Chapter XXXVII: Part 37

The short vowels are expressed by small marks, two of which are placed above the letter, and one below it, as بَ _ba_ or _be_, بِ _be_ or _bi_, بُ _bo_ or _bu_.

The mark ﹾ placed above a consonant shows that the syllable ends with it. The short vowels are very seldom written in the Persian books; and the other orthographical marks are likewise usually suppressed, except _Mudda_ ۤ , _Humza_ٴ , and _Tushdeed_ ﹼ; the two first of which are most common.

The most usual combination of letters are formed with خ ج چ ح, which have the singular property of causing all the preceding letters to rise above the line, as بخارا _bokhára_, نحچير _nakhcheer_, تصحيح _tas-héeh_. The letters that precede م _m_ are also sometimes raised. Lam-alif لا is compounded of ل _l_ and ا _a_.

The Arabic characters, like those of the Europeans, are written in a variety of different hands; but the most common of them are the Nuskhee, the Tâleek , or _hanging_, and the Shekesteh, or _broken_. Our books have hitherto been printed in the Nuskhee hand, and all Arabic manuscripts, as well as most Persian and Turkish histories, are written in it; but the Persians write their poetical works in the Tâleek, which answers to the most elegant of our Italic hands. As to the Shekesteh, it is very irregular and inelegant, and is chiefly used by the idle Indians, who will not take time to form their letters perfectly, or even to insert the diacritical points; but this hand, however difficult and barbarous, must be learned by all men of business in India, as the letters from the princes of the country are seldom written in any other manner.

_Numbers._--The following are the most common of the Persian numbers:--

+--------+-------------+------------------+
| ۱ | yek | one. |
| ۲ | du | two. |
| ۳ | seh | three. |
| ۴ | chehar | four. |
| ۵ | penge | five. |
| ۶ | shesh | six. |
| ۷ | heft | seven. |
| ۸ | hesht | eight. |
| ۹ | nuh | nine. |
| ۱۰ | deh | ten. |
| ۱۱ | yázdeh | eleven. |
| ۱۲ | duázdeh | twelve. |
| ۱۳ | sizdeh | thirteen. |
| ۱۴ | chehardeh | fourteen. |
| ۱۵ | panzedeh | fifteen. |
| ۱۶ | shanzedeh | sixteen. |
| ۱۷ | hefdeh | seventeen. |
| ۱۸ | heshdeh | eighteen. |
| ۱۹ | nuzdeh | nineteen. |
| ۲۰ | beest | twenty. |
| ۲۱ | beest u yek | twenty-one. |
| ۳۰ | see | thirty. |
| ۴۰ | chehel | forty. |
| ۵۰ | penjàh | fifty. |
| ۶۰ | shesht | sixty. |
| ۷۰ | heftâd | seventy. |
| ۸۰ | heshtâd | eighty. |
| ۹۰ | naved | ninety. |
| ۱۰۰ | sad | a hundred. |
| ۲۰۰ | dûsad | two hundred. |
| ۳۰۰ | seesad | three hundred. |
| ۴۰۰ | cheharsad | four hundred. |
| ۵۰۰ | pansad | five hundred. |
| ۶۰۰ | sheshsad | six hundred. |
| ۷۰۰ | heftsad | seven hundred. |
| ۸۰۰ | heshtsad | eight hundred. |
| ۹۰۰ | nuhsad | nine hundred. |
| ۱۰۰۰ | hezar | a thousand. |
| ۱۰۰۰۰ | deh hezar | ten thousand. |
| | | { a hundred |
| ۱۰۰۰۰۰ | sad hezar | { thousand, or |
| | | { lac. |
+--------+-------------+------------------+

_Niskhi._--This is the form of writing used by the Arabians, who invented the characters: as every Persian student should acquire a knowledge of the Arabic, it ought therefore to be learned. This hand is frequently employed by the Persians, and the history of Nader Shah was written in it. The Niskhi is the parent of the Tâleek, and of all the other hands in which the Arabic and Persian languages are now written.

_Tâleek._--The Tâleek is the most beautiful hand writing used by the Persians. In the manuscripts written in the Tâleek hand, the strokes of the reed are extremely fine, and the initial letters ﺑ ﺗ ز are scarcely perceptible. As the Persians always write their lines of an equal length, they are obliged to place their words in a very irregular manner; if the line be too short, they lengthen it by a fine stroke of the reed; if too long, they write the words one above another. In the Persian poems the transcribers place both members of a couplet on the same line, and not the first above the second, as we do: a Persian would write the following verses in this order:

_With ravish’d ears_, _The monarch hears_,
_Assumes the god_, _Affects to nod_.

It must be confessed, that this irregularity in writing, joined to the confusion of the diacritical points, which are often placed at random, and sometimes omitted, makes it very difficult to read the Persian MSS., till the language becomes familiar to us; but this difficulty, like all others in the world, will be insensibly surmounted by the habit of industry and perseverance, without which no great design was ever accomplished.

_Nustaleek._--The character called Nustaleek is compounded of the Niskhi and Tâleek. It differs, however, considerably from the graceful turns and beautiful flourishes of several of the manuscripts. The Nustaleek character may be as easily read by Europeans as the Niskhi.

_Shekesteh._--In this inelegant hand all order and analogy are neglected; the points which distinguish ف from ق, خ from ج, and ب from ت, ث and پ, &c., are for the most part omitted, and these seven letters ادذرزژو are connected with those that follow them in a most irregular manner. This is, certainly, a considerable difficulty, which must be surmounted before the learner can translate an Indian letter.

The preceding remarks on the Persian characters are extracted from Sir William Jones’s Grammar of the Persian Language, 4to. 5th edition. London, 1801.

_Persian in the British Founderies._

_Paragon._ V. and J. Figgins; cut under the direction of Sir
William Ousley.

_English._ Caslon and Livermore.

PHRASES.

Latin and French Words and Phrases, with their explanation in English.

_Ab initio_.--From the beginning.

_Ab urbe condita_.--From the building of the city; abridged A. U.
C.

_Ad arbitrium_.--At pleasure.

_Ad captandum_.--To attract.

_Ad captandum vulgus_.--To ensnare the vulgar.

_Ad eundem_.--To the same.

_Ad infinitum_.--To infinity.

_Ad interim_.--In the meantime.

_Ad libitum_.--At pleasure.

_Ad litem_.--For the action (at law).

_Ad referendum_.--For consideration.

_Ad valorem_.--According to value.

_Affaire de cœur_.--A love affair; an amour.

_A fin_.--To the end.

_À fortiori_.--With stronger reason.

_Aide-de-camp_.--Assistant to a general.

_A la bonne heure_.--At an early hour; in the nick of time.

_A-la-mode_.--In the fashion.

_Alias_.--Otherwise.

_Alibi_.--Elsewhere; or, proof of having been elsewhere.

_Alma mater_ (kind mother).--University.

_A mensa et thoro_.--From bed and board.

_Amor patriæ_.--The love of our country.

_Anglicè_.--In English.

_Anno Domini_.--In the year of our Lord; abr. A. D.

_Anno mundi_.--In the year of the world; abr. A. M.

_À posteriori_.--From a later reason, or from behind.

_À priori_.--From a prior reason.

_À propos_.--To the purpose; seasonably; or by-the-by.

_Arcana_.--Secrets.

_Arcana imperii_.--State secrets.

_Arcanum_.--Secret.

_Argumentum ad fidem_.--An appeal to our faith.

_Argumentum ad hominem_.--Personal argument.

_Argumentum ad judicium_.--An appeal to the common sense of
mankind.

_Argumentum ad passiones_.--An appeal to the passions.

_Argumentum ad populum_.--An appeal to the people.

_Argumentum baculinum_.--Argument of blows.

_Audi alteram partem_.--Hear both sides.

_Au fond_.--To the bottom; or, main point.

_Auri sacra fames_.--The accursed thirst of gold.

_Aut Cæsar aut nullus_.--He will be Cæsar or nobody.

_Auto-da-fé_ (Act of faith).--Burning of hereticks.

_Bagatelle_.--Trifle.

_Beau monde_ (Gay world).--People of fashion.

_Beaux esprits_.--Men of wit.

_Belles lettres_.--Polite literature.

_Billet doux_.--Love letter.

_Bon gré_.--With a good grace.

_Bon jour_.--Good day.

_Bon mot_ (A good word).--A witty saying.

_Bon ton_.--Fashion; high fashion.

_Bonâ fide_.--In good faith.

_Boudoir_.--A small private apartment.

_Cacoethes carpendi_.--A rage for collecting.

_Cacoethes loquendi_.--A rage for speaking.

_Cacoethes scribendi_.--Passion for writing.

_Cæteris paribus_.--Other circumstances being equal.

_Caput mortuum_ (The dead head).--The worthless remains.

_Carte blanche_ (A blank paper).--Unconditional terms; q. d.
“There is a sheet of paper: write your own terms.”

_Cessio bonorum_.--Yielding up of goods.

_Château_.--Country seat.

_Chef-d’œuvre_.--Master piece.

_Ci-devant_.--Formerly.

_Comme il faut_.--As it should be.

_Commune bonum_.--A common good.

_Communibus annis_.--One year with another.

_Compos mentis_.--Of a sound and composed mind.

_Con amore_.--Gladly; with love.

_Congé d’élire_.--Permission to choose, or elect.

_Contra_.--Against.

_Contra bonos mores_.--Against good manners or morals.

_Coup de grace_.--Finishing stroke (Literally the blow of favour;
because the bones having been broken separately on the rack, the
last blow, which killed the man, was an act of grace to him).

_Coup de main_.--Sudden enterprize.

_Coup d’œil_.--View or glance.

_Credat Judæus_.--A Jew may believe it (but I will not).

_Cui bono_?--To what good will it tend?

_Cui malo_?--To what evil will it tend?

_Cum multis aliis_.--With many others.

_Cum privilegio_.--With privilege.

_Curia advisari vult_.--Court wishes to be advised; abr. _cur.
adv. vult_.

_Currente calamo_.--With a running quill.

_Custos rotulorum_.--Keeper of the rolls.

_Datum_.--Point granted.

_Debut_.--Beginning.

_De die in diem_.--From day to day.

_Dedimus potestatem_.--We have given power.

_De facto_.--In fact.

_Dei gratia_.--By the grace, or favour, of God.

_De jure_.--By right.

_De mortuis nil nisi bonum_.--Of the dead let nothing be said but
what is favourable.

_De novo_.--Anew.

_Dénouement_ (Unravelling).--Finishing, or winding up.

_Deo volente_.--God willing.

_Dépôt_.--Store, or magazine.

_Dernier ressort_.--Last resort or resource.

_Desideratum_.--A thing desired.

_Desunt cætera_.--The other things are wanting.

_Dieu et mon droit_.--God and my right.

_Domine dirige nos_.--O Lord direct us.

_Double entendre_.--Double meaning.

_Douceur_.--Present, or bribe.

_Dramatis personæ_.--Characters of the drama.

_Durante bene placito_.--During pleasure.

_Durante vita_.--During life.

_Ecce homo_.--Behold the man.

_Eclaircissement_.--Explanation; clearing up.

_Eclat_.--Splendour.

_Elève_.--Pupil.

_Embonpoint_.--Jolly; in good case.

_En flute_.--Carrying guns on the upper deck only.

_En masse_.--In a mass; in a body.

_En passant_.--By the way; in passing.

_Ennui_.--Tiresomeness.

_Entrée_.--Entrance.

_Ergo_.--Therefore.

_Errata_.--Errors.

_Esto perpetua_.--May it last for ever.

_Et cætera_.--And the rest.

_Ex_.--Late; as the ex-minister means the late minister.

_Ex cathedra_ (From the chair). Instructions given from a chair
of authority.

_Ex nihilo nihil fit_.--“Nothing can come of nothing.”--_King
Lear._

_Ex officio_.--Officially, or by virtue of an office.

_Ex parte_.--On the part of, or one side.

_Excerpta_.--Extracts.

_Exempli gratia_.--As for example; abr. ex. gr., e. g.

_Experto crede_.--Believe one who has experience to justify his
opinion.

_Extempore_.--Out of hand; without premeditation.

_Fac simile_.--Exact copy or resemblance.

_Fata obstant_.--The fates oppose it.

_Faux pas_.--Fault, or misconduct.

_Felo de se_ (The felon of himself).--Self murderer.

_Festina lente_.--Hasten slowly. “Wisely and slow: they stumble
that run fast.”--_Friar in Romeo and Juliet._

_Fête_.--A feast or entertainment.

_Fiat_.--Let it be done, or made.

_Finis_.--End.

_Finis coronat opus_.--The end crowns the work.

_Flagrante bello_.--Whilst the war is raging.

_Furor loquendi_.--An eagerness for speaking.

_Furor scribendi_.--An eagerness for writing.

_Genus irritabile_.--The irritable tribe of poets.

_Gratis_.--For nothing.

_Hauteur_.--Haughtiness.

_Hic et ubique_.--Here and there and every where.

_Honi soit qui mal y pense_.--May evil happen to him who evil
thinks of it.

_Hora fugit_.--The hour, or time, flies.

_Humanum est errare_.--It is the lot of humanity to err.

_Ibidem_.--In the same place; abr. ibid., ib.

_Ich dien_.--I serve.

_Id est_.--That is; abr. i. e.

_Idem_.--The same.

_Imperium in imperio_.--A government existing in another
government.

_Imprimatur_.--Let it be printed.

_Imprimis_.--In the first place.

_Impromptu_.--In readiness.

_In cœlo quies_.--There is rest in heaven.

_In commendam_.--For a time; in trust.

_In duplo_.--Twice as much.

_In forma pauperis_.--As a pauper, or poor person.

_In loco_.--In the place.

_In petto_ (in the bosom).--Hid, or in reserve.

_In propria persona_.--In his own person.

_In statu quo_.--In the same state or condition in which it was.

_In terrorem_ (In terror).--As a warning.

_In terrorem populi_.--In terror to the people.

_In toto_.--Altogether.

_In transitu_.--On the passage.

_In vino veritas_.--There is truth in wine.

_Incognito_.--Disguised, or unknown.

_Inter nos_.--Between ourselves.

_Innuendo_.--By signifying.

_Ipse dixit_ (Himself said it).--Mere assertion.

_Ipso facto_.--By the mere fact.

_Ipso jure_.--By the law itself.

_Item_.--Also, or article.

_Je ne sais quoi_.--I know not what.

_Jeu de mots_.--Play upon words.

_Jeu d’esprit_.--Play of wit; a witticism.

_Jure divino_.--By divine right.

_Jure humano_.--By human law.

_Jus gentium_.--The law of nations.

_Labor omnia vincit_.--Labour overcomes every thing.

_L’argent_.--Money, or silver.

_Lex magna est, et prævalebit_.--The law is great, and will
prevail.

_Lex talionis_.--The law of retaliation.

_Licentia vatum_.--A poetical license.

_Linguæ lapsus_.--A slip of the tongue.

_Locum tenens_.--One who supplies the place of another; a
substitute; a deputy.

_Magna charta_.--The great charter of England.

_Magna est veritas et prævalebit_.--The truth is most powerful;
and will ultimately prevail.

_Mal à propos_.--Unseasonable, or unseasonably.

_Malâ fide_.--In bad faith.

_Malgré_.--With an ill grace.

_Manu forti_.--With a strong hand.

_Mauvaise honte_.--Unbecoming bashfulness.

_Meditatione fugæ_.--In contemplation of flight.

_Memento mori_.--Remember that thou must die.

_Memorabilia_.--Things to be remembered; matters deserving of
record.

_Meum et tuum_.--Mine and thine.

_Minutiæ_.--Trifles.

_Mirabile dictu_.--Wonderful to tell.

_Multum in parvo_.--Much in a small space.

_Mutatis mutandis_.--After making the necessary changes.

_Ne plus ultra_.--No farther, or greatest extent.

_Ne quid nimis_.--Too much of one thing is good for nothing.

_Necessitas non habet legem_.--Necessity has no law.

_Nemine contradicente_.--Unanimously, no one disagreeing; abr.
nem. con.

_Nemine dissentiente_.--Unanimously, or without a dissenting
voice; abr. nem. dis.

_Nemo me impune lacesset_.--Nobody shall provoke me with impunity.

_Nisi Dominus frustra_.--Unless the Lord be with us, all efforts
are in vain.

_Nolens volens_.--Willing or unwilling.

_Nom de guerre_.--Assumed name.

_Non compos_, or _Non compos mentis_.-- Out of one’s senses.

_Non est inventus_.--Not found.

_Nonchalance_.--Indifference.

_Nota bene_.--Mark well.

_Nunc pro tunc_.--Now for then.

_O tempora, O mores_.--O the times, O the manners.

_Omnes_.--All.

_Onus_.--Burden.

_Onus probandi_.--Burden of proof.

_Ore tenus_.--From the mouth; by word of mouth.

_Outré_.--Preposterous.

_Pari passu_.--With an equal pace.

_Passim_.--Everywhere.

_Pax in bello_.--Peace in war.

_Peccavi_.--I have sinned.

_Pendente lite_.--While the action (at law) is pending, or while
it is going on.

_Per curiam_.--By the court.

_Per se_.--Alone, or by itself.

_Perdue_.--Concealed.

_Petit maître_ (Little master).--Fop.

_Posse comitatus_.--The power of the county.

_Pour autre vie_.--For the life of another.

_Prima facie_.--On the first face; at first view; at first sight.

_Primum mobile_.--The prime mover.

_Principiis obsta_.--Resist the first innovations.

_Pro aris et focîs_.--For our altars and our hearths.

_Pro bono publico_.--For the public good.

_Pro et con_.--For and against.

_Pro forma_.--For form’s sake.

_Pro hac vice_.--For this time.

_Pro loco et tempore_.--For the place and time.

_Pro rege, lege, et grege_.--For the king, the constitution, and
the people.

_Pro re natâ_.--For the occasion.

_Pro tanto_.--For so much.

_Pro tempore_.--For the time, or for a time.

_Protégé_.--A person patronised and protected.

_Quamdiu se bene gesserit_.--As long as he shall have behaved
well.

_Quantum_.--The due proportion.

_Quantum meruit_.--As much as he deserves.

_Quare impedit_ (Why he hinders).--A law term, and means the writ
which a person disturbed.

_Quasi dicas_.--As though thou shouldst say; abr. _q. d._

_Quid pro quo_.--A mutual consideration.

_Quid nunc_?--What now?

_Quis separabit_.--Who shall separate us?

_Quo animo_.--The intention with which.

_Quoad_.--As to; as far as.

_Quo jure_?--By what right?

_Quondam_.--Formerly.

_Re infectâ_.--The business not being done.

_Regina_.--Queen.

_Requiescat in pace_.--May he (or she) rest in peace.

_Res publica_.--The common weal.

_Resurgam_.--I shall rise again.

_Rex_.--King.

_Rouge_.--Red, or red paint.

_Rus in urbe_.--The country in town.

_Sang froid_ (Cold blood).--Coolness.

_Sans_.--Without.

_Savant_.--A learned man.

_Scandalum Magnatum_.--Scandal, or scandalous expressions,
against the nobility; abr. scand. mag.

_Semper eadem_.--Always the same.

_Senatus consultum_.--A decree of the senate.

_Seriatim_.--In regular order.

_Simplex munditiis_.--Simply elegant; free from gaudy ornament.

_Sine die_.--Without mentioning any particular day.

_Sine qua non_ (Without which, not).--Indispensable requisite, or
condition.

_Soi-disant_ (Self-styling).--Pretended.

_Spectas et tu spectabere_.--You see and you will be seen.

_Status quo_.--The state in which it was.

_Sub pœna_.--Under a penalty.

_Sui generis_.--Singular; unparalleled; of its own kind.

_Summum bonum_.--Greatest good.

_Supra_.--Above.

_Suum cuique_.--Let each man have his own.

_Tapis_.--Carpet.

_Tête-à-tête_.--Face to face, or private conversation of two
persons.

_Toties quoties_.--As often as.

_Trait_.--Feature.

_Tria juncta in uno_.--Three joined in one.

_Ultimus_.--The last.

_Un bel esprit_.--A wit; a virtuoso.

_Una voce_.--Unanimously.

_Unique_.--Singular.

_Uti possedetis_.--As ye possess, or present possession.

_Utile dulci_.--Utility with pleasure.

_Vade mecum_ (Go with me).--Constant companion.

_Vale_.--Farewell.

_Valet-de-chambre_.--A servant who assists his master in dressing.

_Veluti in speculum_.--As in a looking-glass.

_Verbatim_.--Word for word.

_Versus_.--Against.

_Veto_.--I forbid.

_Vi et armis_.--By force and arms.

_Via_.--By the way of.

_Vice_.--In the room of.

_Vice versa_.--The terms being exchanged; the reverse.

_Vide_.--See.

_Vide ut supra_.--See as above.

_Vis poetica_.--Poetic genius.

_Viva voce_.--By the living voice.

_Vivant rex et regina_.--Long live the king and queen.

_Vive la bagatelle_.--Success to trifles.

_Vive le roi_.--Long live the king.

_Vox et præterea nihil_.--A voice and nothing more.

_Vox populi_.--The voice of the people.

_Vulgo_.--Commonly.

PICA.

The name of a type, one size larger than Small Pica, and one smaller than English. In Moxon’s time seventy-five Pica bodies measured a foot. All the sizes of types larger than Canon, are named from the number of Pica bodies contained in their depth, as Four Line Pica, Five Line Pica, and so on indefinitely. Leads or space lines are also cast to proportionate parts of Pica, as four to Pica, six to Pica, &c.

PICK BRUSH.

A hard brush with rather fine hairs; it is used to brush picks or dirt out of a form, when working, and each press is generally supplied with one.

PICKER.

A fine pointed bodkin, or a needle, with which to take picks out of a form.

PICKS.

When either pieces of the skin or film that grows on ink with standing by, or any dirt, get into the hollows of the face of the letter, that film or dirt will fill or choke up the face of the letter, and print black; and is called a pick, because the pressman with the point of a needle picks it out.--_M._

PIE.

When a page is broken, those broken letters are called pie. _See_ BROKEN LETTERS.--_M._ We now call it Pie when the letters are all mixed indiscriminately together.

It is equally the interest of the employer and the workman to prevent the accumulation of pie in a printing office, for it swallows up useful sorts, to the delay, loss, and disappointment of both parties; and if a strict method be not enforced to prevent its increase, a master may be continually casting sorts; and at last it becomes an Herculean task to clear it away. No receptacle for it should ever be accessible to the workmen; and no types should ever be put into the waste metal box but by the person who has the care of the materials, that he may be enabled to prevent any abuse of this kind; for it is too common a practice, both for boys and men, when an accident happens, to throw a great part of the pie into the waste metal box, to save themselves the trouble of distributing it.

PIG.

Pressmen are called pigs by compositors, sometimes by way of sport, and sometimes by way of irritation; in the same way the press room is called a pigstye. When the compositors wish to teaze them, they will grunt when a pressman goes into the composing room; but they rarely venture to do this in the press room. In Moxon’s time they were called Horses. _See_ ANCIENT CUSTOMS.

PIGEON HOLES.

Wide whites between words, are by compositors (in way of scandal) called pigeon-holes, and are by none accounted good workmanship, unless in cases of necessity.--_M._ Cases of necessity do not make them good workmanship; and the only instances in which they are tolerated are when a page is small, and the type is large in proportion to it, and in columns of table work. In marginal notes they are avoided, by not of necessity spacing every line full out.

PILE OF BOOKS.

When a work is finished at the press, it is gathered, collated, folded, and put into books, pressed, and then piled up in some convenient part of the warehouse, in readiness for delivery.

The piles are erected as a stone mason would build, in layers of four, five, six, or more books to each layer, according to the number printed, and the convenience in the warehouse; the books forming these layers are turned back and fore edge alternately, so that a single copy can be readily got, and in removing them they are less liable to get confused; the upper layer should always be laid in a different order from that below it, so that the book should invariably cross a joining of that under it; and when the pile is high, I would recommend some wrappers to be placed occasionally between the layers, they prevent the sides bulging out, and make the pile firm. It is necessary to wrap up each parcel of the bottom layer in brown paper or wrappers, to preserve the edges and backs of the books clean. For the protection of this bottom layer, the pile should be erected on a stage, or, in default of that, some wrappers and waste paper should be spread on the floor upon which to place it; for the pile should never be raised without something interposed between the books and the floor.

PILE OF PAPER

is made similar to a pile of books; but, as the paper always comes in to a printing office cased in wrappers, the precautions used in keeping a pile of books clean are not necessary. The number of bundles in the foundation will be determined by the quantity received. The warehouseman should invariably mark the wrapper of each bundle with the name of the work it is intended for, before it is piled away.

PILE OF PRINTED PAPER.

During the progress of printing a work, the sheets are, after being dried, placed in piles, generally resting against a wall of the building.

When the sheets are taken down dry from the poles, they are knocked up even, and piled against a wall generally, upon a stage to keep the bottom of the pile out of the way of harm, or, in want of a stage, upon some wrappers and waste paper to keep the bottom sheets from the floor, one wrapper always placed so as to project and turn over about a ream of paper, and turned into the heap, to preserve the edges clean, the first signature being always at the bottom, and the following ones piled in consecutive order upon it; between each signature a label is inserted in front, with the name of the work and the signature. What are called tops are placed on the pile, and some waste paper, to preserve the top sheets from dust and other matters that might soil them. It is usual to place the bottom a few inches from, and to gradually incline it to, the wall, so that the upper part may rest against it: this causes the pile to stand firmer than it would do if piled perpendicularly.

MR. PITT’S MARK.

The printer’s name and residence affixed to printed books or other articles, by the enactment of the act of parliament of 39 Geo. 3. c. 79., was technically so called.

PLANE DOWN.

To make the face of all the types in a form even, by passing the face of the planer over them, and striking the back of it with a mallet.

When the quoins are pushed up with the fingers, previous to locking the form up, I would plane it down gently, striking the back of the planer with the side of my doubled hand, lifting the planer a little up each time it is advanced; after the quoins are tightened round the form, I would plane it down again gently with the mallet; and finally with firmer blows after it is locked up; always lifting the planer clear of the form at every advance that is made with it; if any thing be under the form, it will be perceived when you plane down with the hand; that part should be omitted being struck upon; and when the form is locked up it ought to be lifted, the substance that is under it taken away, the form then laid down again, the quoins of that quarter slackened, and planed down: but types that stand up from any cause should never be planed down while tightly locked up, as it is almost a certainty that they will be destroyed.

PLANER.

A piece of beech wood, planed smooth and even on the face, to plane the types in a form down with, by striking it on the top with a mallet, to prevent any of them from standing up. It is usually made 9 inches long, 4¼ broad, out of 2 inch stuff, a little thicker in the crown, and the edges hollowed the long way, to facilitate the lifting of it about.

PLANETS.

The names of seven planets are used in some instances for the seven days of the week, in the following manner:--

The Sun, _Dies Solis_, is Sunday.

The Moon, _Dies Lunæ_, is Monday.

Mars, _Dies Martis_, is Tuesday.

Mercury, _Dies Mercurii_, is Wednesday.

Jupiter, _Dies Jovis_, is Thursday.

Venus, _Dies Veneris_, is Friday.

Saturn, _Dies Saturni_, is Saturday.

In the Journals of the House of Lords, they use the term _Dies Sabbati_ for Saturday, that day being the original Sabbath. _See_ ASTRONOMICAL CHARACTERS.

PLANK.

That part of a wooden press which forms the bottom of the coffin; it projects beyond the coffin where the tympan joints are placed, upon which part the gallows sockets are fixed; on the bottom the cramp irons; and to each end the girths, wherewith to run the carriage in and out.

PLATEN.

The platen is commonly made of beechen plank, two inches and an half thick, its length about fourteen inches, and its breadth about nine inches.--_M._ This is the description of a platen for a two pull press of the old construction: they are now always made of well seasoned hard mahogany for wooden presses, thicker, and sometimes faced with iron.

The platen is that part of the machine which comes down upon the form, and, being acted upon by the spindle, produces the impression. Iron presses have nearly superseded wooden presses, and have of course iron platens; they are all one pull presses, and the platen ought to be made large enough to cover the types of as large a form as the press will contain. Whether they be of wood or of iron, the face of the platen, that is, the under side, which produces the impression, ought to be a true plane, as the least inequality in it produces an unequal impression, which causes a great deal of trouble at press to rectify it, more particularly in fine work.

PLATEN HOOKS.

Four iron hooks screwed into the corners of the platen.--_M._ To tie it up by to the hose hooks. This is in wooden presses.

PLATEN PAN.

A square pan on the top of the platen, in which the toe of the spindle works.--_M._ At present it is made round, of bell metal, with a stud of hardened steel in it, for the toe of the spindle to work on, and it fits into the platen plate with a square stem.

PLATEN PLATE.

A square plate of iron inlaid on the top of the platen in wooden presses, in which is placed the platen pan.

PLATE PAPER.

This paper takes a good impression; but, without great care at press, owing to its thickness and softness, it is by the process pressed into the interstices between the lines, which produces an impression of more than the surface, and, of course, of more than is wanted to appear, particularly in engravings on wood: the skill of the artist is thus rendered of little avail; and the delicacy and tone of the engraving are destroyed.

To control this evil, when thick plate paper is used, I would advise that it should be very slightly wetted; when a few impressions only are wanted, putting the pieces into a heap of damp paper for a short time will be sufficient; and to have only one thickness of stout paper in the tympans. _See_ PAPER. WETTING PAPER.

PLAY WITH QUADRATS. _See_ ANCIENT CUSTOMS.--_M._ Also JEFF, and THROW.

PLURAL.

For the plural number of nouns, _See_ ORTHOGRAPHY.

POINTS.

Two thin pieces of iron, with points or spurs at one end, fixed to the tympan with screws, to make register with. _See_ REGISTER SPUR.

POINTS. _See_ TYPOGRAPHICAL POINTS.

POINT HOLES.

The two holes the points prick in a sheet of paper.--_M._ These holes are made by the point spurs when the white paper is working, and are for the purpose of making register with when the reiteration is worked by fitting these holes on the spurs, on the opposite side of the sheet of paper.

POINTING.

When the Pressmen are working the reiteration, and have to place the point holes, made when the white paper was worked, on the points, in order to make both sides of the sheet in register, it is frequently termed _Pointing_.

POINTS.

, ; : . - ? ! ( ’ ) [ * § † and other marks, are all by Printers and Founders called Points.--_M._ We have now in addition the ‡ ‖ ¶ ☞: but when we speak of points at the present day, it is generally understood to mean those only which are used in punctuation, from the comma to the apostrophe; the parenthesis and crotchet are spoken of by their names; and the others are usually styled marks, or references. For the uses of them, _See_ PUNCTUATION; and each point or reference under its own name.

POINT SCREWS.

Two square headed and square shanked bolts with a screw at the end, that go through the grooves in the tympan, with a nut on the upper side, by which the points are firmly affixed to the tympan.

POLES.

To hang paper on to dry. They are about two inches and a half wide, made of inch white deal, and are placed across the room, about fourteen inches from the ceiling and nine or ten inches apart, resting at each end on a long piece of wood fastened to the walls of the room, in notches to retain them in their situations. They should always be kept clean, and, if they have not had paper hung on them for some time, the warehouseman should see that the dust be brushed off them before any more is hung up. _See_ HANG UP PAPER. PEEL.

POLLING BACKWARD.

There are instances when a piece of work has been in the hands of a companionship, and one of them has obtained a knowledge of the following copy having some fat in it, a short page or a blank page for instance, that he has delayed his own work in order to obtain this fat; and thus lose perhaps two shillings, which he might have earned in the time, to obtain an advantage to the amount of but one shilling. This is termed _polling backwards_.

POLONAISE. The Polish alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, viz.:--

+--------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Figure.| Power. |
+--------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| A a | _ah_, as in _father_, _art_. |
| B b | _b_, as in _bay_. |
| C c | _ts_, or the German _z_. |
| D d | _d_, as in _day_. |
| E e | French _e_ mute. |
| F f | _f_, as in _deaf_, _fine_. |
| G g | always a hard sound, as in _game_, _gift_. |
| H h | is always aspirated. |
| I i | _i_ in _field_, _ee_ in _bee_. |
| J j | _y_ consonant. |
| K k | _k_, as in _king_, _kick_. |
| L l | _l_, as in _ell_. |
| M m | _m_, as in _gem_. |
| N n | _n_, as in _pen_. |
| O o | _o_, as in _more_. |
| P p | _p_, as in _pay_. |
| R r | _r_, as in _err_. |
| S s | _ss_. |
| T t | _t_, as in _task_. |
| U u | as _oo_ in _cook_, _book_, _look_. |
| W w | initial, as _v_; medial and final as _f_. |
| X x | _x_, as in _six_. |
| Y y | a more obscure sound than _i_, which is always very clear.|
| Z z | _s_ initial; as zegar (to show) pr. segar. |
+--------+------------------------------------------------------------+

In addition the following letters are accented, viz., consonants, b́ ć, ł, ḿ, ń, ṕ, ś, ẃ, ż, ź; vowels, á, é, ó, ą, ę.

When b́, ḿ, ń, ṕ, are accented, it is necessary to soften them a little by adding a very soft _i_, as drab́ (drab^i).

When ć is accented, it takes the sound of _ch_ French.

Ł, ł, has a peculiar pronunciation of its own, nothing equivalent to it in English.

When ś is accented, it takes the sound of a very feeble French _ck_.

When ẃ is accented, it takes the sound of _f_, with a very feeble _i_ added.

When ź is accented, it takes the sound of ś.

ż (pointed) is pronounced as _s_ in _pleasure_, or French _j_ in _jamais_.

á is distinguished very little in pronunciation, but it serves to show certain forms in the declensions.

ó is pronounced as _oo_, or French _ou_.

é approaches the sound of the mute _e_ in _que_, _je_, _le_.

ą is pronounced as the French nasal _on_.

ę is pronounced as the French nasal _in_.

k is used in all those foreign words which have originally a _c_ before the vowels _a_, _o_, _u_.

ẃ is used only at the end of words.

Q and V are used only in foreign proper names, &c. and are not strictly to be considered as Polish letters.--_Grammaire Abrégée de la Langue Polonaise, par Jean Séverin Vater. Halle et Strasbourg_, 1807.

Some Polish grammarians assert that the q is preferable to the q̦, as being more consistent with the general sound of the letter, and some books have been printed in which the q is substituted, but still q, is by far the most generally used.

POOR LAWS AMENDMENT.

4 & 5 Will. 4. c 76. s. 86. “And be it further enacted, That no
Advertisement inserted by or under the Direction of the said
Commissioners in the _London Gazette_ or any Newspaper, for the
Purpose of carrying into effect any Provisions of this Act,
nor any Mortgage, Bond, Instrument, or any Assignment thereof,
given by way of Security, in pursuance of the Rules, Orders, or
Regulations of the said Commissioners, and conformable thereto,
nor any Contract or Agreement, or Appointment of any Officer,
made or entered into in pursuance of such Rules, Orders, or
Regulations, and conformable thereto, nor any other Instrument
made in pursuance of this Act, nor the Appointment of any paid
Officer engaged in the Administration of the Laws for the Relief
of the Poor, or in the Management or Collection of the Poor Rate,
shall be charged or chargeable with any Stamp Duty whatever.”

POOR, RELIEF OF, _Ireland_. 1 & 2 Vict. c. 56. “An Act for the
more effectual Relief of the destitute Poor in _Ireland_.

s. 96. “And be it enacted, that no Advertisement inserted by
or under the Direction of the Commissioners in the _London_ or
_Dublin Gazette_, or any Newspaper, for the Purpose of carrying
into effect any Provisions of this Act, nor any Charge, Mortgage,
Bond, or Instrument given by way of Security in pursuance of the
Orders of the Commissioners, and conformable thereto, nor any
Transfer thereof, nor any Contract or Agreement made or entered
into in pursuance of such orders, and conformable thereto, nor
any Conveyance, Demise, or Assignment respectively, to or by the
Commissioners, nor any Receipt for Rate, nor any other Instrument
made in pursuance of this Act, nor the Appointment of any paid
Officer engaged in the Administration of the Laws for the Relief
of the Poor, or in the Management or Collection of the Poor Rate,
shall be charged or chargeable with any Stamp Duty whatever.”

PORTUGUESE.

The Portuguese alphabet contains twenty-four letters, being the same as the English, with the exception of K and W, which are not in their alphabet.

The tittle, or little dash, which the Portuguese call til, is set by them over some letters instead of m; as bẽ instead of bem; convẽ instead of convém; hũa instead of huma.

They also set their til ~ over the vowels ao, aa, in the end of words, thus aõ aã.

It may be observed that the curved mark ~ is the most perfect, though it is found necessary, in English types, frequently to substitute the plain ‾ instead of the curved.--_Vieyra’s Portuguese Grammar, 9th edit_.

POST HORSES.

Penalty for forging Turnpike Tickets. By the Act 4 Geo. 4. c. 62.
s. 41. it is enacted, “That if any Person shall falsely make,
forge, or counterfeit, or cause or procure to be falsely made,
forged, or counterfeited, or wilfully aid or assist in the false
making, forging, or counterfeiting, any Ticket or Certificate by
this Act authorized or directed to be used, with an Intent to
defraud His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, or any Person or
Persons, of any of the said Duties, or shall utter or publish as
true any false, forged, or counterfeited Ticket or Certificate,
with an Intent to defraud His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors,
or any Person or Persons, of any of the said Duties, every Person
so offending in any or either of the Cases aforesaid shall
forfeit and pay the Sum of Fifty Pounds.”

PRE-ANTEPENULTIMATE.

The last syllable but three of a word.

PRESS.

The machine by means of which a printed impression of types and engravings in relief is obtained.

It is a curious circumstance, that from the first introduction of the art of printing in Europe, about 1440, till Earl Stanhope made a great improvement, the principle of the press remained the same, and even the construction of it underwent little alteration. The principle is simple; a level surface attached to the end of a screw, by which it is pressed upon the types with a sheet of paper interposed to receive the impression. The improvements that Lord Stanhope introduced were an increased power, by means of a compound lever attached to the screw: this increased power was the means of producing larger presses, which enabled the printers to print larger sheets of paper than before, with one pull, even to the extent of a double royal; and these new presses, being made of iron, produced better workmanship than wooden ones, with less trouble, the wooden platen being subject to be indented, which occasioned the impression to be irregular; this required much time and trouble to equalize it, particularly in fine work. This iron platen wears out types sooner than the wooden platen. Many of our most splendid books were printed with wooden presses. For some account of the most approved iron presses, see under their respective names.

Although there are but few wooden printing presses now made, iron presses having superseded them, yet, as there are many still in being, it may be useful to retain the knowledge of fixing them in a proper manner, on which account I shall give an old pressman’s directions for this purpose.

“_To erect a Press_.--The feet must be horizontal, and the cheeks perpendicular; then put the cap on the cheeks, and fix the stays as firmly as possible between the cap and a solid wall, or a strong beam: while the joiner is doing this, the pressman rubs well with black lead the tenons of the head and winter, the mortises in the cheeks, and all other parts where friction occurs. Place the winter horizontally, and on it put the carriage which contains the ribs; the joiner shortens or lengthens the fore stay under the carriage till the ribs become horizontal; lay the coffin on the ribs; bed the stone, which is a very particular point, as it must be perfectly horizontal, and ought to be of equal thickness, and as smooth on the under side as on the upper surface, so that if the face should be at any time so indented as not to be fit for work, the same stone will do by turning it over, and occasion very little trouble in bedding it, and will not be so liable to break in working down as a new one. Cartridge paper is the safest bedding, and stout tape laid even under the stone is preferable to cords, as I know it is a preventive to the stone breaking; and after it is bedded, the ends of the tape are easier put between the coffin and the stone than cord.

“The head being put in, and the box with the spindle in it, fix the shelves; then fix the platen; this must be done so exact as to touch the face of all the type at one and the same time: the way to know this, is by cutting four narrow slips of paper about six inches long, and, taking care that there is no dirt on the stone nor on the bottom of the form, plane it well down, place the four slips of paper, one on each of the four corner pages; bring down the platen so gently, that the corners of it may barely touch the slips of paper, with very little pressure; if they all bind alike at one instant, the platen hangs right; if not, alter the fixing till they equally bind.

“The rounce being set, and the upper and under bolsters made, the pressman lays on a heavy form without blank pages, if he can get one; and if it be a new press, he brings down the bar to the near cheek regularly, until the press be properly wrought down. As he goes on, the new scaleboards work close, and cause the press to lose power; the pressman must continue adding more, until there be a sufficient quantity in the head. If it be really necessary, put some scaleboards under the winter, but the fewer the better. Pieces of felt hat are preferable to scaleboards for loading the head of a press.

“I have always found the least slurring in presses that have solid fixed winters, and have often abolished slurring and mackling in old presses, by taking out all the scaleboard from beneath the winter, and substituting solid blocks of wood. The mortises which contain the tenons of the head ought always to be made long enough to contain all the spring that is necessary for a good press.

“Attention being required, and much time lost in working down a new press, two guineas are paid for doing justice to it.”

PRESS BAR.

A curved bar of iron, one end of which goes through an opening in the spindle, and is secured by a screw in general, but sometimes by a square iron bolt which goes through an opening in the end of the bar, and as there is a shoulder that abuts against the square part of the spindle, both these methods draw it tight up, and attach it firmly to the spindle; at the other end there is a long, thick, tapering, wooden handle, through which the bar goes, and it is either secured by a screw, or the bar rivetted at the end with a collar round it. The bar to screw the book press down with is also called a Press Bar.

PRESS BOARDS.

Boards made of deal, beech, elm, or mahogany, to place between paper in the book press. They are made smooth on both sides, and it is preferable to have them without a joint when it is practicable.

PRESS GOES.

When the pressmen are at work, the press is said to go.--_M_.

PRESS GOES EASY, LIGHT. _See_ EASY PULL.

PRESS GOES HARD, HEAVY. _See_ HARD PULL.--_M_.

PRESSMAN.

The man who executes printing at the press, and produces impressions from types and engravings in relief.

PRESSMEN’S PRICES. _See_ SCALE.

PRESS PIN.

A small iron bar, wherewith to screw the book press down in the warehouse, till there is some pressure on the paper, when it is wrung down with the press bar.

PRESS PROOF.

A good impression of a sheet of a work, or of a job, to read it carefully by, and to mark the errors, previous to its being put to press.

PRESS STANDS STILL.

When the pressmen are not at work, or have nothing to do, the press is said to stand still.

PRESS STONE.

A stone fitted into the coffin, on which the form is placed to be printed. _See_ PRESS.

PRESSWORK.

Under the articles ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD and FINE PRESSWORK I have gone into detail respecting the manner of producing superior workmanship; it will not therefore be necessary to dwell at any great length upon presswork generally. As the finest presswork is the impression from the face of the types, and the face only, and there being little elastic substance between the platen and the types, those which are new, or not much worn, can only be used for this purpose. But as the greater number of books, and other articles, are printed at a much lower rate, the printer finds it necessary to use types that are often much worn, with the angles rounded off by use; the pressman is then obliged to have more blanket in the tympans, that their elasticity may penetrate between the types, and produce an impression from the rounded parts; he is obliged also to use a weaker ink, which distributes easily and readily; it also requires less beating and rolling; he is thus enabled to make greater despatch. The process of making ready is the same in both, but in this instance is not carried out to so much nicety, for the additional blankets preclude the necessity; still the impression must be pretty equal; the making of register is the same in both cases--page must fall exactly upon page; neither does it require so great a pull; yet it is requisite that the pressman should preserve the work of a proper colour, and that that colour should be uniform.

TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 4to. and ½ Sheet of 8vo.

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| No. of | 6s. | 6s. 6d. | 7s. | 7s. 6d. | 8s. |
| Pages. | | | | | |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 0 9 | 0 0 9¾ | 0 0 10½ | 0 0 11¼ | 0 1 0 |
| 2 | 0 1 6 | 0 1 7½ | 0 1 9 | 0 1 10½ | 0 2 0 |
| 3 | 0 2 3 | 0 2 5¼ | 0 2 7½ | 0 2 9¾ | 0 3 0 |
| 4 | 0 3 0 | 0 3 3 | 0 3 6 | 0 3 9 | 0 4 0 |
| 5 | 0 3 9 | 0 4 0¾ | 0 4 4½ | 0 4 8¼ | 0 5 0 |
| 6 | 0 4 6 | 0 4 10½ | 0 5 3 | 0 5 7½ | 0 6 0 |
| 7 | 0 5 3 | 0 5 8¼ | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 6¾ | 0 7 0 |
| 8 | 0 6 0 | 0 6 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 6 | 0 8 0 |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 8s. 6d. | 9s. | 9s. 6d. | 10s. | 10s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 0¾ | 0 1 1½ | 0 1 2¼ | 0 1 3 | 0 1 3¾ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 11s. | 11s. 6d. | 12s. | 12s. 6d. | 13s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 4½ | 0 1 5¼ | 0 1 6 | 0 1 6¾ | 0 1 7½ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 13s. 6d. | 14s. | 14s. 6d. | 15s. | 15s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 1 8¼ | 0 1 9 | 0 1 9¾ | 0 1 10½ | 1 1 11¼ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 16s. | 16s. 6d. | 17s. | 17s. 6d. | 18s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 2 0 | 0 2 0¾ | 0 2 1½ | 0 2 2¼ | 0 2 3 |

TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 4to. and ½ Sheet of 8vo.--_continued_.

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 18s. 6d. | 19s. | 19s. 6d. | 20s. | 20s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 2 3¾ | 0 2 4½ | 0 2 5¼ | 0 2 6 | 0 2 6¾ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 21s. | 21s. 6d. | 22s. | 22s. 6d. | 23s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 2 7½ | 0 2 8¼ | 0 2 9 | 0 2 9¾ | 0 2 10½ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 23s. 6d. | 24s. | 24s. 6d. | 25s. | 25s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 2 11¼ | 0 3 0 | 0 3 0¾ | 0 3 1½ | 0 3 2¼ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 26s. | 26s. 6d. | 27s. | 27s. 6d. | 28s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 3 3 | 0 3 3¾ | 0 3 4½ | 0 3 5¼ | 0 3 6 |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 28s. 6d. | 29s. | 29s. 6d. | 30s. | 30s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 3 6¾ | 0 3 7½ | 0 3 8¼ | 0 3 9 | 0 3 9¾ |

TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 4to and ½ Sheet of 8vo.--_continued_.

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 31s. | 31s. 6d. | 32s. | 32s. 6d. | 33s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 3 10½ | 0 3 11¼ | 0 4 0 | 0 4 0¾ | 0 4 1½ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 33s. 6d. | 34s. | 34s. 6d. | 35s. | 35s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 4 2¼ | 0 4 3 | 0 4 3¾ | 0 4 4½ | 0 4 5¼ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 36s. | 36s. 6d. | 37s. | 37s. 6d. | 38s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 4 6 | 0 4 6¾ | 0 4 7½ | 0 4 8¼ | 0 4 9 |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 38s. 6d. | 39s. | 39s. 6d. | 40s. | 40s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 4 9¾ | 0 4 10½ | 0 4 11¼ | 0 5 0 | 0 5 0¾ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 41s. | 41s. 6d. | 42s. | 42s. 6d. | 43s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 5 1½ | 0 5 2¼ | 0 5 3 | 0 5 3¾ | 0 5 4½ |

TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 4to. and ½ Sheet of 8vo.--_continued_.

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 43s. 6d. | 44s. | 44s. 6d. | 45s. | 45s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 5 5¼ | 0 5 6 | 0 5 6¾ | 0 5 7½ | 0 5 8¼ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 46s. | 46s. 6d. | 47s. | 47s. 6d. | 48s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 5 9 | 0 5 9¾ | 0 5 10½ | 0 5 11¼ | 0 6 0 |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 48s. 6d. | 49s. | 49s. 6d. | 50s. | 50s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 6 0¾ | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 2¼ | 0 6 3 | 0 6 3¾ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 51s. | 51s. 6d. | 52s. | 52s. 6d. | 53s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 5¼ | 0 6 6 | 0 6 6¾ | 0 6 7½ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 53s. 6d. | 54s. | 54s. 6d. | 55s. | 55s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 6 8¼ | 0 6 9 | 0 6 9¾ | 0 6 10½ | 0 6 11¼ |

TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 4to. and ½ Sheet of 8vo.--_continued_.

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 56s. | 56s. 6d. | 57s. | 57s. 6d. | 58s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 0¾ | 0 7 1½ | 0 7 2¼ | 0 7 3 |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 58s. 6d. | 59s. | 59s. 6d. | 60s. | 60s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 7 3¾ | 0 7 4½ | 0 7 5¼ | 0 7 6 | 0 7 6¾ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 61s. | 61s. 6d. | 62s. | 62s. 6d. | 63s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 7 7½ | 0 7 8¼ | 0 7 9 | 0 7 9¾ | 0 7 10½ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 63s. 6d. | 64s. | 64s. 6d. | 65s. | 65s. 6d. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 7 11¼ | 0 8 0 | 0 8 0¾ | 0 8 1½ | 0 8 2¼ |

+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | 66s. | 66s. 6d. | 67s. | 67s. 6d. | 68s. |
+--------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| 1 | 0 8 3 | 0 8 3¾ | 0 8 4½ | 0 8 5¼ | 0 8 6 |

TABLE OF THE PRICE OF PAGES. 4to. and ½ Sheet of 8vo.--_continued_.