Chapter XIX: Part 19

#at vereor ut plācārī possit#, T. _Ph._ 965, _but I’m afraid she can’t be reconciled_. #nē uxor rescīscat metuit#, Pl. _As._ 743, _he is afraid his wife may find it out_. #ō puer, ut sīs vītālis metuō, et maiōrum nē quis amīcus frīgore tē feriat#, H. _S._ 2, 1, 60, _my boy, you’ll not see length of days I fear, and that some grander friend may with his coldness cut you dead_. #nēquid summā dēperdat metuēns aut ampliet ut rem#, H. _S._ 1, 4, 31, _in dread lest from his store he something lose or may not add to his estate_. #metuō nē nōs nōsmet perdiderīmus uspiam#, Pl. _MG._ 428, _I’m afraid we’ve lost ourselves somewhere_. #sollicitus nē turba perēgerit orbem#, J. 5, 20, _apprehensive that the throng may have finished its round_. #nē nōn# is often, though rarely in old Latin, used for #ut#, and regularly when the expression of fear is negative: as, #nōn vereor nē hoc officium meum P. Servīliō nōn probem#, _V._ 4, 82, _I have no fear but I may make my services acceptable in the eyes of Servilius_. For #nōn metuō quīn#, see 1986.

1958. #vereor nē# is often equivalent to _I rather think_, and #vereor ut# to _hardly_. #vidē (videāmus, videndum est) nē#, and similar expressions, are sometimes used for #vereor nē#, to introduce something conjectured rather than proved: as,

#vereor nē barbarōrum rēx fuerit#, _RP._ 1, 58, _I rather think he was king over savages_. #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97, _I rather think my conjecture is in better keeping with the facts_.

1959. Other constructions with expressions of fear are: (_a._) Indirect question. (_b._) Accusative with infinitive. (_c._) Complementary infinitive: as,

(_a._) #erī semper lēnitās verēbar quorsum ēvāderet#, T. _Andr._ 175, _I was afraid how master’s always gentleness would end_. #timeō quid sit#, T. _Hau._ 620, _I have my fears what it may be_. #timeō quid rērum gesserim#, Pl. _MG._ 397, _I am concerned to think what capers I have cut_. #metuō quid agam#, T. _Hau._ 720, _I’m scared and know not what to do_ (1731). (_b._) #ego mē cupiditātis rēgnī crīmen subitūrum timērem?# L. 2, 7, 9, _was I to fear being charged with aspiring to a throne?_ (_c._) #vereor cōram in ōs tē laudāre#, T. _Ad._ 269, _I am afraid to disgrace you with praise to the face_ (2168).

1960. (3.) The subjunctive with #nē# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of verbs of avoiding, hindering, and resisting.

Such are: avoiding: #caveō#, #mē ēripiō#, #vītō#. hindering: #intercēdō#, #interdīcō#, #recūsō#, #repugnō#, #temperō#; also the following which often have #quōminus# (1977): #dēterreō#, #impediō#, #obsistō#, #obstō#, #officiō#, #prohibeō#, #teneō#. resisting: #resistō#, #repugnō#, #recūsō#; with these last often #quōminus#. Some of the above verbs when preceded by a negative also take #quīn# (1986); #prohibeō# and #impediō# have also the accusative with the infinitive (2203). For the subjunctive coordinated with #cavē̆#, see 1711.

#nē quid eīs noceātur neu quis invītus sacrāmentum dīcere cōgātur ā Caesare cavētur#, Caes. _C._ 1, 86, 4, _all precaution is taken by Caesar that no harm be done them, and that nobody be compelled to take the oath against his will_. #per eōs, nē causam dīceret, sē ēripuit#, 1, 4, 2, _thanks to this display of retainers he succeeded in avoiding trial_. #plūra nē scrībam, dolōre impedior#, _Att._ 11, 13, 5, _grief prevents me from writing more_. #nē qua sibī̆ statua pōnerētur restitit#, N. 25, 3, 2, _he objected to having a statue erected in his honour_.

[Errata:
1951b ... #contendō#, #studeō#, #pūgnō#.
text unchanged: word generally spelled “pugn-” (see endnote on
first edition)
1958 ... #vidē nē mea coniectūra multō sit vērior#, _Clu._ 97
. for ,]

II. PURE FINAL CLAUSES.

1961. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is used to denote the purpose of the main action.

The purpose is often indicated in the main sentence by an expression like #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, #eā mente#, &c.

#vigilās dē nocte, ut tuīs cōnsultōribus respondeās#, _Mur._ 22, _you have to get up early in the morning to give advice to your clients_. #maiōrēs nostrī ab arātrō addūxērunt Cincinnātum, ut dictātor esset#, _Fin._ 2, 12, _our fathers brought Cincinnatus from his plough, to be dictator_. #dīcam auctiōnis causam, ut damnō gaudeant#, Pl. _St._ 207, _I’ll tell the reason for the sale, that o’er my losses they may gloat_. #quīn etiam nē tōnsōrī collum committeret, tondēre fīliās suās docuit#, _TD._ 5, 58, _why, he actually taught his own daughters to shave, so as not to trust his throat to a barber_. #Caesar, nē graviōrī bellō occurreret, ad exercitum proficīscitur#, 4, 6, 1, _to avoid facing war on a more formidable scale, Caesar goes to the army_. #tē ulcīscar, ut nē inpūne in nōs inlūseris#, T. _Eu._ 941, _I’ll be revenged on you, so that you shan’t play tricks on me for nothing_ (1947). #nē īgnōrārētis esse aliquās pācis vōbīs condiciōnēs, ad vōs vēnī#, L. 21, 13, 2, _I have come to you to let you know that you have some chances of peace_ (1754). #ita mē gessī nē tibī̆ pudōrī essem#, L. 40, 15, 6, _I comported myself in such a way that I might not be a mortification to you_. #Mariōnem ad tē eō mīsī, ut tēcum ad mē venīret#, _Fam._ 16, 1, 1, _I sent Mario to you with the intention of having him come with you to me_. #idcircō nēmō superiōrum attigit, ut hīc tolleret? ideō C. Claudius rettulit, ut C. Verrēs posset auferre?# _V._ 4, 7, _was that the reason why no former officials laid a finger on it, that this man might swoop it away? was that why Claudius returned it, that a Verres might carry it off?_ #danda opera est, ut etiam singulīs cōnsulātur, sed ita, ut ea rēs aut prōsit aut certē nē obsit rē̆ī pūblicae#, _Off._ 2, 72, _we must be particular in regarding the interests of individuals as well, but with this restriction, that our action may benefit, or at any rate may not damage the country_.

1962. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē# is often used not to express the purpose of the main action, but in a parenthetical clause, as though dependant upon some verb unexpressed: as,

#ut in pauca cōnferam, testāmentō factō mulier moritur#, _Caec._ 17, _to cut a long story short, the woman makes her will and dies_. #sed ut hīc nē īgnōret, quae rēs agātur: dē nātūrā agēbāmus deōrum#, _DN._ 1, 17, _but that our friend here may know what is up: we were just on the nature of the gods_. The tense is present, in late writers the perfect, as #ut sīc dīxerim#, Quint. 1, 6, 1. Here may also be mentioned the use of #nēdum# (rarely #nē# or, from Livy on, #nēdum ut#) with the present subjunctive (rarely the imperfect): as, #satrapa numquam sufferre eius sūmptūs queat: nēdum tū possīs#, T. _Hau._ 452, _a prince couldn’t stand her extravagance, much less could you_. This is found in Terence and Lucretius once each, in Cicero, and later; not in Caesar. The preceding clause is negative or involves a negative idea. From Livy on, the verb may be omitted: as, #vix clāmōrem eōrum, nēdum impetum tulēre#, L. 34, 20, 7, _they hardly stood their war cry, much less their charge_.

1963. The subjunctive is used in an assumption or concession with #ut# or #nē#, or if the negation belongs to a single word, with #ut nōn#, #nēmō#, &c.: as,

#ut taceam, quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. _Hec._ 296, _even supposing I say nothing, anybody can understand how unhappy I was_. #sed ut haec concēdantur, reliqua quī concēdī possunt?# _DN._ 3, 41, _but even supposing this be admitted, how can the rest be admitted?_ #nē sit summum malum dolor, malum certē est#, _TD._ 2, 14, _grant that suffering is not the chiefest evil, an evil it assuredly is_ (1553). #vērum ut hoc nōn sit, tamen praeclārum spectāculum mihī̆ prōpōnō#, _Att._ 2, 15, 2, _but suppose this be not the case, still I anticipate a gorgeous show_. #ac iam ut omnia contrā opīniōnem acciderent, tamen sē plūrimum nāvibus posse perspiciēbant#, 3, 9, 6, _and even supposing everything turned out contrary to expectation, still they saw clearly that they had the advantage by sea_. #ut enim nēminem alium nisi T. Patinam rogāsset, scīre potuit prōdī flāminem necesse esse#, _Mil._ 46, _for even supposing he had asked nobody but Patina, he might have known that a priest must be appointed_. This use is common in Cicero, not found in Plautus or Sallust.

1964. The subjunctive with #ut# or #nē#, generally with #ita# as a correlative, sometimes has the force of a proviso: as,

#ita probanda est clēmentia, ut adhibeātur sevēritās#, _Off._ 1, 88, _mercy is to be commended, provided that strictness is employed_. #satis memoriae meae tribuent, ut maiōribus meīs dignum crēdant#, Ta. 4, 38, _they will pay respect enough to my memory, provided they consider me worthy of my ancestors_.

(B.) RESULT.

I. COMPLEMENTARY CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.

1965. The subjunctive with #ut# or #ut nōn# is used in clauses which serve to complete the sense of certain verbs and expressions, chiefly of bringing to pass, happening, and following.

Such are: (_a._) #faciō#, #efficiō# (unless they imply purpose, 1951); #fit#, #accidit#, #contingit#, #ēvenit#, #est#, _it is the case_; similarly #mōs est#, #cōnsuētūdō est#, &c. (_b._) #proximum est#, #reliquum est#, #extrēmum est#, #relinquitur#, #restat#, #accēdit#. Or, of logical sequence, #sequitur#, #efficitur#.

(_a._) #fēcērunt ut cōnsimilis fugae profectiō vidērētur#, 2, 11, 1, _they made their march look exactly like a stampede_. #splendor vester facit ut peccāre sine summō perīculō nōn possītis#, _V._ 1, 22, _your conspicuous position makes it impossible for you to do wrong without great peril_. #hīs rēbus fīēbat, ut minus lātē vagārentur#, 1, 2, 4, _so it came to pass that they did not rove round much_. #fit ut nātūrā ipsā ad ōrnātius dīcendī genus excitēmur#, _DO._ 2, 338, _it is sometimes the case that we are roused to a loftier style in oratory by sheer circumstance_. #potest fierī ut fallar#, _Fam._ 13, 73, 2, _it is possible that I am mistaken_. #fierī nōn potest ut eum tū nōn cōgnōverīs#, _V._ 2, 190, _it must be the case that you have made his acquaintance yourself_. #eādem nocte accidit, ut esset lūna plēna#, 4, 29, 1, _it came to pass on the same night that there was a full moon_ (1758). #negāvit mōris esse Graecōrum ut in convīviō virōrum accumberent mulierēs#, _V._ 1, 66, _he said it was not etiquette among the Greeks for women to go to men’s dinner parties_. #est hōc commūne vitium in līberīs cīvitātibus, ut invidia glōriae comes sit#, N. 12, 3, 3, _this is a common trouble in free communities, that envy is the attendant of a great name_.

(_b._) #proximum est, ut doceam#, _DN._ 2, 73, _my next task is to prove_. #relinquēbātur ut neque longius ab āgmine legiōnum discēdī Caesar paterētur#, 5, 19, 3, _the consequence was that Caesar could not allow any very distant excursion from the main line of march_. #restat ut doceam omnia hominum causā facta esse#, _DN._ 2, 154, _lastly, I must prove that everything is made for man_. #accēdēbat ut tempestātem ferrent#, 3, 13, 9, _then, too, they could stand the gale_. #accēdit ut# is not found in old Latin; for #accēdit quod#, see 1845. #ita efficitur ut omne corpus mortāle sit#, _DN._ 3, 30, _thus it follows that every bodily substance is mortal_. #sequitur# and #efficitur#, _it follows_, often have the accusative with the infinitive (2207). For the subjunctive with #quam ut# after a comparative of disproportion, see 1896. For #fore# and #futūrum esse ut# as the periphrasis for the future infinitive, see 2233.

1966. Verbs of happening may often be rendered best by compacter expressions: thus, #hīs rēbus fīēbat ut#, _consequently_; #fit ut#, _once in a while_, _sometimes_, _often_; #fierī potest ut#, _possibly_; #accidit ut#, _accidentally_, _unfortunately_.

1967. #faciō ut#, or with a negative, commonly #committō ut#, is used in circumlocutions for emphasis: as,

#faciundum mihī̆ putāvī, ut tuīs litterīs brevī respondērem#, _Fam._ 3, 8, 1, _I thought I ought to take hold and write a few lines in answer to your letter_. #ego vērō nōn committam, ut tibī̆ causam recūsandī dem#, _DO._ 2, 233, _no, no, sir, I will not be guilty, not I, of giving you an excuse to back out_. So particularly with #invītus#, #libenter#, #prope#: as, #invītus fēcī ut L. Flāminīnum ē senātū ēicerem#, _CM._ 42, _it was with great reluctance that I expelled Flamininus from the senate_.

1968. A subjunctive clause with #ut# is often used to define a preceding idea indicated in a general way by a neuter pronoun: as,

#post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id, quod cōnstituerant, facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant#, 1, 5, 1, _after his death the Helvetians attempted just the same to carry out their resolution of moving out of their abodes_ (1752). #omnibus Gallīs idem esse faciendum, quod Helvētiī fēcerint, ut domō ēmigrent#, 1, 31, 14, _that all the Gauls must do just as the Helvetians had done and move away from home_. #Helvētiī, cum id, quod ipsī diēbus XX aegerrimē cōnfēcerant, ut flūmen trānsīrent, illum ūnō diē fēcisse intellegerent, lēgātōs mittunt#, 1, 13, 2, _when the Helvetians learned that the Roman commander had done in a single day what they had found it hard themselves to do in twenty, namely cross the river, they sent deputies_ (1752). #id aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī bellī renovandi cōnsilium caperent#, 3, 2, 2, _it was due to a variety of reasons that the Gauls suddenly conceived the idea of making war again_ (1758). #hocine bonī esse officium servī exīstumas, ut erī suī corrumpat et rem et fīlium?# Pl. _Most._ 27, _is this what you think the duty of a good slave, to waste his own master’s property and corrupt his son?_

1969. #tantum abest#, _so far from_, is sometimes followed by a double #ut#, the first introducing an unreal, and the second a real action: as,

#tantum abest ut haec bēstiārum causā parāta sint, ut ipsās bēstiās hominum grātiā generātās esse videāmus#, _DN._ 2, 158, _so far from these things being made for brutes, we see that brutes themselves were created for man_. This use, very rarely personal, begins with Cicero, and is common in his writings and in Livy. Not in Caesar, Sallust, or Tacitus. Sometimes instead of #ut# the second sentence is coordinated (1700): #tantum abfuit ut īnflammārēs nostrōs animōs, somnum vix tenēbāmus#, _Br._ 278, _so far from your firing our heart, we could hardly keep awake_. Or, the idea is expressed by #ita nōn . . . ut#: as, #erat ita nōn timidus ad mortem, ut in aciē sit ob rem pūblicam interfectus#, _Fin._ 2, 63, _so far from being afraid of death, he fell in battle for his country_.

[Erratum:
1965a ... splendor vester facit ut
word may be “voster”: major blot over text]

II. PURE CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES.

1970. The subjunctive is used with #ut# or #ut nōn# to denote result.

The result may be the result of an action or of a thing named in the main sentence. The main sentence often has a correlative to #ut#, expressing (_a._) degree: as, #tantus#, _so great_, #tam#, _so_ (with adjectives or adverbs), #adeō#, #tantopere#. (_b._) quality: as, #is# (#hīc#, #ille#, #iste#), _such_, #tālis#, #ita#, #sīc#.

#mōns altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent#, 1, 6, 1, _an exceeding high mountain hung over, so that a very few could block the way_. #dictitābant sē domō expulsōs, omnibus necessāriīs egēre rēbus, ut honestā praescrīptiōne rem turpissimam tegerent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 32, 4, _they stoutly declared that they were driven out of house and home, and lacked the necessaries of life, thus veiling dishonour under the name of respectability_.

(_a._) #Ariovistus tantōs sibī̆ spīritūs sūmpserat, ut ferendus nōn vidērētur#, 1, 33, 5, _Ariovistus had put on such high and mighty airs as to seem intolerable_. #adeō angustō marī cōnflīxit, ut eius multitūdō nāvium explicārī nōn potuerit#, N. 2, 4, 5, _he went into action in such cramped sea-room, that his armada could not deploy_, of Xerxes (1757).

(_b._) #eōs dēdūxī testēs ut dē istīus factō dubium esse nēminī possit#, _V._ 4, 91, _I have brought such witnesses that nobody can entertain a doubt of the defendant’s guilt_. #ita sē recipiēbat ut nihil nisi dē perniciē populī Rōmānī cōgitāret#, _Ph._ 4, 4, _he retreated, it is true, but retreated with his mind running on nothing but how to ruin the country_. #illa, ex tūribulīs quae ēvellerat, ita scītē in aureīs pōculīs inligābat, ut ea ad illam rem nāta esse dīcerēs#, _V._ 4, 54, _what he had torn from the censers he attached to golden cups so cunningly that you would have said it was just made for that very purpose_ (1731, 1559).

For the imperfect subjunctive connected with a main general present, see 1751; for the independent present or perfect subjunctive with a main secondary tense, see 1757.

#ubī̆.#

1971. #ubī̆#, in the sense of _where_ (709), has the ordinary construction of a relative (1812-1831). For #ubī̆#, _when_, see 1923-1926 and 1932-1934; as a synonym of #sī#, _if_, see 2110.

#quō# or #quī#.

1972. #quō#, #whereby#, #wherewith#, or in old Latin sometimes #quī# (689), is the instrumental ablative from the relative and interrogative stem #qui-#. Combined with #minus#, _the less_, _not_, #quō# gives #quōminus#.

WITH THE INDICATIVE.

1973. The indicative is used with #quō# and a comparative in the protasis of a comparative period, with #eō# or #hōc# and a comparative as correlative (1393): as,

#quō dēlictum maius est, eō poena est tardior#, _Caec._ 7, _the greater the sin is, the slower is the punishment_. The #eō# or #hōc# is sometimes omitted: as, #quō plūrēs sumus, plūribus rēbus egēbimus#, L. 34, 34, 6, _the more numerous we are, the more things we shall need_. In late writers, the comparative is sometimes omitted in the main clause, very rarely in the subordinate clause. #quantō . . . tantō# are also used like #quō . . . eō#: as, #quantō diūtius cōnsīderō, tantō mihī̆ rēs vidētur obscūrior#, _DN._ 1, 60, _the longer I puzzle over it, the more incomprehensible the question seems to me_. #quantō magis extergeō, tenuius fit#, Pl. _R._ 1301, _the more I polish, the slimmer it gets_. This form is sometimes used with #quisque# or #quis# of indefinite persons, instead of the commoner #ut . . . ita# or #sīc# (1939): as, #quō quisque est sollertior, hōc docet labōriōsius#, _RC._ 31, _the brighter a man is, the more wearisome he finds teaching_. #quō quisque est maior, magis est plācābilis īrae#, O. _Tr._ 3, 5, 31, _the greater be the man, the easier ’tis his anger to appease_.

WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

1974. The subjunctive is used with #quō# to express purpose.

#quō# differs but little in meaning from #ut# of purpose. It is used (_a._) particularly in clauses containing a comparative expression, or (_b._) in solemn law language.

(_a._) #equitēs omnibus in locīs pugnant, quō sē legiōnāriīs mīlitibus praeferrent#, 2, 27, 2, _the troopers fought on every kind of ground, hoping to outshine the regular infantry thereby_. #medicō putō aliquid dandum esse, quō sit studiōsior#, _Fam._ 16, 4, 2, _I think it would be well to fee your medical man, to make him more attentive_. #id amābō adiūtā mē quō id fīat facilius#, T. _Eu._ 150, _help me in that, I pray, that it may be the easier done_. #sublāta erat celebritās virōrum ac mulierum, quō lāmentātiō minuerētur#, _Leg._ 2, 65, _the large attendance of both sexes was done away with, to make the weeping and wailing less harrowing_. (_b._) #hominī mortuō nē ossa legitō, quō pos fūnus faciat#, Twelve Tables in _Leg._ 2, 60, _he shall not gather up the bones of a dead man, with intent to celebrate the funeral a second time_ (1586). #quī eōrum coiīt, coierit, quō quis iūdiciō pūblicō condemnārētur#, law in _Clu._ 148, _whosoever of that number conspired or shall have conspired to have anybody condemned in a criminal court_. Otherwise rarely used without a comparative expression, yet occasionally found thus in Plautus, Terence, Sallust, and Ovid: as, #hanc simulant parere quō Chremētem absterreant#, T. _Andr._ 472, _they’re pretending that she’s lying in, to frighten Chremes off_. So often in Tacitus.

1975. #quō nē#, in a negative clause of purpose, is found in a disputed passage in Horace, but not again until late Latin. For #nōn quō#, #nōn eō quō#, introducing an untenable reason, see 1855.

1976. In old Latin #quī#, _whereby_, _wherewith_, _withal_, is partly felt as a live relative pronoun in the ablative, and partly as a mere conjunction of purpose; as a pronoun it may even take a preposition; as a conjunction, it may refer to a plural antecedent (689): as, #quasi patriciīs puerīs aut monērulae aut anitēs aut cōturnīcēs dantur, quīcum lūsitent: itidem mī haec upupa, quī mē dēlectem datast#, Pl. _Cap._ 1002, _as to the sons of gentlemen or daws or ducks or quails are given, wherewith to play; just so to me this crow is given, to entertain myself withal_. #enim mihi quidem aequomst dari vehicla quī vehar#, Pl. _Aul._ 500, _in sooth ‘t were fair that carriages be given me, to ride withal_. The indicative occurs where the subjunctive would be used in classical Latin: as, #multa concurrunt simul, quī coniectūram hanc faciō#, T. _Andr._ 511, _a thousand things combine whereby I come to this conjecture_.

[Erratum:
1974 ... (_b._)
. invisible]

#quōminus.#

1977. The subjunctive with #quōminus# (1972) is used to complete the sense of verbs of hindering or resisting.

Such verbs are: #impediō#, #teneō#, _hinder_, #interclūdō#, #dēterreō#, #obstō#, #obsistō#, #resistō#, #repugnō#, #nōn recūsō#; these verbs often have a subjunctive with #nē# (1960). Cicero rarely and Caesar never uses #quōminus# with #impediō# or #prohibeō#. For the accusative and infinitive with these verbs, see 2203. #quōminus# is also used with #moveor#, _am influenced_, #fit#, _it is owing to_, #stat per aliquem#, _somebody is responsible_, or indeed any expression implying hindrance. When the verb of hindering has a negative with it, #quīn# is often used; see 1986.

#nōn dēterret sapientem mors, quōminus rē̆ī pūblicae suīsque cōnsulat#, _TD._ 1, 91, _death does not hinder the wise man from working for country and friends_. #quid obstat, quōminus sit beātus?# _DN._ 1, 95, _what is to hinder his being happy?_ #neque recūsāvit quōminus lēgis poenam subīret#, N. 15, 8, 2, _and he did not decline to submit to the penalty of the law_. #Caesar, ubī̆ cōgnōvit per Āfrānium stāre quōminus proeliō dīmicārētur, castra facere cōnstituit#, Caes. _C._ 1, 41, 3, _when Caesar learned that owing to Afranius there was no battle, he resolved to build a camp_. #sī tē dolor corporis tenuit, quōminus ad lūdōs venīrēs, fortūnae magis tribuō quam sapientiae tuae#, _Fam._ 7, 1, 1, _if it was bodily suffering that kept you from coming to the performances, I think more highly of your luck than of your sense_. Terence first uses #quōminus# thus, but only rarely. He also sometimes uses the parts separately so that the true relative and negative forces appear: as, #sī sēnserō quicquam in hīs tē nūptiīs fallāciae cōnārī, quō fīant minus#, T. _Andr._ 196, _if I catch you trying on any trick in the matter of this marriage through which it may not come off_ (1451).

1978. In Tacitus, #quōminus# is sometimes found where #quīn# would be used in classical Latin (1986): as, #nec dubitātum quōminus pācem concēderent#, Ta. _H._ 2, 45, _there was no hesitation in granting peace_.

1979. It may be mentioned here that #quō sētius# with the subjunctive, instead of #quōminus#, is found twice in Cicero’s earliest extant prose, and twice in older Latin.

#quīn.#

1980. #quīn# is composed of #quī#, the ablative or locative of the interrogative and relative stem #qui-# (689), and #-ne#, _not_. It is used in simple sentences and as a conjunctive particle.

1981. For the use of #quīn#, _why not_, in questions with the indicative, see 1526. Such questions have the sense of an affirmative command or exhortation (1531): as, #quīn abīs#, Pl. _MG._ 1087, _why won’t you begone?_ or _get you gone_. #quīn cōnscendimus equōs#, L. 1, 57, 7, _why not mount_, or _to horse, to horse_. For the use of #quīn# without interrogative force, see 1527.

1982. #quīn# is found occasionally with the subjunctive in a direct question in Plautus, Terence, Lucilius, Lucretius, Cicero, and Tacitus: thus, #quīn ego hōc rogem?# Pl. _MG._ 426, _why shouldn’t I ask this?_ (1563).

1983. The subjunctive with the conjunctive particle #quīn# is used, particularly in old Latin, in connection with the common formula #nūlla causa est# or its equivalents.

Such a subjunctive may be regarded as original (1786) or as due to the indirect form of question (1773).

#nūlla causast quīn mē condōnēs crucī#, Pl. _R._ 1070, _there’s no reason why you shouldn’t deliver me up to execution_. #quīn dēcēdam, nūlla causa est#, _Fam._ 2, 17, 1, _there is no reason why I should not retire_. #quid causaest quīn in pistrīnum rēctā proficīscar viā?# T. _Andr._ 600, _what’s the reason I don’t march straight into the mill?_ #haud causificor quīn eam habeam#, Pl. _Aul._ 755, _I don’t quibble against keeping her_.

1984. #mīrum quīn# with the subjunctive is used by Plautus in sarcastic expressions where #mīrum# is ironical: as, #mīrum quīn tū illō tēcum dīvitiās ferās#, Pl. _Tri._ 495, _strange enough, how you can’t take your money there with you_, that is to Hades.

1985. The subjunctive with #quīn# (or #ut nōn#) is used after #nōn possum#, or #nōn possum# with an infinitive, usually #facere#, and with #fierī nōn potest#: as,

#nōn enim possum quīn exclāmem, eugē, eugē, Lȳsitelēs, πάλιν#, Pl. _Tri._ 705, _upon my word I must cry bravo, bravo, Lysiteles; encore!_ #facere nōn potuī quīn tibī̆ sententiam dēclārārem#, _Fam._ 6, 13, 1, _I could not help giving you my views_. #fierī nūllō modō poterat, quīn Cleomenī parcerētur#, _V._ 5, 104, _it was impossible not to spare Cleomenes_. #ēheu, nequeō quīn fleam, quom abs tē abeam#, Pl. _MG._ 1342, _O well-a-day, I needs must weep, for that from thee I part_. #nōn potuistī ūllō modō facere, ut mihī̆ illam epistulam nōn mitterēs#, _Att._ 11, 21, 1, _you could not get along at all without writing me that letter_ (1965).

1986. The subjunctive with _quīn_ is used in clauses which complete the sense of verbs of restraining, abstaining, delaying, or doubting, when such verbs have a negative, expressed or implied.

Such verbs are (_a._) restraining: #temperō mihī̆#, #teneō#, _restrain_, #retineō#, #contineō#, #dēterreō#, #reprimō#. abstaining: #praetermittō#, #intermittō#. delaying: #cunctor#, #differō#, #exspectō#, #recūsō#; #nōn multum#, #nihil#, #paulum abest#. (_b._) doubting: #dubitō#, #dubium est#; a doubt may also be implied in other words, or forms of words: as, #nōn metuō#, #nōn abest suspīciō#, &c.

(_a._) #neque sibī̆ hominēs barbarōs temperātūrōs exīstimābat, quīn in prōvinciam exīrent#, 1, 33, 4, _and he thought, as they were savages, they would not restrain themselves, but would sally out into the province_. #vix mē contineō quīn involem mōnstrō in capillum#, T. _Eu._ 859, _I scarce can keep from flying at the caitiff’s hair_. #nihil praetermīsī, quīn Pompēium ā Caesaris coniūnctiōne āvocārem#, _Ph._ 2, 23, _I left no stone unturned to prevent Pompey from joining Caesar_. #abstinēre quīn attingās nōn queās#, Pl. _B._ 915, _you can’t keep from touching it_. (_b._) #nōn dubitat, quīn tē ductūrum negēs#, T. _Andr._ 405, _he doesn’t doubt that you’ll refuse to marry_. #quis dubitet, quīn in virtūte dīvitiae sint?# _Par._ 48, _who can doubt that there is money in virtue?_ #neque abest suspīciō quīn ipse sibī̆ mortem cōnscīverit#, 1, 4, 4, _and ground is not wanting for the belief that he made away with himself_.

1987. #nōn dubitō# has other constructions: (_a._) Indirect question. (#b.#) Accusative with the infinitive (in some authors: chiefly Nepos and Livy and later writers). (_c._) Meaning _not hesitate_, the infinitive alone (2169). #quīn# seldom follows this meaning.

(_a._) #nōn dubitō, quid nōbīs agendum putēs#, _Att._ 10, 1, 2, _I have no doubt about what you think is our duty to do_. (_b._) #neque enim dubitābant hostem ventūrum#, L. 22. 55, 2, _for they firmly believed the enemy would come_. (_c._) #quid dubitāmus pultāre?# Pl. _B._ 1117, _why do we hesitate to knock?_ #nōlīte dubitāre quīn huic crēdātis omnia#, _IP._ 68, _do not hesitate to trust all to him_.

1988. The subjunctive with #quīn# is often used after general negative assertions, or questions implying a negative: as,

#nēmō fuit omnīnō mīlitum quīn vulnerārētur#, Caes. _C._ 3, 53, 3, _there was absolutely not a single soldier but was wounded_. #nūllust Ephesī quīn sciat#, Pl. _B._ 336, _there’s not a soul at Ephesus but knows_. #quis in circum vēnit, quīn is ūnōquōque gradū dē avāritiā tuā commonērētur?# _V._ 1, 154, _who came to the circus without being reminded of your avarice at each and every step?_ #nūlla fuit cīvitās quīn partem senātūs Cordubam mitteret, nōn cīvis Rōmānus quīn convenīret#, Caes. _C._ 2, 19, 2, _there was not a community but sent a part of its local senate to Corduba, not a Roman citizen, but went to the meeting_. For #quī nōn# after such expressions, see 1821. The main sentence often has #tam#, #ita#, #sīc#, or #tantus#: as, #nēmō est tam fortis, quīn rē̆ī novitāte perturbētur#, 6, 39, 3, _there was nobody so brave but was demoralized by the strangeness of the situation_. #nīl tam difficilest quīn quaerendō investīgārī possiet#, T. _Hau._ 675, _there’s naught so hard but may by searching be tracked out_. Instead of #quīn#, #ut nōn# or #quī nōn# is often used in such combinations (1821).

1989. The subjunctive in an untenable reason, negatively put, is sometimes introduced by #nōn quīn# instead of #nōn quod nōn# or #nōn quō nōn# (1855): as, #nōn quīn parī virtūte aliī fuerint#, _Ph._ 7, 6, _not that others may not have been his peers in virtue_.

1990. #quīn# is used very rarely instead of #quōminus# to introduce clauses completing the sense of verbs which have no negative expressed or implied: as, once each in the _Bellum Alexandrīnum_, in Tacitus, and in Seneca’s prose.

#dum#, #dōnec#, #quoad#, #quamdiū#.

1991. With the temporal particles #dum#, _while_, _until_, and #dōnec#, _until_ (in old Latin #dōnicum# and in Lucretius #dōnique#), may be conveniently treated the relative #quaad# or #quoad# (that is #quā# or #quō# combined with #ad#), _while_, _until_, and the comparative #quamdiū#, _as long as_.

1992. #dum#, _while_, means originally _a while_ (1151): as, #circumspice dum#, Pl. _Tri._ 146, _look round you a while_, _a minute_, _just look round_ (1573). #dum servī meī perplacet mihi cōnsilium, dum haud placet#, Pl. _Merc._ 348, _one while my slave’s plan suits me completely, another while it doesn’t suit_. #dum . . . dum#, Accius in _DN._ 2, 89, _one while . . . another_.

1993. As a pure conjunctive particle, #dum#, _while_, means either (A.) _in the time while_, or (B.) _all the time while_; in the latter sense #quoad# and #quamdiū# are also used. From _all the time while_, #dum# comes to mean (C.) _as long as_, _provided_; and (D.) _until_; in this sense #quoad# and #dōnec# are also used.

1994. The indicative is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _while_; and the subjunctive in a protasis introduced by #dum#, _provided_, or _until_.

The subjunctive is also used for special reasons, as in indirect discourse (1725), by attraction (1728), of action conceivable (1731), or by late writers to express repeated past action (1730). See also 1997 and 2009, end.

(A.) #dum#, _in the time while_.

1995. The present indicative is regularly used with #dum#, _in the time while_ (1739).

#dum# sometimes has as correlative #subitō#, #repente#; #iam#, #intereā#, &c.

The main verb may be present, future, or past; as, #dum haec dīcit, abiīt hōra#, T. _Eu._ 341, _while he thus prated, sped an hour away_. #īnficī dēbet iīs artibus quās sī, dum est tener, combiberit, ad maiōra veniet parātior#, _Fin._ 3, 9, _he should be imbued with such arts as will, if absorbed while he is young, render him the better equipped to deal with weightier business_. #nunc rem ipsam, ut gesta sit, dum breviter vōbīs dēmōnstrō, attendite#, _Tul._ 13, _now give your attention to the case itself, while I set forth to you briefly how it occurred_. #dum in hīs locīs Caesar morātur, ad eum lēgātī vēnērunt#, 4, 22, 1, _while Caesar tarried in these regions, some envoys came to him_. #dum haec aguntur, vōce clārā exclāmat#, Pl. _Am._ 1120, _while this was going on, with clarion voice he cries aloud_. #haec dum aguntur, intereā Cleomenēs iam ad Helōrī lītus pervēnerat#, _V._ 5, 91, _while this was going on, Cleomenes meantime had already arrived at the shore of Helorum_. The phrase #dum haec geruntur#, _meanwhile_, is often used by the historians to shift the scene: as, #dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q. Titūrius Sabīnus in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit#, 3, 17, 1, _while this was going on among the Veneti, Sabinus arrived in the territory of the Venelli_. The present indicative is sometimes retained in indirect discourse, chiefly in poetry or late prose: as, #dīc, hospes, Spartae nōs tē hīc vīdisse iacentīs, dum sānctīs patriae lēgibus obsequimur#, _TD._ 1, 101, _tell it at Sparta, friend, that thou hast seen us lying here, obedient to our country’s holy laws_. #dīcit sēsē illī ānulum, dum lūctat, dētrāxisse#, T. _Hec._ 829, _he says that, in the struggle, he pulled off her ring_.

1996. The future is rare and chiefly confined to old Latin: as,

#animum advortite, dum huius argūmentum ēloquar cōmoediae#, Pl. _prol. Am._ 95, _attention lend, while I set forth the subject of this comedy_. #dum pauca dīcam, breviter attendite#, _V._ 3, 163, _while I speak briefly, give me your attention a few moments_.

1997. The imperfect indicative is rare; the imperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, chiefly by the poets and historians: as,

(_a._) #dum haec Vēīs agēbantur, interim capitōlium in ingentī perīculō fuit#, L. 5, 47, 1, _while this was going on at Vei, the capital meanwhile was in terrible peril_. The pluperfect of resulting state is rarer: as, #dum in ūnam partem oculōs hostium certāmen āverterat, plūribus locīs capitur mūrus#, L. 32, 24, 5, _while the eyes of the enemy were turned away in one direction toward the fight, the wall is carried in several places_ (1615). (_b._) #dum sē rēx āverteret, alter ēlātam secūrim in caput dēiēcit#, L. 1, 40, 7, _while the king was looking another way, the second man raised his axe and brought it down on his head_.

1998. The clause with #dum# often denotes the cause of the main action, particularly when the subjects of both verbs are the same and the action of the protasis is coincident with that of the apodosis (1733).

#dum docent, discunt#, Sen. _E._ 7, 8, _while they are teaching, they are learning_, or, _by teaching they learn_. #nīmīrum didicī etiam, dum in istum inquīrō, artificum nōmina#, _V._ 4, 4, _preposterous as it may seem, in hunting up evidence against the defendant, I have actually learned artists’ names_. The main action is often one not anticipated or desired: as, #ita dum pauca mancipia retinēre volt, fortūnās omnīs lībertātemque suam perdidit#, _Caecil._ 56, _so in her attempt to keep a few human chattels, she sacrificed all her possessions and her own liberty_. #dum vītant stultī vitia, in contrāria currunt#, H. _S._ 1, 2, 24, _while fools essay a vice to shun, into its opposite they run_. Sometimes with the perfect: as, #dum Alexandrī similis esse voluit, L. Crassī inventus est dissimillimus#, _Br._ 282, _from his desire to be like Alexander, he came out just the opposite of Crassus_.

(B.) #dum#, #quoad#, #quamdiū# (#dōnec#), _all the time while_.

1999. #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, often has as correlative #tamdiū#, #tantum#, #tantummodo#, #tantisper#, #usque#, or #ita#. When #tamdiū# is used, #quam# often stands for #quamdiū#.

2000. (1.) When the main verb is present or future, the protasis with #dum#, #quoad#, or #quamdiū#, _all the time while_, is usually in the same tense as the main verb: as,

#mane dum scrībit#, Pl. _B._ 737, _wait while he writes_. #aegrōtō dum anima est, spēs esse dīcitur#, _Att._ 9, 10, 3, _as long as a sick man has breath he is said to have hope_. #vidua vīvitō vel usque dum rēgnum optinēbit Iuppiter#, Pl. _Men._ 727, _may’st widowed live e’en long as Jupiter shall reign_. #ego tē meum esse dīcī tantisper volō, dum quod tē dignumst faciēs#, T. _Hau._ 106, _I’ll have thee called my son but just so long as thou shalt act as doth become thee_. #dum Latīnae loquentur litterae, quercus huic locō nōn deerit#, _Leg._ 1, 2, _as long as Latin literature has the gift of speech, this spot will not lack its oak_ (1733). #quamdiū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendere audeat, vīvēs#, _C._ 1, 6, _as long as there shall be a soul who will venture to defend you, you shall live on_. #discēs quamdiū volēs, tamdiū autem velle dēbēbis quoad tē quantum prōficiās nōn paenitēbit#, _Off._ 1, 2, _you shall study as long as you want to, and it will be proper for you to want to, as long as you are satisfied with your progress_. #dandum hordeum et furfurēs usque quaad erunt lactantēs#, Varro _R. R._ 2, 7, 12, _give them barley and bran as long as they are sucklings_. #quoad#, _as long as_, is not found in Terence.

2001. (2.) With #quamdiū# the perfect is used when the main verb is perfect; with #dum# or #quoad# the perfect or imperfect is used when the main verb is perfect or pluperfect, and the imperfect usually when the main verb is imperfect: as,

(_a._) #quōrum quamdiū mānsit imitātiō, tamdiū genus illud dīcendī vīxit#, _DO._ 2, 94, _as long as the imitation of these men lasted, so long was that style in vogue_. #tenuit locum tamdiū quam ferre potuit labōrem#, _Br._ 236, _he held the position as long as he could stand the work_. In this use #quamdiū# is found first in Cicero.

(_b._) #vīxit, dum vīxit, bene#, T. _Hec._ 461, _he lived well all the time he lived_ (1733). #avus noster quoad vīxit, restitit M. Grātidiō#, _Leg._ 3, 36, _our grandfather as long as he lived, opposed Gratidius_.

(_c._) #Massiliēnsēs quoad licēbat, circumvenīre nostrōs contendēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 1, _as long as the Massilia people had a chance, they kept trying to surround our men_. #dum necesse erat, rēsque ipsa cōgēbat, ūnus omnia poterat#, _RA._ 139, _as long as it had to be, and circumstances demanded, one man controlled the world_ (1733). From Sallust on, the present of vivid narration (1590) is occasionally found with #dum# in this sense.

2002. In poetry and in late prose writers, beginning with Lucretius and Livy, #dōnec# is used in the sense of _all the time while_, usually with the indicative, but sometimes with the subjunctive of repeated past action: as, #dōnec grātus eram tibī, Persārum viguī rēge beātior#, H. 3, 9, 1, _as long as I was loved of thee, I flourished happier than the Persians’ king_. #dōnec armātī cōnfertīque abībant, peditum labor in persequendō fuit#, L. 6, 13, 4, _as long as they were moving off under arms and in close array, the task of pursuit fell to the infantry_. #vulgus trucīdātum est dōnec īra et diēs permānsit#, Ta. 1, 68, _the rank and file were butchered as long as wrath and daylight held out_. #nihil trepidābant, dōnec continentī velut ponte agerentur#, L. 21, 28, 10, _the elephants were not a bit skittish as long as they were driven along what seemed a continuous bridge_ (1730). The future is rare: as, #nātus enim dēbet quīcumque est velle manēre in vītā, dōnec retinēbit blanda voluptās#, Lucr. 5, 177, _whoe’er is born must wish in life to abide, so long as him fond pleasure shall detain_. #dōnec eris fēlīx, multōs numerābis amīcōs#, O. _Tr._ 1, 9, 5, _as long as fortune smiles, thou troops shalt count of friends_.

[Erratum:
2000.
. missing]

(C.) #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.

2003. The present and imperfect subjunctive are used in provisos introduced by #dum#, _as long as_, _provided_, _so_.

#dum# is sometimes accompanied by #modo#, _only_, or #quidem#, _that is_; or (from Terence on) #modo# is used without #dum#. The negative is #nē# (from Ovid on, sometimes #nōn#); #nē# sometimes has as correlative #ita#.

#ōderint dum metuant#, Poet. in Suet. _Cal._ 30, _let them hate, so they fear_. #absit, dum modo laude partā domum recipiat sē#, Pl. _Am._ 644, _let him go, so only he come home with glory won_. #postulābant prō homine miserrimō, quī vel ipse sēsē in cruciātum darī cuperet, dum dē patris morte quaererētur#, _RA._ 119, _they made the request in behalf of a pitiable wretch, who would be only too glad to be put to the rack himself, so his father’s death might be investigated_. #itaque dum locus comminus pugnandī darētur, aequō animō singulās bīnīs nāvibus obiciēbant#, Caes. _C._ 1, 58, 4, _therefore, so a chance was given to fight hand to hand, they did not mind pitting one of their vessels against two of the enemy’s_. #sī ē̆ī permissum esset, ita id sacrum faceret, dum nē plūs quīnque sacrificiō interessent#, L. 39, 18, 9, _if he were allowed, he might perform the sacrifice far better, provided that not more than five people should have a part in the ceremonial_. #dum quidem nēquid percontēris quod nōn lubeat prōloquī#, Pl. _Aul._ 211, _provided at least you ask nothing that I may not like to disclose_. #volet, cīvis modo haec sit#, T. _Eu._ 889, _he’ll consent, only let her be a free born maid_. #magnō mē metū līberābis, dum modo inter mē atque tē mūrus intersit#, _C._ 1, 10, _you will relieve me of great fear, provided only there be a wall interposed between you and myself_.

(D.) #dum#, #quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.

2004. #dum#, #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, often has as correlative #usque#, #usque eō#, #usque ad eum fīnem# or #tamdiū#.

#dum#, _until_.

2005. The subjunctive present is used in a protasis introduced by #dum#, _until_, when the main verb denotes either indefinite or present time, and the subjunctive imperfect when the main verb is past.

The subjunctive is an extension of the subjunctive of desire (1540); the clause denotes something expected or proposed.

#is dum veniat sedens ibī̆ opperībere#, Pl. _B._ 48, _you shall sit there waiting till he comes_. #ōrandī sunt, ut sī quam habent ulcīscendī vim, differant in tempus aliud, dum dēfervēscat īra#, _TD._ 4, 78, _we must always ask such people, if they have any chance to take vengeance, to put it off to some other time, till their rage cool down_. #cēnseō latendum tantisper ibīdem, dum effervēscit haec grātulātiō et simul dum audiāmus, quemadmodum negōtium cōnfectum sit#, _Fam._ 9, 2, 4, _I advise lying low where you are, while the present congratulation excitement is cooling off, and at the same time till we may hear how the job was done_. #dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, in ancorīs exspectāvit#, 4, 23, 4, _he waited at anchor till the rest of the vessels should gather there_ (1725). #Verginius dum collēgam cōnsuleret morātus, dictātōrem dīxit#, L. 4, 21, 10, _Verginius, after waiting till he should consult his colleague, appointed a dictator_. #observāvit dum dormitāret canēs#, Pl. _Tri._ 170, _he watched till the dog should be napping_.

2006. The present indicative with #dum#, _while_, is sometimes used where the subjunctive might be expected with #dum#, _until_ (1593). Other indicative tenses are rarely thus used: as,

(_a._) #expectābō, dum venit#, T. _Eu._ 206, _I will wait while he comes_. #ego hīc tantisper, dum exīs, tē opperiar#, Pl. _Most._ 683, _I’ll wait for you here a while till you come out_. #ego in Arcānō opperior, dum ista cōgnōscō#, _Att._ 10, 3, _for myself I am waiting at the Arcae place, till I ascertain this_. (_b._) #mihī̆ quidem usque cūrae erit, quid agās, dum quid ēgerīs, scierō#, _Fam._ 12, 19, 3, _for me I shall be anxious all the time to know what you are doing, till I know what you have done_. #mānsit in condiciōne usque ad eum fīnem dum iūdicēs rēiectī sunt#, _V. a. pr._ 16, _he stuck to his bargain till the jurors were challenged_.

#quoad#, #dōnec#, _until_.

2007. #quoad# or #dōnec#, _until_, introduces a protasis in the present subjunctive when the main verb is present or future; and in the perfect indicative when the main verb is past or a general present.

#quoad# is found once in Plautus with the imperfect subjunctive (2008); in other authors here and there with both moods; not in Tacitus. With #dōnec# the present subjunctive is found once in Plautus, rarely in late Latin and in poetry; the perfect indicative is found at all periods; the present indicative (1590), found once in Plautus, is poetic and late. But #dōnec# is rarely used by Cicero, and never by Caesar or Sallust. #dōnicum# is found in old Latin (not in Terence) with the indicative (2009), and once in Nepos with the subjunctive of indirect discourse. #dōnique# is found four times in Lucretius with the indicative, always before vowels (2009). #dōneque# and #dōneque cum# seem to occur a few times in Vitruvius.

(_a._) #ego hīc cōgitō commorārī, quoad mē reficiam#, _Fam._ 7, 26, 2, _I am thinking of staying here till I feel better_. #ea continēbis, quoad ipse tē videam#, _Att._ 13, 21, 4, _you will keep this back till I see you myself_. #expergēfactīque secuntur inānia saepe cervōrum simulācra, dōnec discussīs redeant errōribus ad sē#, Lucr. 4, 995, _and when awakened, often they still keep hunting the shadowy forms of stags, until the delusion is shaken off and they come to themselves_. #magnus mīrandusque cliēns sedet ad praetōria rēgis, dōnec Bīthȳnō libeat vigilāre tyrannō#, J. 10, 160, _a vassal great and strange he sits in the king’s gate, till it may suit his oriental majesty to wake_. #inter eadem pecora dēgunt, dōnec aetās sēparet ingenuōs#, Ta. _G._ 20, _they always live among the same flocks and herds, till maturity puts the free-born by themselves_.

(_b._) #nostrī reppulērunt neque fīnem sequendī fēcērunt, quoad equitēs praecipitēs hostēs ēgērunt#, 5, 17, 3, _our people routed them and did not give up the pursuit till the cavalry drove the enemy headlong_. #Milō cum in senātū fuisset eō diē quoad senātus est dīmissus, domum vēnit#, _Mil._ 28, _after staying in the senate that day till the senate adjourned, Milo went home_. #numquam dēstitit ōrāre usque adeō dōnec perpulit#, T. _Andr._ 660, _he never ceased to tease until he gained his point_. #usque eō timuī, dōnec ad rēiciundōs iūdicēs vēnimus#, _V._ 1, 17, _I was afraid all the time till we came to challenging jurors_. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) is found in Vergil and Livy: as, #sociī cōnsurgere tōnsīs, dōnec rōstra tenent siccum et sēdēre carīnae omnēs innocuae#, V. 10, 299, _with one accord the shipmates rose to oars, until the beaks dry land attain, and keels all sat unscathed_.

2008. An imperfect subjunctive is rarely found with #quoad#, _until_ (1725): as, #haec diēs praestitūtast, quoad referret#, Pl. _Ps._ 623, _this day was set by which he was to pay_. #exercēbātur currendō et lūctandō ad eum fīnem, quoad stāns complectī posset#, N. 15, 2, 5, _he used to practise running and wrestling, till he could give a grip standing_. For #dōnec#, see 2009 at the end.

2009. Other constructions occur, chiefly in old Latin or poetry, with #dōnec#, or #dōnicum#, _until_. (_a._) The future perfect: as, #haud dēsinam, dōnec perfēcerō hōc#, T. _Ph._ 419, _I shall not stop till I have finished this_. #dēlīcta maiōrum luēs, dōnec templa refēceris#, H. 3, 6, 1, _for sins of sires thou shalt atone, till thou hast shrines repaired_. (_b._) The future: #coquitō usque dōnec conmadēbit bene#, Cato, _RR._ 156, 5, _boil until it is very soft_. #ter centum rēgnābitur annōs, dōnec geminam partū dabit Īlia prōlem#, V. 1, 272, _for thrice a hundred years there will be kings, till Ilia gives birth to twins_. (_c._) The perfect indicative, less frequently the present, introductory to a general present: #impedit piscīs usque adeō, dōnicum ēdūxit forās#, Pl. _Tru._ 38, _he always draws his net about the fish, until he’s brought them out_ (1613). #usque mantant neque id faciunt, dōnicum parietēs ruont#, Pl. _Most._ 116, _they keep waiting and don’t do it until the walls are falling_. (_d._) The pluperfect indicative: #horriferīs accībant vōcibus Orcum, dōnique eōs vītā prīvārant vermina saeva#, Lucr. 5, 996, _with horrid cries on Death they’d call till gripings sore had set them free from life_. The imperfect indicative is found once in Tacitus, who also has the infinitive of intimation (1539) once or twice. An imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive sometimes occurs where purpose is intimated, and in Livy and late Latin to express repeated past action: as, #dōnec ēgregius properāret exsul#, H. 3, 5, 45, _till he could hasten forth a peerless exile_. #trepidātiōnis aliquantum ēdēbant, dōnec quiētem ipse timor fēcisset#, L. 21, 28, 11, _the elephants always displayed some nervousness, till terror itself restored quiet_ (1730). But the habit of using the imperfect subjunctive is very common in Tacitus where neither purpose nor repetition is intimated: as #neque proelium omīsit dōnec caderet#, Ta. 3, 20, _he ceased not fighting till he fell_.

#quandō.#

2010. #quandō#, originally a temporal particle, has the meaning _when_, which readily passes over to a causal meaning, _since_, _because_. In both meanings it introduces the indicative. For special reasons, however, the subjunctive is used, as in indirect discourse (1725) or of action conceivable (1731). #quandō# is also used to introduce a conditional protasis (2110).

In simple sentences, temporal #quandō# is used in pronoun questions (1526). As an indefinite adverb it has the meaning _ever_.

(A.) TEMPORAL #quandō#.

2011. #quandō#, _when_, introduces a temporal clause with the indicative.

The time is often indefinite or iterative; so usually in old Latin. #quandō# often has #tum# as correlative.

#fīō Iuppiter quandō lubet#, Pl. _Am._ 864, _I turn into Jupiter at my sweet will_. #laudātō quandō illud quod cupis effēcerō#, Pl. _Cu._ 364, _cry your bravo when I’ve done what you desire_. #quandō occāsiō illaec periīt, post sērō cupit#, Pl. _Aul._ 249, _when that chance is lost, he wants it all too late_ (1613). #quandō omnēs creātī sunt, tum ad eōs deus fātur#, _Tim._ 40, _when all were created, then to them spake the god_. #quandō pars maior in eandem sententiam ībat, bellum erat cōnsēnsum#, L. 1, 32, 12, _when the majority voted for the same motion, war was always agreed upon_. Temporal #quandō# is found sporadically at all periods; not in Terence or Caesar.

2012. #quandōque#, _whenever_, is found once in the Twelve Tables, a few times in Cicero (chiefly in legal formulae), three times in Horace, and here and there in later authors. Not in Caesar.

(B.) CAUSAL #quandō#.

2013. #quandō#, _since_, _seeing that_, introduces a causal clause with the indicative.

The reason is usually one known to the person addressed or one generally known (1884). #quandō# is often strengthened by #quidem#.

#quandō hīc serviō, haec patriast mea#, Pl. _Per._ 641, _now that I am a slave here, this is my country_. #quīn ergō abeis, quandō respōnsumst?# Pl. _MG._ 1085, _why don’t you go then, since you’ve had your answer?_ #melius est, quandōquidem hoc numquam mī ipse voluit dīcere#, T. _Ad._ 639, _better so, since he wouldn’t ever tell me about it of his own accord_. #quandō mē in hunc locum dēdūxit ōrātiō, docēbō#. _DN._ 3, 43, _seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point, I will show_. #haec dētur cūra cēnsōribus, quandōquidem eōs in rē pūblicā semper volumus esse#, _Leg._ 3, 47, _let this be the charge of the censors, seeing that we want such officers always in our state_. #prō urbe ac penātibus dīmicandum esse, quandō Ītaliam tuērī nequīssent#, L. 22, 8, 7, _that they must fight for home and country, now that they had failed to preserve Italy_ (1724). Causal #quandō# is found at all periods, though not in Caesar, and in Cicero’s orations only with #quidem#.

2014. #quandōque#, _inasmuch as_, is used a few times in a formal or legal sense in Cicero and Livy: as, #quandōque hīsce hominēs iniussū populī Rōmānī Quirītium foedus ictum īrī spopondērunt#, L. 9, 10, 9, _inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made, without the order of the Roman nation of Quirites_.

#sī.#

2015. #sī#, in early Latin #sei#, is originally a locative, meaning _under those circumstances_, _so_. With the enclitic #-ce#, it forms #sīce# or #sīc#, _so_. The two are sometimes found as correlatives in colloquial style: as, #sīc scrībēs aliquid, sī vacābis#, _Att._ 12, 38, 2, _so you shall have time, so you will write something_. See 708.

CONDITIONAL PERIODS.

2016. A protasis introduced by #sī#, _so_, _if_, or #nisi#, _unless_, _if not_, states a condition; the apodosis states action occurring under that condition. The conditional protasis and apodosis combined make a _Conditional Period_.

Thus, #sī diēs est#, _if it is day_, is a conditional protasis; combined with an apodosis, #lūcet#, _it is light_, it makes a conditional period: #sī diēs est, lūcet#, _Inv._ 1, 86, _if it is day, it is light_.

2017. A parenthesis with #ut# (1943) is added when the speaker asserts that the action of the protasis is not only assumed, but actually occurs: as, #sī virtūs digna est glōriātiōne, ut est, beātus esse poterit virtūte ūnā praeditus#, _Fin._ 4, 51, _if virtue is entitled to glorification, as it really is, he will find it possible to be happy in the possession of virtue alone_. #sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est#, L. 7, 35, 10, _if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is surely the very best time_.