xi. 32.
Jephthah } |Jephthah |Jephthah |Jephthah |Judges xi. 1.
Jeremiah } |Jeremiah |Jeremiah |Jeremiah |Jer. i. 1.
Jeremias } |Jeremias |Jeremias |Jeremias |Matt. xvi. 14.
Jeremy } |Jeremy |Jeremy |Jeremy |Matt. xxvii. 9.
Jeshua } |Jeshua |Jeshua |Jeshua |Neh. viii. 17.
Joshua } |Joshua |Joshua |Joshua |Josh. i. 1.
jointheirs |joint-heirs |joint-heirs |joint-heirs |Rom. viii. 17.
Jonah } |Jonah |Jonah |Jonah |Jonah i. 1.
Jonas } |Jonas |Jonas |Jonas |Matt. xii. 39.
jubile |jubile |jubile |jubilee |Lev. xxv. 9.
jubilee |jubile |jubile |jubilee |Lev. xxv. 28.
Juda } |Juda |Juda |Judah |Heb. vii. 14.
Judah } |Judah |Judah |Judah |Gen. xxix. 35.
Judea |Judæa |Judea |Judea |Matt. ii. 1.
judgment hall |judgement hall |judgement-hall |judgment hall |Acts xxiii. 35.
judgments |judgments |judgements |judgments |Exod. xxi. 1.
judgment seat |judgment seat |judgement-seat |judgment-seat |Matt. xxvii. 19.
juniper roots |juniper roots |juniper-roots |juniper-roots |Job xxx. 4.
juniper tree |juniper tree |juniper-tree |juniper-tree |1 Kings xix. 4.
justle |justle |justle |justle |Nah. ii. 4.

Kish } |Kish |Kish |Kish |1 Sam. ix. 1.
Cis } |Cis |Cis |Cis |Acts xiii. 21.
kneading troughs|kneadingtroughs |kneading-troughs |kneading-troughs|Exod. xii. 34.
kneadingtroughs |kneadingtroughs |kneading-troughs |kneading-troughs|Exod. viii. 3.

maid child |maid child |maid-child |maid-child |Lev. xii. 5.
maidservants |maidservants |maid-servants |maid-servants |Gen. xxiv. 35.
Manasseh } |Manasseh |Manasseh |Manasseh |Gen. xli. 51.
Manasses } |Manasses |Manasses |Manasses |Rev. vii. 6.
man child |man child |man-child |man-child |Gen. xvii. 10.
manslayer |manslayer |man-slayer |man-slayer |Num. xxxv. 6.
marishes |marishes |marishes |marishes |Ezek. xlvii. 11.
marketplace |marketplace |market-place |market-place |Matt. xx. 3.
masterbuilder |masterbuilder |master builder |master-builder |1 Cor. iii. 10.
maul |maul |maul |maul |Prov. xxv. 18.
mealtime |mealtime |meal-time |meal-time |Ruth ii. 14.
measuring line |measuring line |measuring-line |measuring-line |Jer. xxxi. 39.
measuring reed |measuring reed |measuring-reed |measuring-reed |Ezek. xl. 5.
meat offering |meat offering |meat-offering |meat-offering |Exod. xxix. 41.
Melchisedec} |Melchisedec |Melchisedec |Melchisedec |Heb. v. 6.
Melchizedek} |Melchizedek |Melchisedek |Melchizedek |Gen. xiv. 18.
menchildren |menchildren |men-children |men-children |Exod. xxxiv. 23.
menpleasers |menpleasers |men-pleasers |men-pleasers |Eph. vi. 6.
menservants |menservants |men-servants |men-servants |Gen. xxiv. 35.
men singers |men singers |men-singers |men-singers |Eccl. ii. 8.
menstealers |menstealers |men-stealers |men-stealers |1 Tim. i. 10.
merchant man |merchant man |merchant-man |merchant-man |Matt. xiii. 45.
mercyseat |mercyseat |mercy-seat |mercy-seat |Heb. ix. 5.
mercy seat |mercy seat |mercy-seat |mercy-seat |Exod. xxv. 19.
mercy seat-ward |mercy seat-ward |mercy-seat-ward |mercy-seat-ward |Exod. xxxvii. 9.
merryhearted |merryhearted |merry-hearted |merry-hearted |Isa. xxiv. 7.
Me thinketh |Me thinketh |Me thinketh |Me thinketh |2 Sam. xviii. 27.
midday |midday |mid-day |mid-day |Neh. viii. 3.
milch camels |milch camels |milch-camels |milch camels |Gen. xxxii. 15.
milstone |millstone |milstone |millstone |Mark ix. 42.
milstone |millstone |millstone |millstone |Deut. xxiv. 6.
milstone |millstone |mill-stone |millstone |Judg. ix. 53.
Molech} |Molech |Molech |Molech |Lev. xviii. 21.
Moloch} |Moloch |Moloch |Moloch |Amos v. 26.
moneychangers |moneychangers |money-changers |money-changers |Matt. xxi. 12.
morning watch |morning watch |morning-watch |morning-watch |1 Sam. xi. 11.
morter |morter |mortar |mortar |Isa. xii. 25.
morter |morter |mortar |mortar |Exod. i. 14.
motheaten |motheaten |moth-eaten |moth-eaten |James v. 2.
moth eaten |motheaten |moth-eaten |moth-eaten |Job xiii. 28.
mother in law |mother in law |mother-in-law |mother-in-law |Deut. xxvii. 23.
mulberry trees |mulberry trees |mulberry-trees |mulberry-trees |2 Sam. v. 23.
musick |musick |musick |musick |1 Sam. xviii. 6.
mustard seed |mustard seed |mustard-seed |mustard-seed |Matt. xiii. 31.
myrtle branches |myrtle branches |myrtle-branches |myrtle-branches |Neh. viii. 15.
myrtle tree |myrtle tree |myrtle-tree |myrtle-tree |Isa. iv. 13.

Naphtali} |Naphtali |Naphtali |Naphtali |Gen. xxx. 8.
Nepthalim} |Nepthalim |Nephthalim |Nephthalim |Rev. vii. 6.
needlework |needlework |needle-work |needle-work |Exod. xxvi. 36.
network |network |net-work |net-work |Exod. xxxviii. 4.
newborn |newborn |new-born |new-born |1 Pet. ii. 2.
night hawk |night hawk |night-hawk |night hawk |Lev. xi. 16.
night season |night season |night-season |night-season |Job xxx. 17.
night visions |night visions |night-visions |night-visions |Dan. vii. 13.
night watches |night watches |night-watches |night-watches |Ps. cxix. 148.
Nineve } |Nineve |Nineve |Nineveh |Luke xi. 32.
Nineveh} |Nineveh |Nineveh |Nineveh |Jonah i. 2.
Noah} |Noah |Noah |Noah |Gen. v. 29.
Noe } |Noe |Noe |Noe |Matt. xxiv. 37.
noonday |noonday |noon-day |noon-day |Ps. xxxvii. 6.
nose jewels |nose jewels |nose-jewels |nose-jewels |Isa. iii. 21.
nought |nought |nought |nought |Gen. xxix. 15.
nursing mothers |nursing mothers |nursing-mothers |nursing-mothers |Isa. xlix. 23.

oil olive |oil olive |oil-olive |oil-olive |Exod. xxx. 24.
oil tree |oil tree |oil-tree |oil-tree |Isa. xli. 19.
oil vessels |oil vessels |oil-vessels |oil-vessels |Num. iv. 9.
olive berries |olive berries |olive-berries |olive-berries |James iii. 12.
olive branches |olive branches |olive-branches |olive-branches |Neh. viii. 15.
olive plants |olive plants |olive-plants |olive plants |Ps. cxxviii. 3.
olive trees |olive trees |olive-trees |olive-trees |Deut. vi. 11.
oliveyards |oliveyards |olive-yards |oliveyards |Jos. xxiv. 13.
only begotten |only begotten |only-begotten |only-begotten |John i. 14.
only begotten |only begotten |only begotten |only begotten |John i. 18.
onyx stone |onyx stone |onyx-stone |onyx-stone |Gen. ii. 12.
Osee } |Osee |Osee |Osee |Rom. ix. 25.
Hosea} |Hosea |Hosea |Hosea |Hos. i. 1.
ought |ought |ought |ought |Matt. v. 23.
outgoings |outgoings |out-goings |outgoings |Ps. lxv. 8.
outer |outer |outer |outer |Matt. xxv. 30.
outstretched |outstretched |out-stretched |outstretched |Deut. xxvi. 8.
overrunning |overrunning |over-running |over-running |Nah. i. 8.

Rachel } |Rachel |Rachel |Rachel |Matt. ii. 18.
Rahel } |Rahel |Rahel |Rachel |Jer. xxxi. 15.
rasor |razor |razor |razor |Num. vi. 5.
recompence, n.s.|recompense |recompence |recompence |Deut. xxxii. 35.
recompense, v.a.|recompense |recompense |recompense |Hosea xii. 2.
Red sea |Red sea |Red Sea |Red sea |Exod. x. 19.
repayed |repayed |repaid |repaid |Prov. xiii. 21.
rereward |rereward |rereward |rere-ward |Jos. vi. 9.
restingplace |restingplace |resting-place |resting-place |Jer. l. 6.
resting place |resting place |resting-place |resting-place |Prov. xxiv. 15.
ribband |ribband |ribband |ribband |Num. xv. 38.
rie |rie |rye |rye |Exod. ix. 32.
right hand |right hand |right hand |right hand |Exod. xiv. 22.
ringstraked |ringstraked |ring-straked |ring-straked |Gen. xxx. 35.
rudder bands |rudder bands |rudder-bands |rudder-bands |Acts xxvii. 40.

sabbath day |sabbath day |sabbath-day |sabbath-day |Exod. xx. 8.
saltpits |saltpits |salt-pits |saltpits |Zeph. ii. 9.
sapphire stone |sapphire stone |sapphire-stone |sapphire-stone |Ezek. x. 1.
Sara } |Sara |Sara |Sarah |Heb. xi. 11.
Sarah } |Sarah |Sarah |Sarah |Gen. xvii. 15.
Sarai } |Sarai |Sarai |Sarai |Gen. xi 29.
scapegoat |scapegoa |scape-goat |scape-goat |Lev. xvi. 10.
scarlet coloured|scarlet |scarlet-coloured |scarlet-coloured|Rev. xvii. 3.
scrowl |scrowl |scroll |scroll |Rev. vi. 14.
sea coast |sea coast |sea-coast |sea-coast |Zeph. ii. 6.
seafaring |seafaring |sea-faring |sea-faring |Ezek. xxvi. 17.
sea shore |sea shore |sea-shore |sea-shore |Exod. xiv. 30.
sea side |sea side |sea-side |sea-side |Matt. xiii. 1.
seat ward |seat-ward |seatward |seat-ward |Exod. xxxvii. 9.
seething pot |seething pot |seething-pot |seething-pot |Jer. i. 13.
selfsame |selfsame |self-same |self-same |Exod. xii. 51.
selfwill |selfwill |self-will |self-will |Gen. xlix. 6.
selvedge |selvedge |selvedge |selvedge |Exod. xxxvi. 11.
serjeants |serjeants |serjeants |serjeants |Acts xvi. 35.
sevenfold |sevenfold |seven-fold |seven-fold |Gen. iv. 15.
seweth |seweth |seweth |seweth |Mark ii. 21.
she asses |she asses |she-asses |she-asses |Job i. 3.
shearing house |shearing house |shearing-house |shearing-house |2 Kings x. 14.
sheepcotes |sheepcotes |sheep-cotes |sheep-cotes |1 Sam. xxiv. 3.
sheepfolds |sheepfolds |sheep-folds |sheep-folds |Ps. lxxviii. 70.
sheep gate |sheep gate |sheep-gate |sheep-gate |Neh. iii. 1.
sheepshearers |sheepshearers |sheep-shearers |sheep-shearers |2 Sam. xiii. 23.
sheepskins |sheepskins |sheep-skins |sheep-skins |Heb. xi. 37.
she goat |she goat |she-goat |she-goat |Gen. xv. 9.
Shem } |Shem |Shem |Shem |Gen. vi. 10.
Sem } |Sem |Sem |Sem |Luke iii. 36.
shew |shew |shew |shew |Exod. ix. 16.
shewbread |shewbread |shew-bread |shew-bread |Num. iv. 7.
ship boards |ship boards |ship-boards |ship-boards |Ezek. xxvii. 5.
shipmaster |shipmaster |ship-master |shipmaster |Rev. xviii. 17.
shittah tree |shittah tree |shittah-tree |shittah-tree |Isa. xii. 19.
shittim wood |shittim wood |shittim-wood |shittim-wood |Exod. xxv. 10.
shoelatchet |shoelatchet |shoe-latchet |shoe-latchet |Gen. xiv. 23.
shoulder blade |shoulder blade |shoulder-blade |shoulder-blade |Job xxxi. 22.
shoulderpieces |shoulderpieces |shoulder-pieces |shoulder-pieces |Exod. xxxix. 18.
side chamber |side chamber |side-chamber |side-chamber |Ezek. xli. 5.
side posts |side posts |side-posts |side-posts |Exod. xii. 22.
Sin } |Sin |Sin |Sin |Exod. xvi. 1.
Zin } |Zin |Zin |Zin |Num. xiii. 21.
Sina } |Sina |Sina |Sina |Acts vii. 30.
Sinai } |Sinai |Sinai |Sinai |Exod. xix. 1.
singing men |singing men |singing-men |singing-men |2 Chr. xxxv. 25.
singing women |singing women |singing-women |singing-women |2 Chr. xxxv. 25.
sin money |sin money |sin-money |sin-money |2 Kings xii. 16.
sin offering |sin offering |sin-offering |sin-offering |Exod. xxix. 14.
sister in law |sister in law |sister-in-law |sister-in-law |Ruth i. 15.
sixtyfold |sixtyfold |sixty-fold |sixty-fold |Matt. xiii. 8.
skull |scull |skull |skull |Mark xv. 22.
slimepits |slimepits |slime-pits |slime-pits |Gen. xiv. 10.
snuffdishes |snuffdishes |snuff-dishes |snuff-dishes |Exod. xxv. 38.
sober minded |sober minded |sober-minded |sober-minded |Titus ii. 6.
sodering |sodering |sodering |sodering |Isa. xli. 7.
Sodom } |Sodom |Sodom |Sodom |Gen. xiii. 10.
Sodoma } |Sodoma |Sodoma |Sodoma |Rom. ix. 29.
soles |soles |soles |soles |Isa. lx. 14.
son in law |son in law |son-in-law |son-in-law |1 Sam. xviii. 18.
sope |sope |soap |soap |Jer. ii. 22.
sowing time |sowing time |sowing-time |sowing-time |Lev. xxvi. 5.
spewing |spewing |spewing |spewing |Hab. ii. 16.
spice merchants |spice merchants |spice-merchants |spice-merchants |1 Kings x. 15.
spue |spue |spue |spue |Lev. xx. 23.
spunge |spunge |spunge |spunge |Matt. xxvii. 48.
stanched |stanched |stanched |stanched |Luke viii. 44.
stargazers |stargazers |star-gazers |stargazers |Isa. xlvii. 13.
stedfastly |stedfastly |stedfastly |stedfastly |Acts ii. 42.
stiffnecked |stiffnecked |stiff-necked |stiff-necked |Exod. xxxiii. 3.
storehouses |storehouses |store-houses |storehouses |1 Chr. xxvii. 25.
stouthearted |stouthearted |stout-hearted |stout-hearted |Isa. xlvi. 12.
stretched out |stretched out |stretched-out |stretched-out |Exod. vi. 6.
stumbling block |stumbling block |stumbling-block |stumbling block |Isa. lvii. 14.
stumblingblock |stumblingblock |stumbling-block |stumblingblock |1 Cor. viii. 9.
stumblingstone |stumblingstone |stumbling-stone |stumbling-stone |Rom. ix. 33.
subtil |subtil |subtil |subtile |Gen. iii. 1.
subtilly |subtilly |subtilly |subtilely |Ps. cv. 25.
summer fruits |summer fruits |summer-fruits |summer-fruits |Jer. xl. 10.
summer house |summer house |summer-house |summer-house |Amos iii. 15.
sun dial |sun dial |sun-dial |sun-dial |Isa. xxxviii. 8.
sunrising |sun rising |sun-rising |sun-rising |Deut. iv. 41.
swaddling band |swaddlingband |swaddling-band |swaddling-band |Job xxxviii. 9.
sweet smelling |sweet smelling |sweet-smelling |sweet-smelling |So. of Sol. v. 5.
swollen |swollen |swollen |swollen |Acts xxviii. 6.
sycamore |sycomore |sycomore |sycamore |1 Kings x. 27.
sycamores |sycomores |sycamores |sycomores |Isa. ix. 10.
sycamore trees |sycomore trees |sycomore-trees |sycomore-trees |2 Chr. i. 15.
sycomore |sycomore |sycomore |sycamore |Amos vii. 14.

you-ward |you-ward |you-ward |you-ward |2 Cor. xiii. 3.
| | | |
Zabulon } |Zabulon |Zabulon |Zabulon |Rev. vii. 8.
Zebulun } |Zebulun |Zebulun |Zebulun |Gen. xxx. 20.
Zacharias } |Zacharias |Zacharias |Zacharias |Luke i. 5.
Zecharias } |Zacharias |Zacharias |Zacharias |Luke xi. 51.
Zion } |Zion |Zion |Zion |Ps. lxix. 35.
Sion } |Sion |Sion |Sion |Ps. lxv. 1.

“The Hebrew word, which is in our English Bible rendered ‘The LORD,’ is in the Hebrew the High and Holy name of God himself, the most solemn of all words--JEHOVAH. It is a general rule throughout the Old Testament, that, wheresoever the word ‘LORD’ is printed in capital letters, it will be found on looking into the Hebrew Bible, that the word there written was JEHOVAH. And for this difference, between the translation and the original work, the following reason is given. The later Jews have a fancy that this name of JEHOVAH is so sacred and aweful, that it could never be spoken, excepting by the High Priest once in a year, without the sin of taking GOD’s name in vain. And accordingly when, at this day, they read the Scriptures in their Synagogues, whenever the word JEHOVAH is used, they say ADONAI, or LORD, in its place. But the learned men, by whom our English Bible was translated, had been instructed in Hebrew by the Jews; and were so far moved by their example, as to feel the same anxiety, with their teachers, to prevent this name from being commonly spoken. Instead, therefore, of writing ‘JEHOVAH,’ they have written for the most part ‘The LORD:’ but they have written it in capital letters that the Lord of Heaven and Earth might be distinguished from all His creatures.”--_Bishop Heber’s Sermons_, vol. ii.

England is the only Protestant country in Europe where the printing of Bibles is a monopoly.

For the allowance of the duty on paper used in the printing of Bibles, _see_ PAPER.

BILL,

with letter founders, a specific proportionate number of types, the datum from which the proportion is estimated being 3,000 lower case ems. A bill of Pica weighs 800 pounds, including italic, which is in the proportion of one tenth of the roman. The term “bill” is not used among printers, although it is by the letter founders; this would be styled by printers, a fount of Pica of eight hundred weight.

Smith is, as far as I am aware, the first writer who published the number of each sort that the founders cast to 3,000 ems; and he also made some alterations in the numbers previously cast by the letter founders, “by enlarging the numbers of some sorts, and by lessening the quantity of others,” “to try whether a fount of letter would turn out more perfect than it sometimes does.”

Later writers have copied Smith’s numerical list of sorts, as well as his altered numbers, and by copying his words without mentioning his name each of them appears to the public as having suggested an improvement, while, in fact, the founders pay no regard to these proportions, but cast from a scale of their own.

The late Earl Stanhope gave another scale of numbers, produced by counting the letters and points to a certain extent in Enfield’s Speaker; but as he discarded the ligatures, and added what he called “Logotypes,” his numbers are not followed.

I do not know on what datum the number of each letter was originally obtained, as cast by the founders; but it is well known in practice that a great number of imperfections are always wanted in a printing office; and from the construction of language it appears there always will be a great number of particular sorts deficient, whatever the proportions may be at first. In proof of this it may be stated, that a new fount of letter shall be cast for the purpose of printing a work; in composing this letter it shall be found that there is a great deficiency of some letters, and a superabundance of others: to bring the whole fount into use, for the purpose of composing as many pages as possible, the deficient sorts are cast, till the proportions answer to each other. When this work is finished, another author’s work is to be printed with the same letter: the disproportion is again felt; those which at the first were deficient are now superabundant, and those which were abundant will be deficient; so that the master printer, to keep the whole of his letter in use is obliged to be continually casting those deficiencies and thus enlarging his founts.

The disuse of the long ſ, which took place some years ago, and also of c‍t, has varied the proportions considerably of the letters composing their combinations, b, h, i, k, l, and t.

The following Table shows the old numbers, also Smith’s and Earl Stanhope’s; those at present cast by the letter founders, I give on the authority of Messrs. Caslon and Livermore.

_A Bill of Pica, containing 3,000 lower case ems. Weight 800 Pounds. Italic One Tenth of Roman._

+-------+-------+-------+----------+---------+
| | | | Earl | Letter |
| | Old |Smith’s|Stanhope’s|Founder’s|
| |Number.|Number.| Number. | present |
| | | | | Number. |
+-------+-------+-------+----------+---------+
| a | 7,000| 7,500| 6,972 | 8,500 |
| b | 1,600| 1,200| 1,560 | 1,600 |
| c | 2,400| 1,500| 8,234 | 3,000 |
| d | 4,000| 4,800| 4,416 | 4,400 |
| e | 12,000| 13,000| 11,367 | 12,000 |
| f | 2,000| 2,500| 1,623 | 2,500 |
| g | 1,600| 1,300| 1,707 | 1,700 |
| h | 6,000| 6,500| 3,375 | 6,400 |
| i | 6,000| 4,000| 6,459 | 8,000 |
| j | 600| 300| 450 | 400 |
| k | 1,000| 900| 710 | 800 |
| l | 3,000| 3,500| 4,146 | 4,000 |
| m | 3,000| 2,000| 3,000 | 3,000 |
| n | 6,000| 6,500| 4,563 | 8,000 |
| o | 6,000| 7,000| 6,102 | 8,000 |
| p | 1,600| 1,000| 1,965 | 1,700 |
| q | 600| 300| 600 | 300 |
| r | 5,000| 6,000| 4,779 | 6,200 |
| ſ | 2,400| 2,400| -- | -- |
| s | 3,000| 2,500| 6,876 | 8,000 |
| t | 7,000| 7,500| 6,078 | 9,000 |
| u | 3,000| 2,000| 3,612 | 3,400 |
| v | 1,000| 1,000| 1,278 | 1,200 |
| w | 1,600| 2,000| 2,166 | 2,000 |
| x | 400| 400| 420 | 400 |
| y | 1,600| 2,000| 2,091 | 2,000 |
| z | 400| 200| 180 | 200 |
| & | 400| 200| 150 | 200 |
| ſt | 800| 800| -- | -- |
| ſh | 600| 600| -- | -- |
| ſi | 500| 500| -- | -- |
| ﬁ | 500| 400| -- | 500 |
| ﬀ | 500| 300| -- | 400 |
| fſ | 200| 150| -- | -- |
| ﬂ | 200| 150| -- | 200 |
| ſl | 200| 150| -- | -- |
| ﬄ | 200| 100| -- | 100 |
| ſſi | 200| 200| -- | -- |
| ﬃ | 200| 200| -- | 150 |
| ſb | 200| 150| -- | -- |
| ſk | 200| 100| -- | -- |
| ct | 300| 300| -- | -- |
| æ | 300| 150| -- | 100 |
| œ | 200| 100| -- | 60 |
| á | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| é | -- | -- | -- | 250 |
| í | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ó | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ú | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| à | -- | -- | -- | 200 |
| è | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ì | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ò | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ù | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| â | -- | -- | -- | 200 |
| ê | -- | -- | -- | 200 |
| î | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ô | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| û | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ä | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ë | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ï | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ö | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ü | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| ç | -- | -- | -- | 100 |
| , | 4,000| 5,000| 3,600 | 4,500 |
| ; | 1,000| 1,000| 600 | 800 |
| : | 1,000| 600| 300 | 600 |
| . | 2,000| 2,000| 1,500 | 2,000 |
| - | 1,000| 1,000| 600 | 1,000 |
| ? | 500| 400| 180 | 200 |
| ! | 300| 200| 120 | 150 |
| ’ | 1,000| 800| 300 | 700 |
| ‡ | 60| 60| 60 | 100 |
| † | 200| 100| 120 | 100 |
| * | 200| 200| -- | 100 |
| [ | 200| 200| 120 | 150 |
| ‖ | 300| 100| -- | 100 |
| § | 200| 100| 90 | 100 |
| ( | 300| 300| 210 | 300 |
| ¶ | 200| 50| 60 | 60 |
| 1 | 1,200| 1,500| 900 | 1,300 |
| 2 | 1,200| 1,300| 840 | 1,200 |
| 3 | 1,200| 1,300| 810 | 1,100 |
| 4 | 1,000| 1,100| 780 | 1,000 |
| 5 | 1,000| 1,100| 750 | 1,000 |
| 6 | 1,000| 1,200| 720 | 1,000 |
| 7 | 1,000| 1,100| 690 | 1,000 |
| 8 | 1,000| 1,000| 660 | 1,000 |
| 9 | 1,000| 1,000| 630 | 1,000 |
| 0 | 1,200| 1,600| 900 | 1,300 |
| £ | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| A | 800| 850| 450 | 600 |
| B | 500| 450| 240 | 400 |
| C | 600| 800| 450 | 500 |
| D | 500| 450| 300 | 500 |
| E | 800| 700| 450 | 600 |
| F | 500| 450| 300 | 400 |
| G | 600| 600| 240 | 400 |
| H | 600| 550| 240 | 400 |
| I | 800| 1,000| 1,200 | 800 |
| J | 500| 500| 150 | 300 |
| K | 500| 450| 150 | 300 |
| L | 500| 600| 300 | 500 |
| M | 500| 700| 240 | 400 |
| N | 500| 500| 240 | 400 |
| O | 600| 500| 300 | 400 |
| P | 600| 800| 270 | 400 |
| Q | 300| 300| 180 | 180 |
| R | 600| 600| 240 | 400 |
| S | 600| 800| 300 | 500 |
| T | 800| 1,000| 600 | 650 |
| U | 500| 400| 150 | 300 |
| V | 500| 500| 150 | 300 |
| W | 500 | 600 | 180 | 400 |
| X | 200 | 300 | 90 | 180 |
| Y | 500 | 300 | 90 | 300 |
| Z | 200 | 100 | 60 | 80 |
| Æ | 100 | 100 | -- | 40 |
| Œ | 50 | 50 | -- | 30 |
| A | -- | -- | 300 | 300 |
| B | -- | -- | 90 | 200 |
| C | -- | -- | 120 | 250 |
| D | -- | -- | 150 | 250 |
| E | -- | -- | 450 | 300 |
| F | -- | -- | 90 | 200 |
| G | -- | -- | 90 | 200 |
| H | -- | -- | 210 | 200 |
| I | -- | -- | 270 | 400 |
| J | -- | -- | 60 | 150 |
| K | -- | -- | 90 | 150 |
| L | -- | -- | 150 | 250 |
| M | -- | -- | 120 | 200 |
| N | -- | -- | 300 | 200 |
| O | -- | -- | 300 | 200 |
| P | -- | -- | 90 | 200 |
| Q | -- | -- | 120 | 90 |
| R | -- | -- | 240 | 200 |
| S | -- | -- | 270 | 250 |
| T | -- | -- | 360 | 326 |
| U | -- | -- | 150 | 150 |
| V | -- | -- | 60 | 150 |
| W | -- | -- | 90 | 200 |
| X | -- | -- | 60 | 90 |
| Y | -- | -- | 90 | 150 |
| Z | -- | -- | 60 | 40 |
| Æ | -- | -- | -- | 20 |
| Œ | -- | -- | -- | 15 |
| Spaces| | | | |
| Thick | 15,000| 12,000| 18,000 | 18,000 |
| Middle| 10,000| 10,000| 12,000 | 12,000 |
| Thin | 5,000| 8,000| 8,100 | 8,000 |
| Hair | 2,000| 2,000| 3,000 | 3,000 |
| m qd. | 2,000| 2,000| 3,000 | 2,500 |
| n qd. | 5,000| 5,000| 6,000 | 5,000 |
| Large | | | | |
| quad. | | | | |
| 2 em | 10lb.| 10lb.| 2,700 } | |
| 3 em | 30lb.| 80lb.| 900 } | about |
| 4 em | 4lb.| 4lb.| 600 } | 80lb. |
| Metal | | | | |
| rules.| | | | |
| 1 em | -- | -- | 150 | -- |
| 2 em | -- | -- | 90 | -- |
| 3 em | -- | -- | 60 | -- |
+-------+-------+-------+----------+---------+

In Lists of Names, Indexes, and similar matter, the number of capitals specified in this Bill would be greatly deficient; as would also be the case with the accented letters for works in the Latin and French languages. The figures and the em and en quadrats would be found very inadequate for table work: in fact, in all these cases it would be imperative to cast additional numbers.

Earl Stanhope introduced the following sorts, each in one piece, of which he gives the following numbers to be cast for a fount of the preceding weight:--an, 1,620--in, 1,731--of, 1,035--on, 897--re, 1,509--se, 1,152--th, 3,024--to, 1,095.--_See_ LOGOTYPE.

His Lordship, in fact, attempted to introduce too many alterations in printing. I had the honour of knowing him for some years, and he frequently described to me his intended improvements: one was, to make the bottom of the boxes in the cases concave, so that the types should always be convenient for the compositor to pick up; another was, to lay four different sized types in the same pair of cases; another, to alter the curve at the top of the f, and discard its ligatures; another, to cast certain Logotypes. Some of these were not improvements in practice; and the others, except they had been generally adopted, would have destroyed uniformity in works that were printed in different houses, in addition to the great expense and inconvenience both to letter founders and printers. In attempting too much, none of his plans were adopted, so far as related to composing.

Discarding the long ſ has also abolished ſb, ſh, ſi, ſk, ſl, ſſ, ſſi, ſt, and has consequently increased the number of the round s, and the connected letters.

_Canon 20 em Bill, for Job-work._

+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+
|a 40 | q 8 | æ 3 | ( 6 | E 14 | U 8 |
|b 14 | r 30 | œ 2 | [ 4 | F 10 | V 8 |
|c 20 | s 40 | , 30 | 1 12 | G 10 | W 10 |
|d 24 | t 40 | ; 16 | 2 10 | H 10 | X 6 |
|e 60 | u 20 | : 14 | 3 10 | I 14 | Y 8 |
|f 20 | v 12 | . 24 | 4 10 | J 8 | Z 4 |
|g 16 | w 14 | - 16 | 5 10 | K 8 | Æ 3 |
|h 30 | x 8 | ? 6 | 6 10 | L 10 | Œ 2 |
|i 40 | y 14 | ! 6 | 7 10 | M 10 | |
|j 10 | z 4 | ’ 16 | 8 10 | N 10 | Spaces. |
|k 10 | & 4 | * 3 | 9 10 | O 10 | Thick 120 |
|l 24 | ﬁ 6 | † 3 | 0 12 | P 10 | Middle 80 |
|m 20 | ﬀ 6 | ‡ 3 | A 14 | Q 6 | Thin 60 |
|n 40 | ﬂ 4 | § 3 | B 10 | R 10 | Hair 30 |
|o 40 | ﬃ 4 | ‖ 3 | C 10 | S 12 | m qds. 20 |
|p 15 | ﬄ 3 | ¶ -- | D 10 | T 14 | n qds. 40 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+

BILL OF EXCHANGE. _See_ FORGERY.

BINDING. In locking-up a form, if the head-stick be longer than the width of the page and the thickness of the back-stick; or the side or foot stick extend beyond the page and the other be a little too long; or any part of the furniture double over some other part, so as to prevent the quoins wedging the matter tight, it is termed _Binding_: _the head-stick binds_; _the side-sticks bind_, &c.--_M._

BITE. If the frisket is not sufficiently cut away, but covers some part of the form, so that it prints on the frisket, it is called a _Bite_.--_M._ It interposes between the form and the paper to be printed on, and prevents the latter receiving the inked impression intended to be transferred to it. A pressman looks carefully over his first sheet to see that all is right, and if there be a bite he cuts it out of the frisket with his scissors; if one should at first escape his eye, it is cut out as soon as it is perceived.

BLACK LETTER

is the name now applied to the Old English or Modern Gothic character, which was introduced into England about the middle of the fourteenth century, and became the character generally used in manuscript works before the art of printing was publicly practised in Europe. On the application of that art to the multiplying of books, about the middle of the fifteenth century, the Block Books, and, subsequently, those printed with moveable types, were in this letter, to imitate writing, and were disposed off as manuscripts. When the first William Caslon commenced the business of type founding he made great improvements in their shape, and his Gothic or black letter remains unequalled, viewing it as an imitation of ancient writing, the purest shape for the character originally intended for a counterfeit manuscript. I am sorry to see our present founders giving way to a barbarous caprice of fancy, by introducing arbitrary shapes, which were unknown to our ancestors when this character was in general use; for it appears inconsistent to call the following Letters Old English, or Gothic,

_The Alphabet._

~A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z~

~a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z~

Astle, in his Origin and Progress of Writing, says, “The Modern Gothic, which spread itself all over Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, is improperly so called, because it does not derive its origin from the writing anciently used by the Goths and Visigoths, in Italy and Spain, but this Modern Gothic is the most barbarous or worst kind of writing; it took its rise in the decline of the arts, among the lazy schoolmen, who had the worst taste; it is nothing more than the Latin writing degenerated. This writing began in the twelfth century, and was in general use (especially among monks and schoolmen) in all parts of Europe, till the restoration of the arts, in the fifteenth century, and longer in Germany and the northern nations: Our statute books are still printed in Gothic letters.” Astle’s work was published in 1784.

_Blacks in the British Founderies._

_Ten Line Pica._--Caslon.

_Five Line Pica._--Caslon.

_Four Line Pica._--Caslon.

_Two Line Double Pica._--Caslon.

_Two Line Great Primer._--Caslon. Wilson.

_Two Line English._--Caslon.

_Double Pica._--Caslon. Figgins. Wilson.

_Great Primer._--Caslon. Figgins. Wilson.

_English._--Caslon. Thorowgood & Besley, formerly Wolf’s.
Figgins. Wilson.

_Pica._--Caslon. Thorowgood & Besley. Caxton. Figgins. Wilson.

_Small Pica._--Caslon.

_Long Primer._--Caslon. Thorowgood & Besley. Figgins. Wilson.

_Bourgeois._--Caslon.

_Brevier._--Caslon. Wilson.

_Nonpareil._--Caslon. Wilson.

BLACKWELL, BEALE. _See_ DONATIONS.

BLANKETS.

Flannel steeped in urine, in which pelt balls are wrapped up at nights, and when they are not in use, to keep them soft.

Woollen cloth, or white baize, to lay between the tympans.--_M._ The blankets used for fine work are either superfine woollen cloth or fine kerseymere; for the finest work, paper alone is used. _See_ PRESSWORK.

BLANK PAGES.

When blank pages occur in a work, particularly in duodecimos and smaller sizes, the compositor will find it an advantage to set them up the exact size of the pages of the work, and made up to his gauge, so that he will have his register good without the trouble that attends filling the blank up with pieces of Furniture by guess work, which causes extra trouble to the pressman.

BLASPHEMY.

9 & 10 Will. 3. c. 32., intituled, “An Act for the more effectual
suppressing of Blasphemy and Profaneness.”

“Whereas many persons have of late years openly avowed and
published many blasphemous and impious Opinions, contrary
to the Doctrines and Principles of the Christian Religion,
greatly tending to the Dishonour of Almighty God, and may prove
destructive to the Peace and Welfare of this Kingdom: Wherefore
for the more effectual suppressing of the said detestable Crimes,
be it enacted by the King’s most excellent Majesty, by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and
the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the
Authority of the same, That if any Person or Persons, having
been educated in, or at any Time having made Profession of the
Christian Religion within this Realm, shall by Writing, Printing,
Teaching, or advised Speaking, deny any one of the Persons in the
Holy Trinity to be God, or shall assert or maintain there are
more Gods than one, or shall deny the Christian Religion to be
true, or the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be
of Divine Authority, and shall upon Indictment or Information in
any of his Majesty’s Courts at _Westminster_, or at the Assizes,
be thereof lawfully convicted by the Oath of two or more credible
Witnesses; such Person or Persons for the first Offence shall
be adjudged incapable and disabled in Law, to all Intents and
Purposes whatsoever, to have or enjoy any Office or Offices,
Employment or Employments, Ecclesiastical, Civil, or Military,
or any Part in them, or any Profit or Advantage appertaining to
them, or any of them: And if any Person or Persons so convicted
as aforesaid, shall at the Time of his or their Conviction, enjoy
or possess any Office, Place, or Employment, such Office, Place,
or Employment shall be void, and is hereby declared void: And if
such Person or Persons shall be a second Time lawfully convicted
as aforesaid, of all or any the aforesaid Crime or Crimes, that
then he or they shall from thenceforth be disabled to sue,
prosecute, plead or use any Action or Information in any Court
of Law or Equity, or to be Guardian of any Child, or Executor or
Administrator of any Person, or capable of any Legacy or Deed
of Gift, or to bear any Office, Civil or Military, or Benefice
Ecclesiastical for ever within this Realm, and shall also suffer
Imprisonment for the Space of Three Years, without Bail or
Mainprize, from the Time of such Conviction.

s. 2. “Provided always, and be it enacted by the Authority
aforesaid, That no Person shall be prosecuted by virtue of this
Act, for any Words spoken, unless the Information of such Words
shall be given upon Oath before one or more Justice or Justices
of the Peace, within four Days after such Words spoken, and the
Prosecution of such Offence be within three Months after such
Information.

s. 3. “Provided also, and be it enacted by the Authority
aforesaid, That any Person or Persons convicted of all or any
of the aforesaid Crime or Crimes, in Manner aforesaid, shall
for the first Offence (upon his, her, or their Acknowledgment
and Renunciation of such Offence or erroneous Opinions, in the
same Court where such Person or Persons was or were convicted,
as aforesaid, within the Space of four Months after his, her,
or their Conviction) be discharged from all Penalties and
Disabilities incurred by such Conviction; any thing in this Act
contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.”

Repealed as to denying the Trinity, by 53 Geo. 3. c. 160. s. 2.
which is extended to Ireland by 57 Geo. 3. c. 70. _See_ LIBELS.

53 Geo. 3. c. 160., intituled, “An Act to relieve Persons who
impugn the Doctrine of the _Holy Trinity_ from certain Penalties.”

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That the Provisions of another
Act passed in the Ninth and Tenth Years of the Reign of King
_William_, intituled _An Act for the more effectual suppressing
Blasphemy and Profaneness_, so far as the same relate to Persons
denying as therein mentioned, respecting the _Holy Trinity_, be
and the same are hereby repealed.

s. 3. “And whereas it is expedient to repeal an Act, passed in
the Parliament of _Scotland_ in the First Parliament of King
_Charles_ the Second, intituled, _An Act against the Crime
of Blasphemy_; and another Act, passed in the Parliament of
_Scotland_ in the First Parliament of King _William_, intituled
_Act against Blasphemy_; which Acts respectively ordain the
Punishment of Death; be it therefore enacted, That the said
Acts and each of them shall be, and the same are and is hereby
repealed.

s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That this Act shall be deemed
and taken to be a Public Act, and shall be judicially taken
Notice of as such by all Judges, Justices, and others, without
being specially pleaded.”

60 Geo. 3. c. 8. “An Act for the more effectual Prevention and
Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels.”

“Whereas it is expedient to make more effectual Provision for the
Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels; be it enacted by
the King’s most excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this
present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same,
That from and after the passing of this Act, in every Case in
which any Verdict or Judgment by Default shall be had against any
Person for composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous
Libel, or any seditious Libel, tending to bring into Hatred or
Contempt the Person of His Majesty, His Heirs or Successors, or
the Regent, or the Government and Constitution of the United
Kingdom as by Law established, or either House of Parliament, or
to excite His Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of
any Matter in Church or State as by Law established, otherwise
than by lawful Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the
Court before whom or in which such Verdict shall have been given,
or the Court in which such Judgment by Default shall be had, to
make an Order for the Seizure and carrying away, and detaining in
safe Custody, in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order,
all Copies of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the
Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had,
or in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for
his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the
Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of
the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person
for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment
shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall
be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable or
other Peace Officer acting under any such Order, or for any
Person or Persons acting with or in Aid of any such Justice of
the Peace, Constable, or other Peace Officer, to search for any
Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place
whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict
or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named,
in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to
the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have
been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not
obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first
demanded, to enter by Force by Day into any such House, Building,
or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel
there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the
same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or
disposed of according to any further Order made in relation
thereto.

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That if in any such Case as
aforesaid Judgment shall be arrested, or if, after Judgment shall
have been entered, the same shall be reversed upon any Writ of
Error, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the
Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken
as aforesaid, free of all Charge and Expence, and without the
Payment of any Fees whatever; and in every Case in which final
Judgment shall be entered upon the Verdict so found against the
Person or Persons charged with having composed, printed, or
published such Libel, then all Copies so seized shall be disposed
of as the Court in which such Judgment shall be given shall order
and direct.

s. 3. “Provided always, and be it enacted, That in _Scotland_,
in every Case in which any Person or Persons shall be found
guilty before the Court of Justiciary, of composing, printing, or
publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, or where Sentence
of Fugitation shall have been pronounced against any Person or
Persons, in consequence of their failing to appear to answer
to any Indictment charging them with having composed, printed,
or published any such Libel, then and in either of such Cases,
it shall and may be lawful for the said Court to make an Order
for the Seizure, carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody,
all Copies of the Libel in the Possession of any such Person or
Persons named in such Order, for his or their Use, Evidence upon
Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such
Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are
in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person
against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as
aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall and may be carried
into effect, in such and the same Manner as any Order made by
the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court of Justiciary,
may be carried into Effect according to the Law and Practice of
_Scotland_: Provided always, that in the Event of any Person or
Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of Fugitation,
and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized shall be
forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same
shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other Cases,
the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner as the
said Court may direct.

s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That if any Person shall,
after the passing of this Act, be legally convicted of having,
after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published
any blasphemous Libel or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid,
and shall, after being so convicted, offend a Second Time, and
be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and
Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s
Bench, such Person may, on such Second Conviction, be adjudged,
at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment
as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanors, or
to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other Parts of
His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as the Court in
which such Conviction shall take place shall order.

s. 5. “And be it further enacted, That in case any Person so
sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall not
depart from this United Kingdom within Thirty Days after the
pronouncing of such Sentence and Order as aforesaid, for the
Purpose of going into such Banishment as aforesaid, it shall
and may be lawful to and for His Majesty to convey such Person
to such Parts out of the Dominions of His said Majesty, as His
Majesty by and with the Advice of His Privy Council shall direct.

s. 6. “And be it further enacted, That if any Offender who shall
be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to be banished in
Manner aforesaid, shall after the End of Forty Days from the
Time such Sentence and Order hath been pronounced, be at large
within any Part of the United Kingdom, or any other Part of
His Majesty’s Dominions, without some lawful Cause, before the
Expiration of the Term for which such Offender shall have been so
ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such Offender being so
at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be
transported to such Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty
for any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years.

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A dictionary of the art of printingChapter IV: Part 4

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