Chapter XI: Part 11

The commonest of these verbs are #doceō# and its compounds, and #cēlō#; #flāgitō#, #ōrō#, #poscō#, and #rogō#, #interrogō#. The thing is usually the neuter of a pronoun or enumerative word (1144): as, (_a._) #peior magister tē istaec docuit, nōn ego#, Pl. _B._ 163, _a worse instructor taught thee that, not I_. #quid tē litterās doceam?# _Pis._ 73, _why should I teach you your A B C’s?_ (_b._) #nōn tē cēlāvī sermōnem T. Ampiī#, _Fam._ 2, 16, 3, _I have not kept you in the dark about the talk with Ampius_. (_c._) #interim cōtīdiē Caesar Aeduōs frūmentum flāgitāre#, 1, 16, 1, _meantime Caesar every day a dunning the Aeduans for the grain_. #Mīlēsiōs nāvem poposcit#, _V._ 1, 86, _he called on the Miletus people for a vessel_. #quid me istud rogās?# _Fin._ 5, 83, _why do you ask me that?_ #Racilius mē sententiam rogāvit#, _QFr._ 2, 1, 3, _Racilius asked me my opinion_.

1170. With #doceō#, meaning _inform_, #cēlō#, #rogō#, and #interrogō#, the ablative of the thing with #dē# is also used. And with #flāgitō# and #poscō#, sometimes the ablative of the person with #ab#, with #cēlō# the ablative of the person with #dē#.

1171. In the passive the person becomes the subject, and the accusative of a neuter pronoun or adjective is retained: as,

#nōsne hoc cēlātōs tam diū#, T. _Hec._ 645, _for us not to be told of this so long_; rarely with reversed construction: #quōr haec cēlāta mē sunt?# Pl. _Ps._ 490, _why was this hid from me?_ Accusatives of appellatives are rare: as, #omnīs mīlitiae artīs ēdoctus fuerat#, L. 25, 37, 3, _he had been thoroughly taught all the arts of war_. #interrogātus sententiam#, L. 36, 7, 1, _being asked his opinion_. Other constructions of #doctus#, and of the passive of #cēlō#, #flāgitō#, #poscō#, #rogō# and #interrogō#, may be found in the dictionary.

1172. (2.) Verbs of wishing, reminding, inducing, and accusing, and some others, also sometimes take an accusative of the person and one of the thing.

Such are #volō#, #moneō# and its compounds, #hortor# and #cōgō#; #accūsō#, #arguō#, #īnsimulō#, #obiūrgō#. The thing is usually the neuter of a pronoun or enumerative word (1144): as, #quid mē voltis?# Pl. _Mer._ 868, _what do you want of me?_ #illud tē esse admonitum velim#, _Cael._ 8, _on this point I want you to be reminded_ (1171). In old Latin, accusatives of appellatives also are thus used, and sometimes also with #dōnō# and #condōnō#.

1173. (3.) The defining accusative is sometimes combined with an accusative of the person: as, #tam tē bāsia multa bāsiāre#, Cat. 7, 9, _thee to kiss so many kisses_ (1140). But usually with an accusative of the person, the ablative takes the place of the defining accusative: as, #ōdissem tē odiō Vatīniānō#, Cat. 14, 3, _I should hate thee with a Vatinian hate_.

[Erratum:
1169 ... #cōtīdiē Caesar Aeduōs frūmentum flāgitāre#, 1, 16, 1,
1, 16, 1.]

OBJECT AND EXTENT, DURATION, OR AIM.

1174. The accusative of extent or duration, or of aim of motion is often combined with that of the object: as,

(_a._) #mīlia passuum decem novem mūrum perdūcit#, 1, 8, 1, _he makes a wall nineteen miles_ (1151). #mātrōnae annum eum lūxērunt#, L. 2, 7, 4. _the married women wore mourning for him a year_ (1151). (_b._) #Ancus multitūdinem omnem Rōmam trādūxit#, L. 1, 33, 1, _Ancus moved the whole population over to Rome_ (1157). #eōs domum remittit#, 4, 21, 6, _he sends them home again_ (1162). For other combinations, see 1138, 1198, and 2270.

THE DATIVE.

1175. The dative denotes that for or to which a thing is or is done, and either accompanies single words, such as verbs, adjectives, sometimes adverbs, rarely substantives, or serves to modify the entire sentence. It has two principal uses.

1176. I. The dative is used as a complement. Complements may be roughly distinguished as essential or optional. But these two complements are not always separated by a sharp line, and the same dative may sometimes be referred indifferently to either head.

1177. (1.) The ESSENTIAL COMPLEMENT is a dative of the person or thing added to an idea which is felt as incomplete without the dative (1180).

Thus, #pāret#, _he is obedient_, is a statement which is felt as incomplete without a dative added to denote what it is he is obedient to, in the sentence #pāret senātuī#, _he is obedient to the senate_. But when stress is put on the action merely, without reference to its bearing, such a verb may be used without a dative: as, #pāret#, _he is obedient_, _he yields obedience_.

1178. (2.) The OPTIONAL COMPLEMENT, that is, the dative of interest, advantage, or disadvantage, adds something to an idea that is already complete in itself (1205).

Thus, #carmina cantō#, _I chant verses_, is a statement entirely complete in itself; it may be modified or not, at option, by a dative, thus: #carmina virginibus puerīsque cantō#, _verses for maids and boys I chant_.

1179. II. The dative of certain substantives is used predicatively (1219).

I. THE COMPLEMENTARY DATIVE.

(1.) THE ESSENTIAL COMPLEMENT.

THE DATIVE WITH VERBS.

1180. Many verbs require a dative to complete their meaning.

WITH VERBS OF INTRANSITIVE USE.

1181. (1.) Many verbs of intransitive use, particularly such as denote a state, disposition, feeling, or quality, take the dative: as,

#quodne vōbīs placeat, displiceat mihī?# Pl. _MG._ 614, _shall that which pleases you, displeasing be to me?_ #sī Asiciō causa plūs prōfuit quam invidia nocuit#, _Cael._ 23, _if his case has been more helpful to Asicius than the hostility has been damaging_. #imperat aut servit collēcta pecūnia cuique#, H. _E._ 1, 10, 47, _for every man his garnered hoard or master is or slave_. #nōnne huic lēgī resistētis?# _Agr._ 2, 85, _will you not stand out against this law?_ #gymnasiīs indulgent Graeculī#, Traj. in Plin. _Ep._ 40 [49], 2, _our Greek cousins are partial to gymnasiums_. #īgnōscās velim huic festīnātiōnī meae#, in a letter, _Fam._ 5, 12, 1, _please excuse haste_. #huic legiōnī Caesar cōnfīdēbat maximē#, 1, 40, 15, _Caesar trusted this legion most of all_. #an C. Trebōniō ego persuāsī? cui nē suādēre quidem ausus essem#, _Ph._ 2, 27, _or was it I that brought conviction to Trebonius? a man to whom I should not have presumed even to offer advice_. In the passive, such verbs are used impersonally, the dative remaining (1034); personal constructions are rare and poetical.

1182. This dative is used with such verbs or verbal expressions as mean _am pleasing_ or _displeasing_, _helpful_ or _injurious_, _command_, _yield_, or _am obedient_, _am friendly_, _partial_, or _opposed_; _spare_, _pardon_, _threaten_, _trust_, _advise_, _persuade_, _happen_, _meet_. But the English translation is not a safe guide: many of the verbs used with a dative are represented transitively in English; and some verbs of the meanings above are used transitively in Latin: as, #dēlectō#, #iuvō#, #laedō#, &c., &c.

1183. The dative is rarely used with a form of #sum# and a predicate noun corresponding in meaning with the verbs above (1181): as, #quid mihi scelestō tibī̆ erat auscultātiō?# Pl. _R._ 502, i.e. #quid tibī̆ auscultābam?# _why did I, ill-starred wretch, lend ear to thee?_ #quī studiōsus re͡i nūllī aliaest#, Pl. _MG._ 802, i.e. #quī studet#, _who lends his soul to nothing else_. Or immediately with a noun: as, #servitūs opulentō hominī#, Pl. _Am._ 166, _slavery to a millionaire_. #optemperātiō lēgibus#, _Leg._ 1, 42, _obedience to the laws_. #aemula labra rosīs#, Mart. 4, 42, 10, _lips rivalling the rose_.

1184. Some verbs have a variable use without any difference of meaning: thus, #cūrō#, #decet#, and #vītō#, have sometimes the dative in old Latin, but usually the accusative. In Cicero, #adūlor# has the accusative; from Nepos on, the dative as well. #medeor#, #medicor#, and #praestōlor# take either the accusative or the dative.

1185. Some verbs have an accusative with one meaning, a dative of the complement, essential or optional, with another: see #aemulor#, #caveō#, #comitor#, #cōnsulō#, #conveniō#, #cupiō#, #dēspērō#, #maneō#, #metuō#, #moderor#, #prōspiciō#, #temperō#, #timeō#, and the different uses of #invideō#, in the dictionary.

1186. In poetry, verbs of union, of contention, and of difference, often take a dative: as, (_a._) #haeret laterī lētālis harundō#, V. 4, 73, _sticks to her side the deadly shaft_. So with #coëō#, #concurrō#, #haereō#, and similarly with #iungō#, #misceō#. (_b._) #quid enim contendat hirundō cycnīs?# Lucr. 3, 6, _for how can swallow cope with swans?_ So with #bellō#, #certō#, #contendō#, #pugnō#. (_c._) #īnfīdō scurrae distābit amīcus#, H. _E._ 1, 18, 4, _a friend will differ from a faithless hanger-on_. So with #differō#, #discrepō#, #dissentiō#, #distō#.

1187. A verb often takes the dative, when combined with #adversum#, #obviam#, or #praestō#, also with #bene#, #male#, or #satis#, and the like: as,

#fit ob viam Clōdiō#, _Mil._ 29, _he runs across Clodius_. #cui bene dīxit umquam bonō?# _Sest._ 110, _for what patriot had he ever a good word?_ #nōs, virī fortēs, satis facere rē̆ī pūblicae vidēmur#, _C._ 1, 2, _we doughty champions flatter ourselves we are doing our whole duty by the state_. Similarly with verbs of transitive use.

1188. (2.) Many verbs of intransitive use compounded with a preposition take a dative connected in sense with the preposition: as,

#manus extrēma nōn accessit operibus eius#, _Br._ 126, _the last touch was not put upon his works_. #omnibus adfuit hīs pugnīs Dolābella#, _Ph._ 2, 75, _Dolabella was on hand in all these battles_. #pontō nox incubat ātra#, V. 1, 89, _over the deep, night broodeth black_. #cōgnitiōnibus dē Chrīstiānīs interfuī numquam#, Plin. _Ep. ad Trai._ 96 [97], 1, _I have never been to any of the trials of the Christians_.

1189. The prepositions are chiefly #ad#, #ante#, #com-#, #in#, #inter#, #ob#, #prae#, #sub#, or #super#. In many compounds of these prepositions, however, the dative is due to the general meaning of the verb, as in #cōnfīdit mihī̆#, _he puts all trust in me_ (1181), as contrasted with #cōnsentit mihī̆#, _he feels with me_, nearly equivalent to #sentit mēcum# (1188).

1190. Instead of the dative, such verbs often have a prepositional construction, particularly when place, literal or figurative, is distinctly to be expressed: as,

#accēdere in fūnus#, _Leg._ 2, 66, _to go to a funeral_. #in morbum incidit#, _Clu._ 175, _he fell ill_.

1191. Some verbs of intransitive use take, when compounded, either the dative or the accusative. See #adiaceō#, #antecēdō#, #anteeō#, #praecurrō#, #praestō#, #incēdō#, #inlūdō#, #īnsultō#, #invādō#, in the dictionary. And some compounds acquire a transitive use altogether, as #obeō#, #oppugnō#: see 1137.

[Errata:
1188 ... _Ph._ 2, 75, _Dolabella was on hand in all these battles_.
_Ph_ 2, 75,
#pontō nox incubat ātra#, V. 1, 89
#pontō nox incubat ātra#.]

WITH VERBS OF TRANSITIVE USE.

1192. (1.) Many verbs of transitive use take the dative: as,

#ē̆ī fīliam suam in mātrimōnium dat#, 1, 3, 5, _he gives this person his own daughter in marriage_. #decima legiō ē̆ī grātiās ēgit#, 1, 41, 1, _the tenth legion gave him thanks_. #huic fert subsidium Puliō#, 5, 44, 13, _to him Pulio brings aid_. #multīs idem minātur Antōnius#, _Ph._ 11, 2, _to many Antony threatens the same_. #reliquī sēsē fugae mandārunt#, 1, 12, 3, _the rest betook themselves to flight_. #commendō vōbīs meum parvum fīlium#, _C._ 4, 23, _unto your keeping do I commit the little son of mine_. #multī sē aliēnissimīs crēdidērunt#, 6, 31, 4, _many people put themselves in the hands of utter strangers_. #equitēs imperat cīvitātibus#, 6, 4, 6, _he issues orders to the communities for horse_.

1193. This dative is used with such verbs as #dō#, #trādō#, #tribuō#, #dīvidō#, #ferō#, #praebeō#, #praestō#, #polliceor#, #prōmittō#, #dēbeō#, #negō#, #mōnstrō#, #dīcō#, #nārrō#, #mandō#, #praecipiō#, &c., &c. In the passive construction, the accusative becomes nominative, the dative remaining.

1194. (2.) Many verbs of transitive use compounded with a preposition take a dative connected in sense with the preposition: as,

#nihil novī vōbīs adferam#, _RP._ 1, 21, _I shall not lay any novelty before you_. #lēgēs omnium salūtem singulōrum salūtī antepōnunt#, _Fin._ 3, 64, _the law always puts the general safety before the safety of the individual_. #timōrem bonīs iniēcistis#, _Agr._ 1, 23, _you have struck terror into the hearts of patriots_. #nōluērunt ferīs corpus obicere#, _RA._ 71, _they would not cast his person before ravenous beasts_. #nēminem huic praeferō#, N. 8, 1, 1, _there is nobody I put before him_. #hībernīs Labiēnum praeposuit#, 1, 54, 2, _he put Labienus over the winter-quarters_. #anitum ōva gallīnīs saepe suppōnimus#, _DN._ 2, 124, _we often put ducks’ eggs under hens_.

1195. The prepositions are #circum#, #dē#, #ex#, #post#, or those named in 1189. In many compounds of transitive use, however, the dative is due to the general meaning of the verb, as with those spoken of in 1189.

1196. With these verbs, a prepositional construction is often used, as with the verbs of intransitive use (1190): as,

#iam diū nihil novī ad nōs adferēbātur#, _Fam._ 2, 14, _no news has got to us this long time_. For compounds of #circum# and #trāns# with two accusatives, see 1138.

1197. Verbs of transitive use compounded with #com-# have oftener the ablative with #cum#: as, #cōnferte hanc pācem cum illō bellō#, _V._ 4, 115, _just compare this peace with that war_. See also in the dictionary, #coniungō# and #compōnō#; also the indirect compounds #comparō#, _compare_, from #compār#, and #commūnicō#.

1198. With a few compounds of #ad# or #in#, a second accusative is exceptionally used: as, #arbitrum illum adēgit#, _Off._ 3, 66, _he had the other man up before a daysman_. So with #inmittō#, Pl. _Cap._ 548, #īnsinuō#, Lucr. 1, 116, &c., &c. Regularly with #animum advertō#: as, #animum advertī columellam#, _TD._ 5, 65, _I noticed a modest shaft_. #quā rē animum adversā#, Caes. _C._ 1, 80, 4, _this fact being paid heed to_: compare 1138.

1199. A few compound verbs admit either the dative of the person or thing and accusative of the thing, or the accusative of the person or thing and ablative of the thing; such are #adspergō# and #īnspergō#, #circumdō#, #circumfundō#, #exuō# and #induō#, #impertiō#, #interclūdō#; also the uncompounded #dōnō#: as, #praedam mīlitibus dōnat#, 7, 11, 9, _he presents the booty to the soldiers_. #scrībam tuum ānulō dōnāstī#, _V._ 3, 185, _you presented your clerk with a ring_. For the different constructions of #interdīcō#, see the dictionary.

THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.

1200. The dative with many adjectives and some adverbs denotes that to which the quality is directed.

Such have the meaning of _useful_, _necessary_, _fit_, _easy_, _agreeable_, _known_, _near_, _belonging_, _friendly_, _faithful_, _like_, and most of their opposites; the adjective is often predicative: as, #vēr ūtile silvīs# (1036), V. _G._ 2, 323, _the spring is good for woods_. #est senātōrī necessārium nōsse rem pūblicam#, _Leg._ 3, 41, _for a senator it is indispensable to be conversant with government_. #ōrātiōnis genus pompae quam pugnae aptius#, _O._ 42, _a style better suited to the parade than to the field_. #convenienter nātūrae vīvere#, _Off._ 3, 13, _to live in touch with nature_.

1201. Some adjectives of this class have the dative of a person, the accusative with #ad# of a thing: so #accommodātus#, #aptus#, #idōneus#, #necessārius#, and #ūtilis#; and some denoting feeling have also the accusative with a preposition: #aequus#, #inīquus#, #fidēlis# with #in#, #benevolus# with #ergā#, and #impius# with #adversus#. #propior# and #proximus# sometimes accompany an accusative, like #prope#, #propius#, and #proximē#.

1202. The adjectives #commūnis#, #proprius# or #aliēnus#, #sacer#, #tōtus#, often accompany the construction of the genitive of the owner: see 1238. For #aliēnus# with the ablative, see 1306. Sometimes #aliēnus# has the ablative with #ab#.

1203. Some adjectives denoting relationship, connection, friendship or hostility, become substantives, and as such, admit the genitive also (1103): such are (_a._) #adfīnis#, #cōgnātus#; (_b._) #aequālis#, #familiāris#, #fīnitimus#, #pār# and #dispār#, #propīnquus#, #vīcīnus#; (_c._) #adversārius#, #amīcus#, #inimīcus#, #necessārius#.

1204. In Plautus and Terence, #similis#, _the like_, _the counterpart_, and its compounds, regularly take the genitive. The dative, as well as the genitive, is also used from Ennius on, particularly of a limited or approximate likeness: see the dictionary.

(2.) THE OPTIONAL COMPLEMENT.

1205. The dative of a person or thing interested, benefited, harmed, may be added at option to almost any verb: as,

#cōnservāte parentī fīlium, parentem fīliō#, _Cael._ 80, _save the son for the father, the father for the son_. #mea domus tibī̆ patet, mihī̆ clausa est#, _RA._ 145, _the very house I own is open for you, is shut upon me_. #cui flāvam religās comam, simplex munditiīs?# H. 1, 5, 4, _for whom bind’st thou in wreaths thy golden hair, plain in thy neatness?_ #nōn audēret facere haec viduae mulierī, quae in mē fēcit#, T. _Hau._ 953, _he durst not to an unprotected female do what he hath done towards me_.

1206. The place of a verb with the dative of interest is sometimes filled by an interjection, #ecce#, #ei#, #em#, or #vae#: as, #ei mihi quālis erat#, E. 1, 7, V. 2, 274, _ah me, how ghastly he did look_. #vae vīctīs#, Pl. _Ps._ 1317, said by Brennus, 390 B.C., L. 5, 48, 9, _woe worth the worsted_. #vae capitī atque aetātī tuae#, Pl. _R._ 375, _a murrain on thy head and life_.

1207. The dative is often added to the entire sentence, where either a genitive or a possessive pronoun limiting a substantive might be used.

In such cases the dative expresses interest, advantage, or disadvantage, while the genitive would simply indicate the owner or the object: as, #trānsfīgitur scūtum Puliōni#, 5, 44, 7, _unfortunately for Pulio, his shield gets pierced through and through_. #mīlitantī in Hispāniā pater ē̆ī moritur#, L. 29, 29, 6, _while serving in Spain he had the misfortune to lose his father_. #huic ego mē bellō ducem profiteor#, _C._ 2, 11, _I here proclaim myself captain for this war_. #sēsē Caesarī ad pedēs prōiēcērunt#, 1, 31, 2, _they cast themselves at Caesar’s feet_. #nostrīs mīlitibus spem minuit#, 5, 33, 5, _it dashed the hopes of our soldiers_. #extergē tibi manūs#, Pl. _Most._ 267, _wipe off thy hands_. #vellunt tibi barbam lascīvī puerī#, H. _S._ 1, 3, 133, _the wanton gamins pull thy beard, poor soul_.

1208. This dative is sometimes detached from the verb, and used immediately with a substantive, instead of the genitive: as, #Philocōmasiō custōs#, Pl. _MG._ 271, _the keeper for Philocomasium_. #rēctor iuvenī#, Ta. 1, 24, _a mentor for the young man_. So particularly with a gerundive in official expressions: as, #cūrātor mūrīs reficiendīs#, _OG._ 19, _commissioner for rebuilding the walls_.

1209. Verbs of warding off sometimes take a dative, especially in poetry, also those of robbing and ridding: as, (_a._) #hunc quoque arcēbis gravidō pecorī#, V. _G._ 3, 154, _him also wilt thou for the pregnant herd keep far_. #sōlstitium pecorī dēfendite#. V. _E._ 7, 47, _the summer’s heat keep distant for the flock_. (_b._) #torquem dētrāxit hostī#, _Fin._ 1, 35, _he pulled a torque away from his enemy_. #ēripiēs mihī̆ hunc errōrem#, _Att._ 10, 4, 6, _you will rid me of this mistake_.

1210. With verbs of motion the dative of the person interested denotes in poetry the end of motion also: as, #multōs Danaūm dēmittimus Orcō#, V. 2, 398, _we send down many a Danaan for the nether king_. So also the dative of personified words of place: as, #it clāmor caelō#, V. 5, 451, _up goes a shout for heaven_, i.e. _heaven hears a shout_. #sēdibus hunc refer ante suīs#, V. 6, 152, _first bear him duly to his place of rest_, i.e. let his expectant grave receive him.

THE EMOTIONAL DATIVE.

1211. The dative of the personal pronoun is often used with expressions of emotion, interest, surprise, or derision: as,

#quid mihi Celsus agit?# H. _E._ 1, 3, 15, _how fares me Celsus?_ #Tongilium mihī̆ ēdūxit#, _C._ 2, 4, _he took out Tongilius, bless my soul_. #at tibī̆ repente, cum minimē exspectārem, vēnit ad mē Canīnius māne#, _Fam._ 9, 2, 1, _but bless you, sir, when I least dreamt of it, who should drop in on me all at once but Caninius, bright and early_.

THE DATIVE OF THE POSSESSOR.

1212. The dative is used with forms of #sum# to denote the possessor: as,

#est hominī cum deō similitūdō#, _Leg._ 1, 25, _man has a resemblance to god_. #an nescīs longās rēgibus esse manūs?# O. _E._ 16, 166, _dost possibly not know kings have long arms?_ #suos quoique mōs#, T. _Ph._ 454, _to every man his own pet way_. So also with the compounds #absum#, #dēsum#, #supersum#: as, #hoc ūnum Caesarī dēfuit#, 4, 26, 5, _this was all Caesar lacked_.

1213. (1.) With #mihī̆ est nōmen#, the name is put either in the dative or in the nominative: as,

#mihī̆ nomen est Iūliō#, or #mihī̆ nōmen est Iūlius#, Gell. 15, 29, 1, _my name is Julius_. In old Latin and in Sallust, the dative: as, #nōmen Mercuriōst mihī#, Pl. _Am. prol._ 19, _my name is Mercury_; later the nominative: as, #canibus pigrīs nōmen erit Pardus, Tigris, Leo#, J. 8, 34, _the craven cur shall sport the name of ‘Lion, Tiger, Pard.’_ Cicero uses the nominative or rarely the dative, Livy oftener the dative than the nominative. Tacitus puts adjectives in the dative, substantives in the nominative, rarely in the genitive. Caesar does not use the construction.

1214. (2.) With the actives #nōmen dō#, #indō#, #pōnō#, #tribuō#, &c., the name may be in the dative or in the accusative; with the passive of these expressions, the name may be in the dative or in the nominative: as,

#quī tibi nōmen īnsānō posuēre#, H. _S._ 2, 3, 47, _who’ve put on thee the nickname Crank_. #quī fīliīs Philippum atque Alexandrum nōmina inposuerat#, L. 35, 47, 5, _who had given his sons the names Philip and Alexander_. A genitive dependent on #nōmen# is used once by Tacitus and in very late Latin.

1215. With a gerundive, the dative of the possessor denotes the person who has the action to do: see 2243. For the ablative with #ab#, or for #habeō#, see 2243, 2245.

1216. This dative is sometimes used with the perfect participle, and the tenses formed with it: as, #mihī̆ est ēlabōrātum#, _Caecil._ 40, _I have it all worked out_. #carmina nūlla mihī sunt scrīpta#, O. _Tr._ 5, 12, 35, _no poetry have I ready made_. Rarely with passives of the present system: as, #nūlla placēre diū nec vīvere carmina possunt, quae scrībuntur aquae pōtōribus#, H. _E._ 1, 19, 2, _no verse can take or be longlived that by teetotallers is writ_.

THE DATIVE OF RELATION.

1217. The dative may denote the person viewing or judging: as,

#eris mihi magnus Apollō#, V. _E._ 3, 104, _thou shalt to me the great Apollo be_. #Quīntia fōrmōsa est multīs, mihi candida, longa, rēcta est#, Cat. 86, 1, _in many eyes is Quintia fair, to me she’s bonny, tall, and straight_. From Caesar on, participles are often used to denote the person viewing or judging: as, #est urbe ēgressīs tumulus#, V. 2, 713, _there is, as you get out of town, a mound_. #in ūniversum aestimantī#, Ta. _G._ 6, _looking at it generally_.

1218. In imitation of a Greek idiom, #volēns#, #cupiēns#, or #invītus#, is used by Sallust and Tacitus in agreement with a dative dependent on a form of #sum#, the combination being equivalent to a subject with a form of #volō#, #cupiō#, or #invītus sum#, respectively: as, #cēterīs remanēre volentibus fuit#, Ta. _H._ 3, 43, i.e. #cēterī remanēre voluērunt#, _the rest were minded to bide where they were_. Once in Livy.

II. THE PREDICATIVE DATIVE.

THE DATIVE OF TENDENCY OR RESULT.

1219. (1.) Certain datives are used with a form of #sum# to denote what a thing tends to, proves, or is. This dative is generally accompanied by a dative of the person interested: as,

#auxiliō īs fuit#, Pl. _Am. prol._ 92, _he was a help to them_. #odiō sum Rōmānīs#, L. 35, 19, 6, _I am an abomination in the eyes of Rome_. #potestne bonum cuiquam malō esse?# _Par._ 7, _can good prove bad for any human being?_ #L. Cassius identidem quaerere solēbat, cui bonō fuisset#, _RA._ 84, _Cassius used to ask for ever and ever, who the person benefited was_, or _who the gainer was_. #nēminī meus adventus labōrī aut sūmptuī fuit#, _V._ 1, 16, _my visit did not prove a bother or an expense to a soul_. #rēs et fortūnae tuae mihī̆ maximae cūrae sunt#, _Fam._ 6, 5, 1, _your money-matters are an all-absorbing interest to me_.

1220. There are many of these datives, mostly abstracts and all singular, some of the commonest are #cūrae#, #ūsuī#, #praesidiō#, #cordī#, #odiō#, #auxiliō#, #impedīmentō#, #salūtī#, #voluptātī#. The adjectives #magnus#, #maior#, #maximus#, or #tantus# and #quantus#, are sometimes used in agreement with them; and the dative #frūgī# sometimes has #bonae#.

1221. Instead of the dative of tendency, a predicative nominative or accusative is rarely used: thus, #possessiōnem līberam Dardaniae sōlāciō fore#, L. 40, 57, 9, _that the unrestricted occupancy of Dardania would prove comforting_, but, #domestica quiēs sōlācium fuit#, L. 6, 30, 9, _the peace that prevailed at home was a solid comfort_. Prepositional expressions with #prō# and #in# also occur.

1222. (2.) The dative is also used with a few verbs of considering or accounting to denote what a thing is accounted.

So with such verbs as #dō#, #dūcō#, #habeō#, #tribuō#, and #vertō#: as, #vitiō mihī̆ dant, quod mortem hominis necessāriī graviter ferō#, Matius in _Fam._ 11, 28, 2, _the world scores it against me that I take the murder of a near and dear friend to heart_. #postquam paupertās probrō habērī coepit#, S. _C._ 12, 1, _after lack of wealth began to count as a stigma_.

THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE OR INTENTION.

1223. A few datives are used to denote what a thing is intended to be. This dative is generally accompanied by a dative of the person interested.

So (_a._) #dōnō# and #mūnerī#: as, #ēmit eam dōnō mihī̆#, T. _Eu._ 135, _he bought her as a gift for me_. #centum bovēs mīlitibus dōnō dedit#, L. 7, 37, 3, _he gave the soldiers a hundred oxen as a present_. Also (_b._) #auxiliō#, #praesidiō#, and #subsidiō#, used of military operations, chiefly with verbs of motion: as, #iī, quī praesidiō contrā castra erant relictī, subsidiō suīs iērunt#, 7, 62, 8, _the men that had been left as a protection against the camp, went as a reinforcement to their own side_.

1224. For the datives #dōnō# and #mūnerī#, a predicative nominative or accusative is sometimes used: as, #corōnam Iovī dōnum in capitōlium mittunt#, L. 2, 22, 6, _they send a crown to the capitol as a present for Jupiter_. Prepositional expressions are also used for #auxiliō#, &c.: as, #ad praesidium#, L. 3, 5, 3, #in praesidium#, L. 31, 16, 7, _for protection_, #auxiliī causā#, L. 2, 24, 4, _to help_.

1225. The dative #receptuī# is also used in military language to denote purpose: as, #Caesar receptuī canī iussit#, 7, 47, 1, _Caesar ordered the retreat sounded_. #Quīnctius receptuī canere iussit#, L. 34, 39, 13. This dative is sometimes attached immediately to a substantive: as, #receptuī sīgnum#, _Ph._ 13, 15, _the trumpet for retreat_.

[Erratum:
1224 ... as, #ad praesidium#
as.]

THE GENITIVE.

1226. The genitive is principally used with nouns, less frequently with verbs. Sometimes even when it seems to be dependent on a verb, it really depends on a substantive understood, or on a noun virtually contained or implied in the verb. Some verbs require an accusative also, in addition to the genitive.

I. THE GENITIVE WITH SUBSTANTIVES.

1227. A substantive is often limited by another substantive in the genitive.

The things denoted by the two words are usually distinct: as, #metus hostium#, _the fear of the enemy_, i.e. either (_a._) which they feel (1231), or (_b._) which is felt towards them (1260); #magnī ponderis saxa#, _stones of great weight_ (1239). Sometimes, however, they are more or less the same: as, #mīlitum pars#, _part of the soldiers_ (1242); #magna multitūdō perditōrum hominum#, _a perfect swarm of desperadoes_ (1255).

1228. Two or even three genitives expressing different relations, sometimes limit one substantive: as, #superiōrum diērum Sabīnī cunctātiō#, 3, 18, 6, _Sabinus’s dilatoriness in days preceding_. #eōrum diērum cōnsuētūdine itineris nostrī exercitūs perspectā#, 2, 17, 2, _studying up the order of march followed by our army in those days_.

1229. The limited substantive is often omitted, when it is obvious from the context: as, #ventum erat ad Vestae#, sc. #aedem#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 35, _to Vesta’s were we come_, i.e. to her temple. #aberam bīduī#, sc. #iter#, _Att._ 5, 17, 1, _I was two days distant_. Usually so, when it is expressed with another genitive, which generally precedes: as, #quis est, quī possit cōnferre vītam Trebōnī cum Dolābellae?# _Ph._ 11, 9, _who is there that can compare the life of Trebonius with Dolabella’s?_

1230. Instead of the genitive depending on a substantive, an equivalent adjective or a prepositional expression is often used. Such substitutions will be mentioned below in their appropriate places.

1231. The relations expressed by the limiting genitive vary very much according to the context. These relations may be put in classes, as below (1232-1260). But it must be remembered that as the genitive connects substantives in a loose way, the same construction may sometimes be referred to more than one head.

THE GENITIVE OF THE SUBJECT, CAUSE, ORIGIN, OR OWNER.

1232. (1.) The genitive is used to denote that which does the action, or which causes, originates, or possesses the object designated by the substantive it limits: as,

#metus hostium#, Gell. 9, 12, 13, _the fear of the enemy_, i.e. which they feel. #adventus Caesaris#, 6, 41, 4, _the arrival of Caesar_. #bellum Venetōrum#, 3, 16, 1, _the war with the Venetans_. #illud Solōnis#, _CM._ 50, _Solon’s memorable words_. #Canachī sīgna#, _Br._ 70, _statues by Canachus_. #Cupīdinis sīgnum#, _V._ 4, 135, _the statue representing Cupid_. #huius sīgnīs#, _V._ 3, 9, _with statues belonging to this man_. #pācem Ariovistī#, 1, 37, 2, _a peaceful policy on Ariovistus’s part_. #Cannārum pugna#, L. 23, 43, 4, _the battle of Cannae_ (1427). #abacī vāsa omnia#, _V._ 4, 35, _all the vessels on the sideboard_. #prīdiē eius diēī#, 1, 47, 2, _the day before that day_ (1413). #labrōrum tenus#, Lucr. 1, 940, _the length of the lips_ (1420).

1233. Instead of the genitive, an adjective is often used to express such relations; less frequently a prepositional construction: as,

(_a._) #odium paternum#, N. 23, 1, 3, _the hatred felt by his father_. #servīlī tumultū#, 1, 40, 5, _in the slave insurrection_. #bellō Cassiānō#, 1, 13, 2, _in the war with Cassius_. #illud Cassiānum, cui bonō fuerit#, _Ph._ 2, 35, _Cassius’s test question, ‘who the gainer was.’_ #erīlis patria#, Pl. _B._ 170, _my master’s birthplace_. #intrā domesticōs parietēs#, _C._ 2, 1, _within the walls of our houses_. So usually with names of countries and of towns: as, #anus Corinthia#, T. _Hau._ 600, _an old woman of Corinth_. #pugna Cannēnsis#, L. 22, 50, 1, _the battle of Cannae_. Often in a generalizing sense: as, #paternus māternusque sanguī̆s#, _RA._ 66, _the blood of a father and of a mother_. (_b._) #ad Cannās pugnam#, L. 22, 58, 1, _the battle of Cannae_.

1234. The possessive pronoun is regularly used instead of the possessive genitive of a personal or reflexive pronoun (1230): as,

#mea domus#, _RA._ 145, _my own house_. #in tuā quādam epistolā#, _Att._ 9, 10, 3, _in a letter of yours_. But sometimes, for emphasis, the genitive of the personal or reflexive is used: as, #magnō suī cum perīculō#, 4, 28, 2, _with great personal risk_; commonly so with #omnium# or #utriusque#: as, #voluntātī vestrūm omnium pāruī#, _DO._ 3, 208, _I yielded to your joint wish_; see however 1235.

1235. A word in apposition with the possessive pronoun is put in the genitive: as, #meā ūnīus operā#, _Pis._ 6, _by my sole instrumentality_. #ad vestram omnium caedem#, _C._ 4, 4, _for the murder of you all_ (1230). So particularly #ipse#, #omnis#, #sōlus#, and #ūnus#.

1236. The genitive is often used predicatively with verbs meaning _am_, _belong_, _become_, _make_, _seem_, _am accounted_, &c., &c.: as,

#litterāriī ista sunt lūdī#, Quint. 1, 4, 27, _such questions belong to the infant school_. #hīc versus Plautī nōn est, hīc est#, _Fam._ 9, 16, 4, _this line is not Plautus’s, this one is_. #omnia, quae mulieris fuērunt, virī fīunt#, _Top._ 23, _everything which was the woman’s becomes the man’s_. #neque sē iūdicāre Galliam potius esse Ariovistī quam populī Rōmānī#, 1, 45, 1, _and that he did not think Gaul was any more Ariovistus’s than it was the Romans’_. #hostiumst potīta#, Pl. _E._ 562, _into the foemen’s hands she fell_.

1237. The possessive genitive of a person or of an abstract is particularly common when the subject of the verb is an infinitive or sentence: as,

(_a._) #scyphīs pugnāre Thrācum est#, H. 1, 27, 1, _to fight with bowls is Vandal work_. #erat āmentis, cum aciem vidērēs, pācem cōgitāre#, _Lig._ 28, _it was a madman’s act, dreaming of peace when you saw the troops in battalia_. #temporī cēdere semper sapientis est habitum#, _Fam._ 4, 9, 2, _shaping your course to circumstance has always passed as the sign of a wise man_. #mentīrī nōn est meum#, T. _Hau._ 549, _telling lies is not my style_ (1234). (_b._) #nōn est pudōris meī, mē prōpugnātōrem P. Scīpiōnis profitērī#, _V._ 4, 80, _it is not in keeping with my delicacy to set up as the champion of Scipio_. #hārum rērum esse dēfēnsōrem magnī animī est#, _Sest._ 99, _to be the defender of these interests takes heroism_. #hoc sentīre prūdentiae est, facere fortitūdinis#, _Sest._ 86, _to think thus shows wisdom, to act thus, courage_. #negāvit mōris esse Graecōrum, ut in convīviō virōrum accumberent mulierēs#, _V._ 1, 66, _he said it was not manners among the Greeks to have women at table at a men’s dinner-party_.

1238. With the possessive genitive, the limited substantive is sometimes defined by #commūnis#, #proprius# or #aliēnus#, #sacer#, or #tōtus# added: as, #hoc proprium virtūtis exīstimant#, 6, 23, 2, _this they consider a special characteristic of bravery_. #omnia quae nostra erant propria#, _RA._ 150, _everything which was our peculiar property_ (1234). #illa īnsula eōrum deōrum sacra putātur#, _V._ 1, 48, _that island is considered the hallowed property of those gods_. #iam mē Pompēī tōtum esse scīs#, _Fam._ 2, 13, 2, _you are aware that I am become Pompey’s, out and out_.

THE GENITIVE OF QUALITY.

1239. (2.) The genitive with an adjective in agreement is used to denote quality, either attributively or predicatively: as,

(_a._) Attributively: #magnī ponderis saxa#, 2, 29, 3, _stones of great weight_. #summae speī adulēscentēs#, 7, 63, 9, _young men of high promise_. #diērum vīgintī supplicātiō#, 4, 38, 5, _a twenty day thanksgiving_. #bēlua multōrum es capitum#, H. _E._ 1, 1, 76, _a many-headed beast art thou_. #eius modī cōnsilium#, 5, 29, 5, _such a plan_. #dēmittō auriculās ut inīquae mentis asellus#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 20, _I drop my ears like Neddy in the sulks_ (269). #vāllō pedum IX#, 5, 42, 1, _with a nine foot palisade_. (_b._) Predicatively: #magnae habitus auctōritātis#, 7, 77, 3, _passing for a man of great influence_. #flūminis erat altitūdō circiter pedum trium#, 2, 18, 3, _the depth of the river was about three feet_. The genitive of quality resembles the ablative of quality (1375); the two are sometimes combined: as, #hominem maximī corporis terribilīque faciē#, N. 15, 4, 1, _a man of gigantic frame and with an awe-inspiring presence_. But the genitive is common in designations of size and number.

1240. A substantive expressing quality with #aequus#, #pār#, #similis#, or #dissimilis# in agreement, is put not in the genitive, but in the ablative, by Cicero, Caesar, Nepos, and Livy.

THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE.

1241. (3.) The partitive genitive denotes a whole of which the limited substantive denotes a part. There are two kinds of partitive genitive, the numerical and the quantitative: as,

(_a._) #mīlitum pars#, 6, 40, 8, _part of the soldiers_, numerical partitive (1242). (_b._) #multum aestātis#, 5, 22, 4, _much of the summer_, quantitative partitive (1247).

1242. (_a._) The numerical partitive is a plural or a collective, limiting a word expressing part of the number: as,

#mīlitum pars#, 6, 40, 8, _part of the soldiers_. #pars equitātūs#, 4, 16, 2, _part of the cavalry_. #alter cōnsulum#, L. 6, 35, 5, _one of the two consuls_. #uter est īnsānior hōrum?# H. _S._ 2, 3, 102, _which of these two is crazier?_ #eōrum neuter#, _Pis._ 62, _neither of the two_. #multae istārum arborum#, _CM._ 59, _many of the trees you see there_. #quis omnium mortālium?# _V._ 5, 179, _who among all the sons of men?_ #nēmō nostrūm#, _RA._ 55, _not one of us_. #nihil hōrum#, _RA._ 138, _none of these things_. #Stertinius, sapientum octāvus#, H. _S._ 2, 3, 296, _Stertinius, of sages eighth_. #ō maior iuvenum#, H. _AP._ 366, _O elder of the youths_. #hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae#, 1, 1, 3, _of all these the stoutest fighters are the Belgians_. Also with superlative adverbs: as, #deōrum maximē Mercurium colunt#, Ta. _G._ 9, _of the gods, they revere Mercury most_. #minumē gentium#, Pl. _Poen._ 690, T. _Eu._ 625, _no, never in the world_.

1243. #uterque#, _each_, _both_, often takes the genitive plural of a pronoun: as, #quōrum uterque#, #uterque eōrum#, #hōrum#, #nostrūm#, &c.; sometimes of a substantive and pronoun combined: as, #utriusque hārum rērum#, _TD._ 1, 65, _of each of these things_. #quārum cīvitātum utraque#, _V._ 5, 56, _each of these communities_. With a substantive alone, it is oftener attributive: as, #uterque dux#, _Marc._ 24, _each commander_; and sometimes with neuter pronouns: as, #quod utrumque#, Brut. in _Fam._ 11, 1, 1, N. 25, 2, 4. The plural #utrīque# is used both ways: as, #ab utrīsque vestrūm#, _Fam._ 11, 21, 5, and #ab utrīsque nōbīs#, Brut. in _Fam._ 11, 20, 3.

1244. The plurals #tot#, #totidem#, and #quot#, are not used partitively, and #omnēs# and #cūnctī# only so by poets and late prose writers. #plērīque# is used either way, in agreement, or with the genitive.

1245. The numerical partitive is exceptionally used in poetry with the positive of a descriptive adjective: as, #sāncte deōrum#, V. 4, 576, _thou holy of the gods_. And in late prose, particularly with words denoting a class of persons: as, #cum dēlēctīs peditum#, L. 26, 5, 3, _with the pick of the infantry_. #levīs cohortium#, Ta. 3, 39, _the light-armed of the cohorts_.

1246. Instead of the numerical partitive, a prepositional expression with #ante#, #inter#, or #in#, or with #ex# or #dē#, is sometimes used: as, #ante aliōs acceptissimus#, L. 1, 15, 8, _most welcome before others_. So particularly #quīdam# and #ūnus#, #duo#, #trēs#, with #ex# or #dē#: as, #quīdam ex hīs#, 2, 17, 2, _one of these_. #ūnus dē multīs#, _Fin._ 2, 66, _one of the common herd_. But #ūnus# sometimes has the genitive: as, #ūnus multōrum#, H. _S._ 1, 9, 71. And usually so in a series, when #ūnus# is followed by #alter#, #alius#, #tertius#, &c.

1247. (_b._) The quantitative partitive is usually a singular, limiting a neuter singular word denoting amount. The limited word is either a nominative, or an accusative without a preposition. This genitive often borders very closely on the genitive of definition (1255): as,

#multum aestātis#, 5, 22, 4, _much of the summer_. #amplius obsidum#, 6, 9, 7, _something more extensive in the way of hostages_. #minus dubitātiōnis#, 1, 14, 1, _less of hesitation_. #quam minimum spatiī#, 3, 19, 1, _as little time as possible_. #id aetātis#, _DO._ 1, 207, _at that time of life_. #id temporis#, _Fin._ 5, 1, _at that time of day_. #quid causae est?# _Ac._ 1, 10, _what earthly reason is there?_ #hoc litterulārum#, _Att._ 12, 1, 1, _this apology for a letter_, or _this hasty line_. #hoc sibī̆ sōlācī prōpōnēbant#, 7, 15, 2, _they laid this flattering unction to their souls_.

1248. Such neuters are: #multum#, #plērumque#, #plūrimum#, #amplius#, #plūs#, #paulum#, #minus#, #minimum#, #tantum#, #quantum#, #tantundem#, #nimium#; in poetry and late prose, also many other adjectives singular and plural. Furthermore, #id#, #hoc#, #illud#, #quod#, #quid#, &c., and #nihil#; also #abunde#, #adfatim#, #largiter#, #nimis#, #partim#, #parum#, and #satis#.

1249. A few adjectives of place and time indicating a particular part of an object, are commonly used in immediate agreement with their substantives: as,

#summus mōns#, 1, 22, 1, _the highest part of the mountain_, or _the mountain-top_. #extrēmā hieme, mediā aestāte#, _IP._ 35, _at the end of the winter, in midsummer_. Such are: #prīmus#, #intimus#, #medius#, #extrēmus#, #postrēmus#, #ūltimus#, #summus#, #īnfimus#, #īmus#, #reliquus#. But the neuter is sometimes used partitively: as, #aestātis extrēmum erat#, S. _I._ 90, 1, _it was the end of summer_. #summa pectoris#, _Fam._ 1, 9, 15, _the upper parts of the breast_.

1250. The limiting genitive is often the neuter singular of an adjective used substantively: as,

#aliquid bonī#, T. _Andr._ 398, _something good_. #aliquid malī#, T. _Eu._ 999, _something bad_. #numquid tandem novī?# _Br._ 10, _nothing new, pray?_ This use is ordinarily confined to stems in #-o-#; rarely otherwise: as, #plūs inānis#, Lucr. 1, 365, _more of the void_: and usually only when joined with an #-o-# stem: as, #nihil solidī, nihil ēminentis#, _DN._ 1, 75, _no solidity, no projection_.

1251. The partitive construction sometimes extends to the predicate: as, #id erit sīgnī mē invītum facere#, _RA._ 83, _this will be something of an indication that I act with reluctance_; #sīgnī# is here in the predicate, and yet made dependent on #id#. #quid ergō est tuī cōnsulī?# Brut. in _Fam._ 11, 1, 3, _what then is your advice?_ #quid suī cōnsilī sit ostendit#, 1, 21, 2, _he explains what his plan is_. #quid est enim huic reliquī?# _Sull._ 89, _for what is there left for my client?_ #hī mīlitēs nihil reliquī victīs fēcēre#, S. _C._ 11, 7, _these soldiers left nothing over to the conquered_. #nihil ad celeritātem sibī̆ reliquī fēcērunt#, 2, 26, 5, _as for speed, they left no effort unspared_.

1252. The accusative with a preposition also sometimes has the genitive, as, #in id redāctus sum locī#, T. _Ph._ 979, _I am reduced to such a strait_. #ad id locī#, S. _C._ 45, 3, _to that spot_. #ad id locōrum#, S. _I._ 63, 6, _up to that time_. #in multum diēī#, L. 9, 44, 11, _till late in the day_. In Cicero, also the ablatives #eō#, #eōdem#, and #quō#, with #locī#: as, #eō locī#, _Sest._ 68, _in that position_. And in later writers, other ablatives, with or without a preposition, also have a genitive.

1253. Some appellatives of place are put in the genitive with adverbs of place: as, #ubinam gentium?# Pl. _Mer._ 434, _C._ 1, 9, _where in the world?_ #nusquam gentium#, T. _Ad._ 540, _nowhere in the world_. Similarly, #locī# with adverbs of time or order, as with #intereā# in Plautus and Terence, #postideā# in Plautus, #posteā# in Sallust, and #inde# in Lucretius; also #locōrum# with #adhūc# and #postid# in Plautus.

1254. In Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus, genitives of abstracts are used with the adverbs #eō#, #quō#, and #hūc#: as, #eō miseriārum#, S. _I._ 14, 3, _to that pitch of distress_. Ones with #ut#: #ut quisque audentiae habuisset, adcurrerent#, Ta. 15, 53, _they should run up, with a speed commensurate in every case to their daring_.

[Errata:
1241 ... (_b._)
. invisible
1242a ... #Stertinius, sapientum octāvus#
octāvos
1250 ... Lucr. 1, 365
1. 365]

THE GENITIVE OF DEFINITION.

1255. (4.) The genitive is used to define that of which a thing consists: as,

#magna multitūdō perditōrum hominum#, 3, 17, 4, _a perfect swarm of desperadoes_. #innumerābile pondus aurī#, _Sest._ 93, _a weight of gold too great to count_. #mīlle numerō nāvium clāssem#, _V._ 1, 48, _an armada a thousand sail strong_.

1256. The genitive of an explicit word containing the leading idea is sometimes used to define a more general word; as,

#praedae pecudum hominumque#, L. 24, 20, 5, _booty consisting of cattle and human beings_. #pignora coniugum ac līberōrum#, L. 2, 1, 5, _pledges in the shape of wives and children_. #cōnfīsus mūnītiōne fossae#, Caes. _C._ 1, 42, 3, _relying on the defensive works in the shape of a moat_. Rarely in poetry and late prose, the proper name of a place, with #urbs#, #prōmunturium#, &c.: as, #urbem Patavī#, V., 1, 247, _the city of Patavium_ (1045). Particularly with the words #vōx#, #nōmen#, #genus#, and especially #causa#: as, #haec vōx voluptātis#, _Fin._ 2, 6, _this word ‘pleasure.’_ #nōmen amīcitiae#, _Fin._ 2, 78, _the name ‘friendship.’_ Compare #nōmen frāternum#, 1, 36, 5, _the name of brothers_ (1233). #haec īgnōminiae causa#, _Clu._ 120, _this reason, namely the censor’s stigma_. #parvulae causae vel falsae suspīciōnis vel terrōris repentīnī#, Caes. _C._ 3, 72, 4, _insignificant causes, as for instance ungrounded suspicion or a panic_. #propter eam causam sceleris istīus#, _V._ 4, 113, _for this reason, namely the crime of the defendant_.

1257. The genitive of definition is very common with #causā#, less common with #grātiā#, to define what the motive or cause is: as,

#amīcitiae causā#, 1, 39, 2, _from motives of friendship_. Compare #vestrā magis hoc causā volēbam, quam meā#, _DO._ 1, 164, _I wished this more for your sake than for my own_ (1234). #honestātis amplitūdinisque grātiā#, _RA._ 15, _in compliment to their respectability and high social standing_. So also sometimes with #nōmine#, and in old or official Latin, with #ergō#.

1258. Conversely, the genitive of a generic word denoting a person is sometimes added to a leading word defining the kind of a person: as, #frūstum puerī#, Pl. _Per._ 849, _thou bit of a boy_. #mōnstrum hominis#, T. _Eu._ 696, _thou fiend in human shape_. #quaedam pestēs hominum#, _Fam._ 5, 8, 2, _some regular plagues in the shape of men_.

1259. #quidquid est#, #quantum est#, #quod est#, or #quodcumque est#, with a genitive, is equivalent to an emphatic #omnis#: as, #quidquid patrum est#, L. 3, 17, 5, _whatever there is in the shape of senators_, i.e. _every single senator_. #quod est pecūniae, trādit#, Caes. _C._ 2, 20, 8, _what there is in the-way of money, he hands over_. Similarly #tantum# for #tot#: as, #tantum hominum#, Pl. _Poen._ 619, _such a mass of men_.

THE OBJECTIVE GENITIVE.

1260. (5.) The objective genitive denotes the object of the action expressed in the limited substantive: as,

#metus hostium#, Gell. 9, 12, 13, _the fear of the enemy_, i.e. which is felt towards them. #vēnditiō bonōrum#, _RA._ 110, _sale of the goods_. #lūctū fīlī#, _DO._ 2, 193, _from grief for his son_. This construction is freely used, even when the parallel verb has a dative, an ablative, or a prepositional expression: as, #fīdūciā locī#, 7, 19, 2, _from confidence in the position_. #līberātiōnem culpae#, _Lig._ 1, _acquittal from guilt_. #mīlitiae vacātiōnem#, 6, 14, 1, _exemption from military service_. #opīniōne trium legiōnum dēiectus#, 5, 48, 1, _disappointed in his hope of three legions_. #deōrum opīniō#, _TD._ 1, 30, _a conception of the gods_. #miserrima est contentiō honōrum#, _Off._ 1, 87, _a scramble for office is a pitiful thing_.

1261. Instead of the objective genitive, a prepositional expression is sometimes used with greater precision: as,

#metus ā vī atque īrā deōrum#, _DN._ 1, 45, _fear of the might and wrath of the gods_. So especially the accusative, usually denoting a person, with #in#, #ergā#, or #adversus#, combined with substantives denoting feeling: as, #odium in hominum ūniversum genus#, _TD._ 4, 25, _hatred to all mankind_. #vestra ergā mē voluntās#, _C._ 4, 1, _your good-will towards me_.

1262. A possessive pronoun or adjective is sometimes used for the objective genitive: as,

(_a._) #odiō tuō#, T. _Ph._ 1016, _from hate to thee_. #tuā fīdūciā#, _V._ 5, 176, _from his reliance on you_. #aspectūque suō#, Lucr. 1, 91, _and at the sight of her_. (_b._) #metus hostīlis#, S. _I._ 41, 2, _fear felt of the enemy_. #servīlis percontātiō#, _DO._ 2, 327, _crossquestioning of the servant-girls_. #firmus adversus mīlitārem largītiōnem#, Ta. _H._ 2, 82, _dead-set against any largess to the military_.

II. THE GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.

1263. (1.) The genitive is used with many adjectives to denote the object.

Such are chiefly adjectives meaning (_a._) _desirous_, (_b._) _knowing_, or _remembering_, (_c._) _participating_, _controlling_, or _guilty_, (_d._) _full_, and most of their opposites: as, (_a._) #aurī cupidus#, Pl. _Poen._ 179, _eager for gold_. #sapientiae studiōsōs, id est enim philosophōs#, _TD._ 5, 9, _devotees of wisdom, for that is what ‘philosophers’ means_. So also #aemulus#, #avidus#, #fastīdiōsus#, #invidus#. (_b._) #gnārus rē̆ī pūblicae#, _Br._ 228, _familiar with government_. #rē̆ī mīlitāris perītissimus#, 1, 21, 4, _a master of the art military_. #hominēs adulēscentulōs, inperītōs rērum#, T. _Andr._ 910, _mere hobbledehoys, not up in the world’s ways_. #imperītus mōrum#, _RA._ 143, _behind the times_. #immemor beneficiōrum, memor patriae#, _Ph._ 2, 27, _forgetful of kindnesses, never forgetting his country_. So also #cōnscius#, #cōnsultus#, #īnscius#, #īnsolēns#, #īnsolitus#, #īnsuētus#, #iēiūnus#, #prōvidus#, #prūdēns#, #rudis#. (_c._) #praedae participēs#, Caes. _C._ 3, 82, 1, _sharing in the booty_. #manifestus tantī sceleris#, S. _I._ 35, 8, _caught in committing this atrocious crime_. #expers glōriae#, _IP._ 57, _without a share in the glory_. So also #adfīnis#, #compos#, #cōnsors#, #exhērēs#, #potēns#, #reus#. (_d._) #negōtī plēnus#, Pl. _Ps._ 380, _full of business_. #fōns plēnissimus piscium#, _V._ 4, 118, _a fountain swarming with fish_. #refertō praedōnum marī#, _IP._ 31, _when the sea was crammed with corsairs_. So also #fertilis#, #inops#, #līberālis#, #nūdus#, #prōfūsus#.

1264. In poetry and late prose, a great many other adjectives of these meanings, besides those mentioned above, are also used with the genitive. Such are principally: (_a._) #avārus#, #cūriōsus#, #incūriōsus#, #sēcūrus#. (_b._) #nescius#, #praesāgus#, #praescius#, #scītus#. (_c._) #exsors#, #immūnis#, #impos#, #impotēns#, #innocēns#, #innoxius#, #īnsōns#, #noxius#, #suspectus#. (_d._) #abundāns#, #dīves#, #egēnus#, #inānis#, #indigus#, #largus#, #parcus#, #pauper#, #prōdigus#, #sterilis#, #vacuus#.

1265. With #cōnscius# and the genitive of a thing, the dative of a person is sometimes added: as, #tot flāgitiōrum exercituī meō cōnscius#, Ta. 1, 43, _a participant with my army in so many outrages_. Sometimes #cōnscius# has the dative of a thing: as, #mēns cōnscia factīs#, Lucr. 3, 1018, _the mind of guilt aware_.

1266. (2.) The genitive of the object is often used with present participles which express permanent condition.

These participles are chiefly from verbs which have a transitive use. Not common in old Latin: as, #amantem uxōris#, Pl. _As._ 857, _devoted to his wife_, #fugitāns lītium#, T. _Ph._ 623, _inclined to dodge a suit at law_. Very common in Cicero: as, #semper appetentēs glōriae praeter cēterās gentīs fuistis#, _IP._ 7, _you have always been more hungry for glory than any other nation_. Especially in set expressions: as, #homo amantissimus patriae#, _Sull._ 34, #vir amantissimus rē̆ī pūblicae#, _C._ 4, 13, _ever a devoted patriot_. #negōtī gerentēs#, _Sest._ 97, _business men_. #aliēnī appetēns#, _DO._ 2, 135, S. _C._ 5, 4, _always hankering after other people’s things_. In Caesar seldom: as, #fugiēns labōris#, _C._ 1, 69, 3, _apt to shirk exertion_.

1267. The genitive is hardly ever found with adjectives in #-āx# (284): as, #huius re͡i mendācem#, Pl. _As._ 855, _untruthful in this point_. But in poetry, from Vergil and Horace on, and in late prose, a few genitives occur with adjectives whose parallel verbs have a transitive use, such as #capāx#, #edāx#, #tenāx#, &c.: as, #tempus edāx rērum#, O. 15, 234, _thou all-devourer--time_.

1268. Some of the adjectives which usually take the genitive have occasionally other constructions.

Thus, with #adfīnis# the dative also occurs (1200), rarely with #aemulus# (1183); the ablative with adjectives of fulness, as #dīves#, #plēnus#, and #refertus# (1387); #iūre# with #cōnsultus# and #perītus# (1385). For #vacuus#, &c., see 1306. Prepositional constructions also occur with these adjectives, such as the accusative with #ad# or #in#, or the ablative with #ab#, #dē#, or #in#: see the dictionary.

1269. For the genitive, with words denoting relationship, connection, friendship, or hostility, see 1203; with #similis#, 1204. With #dignus# and #indignus#, _worthy_ and _unworthy_, the ablative is regularly used (1392); rarely the genitive: as, #nōn ego sum dignus salūtis?# Pl. _Tri._ 1153, _don’t I deserve a greeting too?_ #indignus avōrum#, V. 12, 649, _unworthy of my sires_.

1270. (3.) In poetry and late prose, the genitive is used very freely with many adjectives of various meanings, often merely to indicate what they apply to: as,

#nēmō mīlitāris rē̆ī callidior habēbātur#, Ta. _H._ 2, 32, _at soldiering nobody was thought to have a greater knack_. #vetus operis ac labōris#, Ta. 1, 20, _an old hand at the toil and moil of army life_. #aevī mātūrus Acestēs#, V. 5, 73, _Acestes, ripe in years_. #sērī studiōrum#, H. _S._ 1, 10, 21, _what laggards at your books_. #integer vītae scelerisque pūrus#, H. 1, 22, 1, _the man unspotted in his life and clean of sin_. #fessī rērum#, V. 1, 178, _in travail spent_. #satin tū sānu’s mentis aut animī tuī?# Pl. _Tri._ 454, _art thou quite right in thy five wits?_ (1339).

III. THE GENITIVE WITH VERBS.

VERBS OF VALUING.

1271. A few neuter adjectives of quantity are put in the genitive with verbs of valuing to denote the amount of estimation; such genitives are:

#magnī#, #plūris#, #plūrimī#;
#parvī#, #minōris#, #minimī#;
#tantī#, #quantī#.

The verbs with which these genitives are used are #aestimō#, #dūcō#, #faciō#, #habeō#, #pendō#, #putō#, and #sum#; rarely #exīstimō#: as, #magnī opera eius aestimāta est#, N. 24, 1, 2, _his services were rated high_. #nōn magnī pendō#, Pl. _As._ 460, _I don’t care much_. #sua parvī pendere#, S. _C._ 12, 2, _a setting small store by what they had of their own_. #Verrēsne tibī̆ tantī fuit?# _V._ 1, 77, _was Verres so important in your eyes?_ #est mihī̆ tantī#. _C._ 2, 15, _it is well worth my while_. #quantī is ā cīvibus suīs fieret īgnōrābās?# _V._ 4, 19, _did not you know how the man was prized by his own townsmen?_ Rarely #maximī#: as, #maximī aestimāre#, _Clu._ 159, _to think all the world of_.

1272. In expressions of worthlessness, other genitives are also used thus; such are #nihilī#, or, usually with a negative, #āssis#, #floccī#, #naucī#, #pilī#, #teruncī#: as, #nōn āssis facis?# Cat. 43, 13, _car’st not a doit?_ So also #huius#: as, #huius nōn faciam#, T. _Ad._ 163, _I shall not care a snap_.

1273. With #aestimō#, the ablatives #magnō# and #permagnō# are sometimes used: as, #quid? tū ista permagnō aestimās?# _V._ 4, 13, _tell me, do you rate that sort of thing very high yourself?_ Compare 1390.