Chapter XXV: Part 25

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“It is singular, but it is no less true, that the Norman characters were generally used in England from the coming of William the First, and that the Saxon characters were intirely disused in the very beginning of the twelfth century; but the Irish and Scots preserved the ancient forms of their characters till the end of the sixteenth century.”--_Astle._

The most ancient grammar of the Irish language now extant, is the _Uraiceact na Neigeas_, or Primer of the Bards, written by _Forchern_ some few years before our vulgar æra, transcribed and illustrated by _Ceannfaolidh na foghlama_, or _Kinfaolidh_ the learned, an author of the seventh century. The alphabet, according to this author, was originally named _bobel_, _loth_, &c. from the names of certain masters who assisted in composing the Japhetan language soon after the confusion of tongues.

As the Grecians gave the name of alphabet to the table of their letters from the two initial letters, Alpha, Beta; and the Latins called their table Abcdarium from their three first letters, A, B, C. So the Irish gave the name of Bobel, Loth, to their ancient elements, from the two first letters B, L; and to their more modern alphabet, that of Bethluisnon, from B, L, N, which proves that N did formerly possess the third place; whereas in the present alphabet it takes up the fifth. The last and most modern name of the Irish alphabet, in conformity to the Abcdarium of the Romans, is Abgiter.

_The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to Forchern’s Uraiceact._

+---------+--------------+--------------+
| Order. | Figure. | Name. |
+---------+--------------+--------------+
| 1. | B [#] | Boibel |
| 2. | L [#] | Loth |
| 3. | F [#] | Forann |
| 4. | S [#] | Salia |
| 5. | N [#] | Nabgadon |
| 6. | H [#] | Uiria |
| 7. | D [#] | Daib’iot’ |
| 8. | T [#] | Talmon |
| 9. | C [#] | Cavi |
| 10. | Q [#] | Cailep |
| 11. | M [#] | Moiria |
| 12. | G [#] | Gath |
| 13. | Ng [#] | Ngoimer |
| 14. | Z [#] | Sdru |
| 15. | R [#] | Ruiben |
| 16. | A [#] | Acab |
| 17. | O [#] | Ose |
| 18. | U [#] | Ura |
| 19. | E [#] | Esu |
| 20. | I [#] | Jaichim |
| 21. | Eu [#] | Eutrosius |
| 22. | Oi [#] | Oirdionors |
| 23. | Ui [#] | Uimealcus |
| 24. | Io [#] | Iodonius |
| 25. | Ao [#] | Aofraim |
+---------+--------------+--------------+

It is remarkable in all the Irish alphabets, (except the modern one, the order of which is copied from the Roman, and introduced since Christianity,) that the vowels follow each other; an instance not known in any other language, yet the labials, dentals and linguals, are intermixed without order.

_The Number, Order, and Names of the Letters, according to O’Flaherty, from the Book of Lecane._

+--------+-------------+------------+-----------------------+
| Order. | Figure. | Name. | From Trees. |
+--------+-------------+------------+-----------------------|
| 1. | B [#] | Beith | a birch tree |
| 2. | L [#] | Luis | a quicken tree |
| 3. | F [#] | Fearn | an alder |
| 4. | S [#] | Sail | a willow |
| 5. | N [#] | Nion | an ash tree |
| 6. | H [#] | Uath | a white thorn |
| 7. | D [#] | Duir | an oak |
| 8. | T [#] | Tinne | _not expounded_ |
| 9. | C [#] | Coll | an hazel tree |
| 10. | Q [#] | Queirt | an apple tree |
| 11. | M [#] | Muin | a vine |
| 12. | G [#] | Gort | ivy |
| 13. | Ng [#] | Ngedal | a reed |
| 14. | P [#] | Pethpoc | _not expounded_ |
| 15. | Z [#] | Ztraif | a black thorn |
| 16. | R [#] | Ruis | an elder tree |
| 17. | A [#] | Ailm | the fir tree |
| 18. | O [#] | Onn | broom or furze |
| 19. | U [#] | Ur | heath |
| 20. | E [#] | Eadhadh | an aspen tree |
| 21. | I [#] | Idho | the yew tree |
| 22. | Ea [#] | Eabhaah | an aspen tree |
| 23. | Oi [#] | Oir | the spine tree |
| 24. | Y [#] | Uillean | the honeysuckle |
| 25. | Io [#] | Iphin | the gooseberry tree |
| 26. | Ae [#] [#] | Amhancoll | _not expounded_ |
+--------+-------------+------------+-----------------------+

Of these letters, the five last are diphthongs. Q, Ng, Z, are reckoned superfluous consonants, and are thrown out of the modern alphabet, so that the remaining letters are only 17, which compose the abgitur or alphabet now in use, and are placed in order as the Latin abcdarium.

The ancient grammarians called the alphabet _Faoidh_, or _Faodh_, i.e. a a voice, a sound or language; because such letters are expressive of the voice and language. The moderns, to support their hypothesis, have corrupted this word to _Feadh_, a wood; and from hence have denominated the letters after certain trees, three of which they are at a loss to expound. According to Neuman, the Hebrew letters do each separately signify the idea either of motion, space, or matter; hence each Hebrew word is at once a name, and a definition of the subject, and all objects in the natural and moral world must be known as soon as their names are known, and their separate letters considered. The proper names of men being borrowed from such ideas as _Adam_, i.e. red earth, it is more rational to suppose our learned ancestors named their letters according to Forchern, from men, rather than from trees.--_A Grammar of the Iberno-Celtic, or Irish Language._ By _Major Charles Vallancey._ 4_to._ _Dublin_, 1773.

_The Modern Alphabet._

+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Figure. | Name. | Pronunciation. | |
+---------+-----+-------+----------------+ |
| [#] [#] | A a | Ailm | aw | the fir-tree |
| [#] [#] | B b | Beit | beh | the birch-tree |
| [#] [#] | C c | Coll | k | the hazel-tree |
| [#] [#] | D d | Duir | deh | the oak-tree |
| [#] [#] | E e | Eada | e French | the aspen-tree |
| [#] [#] | F f | Fearn | f | the alder-tree |
| [#] [#] | G g | Gort | γ gamma, Gr. | the ivy-plant |
| [#] [#] | I i | Ioga | i French | the yew-tree |
| [#] [#] | L l | Luir | l | the quickset-tree |
| [#] [#] | M m | Muin | m | the vine-plant |
| [#] [#] | N n | Nuin | n | the ash-tree |
| [#] [#] | O o | Oir | o | the broom-tree |
| [#] [#] | P p | Peit | peh | the dwarf-elder |
| [#] [#] | R r | Ruis | r | the elder-tree |
| [#] [#] | S s | Suil | sh | the willow-tree |
| [#] [#] | T t | Teine | teh | the furze-shrub |
| [#] [#] | U u | Ur | oo English | the heath-shrub |
| [#] [#] | H h | Uat | h | the white-thorn |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

In addition to the above eighteen letters, the ancients used the following in their alphabet:--

_Table of Mutable Consonants and of Eclipses._

[#] [#] u [#] u [#] ll
[#] [#] w, v [#] íh } in fine. [#] m
[#] [#] ch [#] íh } [#] m
[#] [#] gh [#] íh } [#] n
[#] [#] h } vix. [#] íh } [#] t
[#] [#] h } [#] íh } [#] g
[#] [#] h } [#] íh } [#] b
[#] [#] f [#] ee [#] d
[#] [#] y [#] ee
[#] u } in fine. [#] v
[#] u } [#] v
[#] u } [#] b
[#] u } [#] d
[#] u } [#] d
[#] u } [#] g
[#] u } [#] g

_Table of Contractions._

[#] æ
[#] an
[#] ar
[#] air
[#] áo
[#] agus
[#] chd
[#] ea
[#] ea
[#] go, gan
[#] gur
[#] na
[#] nn
[#] rr
[#] si
[#] tra
[#] ui
[#] eadh
[#] eadhon
[#] &c.

[_Irish-English Guide to the Irish Language. By Thaddæus Connellan_, 12mo. Lond. 1824.]

The vowels are five in number, _a_, _o_, _u_, _e_, _i_, whereof the three first, a, o, u, are broad, and the two last, _e_, _i_, are narrow.

In words of two or more syllables, regard must be had to the correspondence of the vowels, for when the _last_ vowel of the former syllable is a broad vowel, the first vowel of the following syllable must be broad also; and when in some _latter_ syllable the vowel is small, the last of the immediately preceding must be _small_ also. Example, _du-ne_, a man, is false orthography, because the last syllable ending in a _small_ vowel, the first must end in a _small_ one also, as _dui-ne_.

No vowel is ever to be doubled as _ee_, _oo_, &c. in the same syllable.

The diphthongs, or union of two vowels, are thirteen.

Example.

{ao as y or i in bird _saor_
{æ or ae _gaeth_
{ai _cail_

{ea _fear_
{ei _ceir_
{eo _ceol_
{eu _seud_

ia _cliar_
io _cior_
oi _coir_
ua _fuar_
ui _fuil_

The triphthongs are five,

aoi _caoin_
eoi _feoil_
iai _liaigh_
iui _sttiuir_
uai _cuaird_
-- _Vallancey_.

Vallancey, by omitting the letter R, reduces the modern alphabet to seventeen letters; Connellan, by admitting this letter, increases it to eighteen.

_Hibernian or Irish Types in the British Founderies._

_Pica._--Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut by Fry from drawings
made by, and under the superintendence of Mr. Thaddæus Connellan.

_Small Pica._--Thorowgood and Besley; this was also cut by Fry
from drawings by Mr. Connellan, and under the same circumstances
as the Pica. V. and J. Figgins; this was copied from the
engravings in Vallancey’s Irish Grammar. I have given the modern
alphabet in this character.

_Long Primer._--Thorowgood and Besley; this was cut for Bagster’s
edition of the New Testament in Irish, printed for the British
and Foreign Bible Society.

ITS OWN PAPER.

When one, two, three, or more copies of a sheet of a work, or a job, are printed on the paper that the whole is intended to be worked on, it is said to be _Pulled on its own Paper_. This is frequently done at the commencement of a work, when a proof of the first sheet is sent to the author, or bookseller, or both; that they may see the effect produced before it is proceeded with.

JEFF. _See_ THROW.

JOB.

Any thing which printed does not exceed a sheet, is termed a Job, and is paid for extra to the compositor, because there is no return of furniture or of letter: he has generally to put up fresh cases, and has some additional trouble in getting the right letter, and in making up the furniture. _See_ SCALE OF PRICES.

JOB HOUSE.

A printing office, the general run of business in which is the printing of Jobs; namely, cards, shop bills, bills for articles stolen, or lost, play bills, lottery bills, large posting bills, and all other things of a similar description. These houses seldom execute book work to any extent, as their materials, particularly with respect to types, are not calculated for it; and few houses undertake both kinds of work to any great degree. The principal job houses in London have a variety of types, both as to size and shape, such as few or no book houses ever think of laying in; consequently they are enabled to execute such work in a style superior to that in which a book house could, with regard to producing effect, and, in general, more expeditiously. Jobbing is an extensive business in London. _See_ BOOK HOUSE.

JOHNSON, RICHARD. _See_ DONATIONS.

JOIN.

When two or more compositors are employed on the same piece of work, and one of them composes all his copy, so that there is no intervening matter between his copy and that in the hands of another of the companions who has followed him, he says, he has joined, or, he has set up close. Also, if a compositor be on a piece of work without a companion, and from any cause he be obliged to suspend composing one part of his copy, and to proceed with a succeeding part; then, when he has been enabled to compose this intervening part, and has got it completed, he says, he has joined, or, he has joined his matter.

JOINTS.

Tympan joints, and frisket joints.--_M._

JUSTIFIERS. _See_ QUOTATION QUADRATS.

JUSTIFYING.

Spacing a line out so that it fits with a proper degree of tightness in the measure of the composing stick;--placing a wood cut in a page, and filling up the vacancies with leads, scaleboards, quadrats, quotations, or furniture, so that when the form is locked up, the wood cut shall be fast, and the lines above and below it even;--fixing any other matter in a similar way in a page.--With pressmen, putting cards into the head of a wooden press, and screwing it up until the pull be proper, is termed _Justifying the Head_, or _ Justifying the Pull_. _See_ HARD PULL.

JUSTIFYING THE HEAD. This amounts to the same thing as justifying the pull, which see.

JUSTIFYING LINKS. _See_ COMPOSING.

JUSTIFY THE PULL.

Putting additional cards into the mortises of the cheeks of a press, or taking some out, as the case may require, in order to regulate the pull: for a small light form, the pressure requires to be comparatively slight; but for a large, solid form of small letters, it requires a heavy soaking pull to do justice to the work; in this case, additional cards are put into the mortises of the head. This refers only to the wooden press; for justifying the pull of iron presses, _see_ under the respective articles.

JUSTIFY A STICK;

viz. a composing stick. Screwing the slides of his composing stick to the measure wanted--_M._

KEEP IN,

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when there may be doubt of driving out his matter beyond his counting off: wherefore he sets close, to Keep in.--_M._

KEEP OUT,

is a caution either given to, or resolved on, by the compositor, when there may be doubt of getting in his matter too fast for his counting off: wherefore he sets wide, to drive or keep out.--_M._ This term is not now used; we say Drive out, which see.

KERN.

Kerned letters are such as have part of their face hanging over one side or both sides of their shanks.--_M._

KEY.

A flat square hook, with a handle to put the fingers through in a transverse direction to the hook. Its use is to lift the forms out of the lye trough, after having brushed off the ink from the types, the furniture, and the chase.

KNOCK UP.

In the warehouse, is to place the sheets of each signature of a work uniformly even at the edges upon each other, after they are taken down from the poles, and previously to their being piled away.

The person who has this to do, takes a quantity of about two quires, (if it be a stout hard paper he may take a little more,) and holding it loosely at the edges with both hands, he bends the ends a little towards him, so that the paper shall form a curve; he then lifts it up a little from the table, and lets it drop upon its edge through his hands,--the curve giving the edge a little firmness, many of the sheets drop down into their places; he repeats this two or three times, and will then, in letting it drop upon the table, bring the lower part nearer to him, so that the outside of the curve may strike first, and throw the sheets gradually up higher at the back; this he will also do two or three times; he then lets the further side rest upon the table, and shuffles the upper sheets gradually away from him, lifting the whole up, and letting the edges drop upon the table, three or four times; repeating these operations soon brings all the edges even, both at the ends and sides; he then lays this taking on one side, and repeats the operation with other takings, laying them on each other, till he has completed the whole.

A soft flimsy paper takes more time in knocking up than a hard paper, as the sheets have not strength enough separately to be driven into their places by striking on the edges.

KNOCK UP BALLS.

To knock up balls is the term used for making balls: it is to cut the pelts to a proper size; to fill them with a proper quantity of wool; to nail them to the ball stocks; to trim them; and to put them into a working condition. _See_ BALLS.

KNOCK UP A LETTER.

It sometimes happens with old letter, that a letter may be worn so low that it will not print well in a page; the workman then takes that letter out of the form, and holds the shank of it upon the side of the chase, and with the head of the shooting stick beats lightly upon the foot of the shank, till he have battered metal enough out of the shank, to raise it higher against paper; if it prove too high against paper, he rubs the bottom of the shank upon the side of the chase, to rub it down. This operation seldom happens, unless another of the same sort of letter is wanting, and hard to come by: for else the compositor will bow the letter, and pop it into a waste box in his case, where he puts all naughty letters, that he may not be troubled with them another time.--_M._ _See_ BOW THE LETTER.

KOOFEE,

Kufic, Cufic, Cuphic, or Oriental. Ancient Arabic; it was called Cuphic, from the town of Couphah, built on the Euphrates. _See_ ARABIC.

LATIN.

The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, with the exception of the W, which “is a letter unknown, as to form and place, in the alphabets of the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Goths. This letter is peculiar to the northern languages and people, and particularly to the nations who are of Teutonic and Sclavonic original.”--_Astle._

For the allowance of the duty on paper used in the printing of books in the Latin language within the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the universities of Scotland, and the university of Trinity College, Dublin, _see_ PAPER.

LAW AUTHORITIES,

with the abbreviations by which they are cited.

_A._ (a.) _B._ (b.).--A. front, B. back of a leaf.

_A._; _An._; _Anon._--Anonymous.

_A. B._--Anonymous, at the end of Bendloe’s Reports. 1661. (Cited
as ‘New Bendloe.’)

_Ab. Sh._--Abbot on Shipping.

_Abr. Ca. Eq._--Abridgment of Cases in Equity.

_Acc._ or _Ag._ or _Agr._--Accords or agrees.

_Act._--Acton’s Reports.

_Act. Reg._--Acta Regia.

_Ad. Eject._--Adams on Ejectments.

_Ad. & Ellis._--Adolphus and Ellis’s King’s Bench Reports.

_Add. Eccl. Rep._--Addams’s Reports. Ecclesiastical Courts.

_Al._--Aleyn’s Reports.

_Alln. Part._--Allnatt on Partition.

_Amb._--Ambler’s Reports in Chancery.

_And. 1. 2._--Anderson’s Reports, 2 parts.

_Andr._--Andrews’s Reports.

_Ann._--Cases in K. B. temp. Hardwicke.

_Annaly._--Reports temp. Hardwicke.

_Anon._--Anonymous.

_Anst._--Anstruther’s Reports.

_Arch. C. P._--Archbold’s Civil Pleadings.

_Arch. Cr. P._--Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings.

_Arch. Crim. Pl. & Ev._--Archbold’s Criminal Pleadings and
Evidence.

_Arch. K. B._--Archbold’s K. B. Practice.

_Arch. P. C._--Archbold’s Pleas of the Crown.

_Ash. Ch._, or _Ov._--Ashdowne’s Church-warden and Overseer.

_Ass._, or _Lib. Ass._--Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.

_Ast. Ent._--Aston’s Entries.

_Atk._--Atkyns’s Reports in Chancery.

_Ath. P. T._--Atkyns’s Parliamentary Tracts.

_Ayl._--Ayliffe’s Parergon.

_B._, or _C. B._--Common Bench.

_B. & A._; _B. & Ald._--Barnewall and Alderson’s Reports. King’s
Bench.

_B. & Ad._; _Barn. & Adol._--Barnewall and Adolphus’s Reports.
King’s Bench.

_B. & C._; _B. & Cr. (K. B.)_; _Barn. & C._; _Barn. &
Cres._--Barnewall and Cresswell’s Reports. King’s Bench.

_B. C. C._; _Br. Ch. Rep._; _Bro. C. C._--Brown’s Chancery Cases.

_B. Eccl. L._; _Burn’s Eccl. L._--Burn’s Ecclesiastical Law.

_B. Just._--Burn’s Justice.

_B. M._--Montagu’s Digest of the New Decisions in Bankruptcy.

_B. N. C._--Brooke’s New Cases.

_B. & P._, or _Boss. & Pull._--Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports.

_B. R._--Banco Regis. King’s Bench.

_B. Tr._--Bishop’s Trial.

_Ba. & Be._; _Ball & B._--Ball and Beatty’s Reports in Chancery
in Ireland.

_Bac. Abr._--Bacon’s Abridgment.

_Banc. Sup._--Upper Bench.

_Barl._--Barlow’s Justice.

_Barn. K. B._--Barnardiston’s K. B. Reports.

_Barn. C._--Barnardiston’s Chancery Reports.

_Barnes._--Barnes’s Notes of Practice.

_Barringt._--Barrington’s Observations on the Statutes.

_Bart. El._--Barton’s Elements.

_Bart. Prec._--Barton’s Precedents.

_Bayl._--Bayley on Bills.

_Bea. Co._--Beames’s Costs in Equity.

_Bea. Pl. Eq._--Beames’s Pleas in Equity.

_Benl._; _Bendl._--Benloe, or Bendloe’s Reports.

_Bing._--Bingham’s Reports. Common Pleas.

_Bing. N. S._--Bingham’s New Reports in the Common Pleas.

_Bingh. P._--P. Bingham’s Law and Practice of Judgment and
Execution.

_Black._--Blackerby’s Justice.

_Bla. Com._--Blackstone’s Commentaries.

_Black. (H.)_--Henry Blackstone’s Reports.

_W. Black._; _Black. Rep._--Sir W. Blackstone’s Reports.

_Bl._--Blount.

_Bli._--Bligh’s Reports.

_Bo. R. Act._--Booth’s Real Actions.

_Bos. & Pul._--Bosanquet and Puller’s Reports. Common Pleas.

_Bosc._--Boscawen on Convictions.

_Bott._--Bott’s Poor Laws.

_Bott. cont._--Bott’s Poor Laws continued to Hil. T. 1814.

_Br._; _Bro._--Brooke, Brown, Brownlow.

_Br. Ab._--Brooke’s Abridgment.

_Br. Brev. Jud. & Ent._--Brownlow’s Brevia Judicial, &c.

_Br. Ch. Rep._--Brown’s Reports in Chancery.

_Bra._--Brady or Bracton.

_Bradby._--Bradby on Distresses.

_Bridg._--Bridgman’s Reports on Conveyancing.

_Bridg. (Sir O. R.)_--Bridgman’s Reports, by Bannister.

_Brod. & Bing._--Broderip and Bingham’s Reports. C. P.

_Bro._--Brown’s Chancery Cases.

_Bro._, _Brow. Ent._--Brown’s Entries.

_Bro. A. C. L._--Browne’s Admiralty Civil Law.

_Bro. P. C._--Brown’s Parliamentary Cases.

_Bro. V. M._--Brown’s Vade Mecum.

_Brown C. C._--Brown’s Chancery Reports.

_Brownl. 1. 2._--Brownlow and Goldesborough’s Reports, 2 parts.

_Brownl. Rediv._ or _Ent._--Brownlow’s Redivivus.

_Buck._--Buck’s Reports in Bankruptcy.

_Bul. N. P._--Buller’s Nisi Prius.

_Bulst._--Bulstrode’s Reports. K. B.

_Bunb._--Bunbury’s Reports. Exchequer.

_Burr._--Burrow’s Reports.

_Bur. S. C._--Burrow’s Settlement Cases.

_Byth. Prec._--Bythewood’s Precedents.

_C._, or _Cod._, or _Cod. Jur._--Codex (Juris Civilis) Gibson’s.

_Ca._--Case or Placita.

_Ca. P._ or _Parl._--Cases in Parliament.

_C. B._, or _C. P._--Common Pleas.

_C. C._; _Ch. Ca._--Chancery Cases.

_C. C. R._--Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.

_C. & P._; _Car. & P. Rep._; _Car. & P._--Carrington’s and
Payne’s Reports at Nisi Prius.

_C. P._--Common Pleas.

_C. R._--Court of Review.

_Ca. T. K._--Select Cases tempore King.

_Ca. temp. H._; _Cas. temp. Hardw._--Cases tempore Hardwicke, in
King’s Bench.

_Cal._--Callis, Calthorpe.

_Cald. R._--Caldecott’s Reports of Settlement Cases.

_Cald. S. C._--Caldecott’s Settlement Cases.

_Caldw. Arbit._--Caldwell on Arbitration.

_Caldw. P. L._--Caldwell’s Poor Laws.

_Calth._--Calthorpe’s Reports.

_Camp._--Campbell’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

_Can._--Canons of the Church, made in 1603.

_Car. & P. Rep._; _Carr. & P._--Carrington and Payne’s Reports.
Nisi Prius.

_Cart._--Carter’s Reports.

_Carth._--Carthew’s Reports, K. B.

_Cary._--Cary’s Reports.

_Cas. B. R._--Cases tempore W. III.

_Cas. L. Eq._--Cases in Law and Equity.

_Cas. Pra. C. P._--Cases of Practice Common Pleas.

_Cas. temp. Talb._--Cases tempore Lord Chancellor Talbot.

_Cawl._--Cawley.

_Ch. Ca._--Chancery Cases.

_Ch. Pre._--Precedents in Chancery.

_Ch. R._--Reports in Chancery.

_Chamb. Est._--Chambers’s Estates and Tenures.

_Chamb. Lea._--Chambers on Leases.

_Chamb. T. L._--Chambers’s Tenant Law.

_Chitt. Com. L._--Chitty’s Commercial Law.

_Chitt. Crim. L._--Chitty’s Criminal Law.

_Chitty’s G. L._--Chitty on the Game Laws, &c.

_Chitt. Pre._--Chitty’s Prerogative.

_Chitty’s R. M._--Chitty on the Rights of Manors.

_Chitt. Rep._--Chitty’s Reports.

_Chris. B. L._--Christian’s Bankrupt Laws.

_Christian’s G. L._--Christian on the Game Laws.

_Cl. & Fin._--Clarke and Finnelly.

_Clap. Sess. L._--Clapham’s Points of Sessions Law. 1818.

_Clay._--Clayton’s Reports.

_Cl. Ass._--Clerk’s Assistant.

_Clift._--Clift’s Entries.

_Co._--Coke’s Reports.

_Co. B. L._--Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws. Cole on the English Bankrupt
Laws.

_Co. Cop._--Coke’s Copyholder.

_Co. Ent._--Coke’s Entries.

_Co. Lit._--Coke on Littleton (1st Institute).

_Co. M. C._--Coke’s Magna Charta (2d Institute).

_Co. P. C._--Coke’s Pleas of the Crown (3d Institute).

_Co. on Courts._--Coke’s (4th Institute).

_Code Nap._--Code Napoleon.

_Coke’s Inst._--Coke, 2d, 3d, and 4th Parts of the Institutes of
the Laws of England.

_Com._--Comyn’s Reports.

_Com. T. L._--Comyn’s Tenant Law.

_Com. Con._--Comyn on Contracts.

_Com. Dig._--Comyn’s Digest.

_Com. Par. Off._--Complete Parish Officer.

_Comb._--Comberbach’s Reports.

_Cont._--Contra.

_Coo. Eq. P._--Cooper’s Equity Pleading.

_Coo. Mort._--Coote on Mortgages.

_Coo. Rep._; _Cooper._--Cooper’s Reports.

_Coo. T. L._--Coote’s Tenant Law.

_Cooke’s B. L._--Cooke’s Bankrupt Laws.

_Con. Rep._--Consistory Reports, by Haggard.

_Cot._--Cotton.

_Cot. Ab. R._--Cotton’s Abridgment of Records.

_Cov. Rec._--Coventry on Recoveries.

_Cowp._--Cowper’s Reports.

_Cox._--Cox’s Cases in Equity.

_Cr. & Jer._; _Cromp. & Jerv._--Crompton and Jervis’s Exchequer
Reports.

_Cro._--Keilwey’s Reports, by Croke.

_Cro. Cir. C._--Crown Circuit Companion.

_Cro. Mee. & R._; _Cromp. Mees. & Rosc._--Crompton, Meeson, and
Roscoe’s Exchequer Reports.

_Cro. Car._--Croke’s Reports temp. Chas.

_Cro. 1, 2, 3._--Croke’s Reports. (Eliz. Jam. Cha.)

_Cro. Eliz._--Croke’s Reports temp. Elizabeth.

_Cro. Jac._--Croke’s Reports temp. James.

_Cromp. J. C._--Crompton’s Jurisdictions of Courts.

_Cromp._--Crompton’s Justice of the Peace.

_Cromp. & Mees._--Crompton and Meeson’s Exchequer Reports.

_Cun._--Cunningham’s Reports.

Cro. _sometimes refers to_ Keilwey’s Reports, _published by
Serjt._ Croke.

_Curt._--Curteis’s Ecclesiastical Reports.

_D._--Dictum, Digest (Juris Civilis).

_D. & C._--Deacon and Chitty’s Reports in Cases of Bankruptcy.

_D. & R._; _Dowl. & R._--Dowling and Ryland’s Reports. K. B.

_D. & St._--Doctor and Student.

_Dal._--Dalison’s Reports.

_Dalt. Just._--Dalton’s Justice.

_Dalt. Sh._--Dalton’s Sheriff.

_Dan._--Daniel’s Reports.

_D’Anv._--D’Anvers’s Abridgment.

_Dav._--Davis’s Reports, respecting Patents, &c.

_Dea. & Ch._--Deacon and Chitty.

_Deg._--Degge’s Parson’s Counsellor.

_Deh._--Dehany’s Turnpike Acts.

_D’Ew._--D’Ewe’s Journal.

_Di._; _Dy._; _Dyer._--Dyer’s Reports.

_Dial. de Scacc._--Dialogus de Scaccario.

_Dick._--Dickin’s Reports.

_Dick. Just._; _Dickenson._--Dickenson’s Justice.

_Dig._--Digest of Writs.

_Dob. Sty._--Dobie’s Styles.

_Dod. Rep._--Dodson’s Admiralty Reports.

_Dom. Proc._--Domini Proctor; Cases House of Lords.

_Doug._--Douglas’s Reports. K. B.

_Dow._--Dow’s Reports. House of Lords.

_Dowl. Pr. Ca._--Dowling’s Practice Cases.

_Dub._--Dubitatur.

_Dugd. Orig._; _Dugd., D. J._, or _Jud._--Dugdale’s Origines
Juridicales.

_Dug. S._; _Dugd. Sum._--Dugdale’s Summonses.

_Duke._--Duke’s Charitable Uses.

_Durnf._--Durnford and East, or Term Reports. K. B.

_E._--Easter Term, or Eden.

_E. T._--Easter Term.

_E. of Cov._--Earl of Coventry’s Case.

_East._--East’s Reports. K. B.

_East. P. C._--East’s Pleas of the Crown.

_Eden._--Eden’s Reports of Northington’s Cases.

_Edw. Ad. R._--Edwards’s Admiralty Reports.

_Eq. Ca._; _Eq. Ab._; _Eq. Ca. Abr._--Equity Cases Abridged.

_Ersk. Inst._--Erskine’s Institute of the Law of Scotland.

_Esp._--Espinasse.

_Esp. Ac. Stats._--Espinasse’s Action on the Statutes.

_Esp. Ev._--Espinasse’s Evidence.

_Esp. N. P._--Espinasse’s Digest.

_Esp. P. Stats._--Espinasse’s Penal Statutes.

_Esp. Rep._; _Esp. N. P. Rep._--Espinasse’s Reports at Nisi Prius.

_Ev. Col. Stat._--Evans’s Collection of Statutes.

_Ex._; _Exp._--Expired.

_F._, or _Fitz._--Fitzherbert’s Abridgment.--Fitzherbert’s
Abridgment _is commonly referred to by the older law writers by
the title and number of the placita only_, e. g. Coron. 30.

_F. N. B._; _Fitz. N. B._--Fitzherbert’s Natura Brevium.

_Far._--Farresly (7 Mod. Rep.).

_Fell, Mer. G._--Fell on Mercantile Guarantees.

_Ff._--Pandectæ (Juris Civilis).--_This reference, which
frequently occurs in_ Blackstone _and other writers, applied to
the_ Pandects _or_ Digests _of the civil law, is a corruption
of the Greek letter π Vide_ Calvini Lexicon Jurid. _voc._
Digestorum.

_Field. Pen. Stat._--Fielding’s Penal Laws. 1769.

_Fin._; _Finch’s Rep._--Finch’s Reports. Chancery.

_Finch._--Finch’s Law.

_Fitz._; _Fitz. G._--Fitz-Gibbon’s Reports.

_Fl._--Fleta.

_Flat. Dig._--Flather’s Digest.

_Fol._--Foley’s Poor Laws.

_Fonbl. Eq._--Fonblanque on Equity.

_For._--Forrest’s Reports.

_For. Pla._--Brown’s Formulæ bene placitandi.

_Forrester._--Cases tempore Talbot.

_Forst._; _Fost._--Foster’s Crown Law.

_Forts._; _Fort._; _Fortesc._--Fortescue’s Reports.

_Fra._; _Fra. M._--Francis’s Maxims.

_Freem._--Freeman’s Reports.

_G. & J._; _Gl. & J._; _Gl. and Jam._; _Glyn & J._; _Glyn &
Jam._--Glyn and Jameson’s Reports, Cases in Bankruptcy.

_Gib. Cod._; _Gibs. Codex._--Gibson’s Codex Juris Civilis.

_Gilb._--Gilbert’s Cases in Law and Equity.

_Gilb. C. P._--Gilbert’s Common Pleas.

_Gilb. Dis._--Gilbert on Distresses.

_Gilb. Eq._, or _Rep. Eq._--Gilbert’s Reports in Equity.

_Gilb. Ev._--Gilbert’s Law of Evidence.

_Gilb. Ex._--Gilbert’s Executions.

_Gilb. Exch._--Gilbert’s Treatise on the Exchequer.

_Gilb. K. B._--Gilbert’s King’s Bench.

_Gilb. Rem._--Gilbert’s Remainders.

_Gilb. Us._--Gilbert’s Uses.

_Godb._--Godbolt’s Reports.

_Godol._; _Godolph._--Godolphin.

_Gods. Pat._--Godson on Patents.

_Golds._--Goldsborough’s Reports.

_Gow._--Gow’s Reports. Nisi Prius.

_Greenw._--Greenwood on Courts.

_Gro. de J. B._--Grotius de Jure Belli.

_Gwill._--Gwillim’s Tithe Cases.

_H._--Hilary Term.

_H. Bl._--H. Black.

_H. H. P. C._--Hales’s Hist Plac. Cor.

_H. P. C._--Hales’s Pleas of the Crown.

_Hagg. Adm. R._--Haggard’s Admiralty Reports.

_Hagg._; _Hagg. Con. Rep._--Haggard’s Reports of Cases in the
Consistory Court of London.

_Hagg. Eccl. Rep._--Haggard’s Ecclesiastical Reports.

_Hale P. C._--Hale’s Pleas of the Crown.

_Hale’s Sum._--Hale’s Summary of Pleas of the Crown.

_Hans._--Hansard’s Entries.

_Hans. Parl. Deb._--Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates.

_Hard._--Hardres’s Reports. Exchequer.

_Hardw._--Cases tempore Hardwicke.

_Haw._; _Hawk. P. C._--Hawkins’s Pleas of the Crown.

_Her._--Herne.

_Het._--Hetley’s Reports.

_H. T._; _Hi._; _Hil._--Hilary Term.

_Highm. Lun._--Highmore on Lunacy.

_Highm._--Highmore on Mortmain.

_Hob._--Hobart’s Reports.

_Holt._--Reports temp. Holt.

_Holt Lib._--Holt on Libel.

_Holt’s N. P. Rep._--Holt’s Nisi Prius Reports.

_Holt’s Rep._--Holt’s Reports.

_Holt Sh._--Holt on Shipping.

_How. St. Tr.; Howell’s St. Tri._--Howell’s Collection of State
Trials.

_Hugh._; _Hugh. Ent._--Hughes’s Entries.

_Humph. R. P._--Humphrey on the English Law of Real Property.

_Hut._--Hutton’s Reports.

_Imp. C. P._--Impey’s Practice, Common Pleas.

_Imp. K. B._--Impey’s Practice, King’s Bench.

_Imp. Sh._--Impey’s Sheriff.

_Imp. Pl._--Impey’s Pleader.

_Infra, and Supra._--(Below, and Above.) References to the same
division or subdivision.

_Inst._--Lord Coke’s Institutes.

_Inst. 2d & 3d._--Coke’s 2d, 3d, &c., Institutes.

_Inst. 1, 2, 3._--Justinian’s Institutes, lib. 1. tit. 2. sec. 3.

_J. & W._; _Jac. & W._; _Jac. & Walk._--Jacob and Walker’s
Reports.

_Jan. Angl._--Jani Anglorum.

_Jenk._--Jenkins’s Reports. Exchequer.

_1 Jon._--Sir William Jones’s Reports.

_2 Jon._--Sir Thomas Jones’s Reports.

_Jud._--Judgments.

_K. B._--King’s Bench.

_K. C. R._--Reports tempore King C.

_Keb._--Keble’s Reports. K. B.

_Keilw._--Keilwey’s Reports.

_Kel._; _Kely._--Sir John Kelynge’s Reports.

_Kely. 1, 2._--William Kelynge’s Reports, 2 parts.

_Ken._--Kennet.

_Keny._--Kenyon’s Reports.

_Kit._--Kitchin on Courts.

_L. C._--Lord Chancellor.

_La._--Lane’s Reports.

_Lamb._--Lambard’s Eirenarcha.

_Lat._--Latch’s Reports.

_Ld. H._--Lord Hardwicke.

_Ld. Raym._--Lord Raymond.

_Le._--Ley’s Reports.

_Leach_; _Lea. C. L._--Leach’s Crown Cases.

_Leon._--Leonard’s Reports.

_Lev._--Levinz’s Reports. C. P.

_Lev. Ent._--Levinz’s Entries.

_Lewin, C. C._--Lewin’s Crown Cases on Northern Circuit.

_Lex Man._--Lex Maneriorum.

_Lex Mercat. Red._--Lex Mercatoria Rediviva, by Beawes.

_Ley._--Ley’s Reports.

_Lib. Ass._--Liber Assisarum, or Pleas of the Crown.

_Lib. Feud._--Liber Feudorum.

_Lib. Int._--Liber Intrationum. Old Book of Entries.

_Lib. Pl._--Liber Placitandi.

_Lib. Reg._--Register Book.

_Lib. Rub._--Red Book.

_Lil._; _Lill._--Lilly’s Report of Assize.

_Lil. Abr._--Lilly’s Practical Register. Abridgment.

_Lill. Ent._--Lilly’s Entries.

_Lind._--Lindwood’s Provinciale.

_Lit._; _Litt. R._--Littleton’s Reports.

_Lit._ with _S._--Littleton, S. for section.

_Lofft._--Lofft’s Reports.

_Long Quinto._--Year Book, pt. 10.

_Lub. Pl._--Lubé on Pleading.

_Lut. Ent._--Lutwyche’s Entries.

_Lutw._--Lutwyche’s Reports.

_M. T._; _Mich._--Michaelmas Term.

_M. & A._; _Mont. & Ayr._--Montagu and Ayrton. Cases in
Bankruptcy.

_M. & B._--Montagu and Bligh.

_M. & K._--Mylne and Keene.

_M. & P._; _Moo. & Pay._--Moore and Payne’s Reports. C. P.

_M. & R._--Manning and Ryland’s King’s Bench Reports.

_MS._--Manuscript.

_M. & S._--Maule and Selwyn’s Reports. K. B.

_MS. C. C. R._--Manuscript Crown Cases reserved.

_M. & Scott_; _Moore & S._--Moore and Scott. Reports of Cases
argued in Common Pleas and Exchequer.

_MS. (D.)_--Manuscript of Mr. Durnford.

_Mad._; _Madd. Rep._--Maddock’s Reports in Vice Chancellor’s
Court.

_Mad. Chanc._--Maddock’s Chancery Practice.

_Mad. Exch._--Madox’s History of the Exchequer.

_Mad. Form._--Madox’s Formulare Anglicanum.

_Mal._--Malyne’s Lex Mercatoria.

_Man. & Gran._--Manning and Granger’s Exchequer Reports.

_Manw._--Manwood’s Forest Laws.

_Mar._--March’s Reports.

_Mar. Ins._--Marshall’s Insurance.

_Marsh._--Marshall’s Reports. Common Pleas.

_Mee. & Ros._--Meeson and Roscoe.

_Mer. R._; _Mer. Ch. Rep._--Merivale’s Reports in Chancery.

_Mir._--Horne’s Mirror of Justices.

_Mireh._--Mirehouse on Tithes.

_Mireh. Adv._--Mirehouse on Advowsons.

_Mitf._--Mitford’s Pleading.

_Mo._--Moore’s Reports.

_Mo._; _Moore (J. B.) Rept._--Moore’s Reports. C. P.

_Mod._; _Modern._--Modern Reports, in Law and Equity.

_Mod. C._--Modern Cases.

_Mod. C. L. & Eq._--Modern Cases in Law and Equity (8 and 9 Mod.
Rep.)

_Mod. Int._--Modus Intrandi.

_Mod._; _Mod. Rep._; _Modern._--Modern Reports.

_Moll._; _Moll. de Jur. Mar._--Molloy de Jure Maritimo.

_Mont. B. L._; _Bt. Laws._--Montagu’s Bankrupt Laws.

_Mont. & Bli._--Montague and Bligh.

_Mon. Eq. Pl._--Montagu’s Equity Pleading.

_Mon. Part._--Montagu on Partnership.

_Mont._--Montagu’s New Decisions in Bankruptcy.

_Mont. & Gregg. Dig._--Montagu and Gregg’s Digest of Bankrupt
Laws.

_M. & M._, _Mont. & Maca._--Montagu and Mac Arthur.

_M._, or _Mood. C. C. R._--Moody’s Crown Cases reserved.

_Moo. & Malk._; _Moody & M._--Moody and Malkins’s Nisi Prius
Reports.

_Mood. & Rob._--Moody and Robinson’s Nisi Prius Reports.

_Mos._--Moseley’s Reports.

_M. P. Ex._--Modern Practice Exchequer.

_MS. Sum._--Lord Hale’s Summary of Pleas of the Crown, with
Manuscript Notes and Additions.

_My. & Cr._--Mylne and Craig’s Chancery Reports.

_Myl. & Kee._--Mylne and Keene.

_N. Benl._--New Bendloe.

_N. L._--Nelson’s Lutwyche.

_N. & M._; _N. & Man._; _Nev. & Man._--Neville and Manning’s
King’s Bench Reports.

_N. Nov._--Novellæ (Juris Civilis).

_N. R._; _New Rep._--Bosanquet and Puller’s New Reports.

_Nar. Con._--Nares on Convictions.

_Nel. C. R._--Nelson’s Reports in Chancery.

_Nels._--Nelson’s Justice.

_No. N._--Novæ Narrationes.

_Nol._; _Nol. P. L._--Nolan’s Poor Laws.

_Nol. Rep._--Nolan’s Reports.

_Nol. Sett._--Nolan’s Settlement Cases.

_North._--Northington’s Reports.

_Noy._--Noy’s Reports.

_O. Benl._--Old Bendloe.

_Off. Br._--Officina Brevium.

_Off. Ex._--Office of Executors.

_Oldn. P._--Oldnall’s Welsh Practice.

_Ord. Ch._--Orders in Chancery.

_Ord. Cla._--Orders, Lord Clarendon’s.

_Ow._--Owen’s Reports.

_P._; _Pas._ (Pascha.)--Easter Term.

_P. C._--Pleas of the Crown.

_P. p._; _Pla. Par._--Placita Parliamentaria.

_Paley P. A._--Paley’s Law of Principal and Agent.

_Pal. Con._--Paley on Conviction.

_Pal._--Palmer’s Reports. King’s Bench.

_Park._--Parker’s Reports. Exchequer.

_Park. Ins._--Park on Insurance.

_Par. L._--Shaw’s Parish Law.

_Pat. Mort._--Patch on Mortgages.

_Pea._; _Peake’s Rep._--Peake’s Reports.

_Peak. Ca._--Peake’s Cases at Nisi Prius.

_Peak. Ev._--Peake’s Evidence.

_Peckw._--Peckwell’s Election Cases.

_Perk._--Perkins’s Conveyances.

_Petersd. Ba._--Petersdorff on Bail.

_Phill. Ev._--Phillips’ Law of Evidence.

_Phillim._; _Phil. Rep._--Phillimore’s Reports.

_Pig._--Pigot’s Recoveries.

_Pl._; _Pla._--Placita.

_Pl. Com._--Plowden’s Commentaries or Reports.

_Plow._; _Plowd._--Plowden’s Treatise on Tithes.

_Pol._; _Pollexf._--Pollexfen’s Reports.

_Poph._--Popham’s Reports.

_2 Poph._--Cases at the end of Popham’s Reports.

_Post, & Ante._ (After, and Before.)--References to divisions of
same title.

_Pow. Mort._--Powell on Mortgages.

_Pow. Mort. by Cov._--Powell on Mortgages, by Coventry.

_Poynt. Mar._--Poynter on Marriages.

_PR._--Private.

_P. R. C. P._--Pract. Register in Common Pleas.

_Pract. Chan._--Practice in Chancery. 1672.

_Pract. Reg._--Practical Register of Common Pleas.

_Pr. Reg. Ch._--Practical Register in Chancery.

_Pre. Ch._--Precedents in Chancery.

_Pre. Es._--Preston on Estates.

_Prest. Abs._--Preston on Abstracts.

_Prest. Con._--Preston on Conveyancing.

_Pr._; _Pri._--Price’s Reports. Exchequer.

_Priv. Lond._--Privilegia Londini.

_Pr. St._--Private Statute.

_Pult._--Pulton de Pace Regis et Regni. 1609.

_P. W._; _P. Wms._--Peere Williams’s Reports.

_Quinti Quinto._--Year Book, 5 Hen. V.

_Q. War._--Quo Warranto.

_R._--Resolved, Repealed.

_R. S. L._--Readings upon the Statutes. 1723

_Rast._--Rastall’s Entries and Statutes.

_Raym._--Raymond.

_T. Raym._--Sir Thomas Raymond’s Reports.

_Ld. Raym._--Lord Raymond’s Reports.

_Raym. Ent._--Lord Raymond’s Entries.

_Ree. E. L._--Reeve’s English Law.

_Reg. Brev._--Register of Writs.

_Reg. Jud._--Registrum Judiciale.

_Reg. Pl._--Regula Placitandi.

_Rep._ (1, 2, &c.)--1, 2, &c. Coke’s Reports.

_Rep. Eq._--Gilbert’s Reports in Equity.

_Rep. Jur._--Repertorium Juridicum.

_Rep. Q. A._--Reports tempore Q. Anne.

_Rep. temp. Finch._--Finch’s Reports.

_Ridg._--Ridgway’s Reports.

_Rigge on Registr._--Rigge on Registering Deeds.

_Ritson._--Ritson’s Office of Constable.

_Ro. Abr._--Rolle’s Abridgment.

_Ro. Rep._--Rolle’s Reports.

_Rob._--Robinson’s Entries.

_Rob. Adm._--Robinson’s Admiralty Reports.

_Rob. App._--Robertson’s Appeal Cases.

_Roll._--Roll of the Term.

_Roll. & Roll. Abr._--Rolle, Rep. and Abridgment.

_Rop. B. F._--Roper on Husband and Wife.

_Rot. B. Rep._--Rose’s Bankruptcy Reports.

_Rosc. Ev._--Roscoe on Evidence.

_Rosc. Crim. Ev._--Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.

_Run. Ejec._--Runnington’s Ejectment.

_Russ._--Russell.

_Russ. Cr._--Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanours.

_Russ. & M._--Russell and Mylne’s Chancery Reports.

_Russ. & Ry. C. C. R._--Russell and Ryan’s Crown Cases reserved.

_Rushw._--Rushworth’s Collections.

_Ry. F._--Rymer’s Fœdera.

_Ry. & Mo._--Ryan and Moody’s Reports.

_S._; Sect._; §._--Section.

_S. B._--Upper Bench.

_S. C._--Same Case.

_S. & D._--Shaw and Dunlop’s Cases in Court of Session.

_S. & L._; _Sch. & Lef._--Schoales and Lefroy’s Reports.
Chancery, in Ireland.

_S. & St._; _Sim. & St._--Simon’s and Stuart’s Reports. V. C.
Court.

_Salk._--Salkeld’s Reports.

_Sand. U. T._--Sanders on Uses and Trusts.

_Saund._--Saunders’s Reports.

_Sav._--Savile’s Reports.

_Say._--Sayer’s Reports.

_Sel. Ca. Ch._--Select Cases in Chancery.

_Seld._--Selden.

_Seld. Tit. of Hon._--Selden’s Titles of Honour.

_Sel. Pr._--Sellon’s Practice.

_Selw. N. P._--Selwyn’s Law of Nisi Prius.

_Sem._--Semble, seems.

_Sess. Ca._--Sessions Cases.

_Sess. Pap._--The Old Baily Sessions Papers.

_Sett. & Rem._--Cases in K. B. concerning Settlements and
Removals.

_Shaw._--Shaw’s Justice.

_Shaw P. L._--Shaw’s Parish Law.

_Shep. Touchst._--Sheppard’s Touchstone.

_Show._--Shower’s Reports.

_Show. P. C._--Shower’s Cases in Parliament.

_Sid._--Siderfin’s Reports.

_Sim._--Simons’s Reports of Cases in Chancery.

_Sim. & Stu._--Simons’s and Stuart’s Reports in the Vice
Chancellor’s Court.

_Simeon._--Simeon on Elections.

_Skin._--Skinner’s Reports.

_Smith._--Smith’s Reports.

_Som._--Somers, Somner.

_Spel._--Spelman.

_S. C. C._--Select Chancery Cases.

_S. P._--Same Point.

_St. Ca._--Stillingfleet’s Cases.

_St. T._--State Trials.

_Sta._--Starkie.

_Stark. C. L._--Starkie’s Criminal Law.

_Stark. C. P._--Starkie’s Criminal Pleading.

_Stark. Ev._--Starkie on Evidence.

_Stark. N. P._--Starkie’s Nisi Prius Reports.

_Staunf. P. C. & Pr._--Staunford’s Pleas of the Crown and
Prerogative.

_Stat. W._, or _W._--Statutes Westminster.

_Steph. Plead._--Stephen on Pleading.

_Str._; _Stra._--Strange’s Reports in Law and Equity.

_Sty._--Style’s Reports.

_Sug. Pow._--Sugden on Powers.

_Sug. Ven._; _Sugden’s Vend. & Purch._--Sugden’s Law of Vendors
and Purchasers.

_Sw._; _Swanst._--Swanston’s Reports in Chancery.

_Swin._--Swinburne on Wills.

_T. R._--Term. Rep., Teste Rege.

_T. R. E._, or _T. E. R._--Tempore Regis Edwardi.

_Talb._--Cases tempore Lord Talbot.

_Taun._--Taunton’s Reports. C. P.

_Terms of the L._--Terms of the Law.

_Th. Dig._--Theloall’s Digest.

_Th. Br._--Thesaurus Brevium.

_Tidd. App._--Tidd’s Appendix.

_Tidd. Co._--Tidd’s Costs.

_Tidd’s Pr._--Tidd’s Practice.

_Tol. Ex._--Toller’s Executors.

_Tom. Dict._--Tomlin’s Law Dictionary.

_Too. M. M._--Toone’s Magistrates’ Manual.

_Too. Ov. G._--Toone’s Overseers’ Guide.

_Toth._--Tothill’s Reports.

_Town’s Jud._--Townsend’s Judgments.

_Tr. Eq._--Treatise of Equity.

_Trem._--Tremaine’s Pleas of the Crown.

_Tri. per Pais._--Trials per Pais.

_Trin._--Trinity Term.

_Trye._--Trye’s Jus. Filazarii.

_Turn._--Turner’s (Ch.) Reports.

_Tyr. & Tynd. Dig._--Tyrwhitt and Tyndale’s Digest of Statutes.

_Tyrr. Sugg._--Tyrrell’s Suggestions.

_Tyrw._--Tyrwhitt’s Exchequer Reports.

_Tyrw. & Gran._--Tyrwhitt and Granger’s Exchequer Reports.

_V. & B._; _Ves. & B._; _Ves. & Beam._--Vesey and Beame’s Reports
in Chancery.

_V. C._--Vice Chancellor.

_Vaugh._--Vaughan’s Reports.

_Vent._--Ventris’s Reports.

_Vern._--Vernon’s Reports in Chancery.

_Ves. sen._--Vesey’s (sen.) Reports in Chancery.

_Ves._; _Ves. jun._--Vesey’s (jun.) Reports in Chancery.

_Vet. Ent._--Old B. Entries.

_Vet. N. B._--Old Nat. Brevium.

_Vez._--Vezey’s Reports.

_Vid._--Vidian’s Entries.

_Vin._--Viner.

_Vin. Abr._--Viner’s Abridgment.

_Vin. Inst._--Viner’s Institutes.

_W. 1. W. 2._--Statutes Westminster, 1, 2.

_W. & S._--Wilson and Shaw.

_Wat. Cop._--Watkins’s Copyholds.

_Wats._--Watson on Awards; or, Watson’s Sheriff.

_Wats. Cl._--Watson’s Clergyman’s Law.

_Wats. P._--Watson’s Partnership.

_Went. E._; _Went. Off._; _Went. Off. Ex._--Wentworth’s Office,
and Duty of Executors.

_Wight._--Wightwick’s Reports.

_Wil._; _Wils._--Wilson’s Reports in Chancery.

_Will. R._--Willes’s Reports.

_Wils. & Sh._--Wilson and Shaw’s Reports of Cases in House of
Lords.

_Win._--Winch’s Reports. Common Pleas. 1757.

_Wi. Ent._--Winch’s Entries.

_Wms. Just._--Williams’s Justice.

_Wms. Prec._--Williams’s Precedents.

_Wms._--Williams’s Rep., or Peere Williams.

_Wood’s Inst._--Wood’s Institutes.

_Woodf._--Woodfall’s Law of Landlord and Tenant.

_Wr. Ten._--Wright’s Tenures.

_Wy. Pr. R._--Wyatt’s Practical Register.

_Y. B._; _Yr. B._--Year Books. The Year Books are quoted by the
Year of each King’s Reign, the folio, page and number of the Plea
in the page, except par. 5, Liber Assisarum, for which see “Ass.”
or “Lib. Ass.” ante.

_Y. C. P._--Precedents of Proceedings on the Yeomanry Cavalry
Act, published July 1822.

_Yelv._--Yelverton’s Reports.

_Younge & J._--Younge and Jervis’s Exchequer Reports.

“_The modes of quoting the Civil and Canon Laws._--The INSTITUTIONS are contained in four Books: each Book is divided into Titles; and each Title into paragraphs; of which the first, described by the Letters _pr._ or _princip._ is not numbered. The DIGESTS or PANDECTS are in fifty Books: each Book is distributed into Titles; each Title into Laws; and, very frequently, Laws into Paragraphs, of which the first is not numbered. The CODE is comprised in twelve Books: each of which is divided, like the Digests, into Titles and Laws; and, sometimes, Laws into Paragraphs. The NOVELS are distinguished by their Number, Chapter, and Paragraph.

“The old way of quoting was much more troublesome, by only mentioning the Number, or initial Words, of the Paragraph or Law, without expressing the number either of Book or Title. Thus, § _si adversus, 12 Inst, de Nuptiis_, means the 12th Paragraph of the Title in the Institutions _de Nuptiis_, which Paragraph begins with the Words _si adversus_; and which a modern Civilian would cite thus, I. 1. 10. 12. So _l._ 30 _D. de R. J._ signifies the 30th Law of the Title in the Digests _de Regulis Juris_: according to the modern way thus, D. 50. 17. 30. Again, _l._ 5. § 3. _ff. de Jurejur_. means the 3d Paragraph of the 5th Law of the Title in the Digests de Jurejurando: better thus, D. 12. 2. 5. 3. And here note, that the Digests are sometimes referred to, as in the last instance, by a double f; and at other times by the Greek Π or π.

“The method of quoting the ROMAN CANON LAW is as follows. The DECREE, as said above, consists of three Parts; of which the first contains 101 Distinctions, each Distinction being subdivided into Canons: thus, 1 _dist. c. 3. Lex_ (or 1 _d. Lex_) is the first Distinction, and 3d Canon, beginning with the word _Lex_. The second part of the Decree contains 36 Causes; each Cause comprehending several Questions, and each Question several Canons: thus 3. _qu. 9. c. 2. Caveant_ is Cause the 3d, Question the 9th, and Canon the 2d, beginning with _Caveant_. The third part of the Decree contains 5 Distinctions, and is quoted as the first part, with the addition of the words _de Consecratione_; thus, _de Consecr. dist. 2. can. Quia corpus_ (or, _can. Quia corpus 35. dist. 2. d. Consecr._) means the 2d Distinction, and the 35th Canon of the Treatise _de Consecratione_, which Canon begins with _Quia corpus_.

“The DECRETALS are in three Parts; of which the first contains Gregory’s Decretals in 5 Books; each Book being divided into Titles, and each Title into Chapters: and these are cited by the name of the title, and the number of the chapter, with the addition of the word _Extra_, or the capital letter X: thus, _c. 3. Extra de Usuris_; is the 3d Chapter of the Title in Gregory’s Decretals, which is inscribed _de Usuris_; which Title, by looking into the Index, is found to be the 19th of the 5th Book. Thus also, _c. cum contingat. 36 X. de Offic. & Pot. Jud. Del._ is the 36th Chapter, beginning with _Cum contingat_ of the Title, in Gregory’s Decretals, which is inscribed _de Officio et Potestate Judicis Delegati_; and which, by consulting the Index, we find is the 29th Title of the 1st Book. The Sixth Decretal, and the Clementine Constitutions, each consisting of _5_ Books, are quoted in the same manner as Gregory’s Decretals; only, instead of _Extra_ or _X_, there is subjoined _in sexto_ or in _6_, and _in Clementinis_ or _in Clem._ according as either part is referred to: thus, _c. Si gratiose 5 de Rescrip. in 6_, is the _5_th Chapter, beginning with _Si gratiose_, of the Title _de Rescriptis_, in the _6_th Decretal; the Title so inscribed being the 3d of the 1st Book: and Clem. 1. de Sent. et Re Judic. (or, _de Sent. et R. J. ut calumniis, in Clem._) (or, _c. ut calumniis 1. de Sent. et R. J. in Clem._) is the first Chapter of the Clementine Constitutions, under the Title _de Sententiâ et Re Judicatâ_; which Chapter begins with _Ut calumniis_, and belongs to the xith Title of the 2d Book.

“The EXTRAVAGANTS of John the 22d are contained in one Book, divided into 14 Titles: thus, _Extravag. Ad Conditorem, Joh. 22. de V. S._ means the Chapter, beginning with _Ad Conditorem_, of the Extravagants of John 22d; Title, _de Verborum Significationibus_. Lastly, the Extravagants of later Popes are called _Communes_, being distributed into 5 Books, and these again into Titles and Chapters: thus _Extravag. Commun. c. Salvator. de Præbend._ is the Chapter beginning with _Salvator_, among the _Extravagantes Communes_; Title, _de Præbendis._”--_Bibliotheca Legum._ See Dr. Hallifax’s Analysis of the Roman Civil Law, and Butler’s Horæ Juridicæ Subsecivæ.

LAY DOWN.

To arrange the pages of a sheet, or of a half sheet upon the imposing stone in their proper order, and to take the page papers from under them. _See_ IMPOSING.

In the warehouse this term is used to denote the placing of the printed sheets of a work upon the gathering table in their proper order, for the purpose of gathering them together into complete books.

When a long number has been printed, the warehouseman generally lays down a bundle only of each signature, that the heaps may not be too high for the boys to reach the top sheet in gathering.

The first sheet in the gathering is laid down at the extreme end of the table at the left hand, and the succeeding sheets follow to the right in regular order, with the signature to the front of the table. The person who lays them down should run the signature page over in each heap to see that they all lie the same way, and have not been turned in knocking up, or piling away, which, when it happens, and passes undiscovered, causes a great deal of trouble in collating. _See_ GATHERING.

LAY LETTER.

The _Laying of Letter_, or, _To lay Letter_, is the putting of new types into cases, in their proper situations.

When a new fount of types has to be laid, the first consideration is, are there new cases for it, or are there any spare cases in the house, or are there any that can be appropriated to it; and, how many pairs are to be occupied with it? If it be for a work to be done by a companionship, each compositor takes his proportionate share, and lays the letter for his own use: or, it may be an addition to a fount already in work; in which case also each takes his share, as it is looked on as more advantageous to lay letter than to distribute, particularly if it be of a small size. After having put the letter into the cases, and set it up as close as possible, there will be found many superabundant sorts; these are put into a pair of fount cases, and the compositors generally make their cases even, that is, take out their superfluous sorts. If the fount cases will not contain all the sorts, the remainder are put into coffins, and placed in a basket or a letter box; if there should not be any fount cases, then all the spare sorts are put into coffins. The overseer should then be informed of the state of the fount, so that the house may cast up to the surplus sorts, if thought necessary.

I would not advise the laying of many pairs of cases with a moderate sized fount, as an additional pair or two can be easily made at any time.

Where the letter founder has tied up in one piece more than one sort, I would recommend the compositor to put the piece upon a galley, or he will mix the sorts, and give himself and the house unnecessary trouble in his proof; using a composing rule will save him trouble.

LAY ON.

A phrase used for the number of books to be printed. Thus they say, There is 1000, 2000, 3000, &c. Laid on.--_M._ We also use the phrase, but without any regard to number; as, such a press is going to lay a form on--such a press has laid a form on--What form shall we lay on?

It is usual, when a work is printed in sheets, to take the inner form first; the only motive, to my knowledge, for this custom is, that, where there are many presses at work, it prevents the pressmen taking advantage of each other, by those who are first off choosing the form that has the least difficulty in working. An old reason assigned for this practice is, that it is advantageous to the bookbinders in beating the book, preparatory to binding it; as the indentions of the types face each other, and are more easily made smooth; but the indentions would face each other equally if the usual order of working the forms were reversed. When there are wood cuts in one form, and none in the other, then the form without cuts should be worked first; as working the cuts last prevents the indention of the types appearing on the engraving, which would otherwise necessarily take place to its prejudice.

The term is also used in printing at machines, where a boy lays a sheet on a board, or on a travelling web, in order to its being conveyed round the cylinders to be printed.

LAY IN SHEETS.

When the pressman lays sheets on the tympan, it is stiled _Laying in Sheets_.--_M._ The term is now obsolete.

LAY OUT SHEETS.

When the pressman takes sheets off the tympan, and lays them on the heap, it is stiled _Laying out Sheets_.--_M._ Obsolete.

LAY-UP.

Before the letter of a worked-off form is distributed, or before it is cleared away, if the work be finished it is unlocked upon a board laid in the trough, and well rinsed with water, while the compositor keeps working the pages backward and forward with his hands, and continues pouring water on them till the lye and ink are washed away, and the water runs off clear: this is termed laying-up.

The board should always be washed clean on its upper side before the form is laid upon it.

LEADERS.

Between the ends of the lines and the figures of reference, in indexes, contents, in many tables, and accounts, are placed, sometimes full points, sometimes hyphens, metal rules, or dotted quadrats; all these, without distinction, are termed _Leaders_. Full points with a sufficient space between them, or dotted quadrats, are now generally used, being looked upon as neater than hyphens or metal rules.

LEADS.

These articles are called leads by printers, and space lines by type founders. _See_ SPACE LINES.

LEAN. _See_ BEAT LEAN.--_M._

LEAN FACE.

A letter whose stems and other strokes have not their full width.--_M._ As now understood, a letter of slender proportions compared to its height.--_See_ TYPES.

LECTURES.

5 & 6 W. 4. c. 65. “An act for preventing the Publication of
Lectures without Consent.

s. 1. “Whereas Printers, Publishers, and other Persons have
frequently taken the Liberty of printing and publishing Lectures
delivered upon divers Subjects, without the Consent of the
Authors of such Lectures, or the Persons delivering the same in
public, to the great Detriment of such Authors and Lecturers:
Be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal,
and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the
Authority of the same, That from and after the First Day of
September One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five the Author
of any Lecture or Lectures, or the Person to whom he hath sold
or otherwise conveyed the Copy thereof, in order to deliver the
same in any School, Seminary, Institution, or other Place, or
for any other purpose, shall have the sole Right and Liberty
of printing and publishing such Lecture or Lectures; and that
if any Person shall, by taking down the same in Short Hand or
otherwise in Writing, or in any other Way obtain or make a Copy
of such Lecture or Lectures, and shall print or lithograph
or otherwise copy and publish the same, or cause the same to
be printed, lithographed, or otherwise copied and published,
without Leave of the Author thereof, or of the Persons to whom
the Author thereof hath sold or otherwise conveyed the same,
and every Person who, knowing the same to have been printed or
copied and published without such Consent, shall sell, publish,
or expose to sale, or cause to be sold, published, or exposed to
sale, any such Lecture or Lectures, shall forfeit such printed
or otherwise copied Lecture or Lectures, or Parts thereof,
together with One Penny for every Sheet thereof which shall be
found in his Custody, either printed, lithographed, or copied,
or printing, lithographing, or copying, published or exposed to
sale, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning of this Act, the
one Moiety thereof to His Majesty, His Heirs or Successors, and
the other Moiety thereof to any Person who shall sue for the
same, to be recovered in any of His Majesty’s Courts of Record in
_Westminster_, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information,
in which no Wager of Law, Essoign, Privilege, or Protection, or
more than One Imparlance, shall be allowed.

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That any Printer or Publisher
of any Newspaper who shall, without such Leave as aforesaid,
print and publish in such Newspaper any Lecture or Lectures,
shall be deemed and taken to be a Person printing and publishing
without Leave within the Provisions of this Act, and liable
to the aforesaid Forfeitures and Penalties in respect of such
printing and publishing.

s. 3. “And be it further enacted, That no Person allowed for
certain Fee or Reward, or otherwise, to attend and be present at
any Lecture delivered in any Place, shall be deemed and taken to
be licensed or to have Leave to print, copy, and publish such
Lectures, only because of having Leave to attend such Lecture or
Lectures.

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A dictionary of the art of printingChapter XXV: Part 25

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