Chapter XXXIV: Part 34

RULE I.--Monosyllables ending with _f_, _l_, or _s_, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant; as staff, mill, pass, &c. The only exceptions are, of, if, as, is, has, was, yes, his, this, us, and thus.

RULE II.--Monosyllables ending with any consonant but _f_, _l_, or _s_, and preceded by a single vowel, never double the final consonant; excepting only, add, ebb, butt, egg, odd, err, inn, bunn, purr, and buzz.

RULE III.--Words ending with _y_, preceded by a consonant, form the plural of nouns, the persons of verbs, verbal nouns, past participles, comparatives, and superlatives, by changing _y_ into _i_; as, spy, spies; I carry, thou carriest; he carrieth or carries; carrier, carried; happy, happier, happiest.

The present participle in _ing_, retains the _y_, that _i_ may not be doubled; as, carry, carrying; bury, burying, &c.

But _y_, preceded by a vowel, in such instances as the above, is not changed; as, boy, boys; I cloy, he cloys, cloyed, &c; except in lay, pay, and say; from which are formed, laid, paid, and said; and their compounds, unlaid, unpaid, unsaid, &c.

RULE IV.--Words ending with _y_, preceded by a consonant, upon assuming an additional syllable beginning with a consonant, commonly change _y_ into _i_; as, happy, happily, happiness. But when _y_ is preceded by a vowel, it is very rarely changed in the additional syllable; as, coy, coyly; boy, boyish, boyhood; annoy, annoyed, annoyance; joy, joyless, joyful, &c.

RULE V.--Monosyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double that consonant, when they take another syllable beginning with a vowel: as, wit, witty; thin, thinnish; to abet, an abettor; to begin, a beginner.

But if a diphthong precedes, or the accent is on the preceding syllable, the consonant remains single: as, to toil, toiling; to offer, an offering; maid, maiden, &c.

RULE VI.--Words ending with any double letter but _l_, and taking _ness_, _less_, _ly_, or _ful_, after them, preserve the letter double: as, harmlessness, carelessness, carelessly, stiffly, successful, distressful, &c. But those words which end with double _l_, and take _ness_, _less_, _ly_, or _ful_, after them, generally omit one _l_, as, fulness, skilless, fully, skilful, &c.

RULE VII.--_Ness_, _less_, _ly_, and _ful_, added to words ending with silent _e_, do not cut it off: as, paleness, guileless, closely, peaceful; except in a few words: as, duly, truly, awful.

RULE VIII.--_Ment_, added to words ending with silent _e_, generally preserves the _e_ from elision: as, abatement, chastisement, incitement, &c. The words judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, are deviations from the rule.

Like other terminations it changes _y_ into _i_, when preceded by a consonant: as, accompany, accompaniment; merry, merriment.

RULE IX.--_Able_ and _ible_, when incorporated into words ending with silent _e_, almost always cut it off: as, blame, blamable; cure, curable; sense, sensible, &c.; but if _c_ or _g_ soft comes before _e_ in the original word, the _e_ is then preserved in words compounded with _able_: as, change, changeable; peace, peaceable, &c.

RULE X.--When _ing_ or _ish_ is added to words ending with silent _e_, the _e_ is almost universally omitted: as, place, placing; lodge, lodging; slave, slavish; prude, prudish.

RULE XI.--Words taken into composition, often drop those letters which were superfluous in their simples; as, handful, dunghil, withal; also, chilblain, foretel.

The orthography of a great number of English words, is far from being uniform, even amongst writers of distinction. Thus, _honour_ and _honor_, _inquire_ and _enquire_, _negotiate_ and _negociate_, _control_ and _controul_, _expense_ and _expence_, _allege_ and _alledge_, _surprise_ and _surprize_, _abridgment_ and _abridgement_, and many other orthographical variations, are to be met with in the best modern publications. Some authority for deciding differences of this nature appears to be necessary; and where can we find one of equal pretensions with Dr. Johnson’s Dictionary? though a few of his decisions do not appear to be warranted by the principles of etymology and analogy, the stable foundations of his improvements.--“As the weight of truth and reason,” (says Nares in his ‘Elements of Orthoepy,’) “is irresistible, Dr. Johnson’s Dictionary has nearly fixed the external form of our language. Indeed, so convenient is it to have one acknowledged standard to recur to; so much preferable, in matters of this nature, is a trifling degree of irregularity, to a continual change, and fruitless pursuit of unattainable perfection; that it is earnestly to be hoped, that no author will henceforth, on light grounds, be tempted to innovate.”

The plural number of nouns is generally formed by adding _s_ to the singular: as, dove, doves; face, faces; thought, thoughts. But when the substantive singular ends in _x_, _ch_ soft, _sh_, _ss_, or _s_, we add _es_ in the plural: as, box, boxes; church, churches; lash, lashes; kiss, kisses; rebus, rebusses. If the singular ends in _ch_ hard, the plural is formed by adding _s_; as, monarch, monarchs; distich, distichs.

Nouns which end in _o_, have sometimes _es_ added to the plural; as, cargo, echo, hero, negro, manifesto, potato, volcano, wo: and sometimes only _s_; as, folio, grotto, junto, nuncio, portico, punctilio, tyro.

Nouns ending in _f_, or _fe_, are rendered plural by the change of those terminations into _ves_: as, loaf, loaves; half, halves; wife, wives; except grief, relief, reproof, and several others, which form the plural by the addition of _s_. Those which end in _ff_, have the regular plural: as, ruff, ruffs; except, staff, staves.

Nouns which have _y_ in the singular, with no other vowel in the same syllable, change it into _ies_ in the plural: as, beauty, beauties; fly, flies. But the _y_ is not changed, when there is another vowel in the syllable: as, key, keys; delay, delays; attorney, attorneys.

Some nouns become plural by changing the _a_ of the singular into _e_: as, man, men; woman, women; alderman, aldermen. The words, ox and child, form oxen and children: brother, makes either brothers, or brethren. Sometimes the diphthong _oo_ is changed into _ee_ in the plural: as, foot, feet; goose, geese; tooth, teeth. Louse and mouse make lice and mice. Penny makes pence, or pennies, when the coin is meant; die, dice (for play); die, dies (for coining).

The following words, which have been adopted from the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages, are thus distinguished with respect to number.

Singular. Plural.

Cherub. Cherubim.
Seraph. Seraphim.
Antithesis. Antitheses.
Diæresis. Diæreses.
Ellipsis. Ellipses.
Emphasis. Emphases.

Automaton. Automata.
Basis. Bases.
Crisis. Crises.
Criterion. Criteria.
Arcanum. Arcana.
Calx. Calces.
Datum. Data.
Effluvium. Effluvia.
Encomium. Encomia, _or_ Encomiums.
Erratum. Errata.
Genius. Genii.*
Genus. Genera.
Index. Indices, _or_ Indexes.†
Hypothesis. Hypotheses.
Metamorphosis. Metamorphoses.
Phænomenon. Phænomena.
Appendix. Appendices, _or_ Appendixes.
Lamina. Laminæ.
Medium. Media.
Magus. Magi.
Memorandum. Memoranda, _or_ Memorandums.
Radius. Radii.
Stamen. Stamina.
Stratum. Strata.
Vortex. Vortices.

* _Genii_, when denoting aërial spirits: _Geniuses_, when
signifying persons of genius.

† _Indexes_, when it signifies pointers, or Tables of contents:
_Indices_, when referring to algebraic quantities.--_Murray._

The following observations relate to English and Scotch orthography, temp. Hen. VIII.:--

_A_ is frequently used in Scottish orthography for _o_; as, _aith_ for _oath_, _ane_ for _one_, _twa_ for _two_, _hame_ for _home_, _quha_ for _who_.

_Qu_ is in Scottish commonly substituted for _w_, as, _quha_ for _who_, _quhair_ for _where_, _quhilk_ for _which_.

_U_ is in Scottish usually substituted for the English _oo_, as, _guid_ or _gude_ for _good_, _stude_ for _stood_.

_V_ and _W_, at the commencement of words and syllables, are used indiscriminately, and sometimes also at their termination, as, _foryew_ for _foryeve_; _w_ is in Scottish also substituted for _u_ in the middle of syllables, as, _swt_ for _suit_.

_Y_ is in Scottish almost always used for _th_ (being corrupted from the Anglo-Saxon þ), and its place supplied by _z_.

_Z_ is in Scottish constantly used for _y_, being corrupted from the Anglo-Saxon ȝ.

_Verbs._--The following are some of the most commonly used irregular verbs, having a preterite and participle varying from those in use at the present time:--

To Be--in the second person singular Bes; in the third person Beis, Beth, or Beeth; in the third person plural Arn, Be, Ben, Been, Bene, Byn, or Er; in the third person plural of the preterite Werne.

To Bid--in the preterite Bode; in the participle Bode, Boden.

To Bind--in the preterite Bonde; in the participle Band, Bond, Bounde, Bounden.

To Bite--in the preterite Bote.

To Con or Can, _to be able_--in the third person singular Conith.--Michel can, _to be powerful_.

To Climb--in the preterite Clomb, Clame, Clambe, Clombe, Clomben.

To Cling--in the preterite Clong.

To Ferme (Sc.) _to establish_--in the participle Fermen.

To Fet, to _fetch_--in the preterite Fetten; in the participle Fette.--Ferfett, _farfetched_.

To Flete (Sc.) _to float_--in the preterite Flet.

To Forbede or Forbid--in the preterite Forbod; in the participle Forboden, Forbode, Forbodden.

To Gar or Ger (Sc.) _to cause_--in the preterite and participle Gart, Gert.

To Geve, Gif, or Gyf, _to give_--in the preterite Gaf; in the participle Giffin, Goue, Gouun, or Gyffen.

To Glide--in the preterite Glode.

To Kithe (Sc.) _to prove_--in the preterite Kidde.

Man, Mone, or Moten (Sc.)--_must_.

To Mow, Moue, or May, _to be able_--in the preterite Mot, Mought, Moght, or Mowght; in the future Shall mow or may; subjunctive May mow; To mow in the infinitive.

To Owe--preterite Ought; as “He oweth to pay,” “They owe to come,”--“D. ought him thirty shillings,” “He ought suit,” “Kindness ought to us.”

To Preif or Pryve (Sc.) _to prove_--in the preterite and participle Prewit or Pryved.

To Recet or Receipt (Sc.) _to harbour a criminal_--in the participle Reset, Resettit, or Receipted.

To Rede, _to advise_--in the preterite Radde.

To Reve, Reffe, or Riffe (Sc.) _to rob_--in the preterite Reft; in the participle Reft, Reved, or Revin.

To Tyne, Tyin, Tyn, or Tynte (Sc.) _to lose_--in the participle Tint, Tynt.

To Vys or Wis, _to know_--in the preterite Vyst or Wist.

To Wete, Wite, or Wit, _to know_--in the preterite Wote; in the imperative Wateth, Witeth, _know thou_.

To Will--in the preterite Willed, Woled, Wold, or Wolde; preterpluperfect Had wold; future Shall will.

To Yeve, Yew, or Yeove, _to give_--in the preterite Yaf, Yave; future Shall or will Yeve; active participle Yeving; passive participle Yeven, frequently, and sometimes Yewin, Yoven, Yeoven, Yevin, and Yevyn.

Yede, Yode, went, preterite of A. S. gán _to go_.

To Yield--in the preterite Yald, Yalt, or Yold; in the participle Yelde, Yold, Yolde, Yolden.

_His_, or sometimes _Is_, is used after a masculine substantive as the sign of the genitive case, and occasionally united with the substantive, as, Kinghis. It occurs sometimes, though rarely, after a feminine substantive, as, “The Queen his affairs,” “The Queen is favour;” but _her_ is more commonly used in that case, as, “Elizabeth Holland her house.”

OUT.

A compositor usually says, I am out, meaning he has set out his page, form, or copy.--_M._

When a compositor has omitted a word or words, a line, a sentence, a paragraph, a page or a leaf of copy, which sometimes does happen, each of these omissions is called an Out: thus we say, _An out of a word--of two words--of a line_, &c.

OUTER FORM.

The form that has the first page of the sheet in it. It is usual to work this form the last. _See_ LAY ON.

OUT OF COPY.

A compositor is said to be out of copy when he has composed all that is in his possession, and there is no supply for him to go on with. It is also termed standing still for copy.

OUT OF LETTER.

When a compositor has no letter in his cases, and none to distribute, he is said to be out of letter.

OUT OF REGISTER.

Bad Register.--_M._ When the pages on both sides of a sheet do not print exactly upon each other; or when line does not fall upon line, where they are intended to do so; or folios are not justified in the middle of the line; or when any thing on one side of a sheet does not print exactly on the back of a similar thing on the opposite side, which it is meant to do, it is said to be _Out of Register_, or _Out_, or _It does not Register_, or _It is not in Register_.

OUT-PAGE.

In octavos, twelves, sixteens, every outside page in a sheet is called an _Out-Page_; the rest are called _In-Pages_.--_M._

OUTSIDE QUIRES.

The two quires on the outside of every ream of paper delivered from the maker; they have never more than twenty sheets in each, all of which are either damaged or torn, more or less. These quires are also called _Cassie Quires_, and _Cording Quires_. It is now uncommon to send any outside quires to letter-press printers; the paper sent to them for use being what is termed _Perfect_.

OUTSIDERS. _See_ NEWSPAPERS.

OVERFLOWING CASE. _See_ CASE RUNS OVER.

OVERLAYS.

Pieces of paper pasted on the tympan sheet, or on a sheet between the tympans, to increase the pressure on particular parts of a form, to make the impression more regular, or more perfect. _See_ ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. FINE PRESSWORK. MAKING READY.

OVERPLUS. _See_ WASTE.

OVERRUN.

If in a proof any matter is marked to be taken out, or to be inserted, in a page, or pages, it will be necessary to take matter from one page to another, to preserve them of a proper length, this is termed overrunning: it may be a few words only in a paragraph, and not extending beyond it; in this case it is termed overrunning a paragraph.

The best method of overrunning matter is to take the lines into a composing stick; the spacing and the justifying of the lines are better preserved by this means, than by spacing out upon the stone in the form, and feeling the ends of the lines with the fingers.

OVERSEER.

The manager or superintendent of a printing office. The duties of an overseer vary according to the size of the establishment, and the part that his principal takes in its management; but, generally speaking, he has the sole conducting of the practical department, receiving his general directions from the principal, and seeing that they are carried into execution in a proper manner. It is requisite, as a matter of course, that he should be intimately and practically acquainted with the business in all its details. It is of importance to the concern where he has the management, that he should blend urbanity with firmness; and show judgment and impartiality in giving out work, so that the business should proceed with regularity, and with satisfaction to all parties.

P.

PAGE CORD.

Small twine with which the pages are tied round, to secure them temporarily till they are imposed. Small net twine is the best, as being stronger and more uniform in thickness than any other cord that I have seen used for the purpose.

PAGE PAPER.

Stout paper cut up to the proper size, on which to place pages, till they are wanted to be imposed.

The wrappers that come round bundles of paper are generally used, for which the compositor applies to the warehouseman, who when he has no wrappers, gives some of the stoutest waste paper that he has; when it is not strong enough single the compositor uses it double. Page papers are cut longer than a page of the work they are for, and should be about an inch and a half broader than the width of the page and turned up to the sides of it, so that when the compositor has occasion to move his pages, he takes hold of both sides with one hand including the sides of the page paper which supports the bottom of the page.

Except the page papers be very stout, it would be running a risk to place large quarto pages on them: in this case it will be better to keep them on slices.

PALE COLOUR.

If there be not Blacking enough in the ink, or the form be beaten with too lean balls, the work will be said to have a _Pale Colour_.--M. The term is now applied only when there is a deficiency of ink, so that the surface of the paper is not completely covered on the impression of the types.

PAMPHLET.

Any work that does not exceed five sheets in octavo is termed a pamphlet, and is paid something extra for at case, as a compensation to the compositor for making up the letter and furniture without having any return of either; the whole being generally put in chase. _See_ SCALE OF PRICES.

PAMPHLETS.

Act 60 Geo. 3. c. 9.--To subject certain Publications to the
Duties of Stamps upon Newspapers, and to make other Regulations
for restraining the Abuses arising from the Publication of
Blasphemous and Seditious Libels.

First recites, that Pamphlets and printed Papers containing
Observations upon Public Events and Occurrences, tending to
excite Hatred and Contempt of the Government and Constitution of
these Realms as by Law established, and also vilifying our Holy
Religion, have lately been published in great Numbers, and at
very small Prices; and it is expedient that the same should be
restrained, and enacts;

s. 1. That all Pamphlets and Papers containing any Public News,
Intelligence, or Occurrences, or any Remarks or Observations
thereon, or upon any Matter in Church or State, printed in any
Part of the United Kingdom for Sale, and published periodically,
or in Parts or Numbers, at Intervals not exceeding Twenty-six
Days between the Publication of any Two such Pamphlets or Papers,
Parts or Numbers, where any of the said Pamphlets or Papers,
Parts or Numbers respectively, shall not exceed Two Sheets,
or shall be published for Sale for a less Sum than Sixpence,
exclusive of the Duty by this Act imposed thereon, shall be
deemed and taken to be Newspapers within the true Intent and
Meaning of several other Acts of Parliament now in force relating
to Newspapers; and be subject to such and the same Duties of
Stamps, with such and the same Allowances and Discounts, as
Newspapers printed in Great Britain and Ireland respectively now
are subject unto under and by virtue of the said recited Acts
of Parliament, and shall be printed, published, and distributed
under and subject to all such and the like Rules, Regulations,
Restrictions, Provisions, Penalties, and Forfeitures, as are
contained in the said recited Acts, or either of them.

s. 2. That no Quantity of Paper less than a Quantity equal to
Twenty-one Inches in Length and Seventeen Inches in Breadth, in
whatever Way or Form the same may be made, or may be divided into
Leaves, or in whatever Way the same may be printed, shall be
deemed or taken to be a Sheet of Paper within the Meaning and for
the Purposes of this Act.

s. 3. That no Cover or Blank Leaf, or any other Leaf upon which
any Advertisement or other Notice shall be printed, shall, for
the Purposes of this Act, be deemed or taken to be a Part of any
such Pamphlet, Paper, Part, or Number aforesaid.

s. 4. That all Pamphlets and Papers containing any Public News,
Intelligence, or Occurrences, or any such Remarks or Observations
as aforesaid, printed for Sale, and published periodically, or in
Parts or Numbers, at Intervals exceeding Twenty-six Days between
any Two such Pamphlets or Papers, Parts or Numbers, and which
said Pamphlets, Papers, Parts or Numbers respectively, shall not
exceed Two Sheets, or which shall be published for Sale at a
less Price than Sixpence, shall be first published on the First
Day of every Calendar Month, or within Two Days before or after
that Day, and at no other Time; and that if any Person or Persons
shall first publish or cause to be published any such Pamphlet,
Paper, Part, or Number aforesaid, on any other Day or Time, he
or they shall forfeit for every such Offence the Sum of Twenty
Pounds.

s. 5. That upon every Pamphlet or Paper containing any
Public News, Intelligence, or Occurrences, or any Remarks or
Observations thereon, or upon any Matter in Church or State,
printed in any Part of the United Kingdom for Sale, and
published periodically, or in Parts or Numbers, at Intervals
not exceeding Twenty-six Days between the Publication of any
Two such Pamphlets or Papers, Parts, or Numbers, and upon every
Part or Number thereof shall be printed the full Price at which
every such Pamphlet, Paper, Part, or Number shall be published
for Sale, and also the Day on which the same is first published;
and if any Person shall publish any such Pamphlet, Paper, Part
or Number, without the said Price and Day being printed thereon,
or if any Person shall at any Time within Two Months after the
Day of Publication printed thereon as aforesaid sell or expose to
sale any such Pamphlet, Paper, Part, or Number, or any Portion
or Part of such Pamphlet, Paper, Part, or Number, upon which the
Price so printed as aforesaid shall be Sixpence, or above that
Sum, for a less Price than the Sum of Sixpence, every such Person
shall for every such Offence forfeit and pay the Sum of Twenty
Pounds.

s. 6. Provided always, That nothing in this Act shall extend
or be construed to extend to subject any Person publishing any
Pamphlet or Paper to any Penalty for any Allowance in Price made
by the Person for whom and on whose Behalf, and for whose Profit,
Benefit, or Advantage, the same shall have been first published,
to any Bookseller, or Distributor, or other Person to whom the
same shall be sold for the Purpose of retailing the same.

s. 7. That all Pamphlets and Papers which are by this Act
declared to be subject to the Stamp Duties upon Newspapers, shall
be freed and discharged from all the Stamp Duties and Regulations
contained in any Act of Parliament relating to Pamphlets.

s. 8. That no Person, from and after Thirty Days after the
passing of this Act, shall print or publish for Sale, any
Newspaper, or any Pamphlet or other Paper containing any
Public News, Intelligence, or Occurrences, or any Remarks or
Observations thereon, or upon any Matter in Church or State,
which shall not exceed Two Sheets, or which shall be published
for Sale at a less Price than Sixpence, until he or she shall
have entered into a Recognizance, in the Sum of Three hundred
Pounds, if such Newspaper, Pamphlet, or Paper shall be printed
in London or within Twenty Miles thereof, and in the Sum of
Two hundred Pounds, if such Newspaper, &c. shall be printed
elsewhere in the United Kingdom, and his or her Sureties in a
like Sum in the Whole, conditioned that such Printer or Publisher
shall pay to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, every such
Fine or Penalty as may at any Time be imposed upon or adjudged
against him or her, by reason of any Conviction for printing or
publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, at any Time after
the entering into such Recognizance or executing such Bond; and
that every Person who shall print or first publish any such
Newspaper, Pamphlet, or other Paper, without having entered into
such Recognizance, or executed and delivered such Bond with such
Sureties as aforesaid, shall, for every such Offence, forfeit the
Sum of Twenty Pounds.

s. 9. If Sureties pay any Part of the Money for which they are
bound, or become Bankrupt, new Recognizance or Bond with Sureties
must be given.

s. 10. Provided Sureties may withdraw from Recognizance upon
giving Notice, and new Recognizance to be entered into.

s. 11. Bonds not to be subject to Stamp Duty.

s. 12. Lists of Recognizances and Bonds taken, to be transmitted
to Commissioners of Stamps in England, Scotland, and Ireland,
respectively.

s. 13. And whereas the Printer or Publisher of any Newspaper, and
of any Pamphlet and Paper hereby enacted to be deemed and taken
to be a Newspaper, will, after the passing of this Act, be bound
under and by virtue of the Provisions contained in the said Acts
made and passed in the Thirty-eighth and Fifty-fifth Years of his
Majesty’s Reign respectively, to deliver to the Commissioners
of Stamps in Great Britain and Ireland respectively, or some
Distributor of Stamps or other Officer, on the Day on which the
same is published, or within a certain Time afterwards, One of
the Newspapers, Pamphlets, or Papers so published, signed as
in the said Acts is respectively directed: And whereas it is
expedient that the same or similar Provisions and Regulations
should extend and be applied to all Pamphlets and Papers, whether
published periodically or not, and which shall contain any Public
News, Intelligence, or Occurrence, or any Remarks or Observations
thereon, or upon any Matter in Church or State, and which shall
not exceed Two Sheets as aforesaid, or which shall be published
for Sale at a less Price than Sixpence; be it therefore enacted,
That from and after Ten Days after the passing of this Act, the
Printer or Publisher of any Pamphlet or other Paper for Sale,
containing any Public News, Intelligence, or Occurrences, or
any Remarks or Observations thereon, or on any Matter in Church
or State, shall, upon every Day upon which the same shall be
published, or within Six Days after, deliver to the Commissioners
of Stamps for Great Britain and Ireland respectively, at their
Head Offices, or to some Distributor or Officer to be appointed
by them to receive the same, and whom they are hereby required
to appoint for that Purpose, one of the Pamphlets or Papers so
published upon each such Day, signed by the Printer or Publisher
thereof, in his Hand-writing, with his Name and Place of Abode;
and the same shall be carefully kept by the said Commissioners,
or such Distributor or Officer as aforesaid, in such Manner
as the said Commissioners shall direct; and such Printer or
Publisher shall be entitled to demand and receive from the
Commissioners, or such Distributor or Officer, the Amount of the
Retail Price of such Pamphlet or Paper so delivered; and in every
Case in which the Printer and Publisher of such Pamphlet or Paper
shall neglect to deliver One such Pamphlet or Paper in the Manner
herein-before directed, such Printer and Publisher shall, for
every such Neglect respectively, forfeit and lose the Sum of One
hundred Pounds.

s. 14. Provided always, That in case the said Commissioners, or
such Distributor or Officer aforesaid, shall refuse to receive
or pay for any Copy of such Pamphlet or Paper offered to be
delivered to them or him as aforesaid, for or on account of the
same not being within the true Intent and Meaning of this Act,
such Commissioners, Distributor, or Officer shall, if required
so to do, give and deliver to such Printer or Publisher a
Certificate in Writing, that a Copy of such Pamphlet or Paper
had been by him duly offered to be delivered; and such Printer
or Publisher shall thereupon be freed and discharged from any
Penalty for not having delivered such Copy as aforesaid.

s. 15. That if any Person shall sell or expose to sale any
Pamphlet or other Paper not being duly stamped, if required to be
stamped, such Person shall, for every such Offence, forfeit the
Sum of Twenty Pounds.

s. 16. That it shall be lawful for any of his Majesty’s Courts of
Record at Westminster or Dublin or of Great Session in Wales, or
any Judge thereof respectively, or for any Court of Quarter or
General Sessions of the Peace, or for any Justice of the Peace
before whom any Person charged with having printed or published
any blasphemous, seditious, or malicious Libel, shall be brought
for the Purpose of giving Bail upon such Charge, to make it a
Part of the Condition of the Recognizance to be entered into by
such Person and his or her Bail, that the Person so charged shall
be of good Behaviour during the Continuance of such Recognizance.

s. 17. Recovery of Penalties. Provided always, that no larger
Amount in the Whole than One hundred Pounds shall be recoverable
or recovered before any Justices of the Peace, for any such
Penalties incurred in any One Day; any Thing in this Act
or any other Acts of Parliament contained to the contrary
notwithstanding.

s. 18. Two or more Justices to determine Offences, and may
mitigate Penalties.

s. 19. Penalty on Persons summoned as Witnesses not appearing, &c.

ss. 20. to 25. Relate to the Forms of Conviction, commencing
Actions for Penalties, Management of the Duties, Allowance of
Discounts, &c.

s. 26. That nothing in this Act shall extend to Acts of
Parliament, Proclamations, Orders of Council, Forms of Prayer and
Thanksgiving, and Acts of State, ordered to be printed by his
Majesty, his Heirs or Successors, or his or their sufficient and
authorised Officer; or to any printed Votes or other Matters by
Order of either House of Parliament; or to Books commonly used
in the Schools of Great Britain or Ireland, or Books or Papers
containing only Matters of Devotion, Piety, or Charity; or Daily
Accounts; or Bills of Goods imported and exported; or Warrants or
Certificates for the Delivery of Goods; and the Weekly Bills of
Mortality; or to Papers containing any Lists of Prices current,
or of the State of the Markets, or any Account of the Arrival,
Sailing, or other Circumstances relating to Merchant Ships or
Vessels; or of any other Matter wholly of a Commercial Nature;
provided such Bills, Lists, or Accounts do not contain any other
Matter than what hath been usually comprised therein; or to the
Printers or Publishers of the foregoing Matters, or any or either
of them.

s. 27. That nothing in this Act contained shall extend or
be construed to extend to charge with Stamp Duties any Work
re-printed and re-published in Parts or Numbers, whether such
Work shall be wholly re-printed or shall be re-published in
an abridged Form; provided that the Work so re-printed and
re-published shall have been first printed and published
Two Years at the least previous to such Re-printing and
Re-publication, and provided the said Work was not first
published in Parts or Numbers.

This act was repealed by 6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 76. as far as relates to newspapers, advertisements, and stamps. _See_ BLASPHEMOUS LIBELS. NEWSPAPER POSTAGE. PUBLICATIONS, PERIODICAL.

_Pamphlets._ (Ireland.) 43 Geo. 3. c. 21. s. 45. “And, for the
better collecting and securing the Duties hereby charged on
Pamphlets, be it further enacted, That One printed Copy of every
Pamphlet which shall be printed or published within the City of
_Dublin_, shall, within the Space of six Days after the printing
thereof, be brought to the said Head Office in _Dublin_, and the
Title thereof, with the Number of Sheets contained therein, and
the Duty hereby charged thereon, shall be registered or entered
in a Book, to be there kept for that Purpose; which Duty shall
be thereupon paid to the proper Officer or Officers appointed
to receive the same, or his or their Deputy or Clerk, who shall
thereupon give a Receipt for the same on such printed Copy, to
denote the Payment of the Duty hereby charged on such Pamphlet;
and that One printed Copy of every such Pamphlet that shall be
printed or published in any Place in _Ireland_, not being within
the City of _Dublin_, shall, within the Space of fourteen Days
after the printing thereof, be brought to some Head Distributor
or Collector of the Stamp Duties, who is hereby required
forthwith to enter the Title thereof, with the Number of Sheets
contained therein, and the Duty hereby charged thereon, in a Book
to be by him kept for that Purpose, which Duty shall be thereupon
paid to such Distributor or Collector, who shall give a Receipt
for the same on such printed Copy.

s. 46. “And be it further enacted, That if any such Pamphlet
shall be printed or published as aforesaid, and the Duty hereby
charged thereon shall not be duly paid as aforesaid within the
respective Times aforesaid, then the Printer or Publisher, and
all and every other Person or Persons concerned in and about the
printing or publishing of such Pamphlet, shall, for every such
Offence, forfeit the Sum of One hundred Pounds; and the Author,
Printer, and Publisher of such Pamphlet, shall forfeit and lose
all Copy Right therein.

s. 47. “And be it further enacted, That on the Trials of Actions,
Informations, or Suits, for Recovery of the aforesaid Penalty for
Nonpayment of the aforesaid Duty, within the respective Times
aforesaid, the Proof of the Payment of the said Duty shall lie
upon the Printer or Publisher of such Pamphlet.”

SCHEDULE (D).

“For every Pamphlet or Paper, not exceeding Six Sheets in
Octavo, or in a lesser Page, and not exceeding Twelve Sheets in
Quarto, or Twenty Sheets in Folio, a Duty after the Rate of Two
Shillings for every Sheet of any Kind of Paper contained in one
printed Copy or Impression thereof.”

55 Geo. 3. c. 80., which re-enacts these sections, was repealed
by 6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 76. as far as relates to Newspapers,
Advertisements, and Stamps.

47 Geo. 3. c 50. sess. 1.

SCHEDULE (B).

“For every Pamphlet or Paper not exceeding Six Sheets in
Octavo, or in a lesser Page, and not exceeding Twelve Sheets in
Quarto, or Twenty Sheets in Folio, for every Sheet of any Kind
of Paper contained in One printed Copy or Impression thereof, a
Duty of 2_s._

“The foregoing Duty on Advertisements and Pamphlets does
not extend to Advertisements respecting Hospitals, Forms of
Prayer and Thanksgiving, printed Votes and Proceedings in
Parliament, School Books, or Books of Devotion or Piety.”

56 Geo. 3. c. 56., which re-enacts this Duty, was repealed
by 6 & 7 Will. 4. c. 76. as far as relates to Newspapers,
Advertisements, and Stamps.

PAPER. The quality of paper is of great consequence in printing; but it is too frequently overlooked by all parties.

Every pressman of common attention perceives a material difference in the process of bringing off a sharp impression, according to the quality of the paper that he uses. When he meets with a hard-sized harsh paper, bleached with acid, it requires more than common care to make his work look well--to make it good, it frequently defies his utmost abilities--to preserve its first appearance is impossible, as the acid in the paper decomposes the ink.

It is to be regretted, that there is hardly any paper made at the present time but what is more or less bleached with acid, to the deterioration of its quality. The study of the paper maker is to produce stout and viewly paper at a low price; and this he does by using inferior rags bleached by acid; by adding a great proportion of gypsum, in some instances one seventh of its weight, in others one eighth; and frequently of whiting made from lime: he will thus produce a paper weighing sixteen or seventeen pounds a ream, that will feel as stout and look as viewly as an honest-made paper from good rags that will weigh about twenty-two pounds. To the publishers of cheap books, and of ephemeral productions, the price of paper is an important object; but no work of value ought to be printed on such an article, as it cannot be durable, nor will it bear much use, becoming tender with age, and breaking by turning over the leaves.

The origin of this viewly, inferior, perishable paper, was in consequence of the alteration of the duty on paper paid by the maker, from size to weight.

These evils are, however, in a fair way of being rectified. The paper makers of the present day are exerting their abilities to manufacture an article which, with all the beauty and fineness that are held so requisite, should be free from the evils which have of late years accompanied these qualities. Great improvements have already resulted from their endeavours; and one of the foremost in this praiseworthy competition is the house of Messrs. John Dickinson and Co., who have succeeded in manufacturing a paper of great fineness and beauty, and free from the imperfections of which we have had to complain.

The Rev. William Beloe, in his Anecdotes of Literature, &c. speaking of the paper on which books in the infancy of printing were executed, observes,--

“This presents a very fertile subject of discussion. Here, as in ink, two very distinct kinds occur, writing-paper and printing-paper, or rather did then; for the invention of paper made from rags did not precede that of printing more than half a century; and perhaps the first experiments were made on the paper in common use. But here it is worthy of remark, that in this particular fabrick of paper, the Italians far excelled the Germans; for it will appear that the paper used by Sweynheym and Pannartz in the Lactantius, printed at Subiaco, is greatly superior to that of the first printers at Mentz. But it is also a matter of surprise, in how very short a period, and to what a degree of excellence, the manufacture of paper was improved; never, perhaps, for the purposes of printing, to be excelled. Many of the EDITIONES PRINCIPES exhibit specimens of beauty and splendour never surpassed in all the productions of modern times. The earliest specimens of printing, however, were upon vellum; for which there were two reasons. The first was, that it was the object of the first printers to make their books as much as possible to resemble manuscripts; and the anecdote of Fust, and his disposing of his Bibles at Paris, which were considered as manuscripts, has before been related. The next motive of preferring vellum was, that the books were more durable; but from this circumstance, it sometimes happens that early books on paper are more difficult of attainment than on vellum. Yet the Mazarine Bible, which is now usually allowed to be the edition brought to Paris by Fust, is usually on paper. The Durandus, however, is never found but on vellum. It is observable, that the first printed books are distinguished by very ample margins. This, though considered by collectors in modern times as a distinguishing feature of beauty and excellence, was, in the infancy of the art, merely intended for the convenience of writing notes and making observations. Another very copious subject of animadversion is involved in the marks of the paper used in the infancy of printing. As the first printers often omitted to put their names to their works, many have supposed that a careful examination of the paper and paper-marks would ascertain to what printer such books might be ascribed. But this is very delusive.”

The following are the regular sizes of paper, of all descriptions, as they were fixed when the duty was paid to government according to the size. After the alteration in the mode of laying the duty, and it was imposed upon the weight and not upon the size, the makers began to vary the dimensions, so that in fact there is no regularity in them: yet the list will be useful in ascertaining those variations--in knowing what the size of each sort ought to be--and the comparative dimensions when folded into quarto, octavo, duodecimo, &c. for printing; and I have given all the list, although only a small part of it contains what are termed printing papers; yet the whole may be useful as a matter of reference.

+-------------------------+---------------+
| FIRST TABLE. | Inches |
| +-------+-------+
| Imperial Writing | 22 | 30¼ |
| Super Royal Do. | 19¼ | 27½ |
| Royal Do. | 19¼ | 24 |
| Medium Do. | 17½ | 22½ |
| Demy Do. | 15½ | 20 |
| Thick and Thin Post | 15¼ | 19½ |
| Small Post | 13½ | 16½ |
| Foolscap | 13½ | 16¾ |
| Pott | 12½ | 15½ |
| Extra Large Post | 16½ | 21 |
| | | |
| SECOND TABLE. | | |
| | | |
| Double Atlas | 55 | 31½ |
| Demy | 15½ | 20 |
| Copy or Bastard | 16 | 20¼ |
| Foolscap | 13½ | 16¾ |
| Littriss Foolscap | 13½ | 17½ |
| Pott | 12½ | 15 |
| Grand Eagle, or} | | |
| Double Elephant} | 26¾ | 40 |
| Columbier | 23½ | 34½ |
| Atlas | 26¼ | 34 |
| Atlas, Small | 25 | 31 |
| Imperial | 22 | 30¼ |
| Super Royal | 19¼ | 27½ |
| Long Royal | 27½ | 18 |
| Royal | 19¼ | 24 |
| Demy | 17 | 22 |
| Short Demy | 14 | 20¼ |
| Crown | 15 | 20 |
| Large Fan | 23½ | 20½ |
| Small Fan | 22¼ | 13¼ |
| Elephant | 23 | 28 |
| | | |
| THIRD TABLE. | | |
| | | |
| Double Demy | 26 | 38½ |
| Royal Do. | {19½ | 24¼ |
| | {20 | 26 |
| Inferior Royal | 19½ | 24¼ |
| Medium | 18 | 23 |
| Demy, Single | 17½ | 22 |
| Do. Do. | 19¼ | 21¼ |
| Double Crown | 20 | 30 |
| Single Crown | 15 | 20 |
| Demy Tissue | 17½ | 22 |
| Crown Tissue | 15 | 20 |
| Double Pott | 17 | 25½ |
| | | |
| FOURTH TABLE. | | |
| Cartridge | 21 | 26 |
| Cartridge, Square | 24½ | 25½ |
| Cartridge | 19¼ | 24 |
| Elephant, Common | 23 | 28 |
| Sugar Blue | 21½ | 33 |
| Sugar Blue, Small Size | 18¾ | 27 |
| Do. Demy Size | 17½ | 22 |
| Do. Crown Size | 15 | 20 |
| Purple, Royal | 19½ | 24¼ |
| Blue Elephant | 23 | 28 |
| Blue Royal | 19½ | 24¼ |
| Blue Demy | 17 | 22 |
| Blue Crown | 15 | 20 |
| | | |
| FIFTH TABLE. | | |
| Royal Hand, Thick | 24 | 19¼ |
| Royal Hand | 24 | 19¼ |
| Lumber Hand | 23 | 18 |
| Double Two Pound | 24 | 16 |
| Single Two Pound | 16 | 11 |
| Middle Hand, Double | 33 | 21 |
| Middle Hand | 22 | 16 |
| Small Hand, Double | 32 | 20 |
| Small Hand | 19¾ | 16 |
| Couples, Pound | 12 | 10 |
| Couples, Half Pound | 9 | 7½ |
| Imperial Cap | 29 | 22 |
| Havon Cap | 24 | 20 |
| Bag Cap | 23½ | 19 |
| Kentish Cap | 21 | 18 |
| Four Pounds | 20 | 16 |
| Small Cap | 20 | 15 |
| Double Four Pounds | 33 | 20 |
| Single Two Pounds | 16 | 12 |
| Couples, Pound | 12 | 10 |
| Couples, Half Pound | 9 | 7½ |
+-------------------------+-------+-------+

The subjoined table shows the dimensions of the leaves of each sort of paper when folded into the various sizes. It will be serviceable to the printer, by enabling him to ascertain easily what kind of paper will cut up to the most advantage for jobs, labels, &c.; and it will be equally serviceable to the bookseller, by enabling him to ascertain what sized paper will be the most economical to print a work on, when the size of the page is fixed, as he will perceive, on referring to it, that a foolscap octavo is 6¾ inches high, and 4⅛ inches broad; and that a royal eighteens is 6⅝ inches high, and 4¼ inches broad; that a post octavo is 7⅝ inches high, and 4⅞ inches broad; and a medium duodecimo is 7⅝ inches high, and 4½ inches broad;--so as to give him the option of saving both in presswork and the price of paper, without the trouble of having to fold various specimens of paper. It will also serve to ascertain the paper on which any book or job is printed.

I have not carried the calculation to a smaller fraction than the eighth of an inch, as that is near enough for all practical purposes, considering the variations in the size of paper; and when the division came to less, I adopted the next number; so that in some cases the parts of a sheet will be a little larger than the dimensions.

_D._ signifies drawing paper; _P._ printing paper; and _W._ writing paper.

+---------------------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Size of | Folio. |
| | Sheet. | |
| +---------------+-------+-------+
| | Inches. | Long. | Br. |
+---------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Double Atlas. _D._ | 55 | 31½ | 31½ | 22½ |
| Grand Eagle, or } | | | | |
| Double Elephant. _D._ } | 40 | 26¾ | 26¾ | 20 |
| Double Demy. _P._ | 38½ | 26 | 26 | 19¼ |
| Columbier. _D._ | 34½ | 23½ | 23½ | 17¼ |
| Atlas. _D._ | 34 | 26½ | 26½ | 17 |
| Atlas, Small. _D._ | 31 | 25 | 25 | 15½ |
| Imperial. _D._ | 30½ | 22 | 22 | 15¼ |
| Imperial. _W._ | 30¼ | 22 | 22 | 15⅛ |
| Double Crown. _P._ | 30 | 20 | 20 | 15 |
| Elephant. _D._ | 28 | 23 | 23 | 14 |
| Super Royal. _D._ | 27½ | 19¼ | 19¼ | 13¾ |
| Super Royal. _W._ | 27½ | 19¼ | 19¼ | 13¾ |
| Royal, Long. _D._ | 27½ | 18 | 18 | 13¾ |
| Royal. _P._ | 26 | 20 | 20 | 13 |
| Double Pott. _P._ | 25½ | 17 | 17 | 12¾ |
| Royal. _P._ | 24¼ | 19½ | 19½ | 12⅛ |
| Royal, Inferior. _P._ | 24¼ | 19½ | 19½ | 12⅛ |
| Royal. _D._ | 24 | 19¼ | 19¼ | 12 |
| Royal. _W._ | 24 | 19¼ | 19¼ | 12 |
| Medium. _P._ | 23 | 18 | 18 | 11½ |
| Medium. _W._ | 22½ | 17½ | 17½ | 11¼ |
| Demy. _P._ | 22 | 17½ | 17½ | 11 |
| Demy. _D._ | 22 | 17 | 17 | 11 |
| Demy. _P._ | 21¼ | 19¼ | 19¼ | 10⅝ |
| Extra Large Post. _W._ | 21 | 16½ | 16½ | 10½ |
| Copy, or Bastard. _W._ | 20¼ | 16 | 16 | 10⅛ |
| Demy, Short. _D._ | 20¼ | 14 | 14 | 10⅛ |
| Demy. _W._ | 20 | 15½ | 15½ | 10 |
| Crown. _D._ | 20 | 15 | 15 | 10 |
| Single Crown. _P._ | 20 | 15 | 15 | 10 |
| Thick and Thin Post. _W._ | 19½ | 15¼ | 15¼ | 9¾ |
| Littriss Foolscap. | 17½ | 13½ | 13½ | 8¾ |
| Foolscap. _W._ | 16¾ | 13½ | 13½ | 8⅜ |
| Foolscap. _D._ | 16¾ | 13¼ | 13¼ | 8⅜ |
| Small Post. _W._ | 16½ | 13½ | 13½ | 8¼ |
| Pott. _W._ | 15½ | 12½ | 12½ | 7¾ |
+---------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

+---------------------------+---------------+-------+-------+
| | Long Folio. | Quarto. |
| +---------------+---------------+
| | Long. | Br. | Long. | Br. |
+---------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Double Atlas. _D._ | 55 | 15¾ | 22½ | 15¾ |
| Grand Eagle, or } | | | | |
| Double Elephant. _D._ } | 40 | 13⅜ | 20 | 13⅜ |
| Double Demy. _P._ | 38½ | 13 | 19¼ | 13 |
| Columbier. _D._ | 34½ | 11¾ | 17¼ | 11¾ |
| Atlas. _D._ | 34 | 13¼ | 17 | 13¼ |
| Atlas, Small. _D._ | 31 | 12½ | 15½ | 12½ |
| Imperial. _D._ | 30½ | 11 | 15¼ | 11 |
| Imperial. _W._ | 30¼ | 11 | 15⅛ | 11 |
| Double Crown. _P._ | 30 | 10 | 15 | 10 |
| Elephant. _D._ | 28 | 11½ | 14 | 11½ |
| Super Royal. _D._ | 27½ | 9⅝ | 13¾ | 9⅝ |
| Super Royal. _W._ | 27½ | 9⅝ | 13¾ | 9⅝ |
| Royal, Long. _D._ | 27½ | 9 | 13¾ | 9 |
| Royal. _P._ | 26 | 10 | 13 | 10 |
| Double Pott. _P._ | 25½ | 8½ | 12¾ | 8½ |
| Royal. _P._ | 24¼ | 9¾ | 12⅛ | 9¾ |
| Royal, Inferior. _P._ | 24¼ | 9¾ | 12⅛ | 9¾ |
| Royal. _D._ | 24 | 9⅝ | 12 | 9⅝ |
| Royal. _W._ | 24 | 9⅝ | 12 | 9⅝ |
| Medium. _P._ | 23 | 9 | 11½ | 9 |
| Medium. _W._ | 22½ | 8¾ | 11¼ | 8¾ |
| Demy. _P._ | 22 | 8¾ | 11 | 8¾ |
| Demy. _D._ | 22 | 8½ | 11 | 8½ |
| Demy. _P._ | 21¼ | 9⅝ | 10⅝ | 9⅝ |
| Extra Large Post. _W._ | 21 | 8¼ | 10½ | 8¼ |
| Copy, or Bastard. _W._ | 20¼ | 8 | 10⅛ | 8 |
| Demy, Short. _D._ | 20¼ | 7 | 10⅛ | 7 |
| Demy. _W._ | 20 | 7¾ | 10 | 7¾ |
| Crown. _D._ | 20 | 7½ | 10 | 7½ |
| Single Crown. _P._ | 20 | 7½ | 10 | 7½ |
| Thick and Thin Post. _W._ | 19½ | 7⅝ | 9¾ | 7⅝ |
| Littriss Foolscap. | 17½ | 6¾ | 8¾ | 6¾ |
| Foolscap. _W._ | 16¾ | 6¾ | 8⅜ | 6¾ |
| Foolscap. _D._ | 16¾ | 6⅝ | 8⅜ | 6⅝ |
| Small Post. _W._ | 16½ | 6¾ | 8¼ | 6¾ |
| Pott. _W._ | 15½ | 6¼ | 7¾ | 6¼ |
+---------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+